Classical Classical Greece Greece 2000 B.C. – 2000 B.C. – 300 B.C. 300 B.C. CHAPTE CHAPTE R 5 R 5
Dec 24, 2015
Classical Classical Greece Greece 2000 B.C. – 300 2000 B.C. – 300
B.C.B.C. CHAPTCHAPTER 5ER 5
WELCOME TO ANCIENT GREECEWELCOME TO ANCIENT GREECE
Cultures of the Cultures of the Mountain & the SeaMountain & the Sea
SECTION 1SECTION 1
The SeaThe SeaAegean, Ionian & Black Sea were Aegean, Ionian & Black Sea were important Transportation routes.important Transportation routes.
Important because Greece lacked natural Important because Greece lacked natural resources.resources.
The Land The Land Three-fourths of Ancient Greece was Three-fourths of Ancient Greece was mountains.mountains.
Hard to unite under a single government.Hard to unite under a single government.Only 20% of land was arable or farmable.Only 20% of land was arable or farmable.
GEOGRAPHY SHAPES GREEK LIFEGEOGRAPHY SHAPES GREEK LIFE
MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION DEVELOPSDEVELOPS
Mycenaean'sMycenaean'sEarliest Greek settlers.Earliest Greek settlers.Ruled by warrior kings Ruled by warrior kings who controlled local who controlled local production & production & commercial trade.commercial trade.
Conquering the Conquering the Minoans led to sea Minoans led to sea trading & emergence of trading & emergence of a culture that will a culture that will become the roots of become the roots of some Western some Western civilizationscivilizations..
TROJAN WARTROJAN WAR
According to legend, a Greek Army According to legend, a Greek Army besieged & destroyed Troy besieged & destroyed Troy because a Trojan had kidnapped because a Trojan had kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek king.Helen, the wife of a Greek king.
Truth or fiction?Truth or fiction?The myth about the city of Troy The myth about the city of Troy
was that it had been built by the was that it had been built by the gods Apollo and Poseidon, during a gods Apollo and Poseidon, during a time when they were being time when they were being punished by having to work among punished by having to work among men. The city fortress was so men. The city fortress was so strong that no armies had been strong that no armies had been able to capture it. The king of Troy able to capture it. The king of Troy was King Priamwas King Priam
HOMER – DOH!HOMER – DOH!
HomerHomerAuthor of Author of epics epics (narrative (narrative poems poems celebrating celebrating heroic deeds)heroic deeds)
Wrote Wrote the Iliad & the Iliad & the Odyssey the Odyssey based on the based on the Trojan War.Trojan War.
MYTHSMYTHSMythsMyths
Traditional stories Traditional stories about Greek Gods.about Greek Gods.
It explained the It explained the mysteries of nature.mysteries of nature.
Greeks attributed Greeks attributed human qualities = human qualities = love, hate, and love, hate, and jealousy.jealousy.
Zeus was the ruler of Zeus was the ruler of the Gods who lived on the Gods who lived on Mt. OlympusMt. Olympus..
Warring City-Warring City-StatesStates
SECTIOSECTION 2 N 2
Polis (city-state) Fundamental political unit in Ancient GreeceFundamental political unit in Ancient Greece Made up of a city & surrounding countrysideMade up of a city & surrounding countryside
Political Structure Political Structure Monarchy
ruled by KingAristocracy Ruled by nobles
OligarchyRuled by a few powerful people
Tyranny Rule by one powerful individual
RULE & ORDER IN GREEK CITY-STATESRULE & ORDER IN GREEK CITY-STATES
NEW KIND NEW KIND OF ARMYOF ARMY
With iron replacing With iron replacing bronze as metal of bronze as metal of choice = now ordinary choice = now ordinary citizens could arm to citizens could arm to defend themselves. defend themselves.
Citizens were expected Citizens were expected to defend the polis.to defend the polis.
Hoplites Hoplites Foot soldiersFoot soldiers
PhalanxPhalanxMilitary formationMilitary formation
Located in Southern Greece cut off Located in Southern Greece cut off from the rest of Greece.from the rest of Greece.
AssemblyAssemblyFree adult males who voted on Free adult males who voted on major issuesmajor issues
Council of Elders Council of Elders 5 elected officials 5 elected officials called called ephors.ephors.
Proposed laws, Proposed laws, controlled education & controlled education & prosecuted prosecuted law caseslaw cases..
SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATESPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE
SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATESPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE
Sparta’s populationCitizens descended from Laconia and Messenia (colonies invaded by Sparta).
These Messenians became helotshelots (peasants forced to stay on the land they worked).
With Sparta putting down a Messenian revolt = dedicated themselves to the creation of a strong city-state.
Spartan EducationMale life revolved around military training.
Men wrestled, ran & played sports; Women managed the family estates.
Sparta came before anything else.They had the most powerful army, but
had no arts or real culture.
SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATESPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE
SPARTAN TRAINING SPARTAN TRAINING
ATHENSATHENS
ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
Like other city-states, Athens went through a power struggle.
Instead of civil war, there was an attempt at democracy (rule by the democracy (rule by the people)people)
Only free Only free adult males were considered citizens.
Women had little to do with society, but was responsible for home life, and raising the children.
ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACYATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACY
With repeated clashes between aristocrats and the common people = demand for written law
Draco = Draco = wrote first legal codes dealing with contracts and property ownership.
However there was still tension between the people = aristocrats choose one person to reform the laws.
ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACYATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACY
SolonSolonOutlawed debt slaveryCitizens could participate & debate in politics
Citizens could bring charges against wrongdoers
Initiated a profitable overseas trade
Neglected land reform = fighting between wealthy and poor landowners.
PERSIAN WARS (490 – 479 PERSIAN WARS (490 – 479 B.C.)B.C.)Wars between Greece
& the Persian Empire that took place in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia.
Began when Greeks revolted against the Persians.
Darius – Darius – Persian king who defeated the rebels & vowed to defeat Athens.
Persians land at Marathon & were met by the Athenians.
Thanks to the Athenians being neatly in a phalanx and the Persians had little training for land combat = the Persians were no match for the Athenian army.
However, Athens itself was defenseless until …..
PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARS
PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARSPheidippidesPheidippides
A young runner who was to race back to Athens to bring news to the Athenians.
He delivered the message, collapsed & died.
Allowed the Athenians to prepare
PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARS
XerxesXerxes Darius’s son who wanted to crush Greece.
Advanced to ThermopylaeThermopylae where they were held off by the Spartans.
Greeks position themselves at SalamisSalamis southwest of Athens.
Persian warships could not maneuver through the channel & was defeated.
THERMOPYLAETHERMOPYLAE
GREEK TRIREMEGREEK TRIREME
No Persian threat allowed Athens to become the leader of an alliance of 140 city-states called the Delian LeagueDelian League.
The league dispelled the Persians once & for all.
Athens was entering its Golden Age.
PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARS
Democracy & Greece’s
Golden Age
SECTION SECTION 33
PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSPERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS
From 461 to 429 B.C. PericlesPericles led Athens during its golden age.
His 3 goals:Strengthen Athenian democracy
To hold & strengthen the empire
To glorify Athens
Pericles increased the number of paid public officials, (even the poorer members of society could serve)
Athens had more citizens engaged in self-gov’t than any other city-state.
Direct DemocracyDirect DemocracyCitizens rule directly & not Citizens rule directly & not through representatives through representatives TURN TO PAGE 120 IN TEXTBOOKTURN TO PAGE 120 IN TEXTBOOK
PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSATHENS
PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSPERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS
Pericles used money from the Delian League to build a strong navy for defense & trade.
Pericles also used money from the Delian League to beautify Athens, especially to build the Parthenon.Parthenon.
PERICLESPERICLES
PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSPERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS
Greeks invented drama & built the first theaters. They used two types of drama.
TragedyTragedy Serious drama with a tragic hero
ComedyComedyMostly satires
Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War Athens was the strongest sea power, Sparta had the land advantage
Pericles wanted to avoid land battles.Eventually Sparta marched into Athenian territory & burned the food supply.
Athens was safe as long as ships could sail into port with food from Athenian colonies.
Two events will spell disaster for Athens
SPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WARSPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WAR
First:First:A plague killed between one-third to two-thirds of Athens’ population (including Pericles)
Second:Second:Athens’ failure to destroy the polis of Syracuse (Sparta’s wealthiest ally)
By 404 B.C. Athens will surrenderMany will begin to lose confidence in the
democratic government and began looking for answers
SPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WARSPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WAR
PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTHPHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH
Philosophers meaning “lovers “lovers of wisdom”of wisdom” were determined to find the truth.
They based their philosophy on the following:(1) The universe is put together in an orderly way (subject to absolute and unchanging laws)
(2) People can understand these laws through logic and reason
SOCRATESSOCRATES
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Believed that absolute standards did exist for truth & justice.
Used the question & answer approach.
PLATOPLATO
Student of SocratesWrote The Republic The Republic which depicted his
vision for a perfectly governed society = not a democracy
It would have three natural groups:Farmers and artisansWarriorsRuling class = person with greatest insight and intellect would be chosen philosopher-king.
ARISTOTLE ARISTOTLE
A student at Plato’s school.
Questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought & knowledge.
Provided bases of the scientific method used today
His most famous pupil was Alexander who later would become king of Macedonia
Alexander ~Empire Alexander ~Empire BuilderBuilder
ALEXANDER THE GREATALEXANDER THE GREAT
King Philip II King Philip II of Macedonia wants to take advantage of the Peloponnesian War.
The Macedonians will easily defeat the Greeks.
Philip’s son AlexanderAlexander will eventually rule & become known as Alexander the Great.Alexander the Great.
PHILIP BUILDS MACEDONIA’S POWERPHILIP BUILDS MACEDONIA’S POWER
ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE (PG. 130)ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE (PG. 130)
At the age of 20 Alexander will eventually conquer southwest Asia & yearned for more.
He will die shortly before his 33rd birthday.
His empire ended the independent Greek city states.
New cultures emerged from the blend of Greek, Egyptian, and Eastern customs.
The The Spread Spread
of of HellenistiHellenistic Culturec Culture
SECTIOSECTION 5N 5
HellenisticHellenisticCombination of Greek, Egyptian, Combination of Greek, Egyptian, Persian & Indian Persian & Indian
Alexandria Alexandria African city center of commerce & African city center of commerce & civilizationcivilization
City blocks lined with statues of City blocks lined with statues of Greek gods, magnificent palaces, Greek gods, magnificent palaces, museum & library.museum & library.
HELLENISTIC CULTURE IN ALEXANDRIAHELLENISTIC CULTURE IN ALEXANDRIA
Strides were made in astronomy Strides were made in astronomy Ex – the sun was not smaller than Ex – the sun was not smaller than GreeceGreece
Ptolemy Ptolemy put the earth at the center of put the earth at the center of the universe which was believed for the the universe which was believed for the next 14 centuries.next 14 centuries.
Euclid – Euclid – the basis for geometrythe basis for geometryArchimedesArchimedes – estimated the value of pi, – estimated the value of pi,
law of the lever, invented the compound law of the lever, invented the compound pulleypulley
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
PHILOSOPHY & ARTPHILOSOPHY & ART
Stoicism Stoicism Divine power Divine power controlled the controlled the universe universe
Vices should be Vices should be controlledcontrolled
Epicurus Epicurus Achieve harmony Achieve harmony between body & between body & mindmind
Moderation of all Moderation of all things.things.