Classification. MANDERINE ORANGES FLOUR TORTILLA BABY WASH PARMESAN CHEESE.

classification

MANDERINE ORANGES

FLOUR TORTILLA

BABY WASH

PARMESAN CHEESE

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:

mammal bird reptile amphibian fish

Small (grasses)

Medium (shrubs)

Large (trees)

Air Land Sea

350 B.C.

1750

• Grouped living things by their PHYSICAL TRAITS

• Grouped things into KINGDOMS

• Gave all living things a two-part name…

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Two Name Naming System_____ _________ ___________ _____________

Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories.

Kingdom Country

Phylum State

Class County

Order Town

Family Neighborhood

Genus Street

Species House Number

SPECIES

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Multi-cellular consumers

backbone

Milk-producing hairy

Opposable digits, Bipedal

Stereoscopic vision

Bigger brain, tool making,

“wise man”

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Animal Chordate Mammal Primate Pongida Pan troglodytes

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Animal Chordate Mammal carnivore Felidae Pantera leo

Sunflower Wolf African Elephant

Bullfrog Dog Mushroom

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Is an animal’s Genus (Evereadii) and its species (eatibus)

Binomial Nomenclature

Common name: Human

Common name: Dog

Common name: Tiger

Common name: Elephant

A two-part naming system

Since the Linnaean system focuses on physical similarities alone…molecular studies (genetic sequences) are not considered.

Genetic similarities between two species are more likely than physical similarities to show ___________________________________COMMON ANCESTORY

Carl Woese

Revealed genetic differences in the DNA sequences of organisms

Classified organisms into 3 DOMAINS

•BACTERIA

•ARCHAEA

•EUKARYA

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The THREE domains1. Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotes

One of the largest groups of organisms on Earth

Can be classified by their traits such as:

* Shape

* Their Need for Oxygen

* Whether they cause disease

E. coli Clostridium botulinum

Salmonella typhus Neisseria gonorrhea

The THREE domains

Single-celled prokaryotes, (without a nucleus)

Able to live in extreme environments, (due to the chemical make up of their cell walls

2. Archaea

Haloquadratum walsbyi

Acid Mine Drainage

The THREE domains3. Eukarya

Made up of all organisms with eukaryotic cells

(Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)

Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular

Includes 4 Kingdoms:

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

Animal Kingdom

* Eukaryotic

Plant Kingdom

• made of cellulose

* Eukaryotic

Fungus Kingdom

• Except for YEAST which is unicellular

• Decomposer

• made of chitin

* Eukaryotic

Protist Kingdom

• some algae are multicellular

or

(Plant-like)

(Animal-like)

* Eukaryotic

1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2

b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3

2. a. Body is round shape……

b. Body is elongated……

Lady bug

Grasshopper

3. a. Wings point toward the back………

b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4

Housefly

4. a. Wings are large and broad…….

b. Wings are long and thin…...

Butterfly

Dragonfly

A tool used to determine the identity of an organism

QuestionsWhat traits were used by Aristotle to classify animals?

Why is this considered a poor method by today’s standards?

Name the major classification groups, from largest to smallest?

What is binomial nomenclature?

Why is it used (i.e. why use Latin names?)

What are the five kingdoms?

Are humans more closely related to a mouse or a chicken? Explain.

List two ways how plants and animals are different and similar.

What characteristic is exclusive to bacteria?

If you discovered an organism with a cell wall, which kingdom would you know it does NOT belong to?

If you discovered animal that closely resembled a human, what Class and Order would it likely belong?

Which is the largest group? Order, Genus, or Family.

All are mammalsHumans and chimpanzees DNA are 98% similar

Cladogram• An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be

related

• Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.

Derived Characters• Derived characters are traits that are shared by

some species but not by others• The more closely related species are, the more

derived characters they will share• Derived characters

are shown as

hash marks

Nodes• Each place where a branch splits is called

a node.

• Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade.

Molecular Clocks• Molecular clocks use mutations to

estimate evolutionary time

• Mutations happen regularly over evolutionary time. With more time, more mutations build up.

Molecular Clocks