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Class 2
PLANNING CONTEXTS, PERSPECTIVES,
I n f r a s t r u c t u r e P l a n n i n g a n d M a n a g e m e n t
PLANNING CONTEXTS, PERSPECTIVES,
AND OBJECTIVES
Dr. Sari Abusharar
The Islamic University of Gaza
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Graduate Program
Infrastructure Engineering
2nd Semester 2012
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Outline of Presentation
� Goals vs. Objectives
� Planning Sequences
� Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and Infrastructure
� Some Important Perspectives for Public Works and Infrastructure
� Key Question in the Decision-Making Stages of Planning,
Implementation, and Evaluation
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Goals vs. Objectives
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The words Goal and Objective are often confused with each other. They both
describe things that a person may want to achieve or attain but in relative terms
may mean different things.
Goals and Objectives
Goals Objectives
Plan Broad plan Narrow plan
Action Generic action Specific action
Example I want to achieve success in the
field of genetic research and do
what no one has ever done.
I want to complete this thesis on
genetic research by the end of this
month.
Measure Goals may not be strictly
measurable or tangible.
Must be measurable and tangible.
Time frame Longer term Short to medium term
Meaning The purpose toward which an
endeavor is directed.
Something that one's efforts or
actions are intended to attain or
accomplish; purpose; target.
Principle Based on ideas Based on fact
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In this text on infrastructure planning, an “objective” is generally
considered a more basic concept and is preferred when evaluating
projects and programs in terms of tangible values.
Goals and Objectives (continued)
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Planning SequencesPlanning Sequences
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For international financing agency, such as the World Bank, this phased process
which the Bank refers to as the “project cycle”, is the norm and supports a loan
application for a project in a developing country.
Planning Sequences
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Project Cycle marks progress through 8 steps. As the Bank lends billions of dollars each year to
countries and projects around the world, they need a systematic way to develop and implement their
projects. The steps emphasize large-scale projects, advisory services, policymaking, and multiple stages
of approval:
Planning Sequences (continued)
IdentificationCountry
Assistance Strategy
Preparation, Appraisal, and
Board Approval
Implementation and
Supervision
Implementation and
Completion
Evaluation
Strategy
1 2
3
45
6
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StepStep 11 : :Country Assistance StrategyCountry Assistance Strategy
The Bank prepares lending and advisory services, based on the selectivity framework
and areas of comparative advantage, targeted to country poverty reduction efforts .
Planning Sequences (continued)
Step Step 22: Identification: Identification
Projects are identified that support strategies and that are financially, economically,
socially, and environmentally sound. Development strategies are analyzed.
Step Step 33: Preparation: Preparation
The Bank provides policy and project advice along with financial assistance. Clients
conduct studies and prepare final product documentation.
Step Step 44: Appraisal: Appraisal
The Bank assesses the economic, technical, institutional, financial, environmental, and
social aspects of the project. The project appraisal document and draft legal
documents are prepared.
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Step Step 55: Negotiations and Board Approval: Negotiations and Board Approval
The Bank and borrower agree on loan or credit agreement and the project is
presented to the Board for approval.
Planning Sequences (continued)
Step Step 66: Implementation and Supervision: Implementation and Supervision
The Borrower implements the project. The Bank ensures that the loan proceeds are
used for the loan purposes with due regard for economy, efficiency, and effectiveness.
Step Step 77:: Implementation and CompletionImplementation and Completion
The Implementation Completion Report is prepared to evaluate the performance of
both the Bank and the borrower.
Step Step 88:: EvaluationEvaluation
The Bank’s independent Operations Evaluation Department prepares an audit report
and evaluates the project. Analysis is used for future project design.
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Expected Results from Planning Sequences
1. How alternative projects are identified and selected for
further examination.
2. How projects prepared at different times by different
Planning Sequences (continued)
1 2 3 4 5
2. How projects prepared at different times by different
investigators are compared.
3. How a major project proceeds from preliminary study through
construction and operation.
4. What should be the scope of various types of studies and
reports.
5. What are the appropriate methodologies to employ to
produce the details of the studies and reports.
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Basic Contexts for Planning
Public Works and InfrastructurePublic Works and Infrastructure
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Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and
Infrastructure
The planning agency
Political
Decision-
Making Context
Global, National, State and local Issue, Objectives, and
Perspectives
Performance-Based/Custom
er/User Context
Organization
and
Institutional
Context
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The planning agencyThe responsibility for public infrastructure
planning, development, implementation, and
operations and management, generally rests with
an agency that has been granted statutory
authority for a particular type of facility or
Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and
Infrastructure (continued)
authority for a particular type of facility or
system of facilities.
Example
Early planning may be done in a very broad context by state or regional planning
organizations, with input from operating agencies. The need for, and the
performance of an infrastructure facility may have wide-ranging impacts and
involve many persons and organizations.
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Global, National, State and local Issue,
Objectives, and Perspectives
Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and
Infrastructure (continued)
The objectives of a project must be viewed from several different
standpoints, depending on the nature and extent of the project.
Several different contexts may be considered with geographic or
political boundaries: global, national, state, and local.
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Global, National, State and local Issue,
Objectives, and Perspectives
Global Issue National Issue Regional and
Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and
Infrastructure (continued)
The global context
of a major project,
plan, or program of
projects may be
considered in terms
of sustainability or
globalization of the
economy.
Global Issue
National objectives
and concerns are
usually expressed in
federal legislation,
which affects the
actions of agencies
at all levels of
government.
National Issue
Regional and local
objectives, like state
objectives, may
target additional
concerns. For the
transportation sector.
Regional and
local Issue
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State Issue
Global, National, State and local Issue,
Objectives, and Perspectives
Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and
Infrastructure (continued)
State objectives are generally expressed in legislation paralleling the federal
structure, but their financial and regulatory policies may be tailored to the
unique requirements within each state. State agencies are often designated as
responsible for specific infrastructure facilities.
State Issue
Example
Department of Transportation is responsible for a portion of the highways in the
state that are designated by law as state highways.
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Performance-based
planning and the use
of outcome-driven
performance
Performance-
Based/Customer
/User Context
Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and Infrastructure
(continued)
performance
measures have
become increasingly
important for public
infrastructure
projects. Planners
must recognize and
work within the
nested set of
stakeholders.
Figure 2.2 Stakeholders in performance assessment
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Organization and Institutional
Context
There are more than one institution interesting in one infrastructure
Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and
Infrastructure (continued)
There are more than one institution interesting in one infrastructure
facility.
Example
In Gaza strip there are many institution had an interest in water
(Municipality, CMWU, PWA)
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In most cases, decisions to
provide public physical
infrastructure will be made
within the political
decision-making process.
Political decisions are
made through the different
funding and regulatory
Political Decision-
Making Context
Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and Infrastructure
(continued)
funding and regulatory
contexts, and through the
decision processes of
governing entities such as
mayors, city councils,
county executives,
governors, state legislators,
and politically appointed
agency heads and boards.
For any project, the planner
must understand the
political decision-making
process that will govern the
implementation of the
project.Figure 2.3 A view of strategic choice
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Some Important Perspectives for
Public Works and InfrastructurePublic Works and Infrastructure
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� Objectives and values change over time
� Infrastructure planning involves the concepts of systems
and a holistic approach to installation, operation, and
management.
Some Important Perspectives for Public Works
and Infrastructure
management.
� The different infrastructure systems need to be integrated.
� Infrastructure planning involves not only the provision of
the physical plant, but also its operation and management.
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�The planning of infrastructure is vital to the economic
future of a country.
�The infrastructure is expensive, so the planning process
must be thorough.
Some Important Perspectives for Public Works
and Infrastructure (continued)
must be thorough.
�Many different levels of government are involved.
�There is a need for a strong national role in infrastructure
planning.
�Infrastructure planning is an interdisciplinary process.
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�Public works planning methods are based on scientific,
legal, ethical, judgmental, and other concepts.
�Many types of organizations employ infrastructure
planners.
Some Important Perspectives for Public Works
and Infrastructure (continued)
planners.
�A successful project frequently requires the support of
elected and agency officials.
�Public participation in planning is vital.
�Financial considerations are usually an important
component of infrastructure planning.
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�Many factors are involved in a successful project.
�Planning should involve a systematic and logical process.
Some Important Perspectives for Public Works
and Infrastructure (continued)
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�Infrastructure planning may involve the formulation of alternative plans
to meet different objectives, and a methodology of trade-offs to select an
acceptable plan.
Some Important Perspectives for Public Works
and Infrastructure (continued)
Figure 2.4 Screening alternative plans
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�Planning objectives and constraints should be identified and considered
together.
Some Important Perspectives for Public Works
and Infrastructure (continued)
Figure 2.5 Where objectives and constrains come from
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Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of Planning,
Implementation, and EvaluationImplementation, and Evaluation
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Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of
Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
Planning
EvaluationImplementation
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What will it cost to take actions needed to achieve desirable performance,
that is, to meet specific objectives, satisfy stated goals, or conform to
specific regulations?
Planning
Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of
Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
(continued)
specific regulations?
�Develop, vision, and set goals and objectives
�Develop and adopt performance measures
�Identify alternatives appropriate actions and select a preferred
course (e.g., use benefit-cost analysis)
�Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan
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How can action best be carried out to achieve desired performance?
Implementation
Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of
Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
(continued)
�Set productivity objectives
�Develop, adopt, and affirm performance measures
�Identify alternative implementation strategies
�Execute strategy, assess costs and achievements
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Given that resources were used to take certain actions, are the
consequences(outcomes) of these actions consistent with stated and
subsequent goals, that is, performance ”adequate” “good” or “otherwise”?
Evaluation
Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of
Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
(continued)
subsequent goals, that is, performance ”adequate” “good” or “otherwise”?
�Identify and review outcomes of previous actions, plans,
policies, and regulations.
�Develop, adopt, and affirm performance measures.
�Measure performance and compare results to goal, objectives,
vision t o determine if change in the infrastructure system is
warranted
�Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan
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Homework #2You should submit a hard copy of your answers in next class (Tuesday, February 21):
1. ULI and Ernst & Young provided an array of large infrastructure projects in some of the
most populous cities in America. From ULI and Ernst & Young, document the future
projects in the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Miami, Seattle, and New York City.
Use the table provided below as a template. Some of the statistics (i.e. cost) may not be
contained within the ULI and Ernst & Young document. If available, you should find
statistics from other sources and be sure to use proper citation and include page
number(s).
City Project Cost ($) Benefits (qualitative)
2. ULI and Ernst & Young discussed the need for using PPP’s to fund large-scale
infrastructure projects. Using information from Chapter 5 of ULI and Ernst & Young,
describe the idea of a PPP, what we as engineers can learn from past experiences and
failures, and give two examples of some ongoing or potential PPP projects from the
readings. Do not exceed 200 words and be sure to use proper citation.
Note: You can easily download ULI and Ernst & Young document by searching Google, use
Infrastructure 2011 as your keywords.
City Project Cost ($) Benefits (qualitative)
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Miami
Seattle
New York City