Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Modeling,

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Modeling,

LEARNING

Pavlov labeled things in his experiment:• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An

event/object that causes a predictable response WITHOUT training (the food)

• Unconditioned Response (UCR): The reaction that occurs automatically when the UCS is present (salivating)

*These occur NATURALLY and require NO conditioning!!!

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

PAVLOV

Pavlov added things to his experiment:• Neutral Stimulus: An event/object that DOES NOT

cause the UCR (bell BEFORE conditioning)• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): the neutral stimulus

AFTER conditioning. Causes the CR (the bell AFTER conditioning)

• Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivation at the BELL, not food)

*Be aware that the CR and the CS are AFTER conditioning even though they are similar to the UCR and UCS

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

PAVLOV

Generalization: occurs when an animal response to a second stimulus similar to the original CS (dog salivates to ALL bells regardless of tone)Discrimination: occurs when an animal can tell the difference between stimuli (dog only salivates at large bells, but not small ones)Extinction: occurs when an animal no longer responds to the CS (bell is rung too many times without giving food)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Office Pavlov

Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequences of behavior. Designed by B.F. Skinner• Uses a combination of rewards and

punishments• Subject can affect their environment, unlike

classical conditioning

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Positive/Negative: In OC, positive=adding(+) and negative=subtracting(-). REMEMBER THIS!!!Reinforcement: a stimulus or event that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (↑). DOES NOT MEAN REWARD!!!• Positive Reinforcement: Adding a good stimulus

(reward)

EX: Do the dog trick, get a doggy treat• Negative Reinforcement: Subtracting a bad stimulus

(escape)EX: Child whines, remove the punishment (spoiling)

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Punishment: a stimulus or event that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (↓).• Positive Punishment: Adding a bad stimulus

(punishment)

EX: If you bark, you get shocked• Negative Punishment: Subtracting a good

stimulus (penalty)EX: Being grounded from the TV

OPERANT CONDITIONING

(REWARD) (ESCAPE)

(PUNISHMENT) (PENALTY)

Big Bang Theory: Operant Conditioning

BIG BANG THEORY EXAMPLE

Positive/Negative? Reinforcement/Punishment

OPERANT CONDITIONING HELP

Adding = Positive

Subtracting = Negative

Repeat behavior? = Reinforcement

No repeat? = Punishment

Primary Reinforcers: satisfy or reduce a basic human need, such as hunger

EX: Food, water, or shelter

Secondary Reinforcers: a stimulus that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer

EX: Money, good grades, poker chips

TYPES OF REINFORCERS

Feedback: finding out the results of an action or performance

EX: Getting advice from a coach

Transfer: the effects of past learning on the ability to learn new tasks• Positive Transfer: when previous skills help

learn new tasksEX: Playing a new video game w/ the same skills

as an old one

• Negative Transfer: when previous skills hurt the learning of new skills

EX: Driving in England

LEARNING FACTORS

Practice: the repetition of tasks in order to make the skill/action more smooth and fluent• Physical Practice: physically repeating a

task/actionEX: Shooting from the free throw line over and

over

• Mental Practice: imagining yourself doing a task/action

EX: Imagining taking a three pointer

LEARNING FACTORS

Feedback Transfer Practice

PRACTICE

Social Learning Theory: A theory by Albert Bandura. People learn by observing others and “model” their behavior.Bandura’s Experiment:1. Show children a video of an adult

demonstrating violent behavior to a doll2. Put children into a room with the doll3. See if the children behave violently

Bandura Experiment

MODELING

Three kinds of Modeling:1. Follower: you do what everyone else is doing.

NO learning takes place.EX: Clapping during a speech if everyone

does it2. Imitation: Also called Observational Learning.

You watch a behavior and imitate it. You can now do something that you previously could not. LEARNING takes place

EX: Learning a magic trick3. Disinhibition: observing someone doing a

threatening activity with no punishment, the observer is more likely to try the activity

EX: Snake phobia

MODELING

Follower Imitation Disinhibition

PRACTICE