Sudarshana Elapatha
Aug 18, 2015
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Sudarshana Elapatha
• Aristotal is considered as the father of biology .
• Biology can be divided into two major branches.
• BOTANY- study of plants
• ZOOLOGY- study of animals
Sudarshana Elapatha
ORGANISMS
• The features and functions common to all living things are,• Respiration
• Feeding
• Excretion
• Sensitivity
• Growth
• Reproduction
Sudarshana Elapatha
CLASSIFICATION• Classification of living organism is the sorting out
of living things into groups on the basics of features they have in common,
• Levels of classification • Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
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Sudarshana Elapatha
KINDS OF ORGANISMS
• Their are 5 kingdoms
• Monera
• Protista
• Mycota (Fungi)
• Animalia (Animals)
• Plantae (Plants)
• But we classify the first 3 groups under Micro-organisms
Micro-organisms
Sudarshana Elapatha
VIRUSES
They do not feed, respire ,excreat or grow.
So…..Virus particles are not concidered as cells.But ……. They can be classified as living
organisms ..why…?They do reproduce.
Sudarshana Elapatha
• Unlike cellular organisms virus has no nucleus , cytoplasm, cell organelles or cell membrane.
• Therefore virus particles are not considered as cells.
• But virus do reproduce .
• they do this only inside the cells of living organisms, using materials provided by t he hoist cells.
• So , viruses are parasites.
Sudarshana Elapatha
VIRAL DISEASES
• influenza• rabies• rubella• yellow fever• measles• mumps • chicken pox
Sudarshana Elapatha
BACTERIA
.. . Bacteria, single-celled organisms visible
only through a microscope.Bacteria live all around us and within us.
Sudarshana Elapatha
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
• Unicellular & microscopic • The nucleus is not covered with a membrane.
• ( Prokaryote) have not organized
nucleus
• There is a cell wall around the cell made up of mucopolysaccharide.
Some bacteria have a slime capsule outside their wall.
Sudarshana Elapatha
SHAPES OF BACTERIA
• Individual bacteria may be
Spiral •Spirillum
Coma shaped•Vibrio
spherical,•Coccus
Rod•Bacillus
Sudarshana Elapatha
NUTRITION
• Autotrophic –
produce their own food • Photosynthetic• Blue –green bacteria
• Chemosynthetic • Nitrobactor, Nytrosomonas
Sudarshana Elapatha
NUTRITION
• Saprophytic-
Digest the food out side of the cell absorb back to the cell.•Most of the bacteria
Sudarshana Elapatha
NUTRITION
• Symbiotic -
An interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, especially to the advantage of both. • Rhysobium
Sudarshana Elapatha
NUTRITION
• Parasite – Live on tissues of organisms and may lead to diseases.•Vibrio cholera
Sudarshana Elapatha
IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA
• Uses • In fermentation – wine, beer ,
vinegar• Producing enzymes• Decomposition of materials• Producing antibiotics
Sudarshana Elapatha
BACTERIAL DISEASES
• Tetanus• Tuberculosis• Pneumonia
• Diphtheria• Gonorrhea • Syphilis
Sudarshana Elapatha
FEATURES
• Unicellular • The nucleus is covered with a
membrane• Most of them are aquatic• Had flagella , cilia or pseudopodia for
locomotion • Nutrition can be Autotrophic , Saprophytic or
Parasite .
Sudarshana Elapatha
FEATURES
• All are aquatic.• Contain chlorophyll or other
photosynthetic pigment .• Body is a thallus . • Some posses flagella.
Sudarshana Elapatha
GREEN ALGAE
(CHLOROPHYTA)
• Habitats close to water – fresh water, sea water and moist soil
• Some green algae are microscopic& some are fairly big.
• There are uni-cellular as well as multi- cellular form.
• Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
Sudarshana Elapatha
• Next to brown algae largest body structure is seen among this red algae.
• Gellidium
• Gracillaria
• The largest body structure is seen among this brown algae.
• Laminaria
BROWN ALGAE (PHAEOPHYTA)
Red algae (Rhodophyta)
Sudarshana Elapatha
DIATOMS
• Unicellular & microscopic .• Autotrophic • Found in fresh water, sea water& moist
soil.• Float feely on water.• Most diatoms are plantktonic.
Sudarshana Elapatha
FUNGI
Thousands of different types of
fungi grow on and absorb food from substances such as soil,
wood, decaying organic matter.
Sudarshana Elapatha
FEATURES
• Do not have chloroplasts .• Cell wall made up of chitin. • Fungi have filamentous body shape .• These filaments get together to form a
mycelium .• Store food as glycogen.• All of them are heterotrophic.
Sudarshana Elapatha
THE MAIN GROUPS OF FUNGI
• Sacharomices
• Yeast
• Zygomycetes
• Mucor
• Ascomycetes
• Penicillin
• Basidiomycetes
• Agaricus