CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION

Why Classification?* Study the diversity of life

* Group and name organisms in a logical manner

Taxonomy: science of classifying living

and creating scientific names

Early ClassificationAristotle: 350 B.C.* Greek philosopher who classified organisms into two kingdoms: Plants or Animals

Plants: size and structuresAnimals: behavior and habitat

* What might be some problems with his system?

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/biology/bio2000/biomovies/e20_1int.html

Video Clip

Linneaus: Mid 1700s: developed a new

classification system

His system grouped organisms based on morphology (physical appearance)

Created 7 taxonomic levels

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Linnaeus’ Taxonomic levels

7 taxonomic levels (taxon=category) :

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Phrase to remember order of levels:King Phil Came Over For Good Soup

7 Taxonomic levelsCan be compared to our address system

Kingdom (broadest)----- CountryPhylum -------------------- StateClass----------------------- CountyOrder -------------------- CityFamily -------------------- Zip CodeGenus -------------------- StreetSpecies (most specific)- House #

Leopard

Human TaxonomyKingdom Animalia -many cells (multicellular)

-cells have a nucleus - don't have any chlorophyll

Phylum Chordata -had NOTOCHORD. That's a rod made

out of cartilage. Class Mammalia -warm blooded

-nurse young-hair

Order Primata -eyes on the front of the head

Family Hominidae -walk upright-no tail-s shaped spine

Genus Homo

Species sapien

GROUP NAME

ORGANISM

HUMAN CHIMPANZEE HOUSE CAT LION HOUSEFLY

KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animali

a Animalia

PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordat

eArthropod

aCLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mamm

al Insect

ORDER Primates Primates Carnivor

aCarnivor

a Diptera

FAMILY Hominidae

Hominidae Felidae Felida

e Muscidae

GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca

SPECIES sapiens troglodytes

domestica leo domestica

Scientific Name

Homo sapiens

Pan troglodyte

s

Felis domestic

aFelis leo

Musca domestica

What is a Species?

Group of similar organisms that reproduce NATURALLY, with consistent pregnancies, and create FERTILE offspring

Binomial NomenclatureScientific Names

Scientists avoid using common names to prevent confusion because they vary from region to region. Blue Jay Blue JayEastern Blue Jay Western Blue Jay

Cyanocitta cristata Cyanocitta stellari

Binomial NomenclatureScientific Names

2 part naming system that consists of genus and species.

Rules for writing scientific names:Genus: first word - first letter capitalizedSpecies: second word - lowercaseBoth are underlined or italicized

EX: Homo sapiens : Human beingsSialia sialis: Eastern Bluebird

North American Pocket MicePergonathus californicusFound in CaliforniaPergonathus nelsoniDiscovered by someone named NelsonPergonathus spinatusHas prickly fur

Common Factors-Same genus, different species, so would produce infertile offspring.

Review

What are the eight characteristics of life?Living things are made of cellsMust reproduceSame genetic codeMust grow and developMust obtain energyMust respond to environmentMust maintain homeostasisMust adapt and evolve

Review

What are the 7 taxonomic levels in order from most general to most specific?KingdomPhlyumClassOrderFamilyGenus Species

Review

Who created the classification system that is currently in use?

Linnaeus

Review

The two name scientific naming system for organisms is called ____________.

Binomial nomenclature

Review

Which taxon comes first in a scientific name?

Genus

Review

How should you format the scientific name?

Genus- capitalizedSpecies-lower caseEither underline or italicize

Modern Classification

Problems with traditional system: focused only on morphology (appearance)

Modern Criteria for Classification uses: *Morphology/Anatomy

*Development *DNA Comparison- DNA sequences*Evolutionary descent

Dichotomous Key

Tool for classifying unknown organismsUses 2 sets of descriptors, known as coupletsSteps:Always start at #1Follow couplets based on organism’s

characteristics

1) Peacock Flounder

2) Spotted Goat Fish

3) Glassy Sweeper

4) Squirrel Fish

5) Spotted Eagle Ray

6) Band Tail Puffer

7) Spotted Moray Eel

8) Glass Eyed Snapper

9) Trumpet Fish

Rajidaeskates

AlopiidaeThresher Shark

PristophorideaSaw Shark

CarcharhinidaeTiger Sharks

ScyliorhinidaeCat Shark

RhincodontidaeWhale Shark

IsuridaeMackerel Sharks

SqualidaeDogfish Sharks

DasyatidaeStingrays

ScapanorhynchidaeGoblin shark

PseudotriakidaeFalse Cat sharks

Hexanchidaecow sharks

SphyrnidaeHammerhead shark

MobulidaeManta Ray

Evolutionary ClassificationCladistics: the science of grouping organisms based on evolutionary descent, not just morphology.

Cladogram: a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Derived character: characteristic that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in the older members. Used to build cladograms.

Cladogram

www.biologycorner.com/cladogram/cladogram_2.htm#

Cladogram Practice

Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. Match the letter to its character. Note: this cladogram was created for simplicity and understanding, it does not represent the established phylogeny for insects and their relatives.

To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish the characteristics that they share and ones that are unique o each group. For the animals on the table, indicate whether the characteristic is present or not.