Classification Chapter 18
Feb 24, 2016
ClassificationChapter 18
The science of naming and classifying living things.
Taxonomy
Pre-1700 common names were used to identify organisms.◦ Long◦ Variable
Common Names
Grouped all organisms into two groups:◦ Plants and animals◦ Not everyone fit
Aristotle
1700’s – Carolus Linnaeus◦ Devised a two-name system of naming
Genus, species
Binomial Nomenclature
Felis domesticus
Canis familiaris
Canis lupus
Homo sapiens
Linnaeus created 7 groups from the largest Kingdom to the smallest Species.
Classification Groups
Section 18-1
Flowchart
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Grizzly bearBlack bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirr
el
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
Figure 18-5 Classification of Ursus arctos
1700’s – plant & animal Late 1800’s – protist, plant, animal 1950’s – monera, protist, fungi, plant,
animal 1990’s – eubacteria, archaebacteria, protist,
fungi, plant, animal Today - More divisions:
◦ 3 Domains are divided into 6 kingdoms
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURE
S
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
Eubacteria
ProkaryoteCell walls with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotrophStreptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea
Archaebacteria
ProkaryoteCell walls without peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotrophMethanogens, halophiles
Protista
EukaryoteCell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellularAutotroph or heterotrophAmoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Fungi
EukaryoteCell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae
EukaryoteCell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia
EukaryoteNo cell walls or chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph
sponges, worms, fishes, mammals
Eukarya
Classification of Living Things
Section 18-3
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains
Based on evolutionary relationships, not just visual similarities.◦ Cladograms (phylogenic trees)
Modern Classification System
CLADOGRAM
Appendages Conical Shells
Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet
Crustaceans Gastropod
Molted exoskeletonSegmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
Section 18-2
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
Appendages Conical Shells
Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet
Crustaceans Gastropod
Molted exoskeletonSegmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
Section 18-2
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram