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CLASS 8 CIVICS LESSON 2
UNDERSTANDING SECULARISM
In the last chapter it has been given that the Indian
Constitution provides fundamental rights to its citizens that
protect them from the State and against oppressive rules of those
in the majority. Our Constitution gives us the freedom to follow
our own religious beliefs and practice them as we wish. While
keeping the idea of religious freedom in their minds, the lawmakers
adopted a strategy to separate the power of religion and power of
state.
What is Secularism?
Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State.
The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by
their religious beliefs and practice it.
Why is it Important to Separate Religion from the State?
The separation of the State and religion in democratic societies
is important because of the following reasons:
1. It helps a country to function democratically. 2. The tyranny
of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be
very
harmful to the people belonging to the minority. So, it protects
people from any type of religious violence.
3. It protects the freedom of individuals to exit from their
religion, embrace another religion. It gave people the freedom to
interpret religious teachings differently.
What is Indian Secularism?
The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be
secular. Only a secular State can realise its objectives to ensure
the following:
One religious community does not dominate another.
Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious
community.
The State does not enforce any particular religion nor does it
take away the religious freedom of individuals.
Steps were taken by Indian State to Protect Secularism in
India
The Indian State works in various ways:
1. It uses a strategy of distancing itself from religion. In
India, government spaces like law courts, police stations,
government schools and offices are not supposed to display or
promote any one religion.
2. A strategy of noninterference. This means that in order to
respect the sentiments of all religions and not interfere with
religious practices, the State makes certain exceptions for
particular religious communities.
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3. A strategy of intervention. This means that to ensure the
laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected, the State
can intervene in the religion-based ‘personal laws’ of
communities.
4. The intervention of the State can also be in the form of
support. For example, the Indian Constitution grants the right to
religious communities to set up their own schools and colleges. It
also gives them financial aid on a non-preferential basis.
There is one significant way in which Indian secularism differs
from the dominant understanding of secularism as practised in the
United States of America. In American secularism, there is a strict
separation between religion and the State. Whereas in Indian
secularism, the State can intervene in religious affairs.
DO THESE QUESTION ANSWER IN NOTE BOOK
1.List the different types of religious practice that you find
in your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer,
worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of
religious music and singing etc. Does this indicate freedom of
religious practice?
Answer: The different types of religious practices that we can
see in our neighbourhood are as follows:
1. A Sikh person worships in Gurudwara to Guru Nanak using Guru
Granth Sahib 2. A Muslim worships in a mosque and their sacred book
is the Quran. Their religious
music of Muslims is Sufi. 3. A Christian worships Jesus Christ
in a Church and their religious book is the Holy
Bible. 4. A Hindu worships in a Temple to the idols of Gods and
Goddess.
This shows that the people in India have the freedom to practice
the religion of their choice and yet live together in peace and
harmony.
2. Will the government intervene if some religious group says
that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give
reasons for your answer.
Answer: Yes, the Government can intervene if some religious
group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide.
This is because the Indian Constitution clearly states that the
Government has the right to intervene if there is a threat to
social harmony. Also, killing an infant is a crime and the
judiciary is the only authority that can punish a person to death
and no other religion or person can commit the crime of killing
someone.
3.What were the steps taken by Indian state to protect
secularism in India?
4. What is Secularism? In what way is Indian secularism
different from that of other democratic countries?
5. Why is it Important to Separate Religion from the State?
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CLASS 8 CIVICS CONSTITUTION
WHAT IS A CONSTITUTION ?
It is a set of rules by which the government rules our country.
The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in
the world. It is the supreme law of the land. It came into effect
on 26th January 1950. Our Constitution is based on the principles
of democracy, socialism and secularism.
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as ‘The Father of Indian
Constitution‘.
Types of Constitution:-
The constitution may be written, Unwritten, rigid or
flexible
The Indian constitution is both flexible and rigid because some
of its provision can be amended easily,
while many others require difficult methods of amendment
Important terms
Constitution Assembly: - An assembly of people's representative
that writes a constitution for a country.
Constitutional amendment: - A change in the constitution made by
the supreme legislative body in a country.
Fundamental Duties: - Duties specified in the constitution which
every citizen should fulfil. Fundamental Rights: - Some basic human
rights guaranteed by our constitution for the
development of the personalities. Preamble: - An introductory
statement of the constitution stating its aim and philosophy.
Socialism: - System of social organisation in which all factor of
production are owned by the
government.
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Reservation Policy :- The policy of keeping a fixed number of
jobs or places in school, colleges, parliament
state, assemblies etc. for people who are member of scheduled
caste, scheduled tribes or other backward
classes
Why Does a Country Need a Constitution?
All democratic countries are likely to have a Constitution, but
on the other hand, it is not necessary that all countries that have
a Constitution are democratic.
A democratic country needs a Constitution because: → It lays out
the important guidelines that govern decision making within the
various societies of the country. → It lays down the ideals that
form the basis of the kind of country that its citizens aspire to
live in. → It serves as an asset of rules and principles as the
basis by which the country has to be governed. → It provides rules
to safeguard the interests of minorities and prevent any kind of
domination by the majority on minorities. → It lays down rules that
guard against the misuse of power by any politician leader. → It
also provides rights to its citizens and protects their
freedom.
The Indian Constitution: Key Features
A group of 300 people became members of the Constituent Assembly
in 1946 and had written India’s Constitution. While writing the
Indian Constitution, these members kept in mind the different
communities who speak different languages, belong to different
religions, and have distinct cultures.
Listed below are the key features of the Indian
Constitution.
1) Federalism
This refers to the existence of more than one level of
government in the country. In India, we have governments at the
state level, at the centre and Panchayati Raj at the village level.
The Constitution contains lists that detail the issues that each
tier of government can make laws on. In addition, the Constitution
also specifies where each tier of government can get the money
from, for the work that it does. All persons in India are governed
by laws and policies made by each of these levels of
government.
2) Parliamentary Form of Government
The people of India have a direct role in electing their
representatives. Also, every citizen of the country, irrespective
of his/her social background, can contest in elections.
3) Separation of Powers
There are 3 organs of government:
1. The legislature: refers to elected representatives by the
people. 2. The executive: is a smaller group of people who are
responsible for implementing laws and
running the government. 3. The judiciary: refers to the system
of courts in India.
Each organ mentioned above acts as a check on the other organs
of government. This ensures the balance of power between all
three.
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4) Fundamental Rights
The constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against
the State as well as against other individuals. It also guarantees
the rights of minorities against the majority.
The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include:
1. Right to Equality 2. Right to Freedom 3. Right against
Exploitation 4. Right to Freedom of Religion 5. Cultural and
Educational Rights 6. Right to Constitutional Remedies
Fundamental Rights have two-fold objectives:
1. Every citizen must be in a position to claim fundamental
rights. 2. Fundamental rights must be binding upon every authority
that has got the power to make laws.
The Constitution also has a section called Directive Principles
of State Policy which ensure greater social and economic reforms,
and serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute
laws and policies.
5) Secularism
A secular state is one in which the state does not officially
promote any one religion as the state religion.
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Preamble
The Preamble of the constitution outlines the main contours of
the Indian Republic and its objectives.
The Preamble, contains the ideals and basic principles of the
Indian Constitution. The Preamble is not a part of the
Constitution. It is not enforceable by the court of law. Still the
Preamble serves as the guiding light of the Constitution.
The Preamble remained unchanged till 1976. In 1976, the words
'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Unity and Integrity of the Nation'
were added through 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
Sovereign: - The term Sovereign implies that like other
independent countries. India is an independent country and is free
to govern itself. It has the power to make its own laws on any
matter without foreign interference.
Socialist: - The term socialist and secular were added by the
42ND Amendment (1976). Socialism means being free from social,
political and economic exploitation. It has to minimise the gap
between the rich and the poor and stop exploitation of the
poor.
Secular: - The word Secular means that the state must not give
importance to any particular religion. The citizens are free to
have faith in any religion. There is no state religion. All
religions must command equal respect and importance from the
state.
Democratic: - The term Democratic implies that the Government is
to be formed by the elected representatives of the people. All
adult citizen of India vote and elect their representatives to
govern the country.
Republic: - The term Republic implies that the head of the state
is an elected person. It also means that India has no place for
Monarchy (Kings) or Feudal (Zamindari) system. He/she is elected by
the elected members of the Parliament and state legislature. For
e.g. India, America and France have elected President, but in
England King and queen
has constitutional Monarchy.
Read the lesson and answer the following in note book
Q1.What is a constitution? What purpose does it serve?
Q2.Describe the key features of the Indian constitution?
Q3. Mention the Fundamental rights in the Indian
constitution.
Q4. What do you mean by Democratic, Secular and Socialist?
Q5. What is Directive Principle of State policy?
Q6. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power
of elected representatives?
Ans . 6 If such as case arises, the elected representatives
would start misusing their respective powers. They would become
corrupt and would not take decisions favourable for the citizens.
Our Constitution lays down several rules that guards the common
citizens against the misuse of powers.
NOTE;- Nepal is a country which has China in its North and India
in its South. In the last three decades, the Naplese citizens led
several struggles for democracy. One major such struggle had taken
place in 1990, after which the democracy lasted till 2002 in the
country. It was of ‘Constitutional Monarchy’ type and final
authority rested with the King. However, the people of Nepal wanted
democracy. Soon, a large scale protest erupted all over the country
in 2006 which was led by the Maoists. Finally, the king bowed to
the protestors and he restored the Parliament. He invited different
parties to form the government. In 2008, the Nepal Parliament
passed a judgment to abolish ‘Monarchy.’ Finally the country became
‘Democratic’ in true aspects. Nepal adopted a new Constitution in
2015.
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Class 8
Lesson 1:- NETWORKING CONCEPTS
Fill in the blanks:
1. PAN is a computer network created for an individual person.
2. COMMUNICATION system allows us to talk to any person in the
world at
any time.
3. A computer network enables two or more computers to share
DATA and hardware RESOURCES.
4. In a network modification or up gradation of the software or
data is done at a SINGLE POINT only.
5. The computers that communicate with each other are called
NODE. 6. A network maintained without using wires is called
WIRELESS
NETWORKING. 7. LAN and MAN rare the different types of
networking.
State True or False:
1. Nodes and servers have the same function. False 2. Wi-Fi
stands for wireless fidelity. True 3. Network cards are used to
physically attach a computer to a network.
True
4. WAN stands for Wide Ares networks. True 5. In Client Server
network, there is no central server. False 6. Extranet refers to a
computer network restricted to an organization.
False
Application Based Question:
1) Mr Hemant has set up his office with 50 computers. He wants
to connect computers and peripheral device within his office
building with wires. Which type of network will you
suggest him to use?
Answer:- LAN Network
2) Which type of network architecture is the most suitable, when
a few number of computers having similar power and capacity are to
be networked together.
Answer:- Peer to Peer
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3) Arpita wants to attach her computer to a network so that it
can participate in network communication. Which card will you
suggest her to use.
Answer:- Network Card
4) Raman wants to send a few photographs and songs to on of his
friends by interconnecting mobile phone using short range wireless
connection. Which technology
would be the most suitable for her.
Answer:- Bluetooth.
Define the following terms:
WAP:- Wireless Access Point is a device that connects wireless
communication devices to from a wireless network
Bluetooth:- Bluetooth is a wireless technology used to
interconnect mobile phones, computers, Printers using short-range
wireless connection for more
information visit.
Server:- A Server is a computer that provides services to
clients and controls
access to hardware, software and other resources.
Node:- The computer in a network can communicate with each other
as well as
work independently . each computer in a network is called
node.
Answer the following:-
Q.1. What is networking? Give some common relevant examples.
Answer:- A computer network can be defined as a group of
computers and other
peripheral devices that are linked together for the purpose of
sharing data and hardware resources.
Q.2. List some advantages of Networking. Answer:- 1. Efficient
use of storage media
2. Preserving information
3. Reduction in hardware costs 4. Efficiency Redundancy
6. Quickest document delivery
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Q.3. Differentiable between LAN and WAN
Answer:-
Definition LAN is a computer network that connects computers in
small areas.
WAN is a network that covers a broad area using private or
public network transports.
Data transfer rates LAN offers high data transfer rates. WAN has
lower data
transfer rates due to congestion Speed 80-90 mbps 10-20 mbps
Bandwidth High bandwidth is available for transmission. Low
bandwidth
available for transmission. Data Transmission Error Experiences
fewer data transmission errors. Experiences
more data transmission errors.
Cost Set-up costs are low as the devices required to set up the
networks are cheap. Set-up costs are high, especially in remote
locations where set-up is not done.
However, WANs using public networks are cheap.
Maintenance costs Maintenance costs are low as the area coverage
is small. Maintenance costs are high as the area coverage is
world-wide.
Congestion Less congestion More congestion.
Q.4. What do you understand by network security?
Answer:- Networking Security means protecting data and resources
from any
unauthorized access. It is the most important aspect in computer
networking. since many users are accessing the same data, so we
must ensure its proper security.
Only authorized persons can access or modify data. Consider the
following points
that may happen in any organization
Q.5. Explain Clint-Server network.
Answer:- It is a network , where several computers. Called
clients or workstations are connected to the main computer called
the server.
Lesson 2:- Windows Movie Maker
1. What do you mean by windows movie maker?
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Answer-Windows Movie Maker is a video editing software by
Microsoft. It is a part
of Windows Essentials software suite and offers the ability to
create and
edit videos.
2. Difference between title and credits.
Answer-Titles are added to the beginning of the clip while
Credits are added at the
end of the entire project.
3. Define Storyboard.
Anser-Storyboard is an area which is used to navigate through
the clips, split and
arrange them in a sequence. It also shows Transitions and Visual
effects.
4. Difference between trim tool and split tool.
Answer-Trim tool helps in reducing the duration of a video clip
whereas the
Split tool splits the video clip into more parts.
5. Describe the effects of transitions.
Answer-Transitions are the effects or an animation that is used
to change one
scene of the movie to another. Transition effects give the movie
a more
professional feel and make it more appealing to the viewers.
6. How can a movie be exported?
Answer-The movie can be exported with the help of the Save
movie
button present in the Share group on the Home tab.
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ASSIGNMENT-2 ON CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
CLASS –VIII
SUB-SCIENCE
Do this in your science notebook.
Give one word answers-
I. Chemical compounds used to increase soil fertility-
II. Unwanted plants that grow naturally along with the crop
plants are called-
III. Name one pesticide that you will use to kill the insects
that harm the crops.
IV. Leaving the field to rest for a season after harvesting one
crop -
V. Give one word for a farm machine used both for harvesting and
threshing.
VI. The manure formed by the decomposition of plant and animal
wastes is called-
VII. Process of supplying water to crops at different time
intervals-
VIII. The agricultural implement used to sow seeds is
called-
IX. Plants of one kind grown at one place on a large scale-
X. Simple tool used for removing weeds and for loosening the
soil -
XI. Tall and cylindrical containers for bulk storage of
grains-
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XII. Separating chaff from grains by beating the crop against
the stone-
XIII. Which of these are organic substances- manure or
fertilizers?
XIV. ______are used to kill insects and________to kill
weeds.
XV. Cross breeding of two varieties with different desirable
characteristics to form a new variety is called-
XVI. Name any one weedicide.
XVII. Pioneer of green revolution in India-
XVIII. Name the insect used to eliminate prickly pear
(Optunia ) from the crop fields.
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Ikz”u „ श्लोक ांशेष ुरिक्तस्थ न नन पिूयत-( ikB~iqLrd esa fn, x,
“yksd i
-
(घ) मधिुसकू्तिसां के सजृनतत?
(ङ) vfFkZu% dsH;% foeq[kk u ;kfUr?
mRrj
(क) नवद्य फलम
(ख) लबु्धस्य
(ग) म धयंुe~
(घ) मधुमनिक /lUr%
(ङ) egh#gsH;%
Ikz”u † अधोनलनखत-तद्भव-शब्द न ां कृते प ठ त ् नच्व सांस्कृतपद नन
नलखत-( uhps fn, x, “kCnksa ds fy, laLd`r “kCn fyf[k,A)
यथ -कां जसू कृपण:
कड़व ———————
पूूँछ ———————
लोभी ———————
मधमुक्खी ———————
नतनक ———————
mRrj
यथ -कां जसू कृपण:
कड़व कटुकम
पूूँछ पचु्छ
लोभी लबु्ध
मधमुक्खी मधमुनिक
नतनक तणृम
Ikz”u ‡ अधोनलनखतेष ुव क्येष ुकतृृपदां निय पदां च नच्व नलखत-(
uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa ls drkZ vkSj fdz;k NkWVdj fyf[k,A)
वाक्यानि कर्ाा निया
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यथ सतत: मधिुसकू्तिसां सजृनतत। सतत: सजृनतत
(क) ननगुृणां प्र प्य भवनतत दोष :। ——————— ———————
(ख) गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत। ——————— ———————
(ग) मधमुनिक म धयंु जनयेत ्। ——————— ———————
(घ) नपशनुस्य मैत्री यश: न शयनत। ——————— ———————
(ङ) नद्य: समदु्रम स द्य अपेय : भवनतत। ——————— ———————
mRrj
वाक्यानि कर्ाा निया
यथ सतत: मधिुसकू्तिसां सजृनतत। सतत: सजृनतत
(क) ननगुृणां प्र प्य भवनतत दोष :। दोष : भवनतत
(ख) गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत। गुण : भवनतत
(ग) मधमुनिक म धयंु जनयेत ्। मधमुनिक जनयेत ्
(घ) नपशनुस्य मैत्री यश: न शयनत। मैत्री न शयनत
(ङ) नद्य: समदु्रम स द्य अपेय : भवनतत। नद्य: भवनतत
Ikz”u ˆ िेख ङ नकत नन पद नन आधृ् य प्रश्नननम ृणां कुरुत-(
js[kkafdr “kCnksa dks ysdj iz”u&fuekZ.k dhft,A)
(क) गुण : गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत।
(ख) नद्य: ससु्व दतुोय : भवनतत।
(ग) लबु्धस्य यश: नश्यनत।
(घ) मधमुनिक म धयृुमेव जनयनत।
(ङ) rL; ewf/uZ fr’BfUr ok;lk%।
mRrj
(क) के गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत?
(ख) क : ससु्व दतुोय : भवनतत?
(ग) कस्य यश: नश्यनत?
-
(घ) क म धयृुमेव जनयनत?
(ङ) rL; dq= fr’BfUr ok;lk%?
Ikz”u ‰ उद हिण नसु िां पद नन पथृक कुरुत-( mnkgj.k ds vuqlkj
“kCnksa dks vyx dhft, vFkkZr laf/k foPNsn dhft,A)
यथ -समदु्रम स द्य – समदु्रम ् + आस द्य
म धयृुमेव – ——————— + ———————
अल्पमेव – ——————— + ———————
सवृमेव – ——————— + ———————
nSoeso – ——————— + ———————
मह ्मन मनुक्त: – ——————— + ———————
foinkeknkoso – ——————— + ———————
mRrj
यथ -समदु्रम स द्य – समदु्रम ् + आस द्य
म धयृुमेव – म धयृुम + एव
अल्पमेव – अल्पम + एव
सवृमेव – सवृम + एव
nSoeso --- nSoe~ $++ ,o
मह ्मन मनुक्त: – मह ्मन म + उनक्त
foinkeknkoso & foinke~ $ vknkoso
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fy[ksaA
-
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fd tc eSa ckgj ls
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ls og xqQk “kksj ls xhnM+ dks iqdkjus yxhA blls nwljs Ik”kq Hkh
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-
iqLrdh; vH;kl dk;Z
iz”u ƒ ikB~;iqLrd esa fn, x, dfBu “kCnksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA
iz”u „ एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत-(,d “kCn esa mRrj nhft,A)
(क) ल हंस्य नाम लकम ्?
(ख) गुहाया: स्वामी क: आ ीत ्?
(ग) ल हं: कलस्मन ् मये गुहाया: मीपे आगत:?
(घ) हस्तपादालदका: लिया: केषां न प्रवततन्ते?
(ङ) गुहा केन प्रलतध्वलनता?
mRrj&
(क) खरनखर:।
(ख) दलिपचु्छ: शृगाि:।
(ग) यूातस्त मये।
(घ) भय न्रस्तमन ाम
(ङ) ल हंस्य गर्तनेन
iz”u … पूर्तवाक्येन उत्तरत-( iw.kZ okD; esa mRrj nhft,A)
(क) खरनखरः कुर प्रलतव लत स्म?
(ख) महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ल हः लकम अलिन्तयत ?
(ग) शृगािः लकम अलिन्तयत ?
(घ) शृगािः कुर पिालयतः?
(ङ) गुहा मीपमागत्य शृगािः लकं पश्यलत?
(ि) कः शोभते?
mRrj&
(क) खरनखर: वने प्रलतव लत स्म।
(ख) महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ल हं: अलिन्तयत - "नूनम एतस्यां गुहायां
रारौ कोऽलप र्ीव: आगच्छलत। अत: अरैव
-
लनगूढो भूत्वा लतष्ठालम।"
(ग) शृगाि: अलिन्तयत ् - "अहो लवनष्टोऽलस्म। नूनम अलस्मन लििे ल
हं: अस्तीलत तकत यालम। तत लकं करवालर्?"
(घ) शृगाि: गुहाया: दूरं पिालयत:।
(ङ) गह ा मीपमागत्य शृगािः पश्यलत ;r~ flagपदपद्धलतः गह ायka
प्रलतष्टा A
(ि) यः vukxrL; fpUrua dq#rs l% “kksHkrsA
iz”u † रेखांलकतपदालन आिृत्य प्रश्नलनमातरं् कुरुत-( js[kkafdr
“kCnksa dks ysdj iz”u fuekZ.k dhft,A)
(क) क्षिुाततः ल हंः कुरालप आहारं न प्राप्तवान
(ख) दलिपचु्छः नाम शृगािः गुहायाः स्वामी आ ीत
(ग) एषा गुहा स्वालमनः दा आह्वानं करोलत
(घ) भय न्रस्तमन ां हस्तपादालदकाः लियाः न प्रवततन्ते
(ङ) आह्वानेन शृगािः लििे प्रलवश्य ल हंस्य भोज्यं भलवष्यलत
mRrj& (क) कीदृशः ल हंः कुरालप आहारं न प्राप्तवान ?
(ख) लकं नाम शृगािः गुहायाः स्वामी आ ीत ?
(ग) एषा गुहा कस्य दा आह्वानं करोलत?
(घ) भय न्रस्तमन ां कीदृशाः लियाः न प्रवततन्ते?
(ङ) आह्वानेन शृगािः कुर प्रलवश्य ल हंस्य भोज्यं भलवष्यलत?
iz”u ‡
घटनािमानु ारं वाक्यालन लिखत-( ?kVukdze ds vuqlkj okD;ksa dks lgh
dze esa fyf[k,A)
(क) गुहाया: स्वामी दलिपचु्छ: नाम शृगाि: मागच्छत ्।
(ख) ल हं: एकां महतीं गुहाम ् अपश्यत ्।
(ग) पररभ्रमन ् ल हं: क्षिुातो र्ात:।
(घ) दूरस्थ: शृगाि: रवं कत्तुतमारब्ि:।
(ङ) ल हं: शृगािस्य आह्वानमकरोत ्।
(ि) दूरं पिायमान: शृगाि: श्लोकमपठत ्।
(छ) गुहायां कोऽलप अलस्त इलत शृगािस्य लविार:।
mRrj&एतालन उपयकु्त िम लनम्न लन्त:-
-
(क) पररभ्रमन ् ल हं: क्षिुातो र्ात:।
(ख) ल हं: एकां महतीं गुहाम ् अपश्यत ्।
(ग) गुहाया: स्वामी दलिपचु्छ: नाम शृगाि: मागच्छत ्।
(घ) गुहायां कोऽलप अलस्त इलत शृगािस्य लविार:।
(ङ) दूरस्थ: शृगाि: रवं कत्तुतमारब्ि:।
(ि) ल हं: शृगािस्य आह्वानमकरोत ्।
(छ) दूरं पिायमान: शृगाि: श्लोकमपठत ्।
iz”u ƒ यथालनदेशमुत्तरत-( funsZ”kkuqlkj mRRkj nhft,A)
(क) ‘एकां महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ः अलिन्तयत ’ अलस्मन वाक्ये कलत
लवशेषर्पदालन, खं्यया ह पदालन अलप
लिखत?( एकां महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ः अलिन्तयत ’ bl okD; esas ls
fo’”ks’k.k NkWVdj fy[kuk gSA)
(ख) तदहम अस्य आह्वानं करोलम- अर ‘अहम ’ इलत पद ंकस्मै प्रयुक्तम
?(्तदहम अस्य आह्वानं करोलम- bl
okD; esa ‘अहम ’ fdlds fy, iz;ksx gqvk gS\)
(ग) ‘यलद त्वं मां न आह्वयल ’ अलस्मन वाक्ये कतृतपद ंलकम ?( ‘यलद
त्वं मां न आह्वयल ’ bl okD; esas drkZ
D;k gS\)
(घ) ‘ल हंपदपद्धलतः गुहायां प्रलवष्टा दृश्यते’ अलस्मन वाक्ये
लियापद ंलकम ?( ‘ल हंपदपद्धलतः गुहायां प्रलवष्टा
दृश्यते’ bl okD; esa fdz;k D;k gS \)
(ङ) ‘वनेऽर सं्थस्य मागता र्रा’ अलस्मन वाक्ये अव्ययपद ंलकम ?(
‘वनेऽर सं्थस्य मागता र्रा’ bl okD; esas vO;; D;k gS\ )
mRrj&:
(क) ’एकां महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ः अलिन्तयत ’ – अलस्मन वाक्ये दे्व
लवशेषर्पदे स्तः। तद्यथा – १. एकाम इलत प्रथमं
लवशेषर्पदम , २. महतीम इलत ि लद्वतीयं लवशेषर्पदम ।
(ख) तदहम अस्य आह्वानं करोलम – अर ’अहम ’ इलत पद ंल हंाय प्रयकु्तम
।
(ग) ’यलद त्वं मां न आह्वयल ’ अलस्मन वाक्ये ’त्वम ’ इलत कतृतपदम
।
(घ) ’ल हंपदपद्धलतः गुहायां प्रलवष्टा दृश्यते’ – अलस्मन वाक्ये
’दृश्यते’ इलत लियापदम ।
(ङ) ’वनेऽर सं्थस्य मागता र्रा’ अलस्मन वाक्ये अव्ययपद ंभवलत ’अर’
इलत।
iz”u ‰ मञ्रू्षातः अव्ययपदालन लित्वा ररक्तस्थानालन पूरयत-( uhps
fn, x, vO;;ksa ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A)
-
कश्चन दूरे नीिैः यदा तदा यलद तलहत परम ि ह ा
एकलस्मन वने .................. व्याि: र्ािं लवस्तीयत
.................. लस्थतः। िमशः आकाशात पररवारः
कपोतरार्ः .................. आगच्छत । .................. कपोताः
तण्डुिान अपश्यन .................. तेषां िोभो
र्ातः। परं रार्ा हमतः ना ीत । तस्य युलक्तः आ ीत
.................. वने कोऽलप मनुष्यः नालस्त। कुतः तण्डुिानाम म्भवः।
.................. राज्ञः उपदेशम अस्वीकृत्य कपोताः तण्डुिान खालदतंु
प्रवृत्ताः र्ािे
.................. लनपलतताः। अतः उक्त्तम ‘.............. लवदिीत
न लियाम ’।
mRrj&
एकलस्मन ् वने कश्चन व्याि: र्ािं लवस्तीयत दूरे लस्थत:। िमश:
आकाशे
पररवार: कपोतरार्: लिरग्रीव: लनगतत:। तदा तण्डुिकर्ानामुपरर
कपोतानां िोभो र्ात:। परन्तु रार्ा तर
हमत: ना ीत ्। तस्य युलक्त: आ ीत ् यलद लनर्तने वने कोऽलप मनुष्यो
नालस्त तलहत कुतो वा तण्डुिकर्ानां
म्भव:? यदा राज्ञ: उपदेशमस्वीकृत्य ते नीिै: आगता, तदा र्ािे
लनपलतता:। अत: उक्तम ् ' ह ा लवदिीत न
लियाम ्'।
vH;kl dk;Z& ƒ½ iz”u 2 ]3 vkSj 4 dk dk;Z laLd`r dh dkWih esa
djsaA
„½ iz”u 5]6 vkSj 7 ds mRrj dsoy ikB~;iqLrd esa ¼isafly ls ½
fy[ksaA
…½ ikB dk vuqokn Åij fn;k x;k gS vr% ikB Lo;a i