9/9/2009 1 Body Regions Review The fundamental divisions of the human body Christine Sparks Anatomy / Physiology I Sept. 9, 2009 Anatomical Position • Universal terms are used to describe the body accurately and result of this is that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other. • Anatomical position shows the body erect, head facing forward, arms hanging at the sides palms arms hanging at the sides, palms facing outward with the thumbs pointing up and away from the body, and the feet are slightly apart pointing in the forward direction. • The terms “right” and “left” refer to the sides of the person being viewed – not those of the observer. Body in the supine, or facing up, position. Supine versus Prone Body in the prone, or facing down, position. Anatomical Planes • A sagittal plane, being a plane parallel to the sagittal suture, divides the body into (left and right) portions. • A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions. • A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.
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9/9/2009
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Body Regions Review
The fundamental divisions of the human bodyChristine Sparks Anatomy / Physiology I Sept. 9, 2009
Anatomical Position• Universal terms are used to
describe the body accurately and result of this is that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other.
• Anatomical position shows the body erect, head facing forward, arms hanging at the sides palmsarms hanging at the sides, palms facing outward with the thumbs pointing up and away from the body, and the feet are slightly apart pointing in the forward direction.
• The terms “right” and “left” refer to the sides of the person being viewed – not those of the observer.
Body in the supine, or facing up, position.
Supine versus Prone
Body in the prone, or facing down, position.
Anatomical Planes• A sagittal plane, being a plane
parallel to the sagittal suture, divides the body into (left and right) portions.
• A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal
d t l (b k d f tand ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions.
• A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.
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Directional terms help explain therelationship of the different body structures.
TERM MEANING EXAMPLE=============================================================================
• Anterior Closer to the front The knee cap is on the anterior side of the knee. • Posterior Closer to the back The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Superior Closer to the head The heart is superior to the stomach. • Inferior Closer to the feet The chest is inferior to the neck.
• Proximal Closer to the trunk The hip is proximal to the knee.• Distal Further from the trunk The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Organs in the RegionsDigestive: prepares food molecules for use in the body• Esophagus – accepts food from the pharynx• Stomach-reservoir storing food, passing it on to the intestines• Liver- consists of two lobes, converts glucose into glycogen and detoxifies• Pancreas – secretes enzymes into the duodenum via pancreatic duct• Small Intestine – site where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs• Duodenum – first part of the small intestine• Colon – regions of the large intestine; includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid• Large intestine – part of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of water from food; it
includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal• Cecum – beginning of the large intestine; a pouch that connects the ileum with the ascending colon• Ileum – main function is to absorb vitamin B12; terminal
part of the sm. intestine b/t the jejunum andthe cecum
• Appendix – a pouch connected to the cecum• Gallbladder – small pear-shaped organ that stores and
concentrates bile; it is connected to the liverby the hypatic duct
Organs in the RegionsEndocrine: ductless glands that secrete chemical signals, hormones, into the blood• Thymus – lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immunity response• Hypothalamus – area of the brain that produces hormones that controls homeostatsis• Pituitary – loc. beneath the brain and controls the functions of the other endocrine glands• Pineal – believed to be the ‘time keeper’ of the biological clock and influences reproductive
function• Adrenal – hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys• Pancreas – loc. Behind stomach, b/w the spleen and duodenum, produces both endocrine and
exocrine secretions. (It has digestive and hormonal functions.)• Ovaries – female gonad; female reproductive organ in which eggs are produced
T t l d l d ti th t d t t t d l t d t id• Testes – male gonad; male reproductive organ that produces testosterone and located outside the body cavity in the scrotum
Organs in the RegionsLymphatic : two most important functions of the lymphatic system are (1) maintenanceof fluid balance in the internal environment and (2) immunity, protection of the body againstboth external and internal “enemies”, such as bacteria and abnormal cell growth• Thymus – primary organ of the lymphatic system consisting of two pyramid-shaped lobes loc. just
behind the sternum. Provides an area for T-lymphocyte (group of white blood cells) maturation• Spleen – has many functions, including defense, formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis), and red
blood cell and platelet destruction, and serves as a reservoir for blood• Cisterna Chyli- the dilated part of the thoracic duct at its
origin in the lumbar region
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Organs in the RegionsUrinary : system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous waste• Kidney – one of a pair located on the right/left side of the abdomen which clears toxins from the
blood, regulates extra fluids, and produces urine; loc. retroperitoneal, behind the peritoneum (a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity) against the dorsal body wall
• Ureter – a tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder• Urinary bladder – muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine and contracts to expel
from the body
Four Body Quadrants
• The body is divided intofour different quadrants:
RUQ – Right Upper Quadrantg pp
LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant
RLQ – Right Lower Quadrant
LLQ – Left Lower Quadrant
Right Upper Quadrant - RUQ• Part of the small intestine including
the descending duodenum• Upper ascending colon• Most of the liver• GallbladderGallbladder• Bile ducts• Head of pancreas• Right adrenal gland• Right kidney• Upper part of right ureter
Left Upper Quadrant - LUQ• Ascending part of
duodenum• Upper descending colon• Left half of transverse colon• Spleen• Small part of liver• Left adrenal gland• Upper part of left ureter• Stomach
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Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ
• Lower ascending colon• Cecum• Appendix• Lower right ureter• Lower right ureter• Ileum• Part of Urinary bladder• Sex Organs
Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ
• Lower descending colon
• Small intestine (part of ileum)(p )
• Lower part of left ureter
• Part of Urinary bladder
• Sex Organs
Latin meanings:chondros = cartilage hypo + chondros = hypochondriac ( under cartilage)Epi = upon, above epi + gastric = epigastric (above stomach)hypo = under hypo + gastric = hypogastric (under stomach)gastric = stomachlumbus = loinumbilicus = naveliliac = superior part of the hip bone