ClasoOcation, if Zebu Cattle

ClasoOcation, if Zebu Cattle

Johnson (1951) has brought together some material fromscattered sources into a popular article on the origin and do-mestication of Bos indicus. There is a substantial amount ofagreement among these sources as to the origin of Bos indicushaving been in the India-Pakistan-Burma-Malay area. Olver (1938)and Shirlaw (1940) have summarized some archaeological andhistorical evidence regarding the existence and introduction ofvarious types of cattle now prevalent ou the sub-continent of Indo-P akistan.

No attempts were made, however, to classify these cattle intodefinite types or groups until Olver (1938) suggested a tentativeclassification on the basis of similarities in some obvious physicalcharacteristics. Ware (1942), realising the importance of criticalscientific studies necessary to classify the various types andbreeds correctly, agrees in general to Olver's classification with mi-nor modifications in details. Phillips (1944) crystallized the generalscheme a step further by suggesting inclusion of appropriatebreeds and types into those generally outlined groups, as de-fined by Olver and Ware. Das Gupta (1945) adopts the classifica-tion suggested by Olver (1938) and numbers the groups in a dif-ferent order.

The following is an attempt to summarize these previous stud-ies, so that readers may have an understanding of the broadclasses into which the breeds described in this publication may beclassified. Illustrations of the various types and breeds, as setforth by Phillips, are reproduced in Figures 2 to 12 to aid thereader further in visualizing the broad groups into which theseZebu breeds may be classified, and the differences and similar-ities to be found among the breeds in each group.

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Group I

This group includes lyre- tor led gray cattle with wide fore-heads, prominent orbital arches, and thin faces, having flat ordished-in profiles. The Kankrej and Malvi are the rnost importantbreeds in this group. The Kenwariya and Kherigarh also fit intothis group, but are so closely allied with the Malvi that they appearas varieties of Malvis rather than distinct breeds. The Tharparkarbreed, which seems to have been influenced by the lyre-hornedKankrej, is classified by Ware (1942) and Phillips (1944) in thisgroup. However, it should be mentioned that this breed seemsto have been influenced, particularly in its northern habitat,by the short-horned breeds of Group II described below, andwith perhaps equal justification it might be included in Group' IIsince it appears to be intermediate to the two groups.

Group II

These are shorthorned white or light gray cattle with longcoffin-shaped skulls, orbital arches which are not prominent, andwith faces that are slightly convex in profile. The Bhagnari,Hariana and Ongole appear to be distinct and important types ofthis group. The Mewati, which may be included in this group,seem to have been evolved from a Hariana base, with traces ofinfluence of the Gir from Group III, and the Kankrej or Malvifrom Group I. The Nagori and Rath are more closely related tothe Hariana breed in this group. The Gaolao, on the other hand,is closely related to the Ongole. The Krishna Valley breed, whichis of much more recent origin and may be classified in this group,carries traces of Ongole blood together with some influence of theMysore type of Group IV, and also the Gir of Group III, andpossibly of the Kankrej of Group I. Phillips (1944) classifiesBachaur in this group : it seems to be related to the Hariana.

Group III

Ware (1942) a d Phillips (1944) mention that cattle in thisgroup are more ponderous in build and have pendulous dewlapsand sheaths, prominent foreheads, and lateral and often curledhorns. They are usually spotted either red and white, or various

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FIGURE 9. Cattle of Group IV. Breeds classified in this Group arepopularly termed " Mysore cattle. " They are characterized by prominentforeheads and long, pointed horns rising close together, and are, with fewexceptions, poor milkers. A and B, a bull and cow- of the Hallikar breed,which appears to be the basic stock from which the other so-called breedsin thi3 Group have been derived. C and D, a bull and a cow of Alambadicattle, which differ so little from Hallikar that it is a q-uestion whetherthey are a separate breed. E and F, a bull and a cow of Amrit Mahalbreed, developed in Mysore for use in quick transportion of military equip-ment: though n.ot very large they are wiry and famous for their strong

powers of enduran.ce.

FiGuRE 10. Other breeds of Group IV. G and H, a bull and acow of Bargur breed which closely resembles the Amrit Mahal cattle:they are fiery, restive and difficult to train.. I an.d J, a bull an.d a cowof Kangayam breed, very similar to the general Mysore type: thoughof moderate size, they are active and powerful and are highly prized asdraft animals. K and L, a Khillari bull and cow : this breed ofpowerful draft animals is found in Southern Bombay State; though closelyresembling the Mysore type of cattle there is evidence of infusion from

the gray-white cattle of the North.

shades of red and white or olid red, dun or brown.. The Gir isthe llfost important basic breed which seems to have influencedmost of the other breeds in this group. Olver, however, points outthat breeds such as the Red Sinai and Sahiwal also seem to carrysome blood from the red and dun cattle of Afghanistan. TheAfghan type of cattle have been classified in Group V .by Ware(1942), and probably it is this type, together with the hill typeof the Las Bela area of Baluchistan, which seems to be thebasis on 'which the Red Sindhi breed has been built up, thoughboth Sahiwal as well as Red Sindhi definitely appear to carrysome trace of Gir blood. Other breeds such as the Deoni, Nimariand Dangi are probably of more recent origin, and have the ap-pearance of being influenced by the Gir. As such, they areclassified in this group.

Group IV

The cattle of this group are medium-sized, compact animalshaving powerful quarters and tight sheaths. The most strikingcharacteristic of these cattle is the form.ation of the head andhorns. The forehead is prominent and the horns emerge fromthe top of the poll fairly close together in an upward and back-ward direction and are very pointed. Cattle of this group, some-times referred to as "Mysore type cattle ", are pre-eminentlysuitable for fast work and endnrance in the plow or on theroad, but temperamentally they are highly strung and apt tobe fierce. The coloring of these cattle is usually some shade ofgray, varying from almost white to almost steel gray or black.Included in this group are the Amrit Mahal, Hallikar, Kan-gayam and Khillari breeds. The Alambadi and Bargur are minorstrains.

Group V

The cattle included in this group are a heterogenous mixtureof distinct.strains. They are small black, red or dun cattle, oftenwith large patches of white markings. The poli and hump maybe covered with coarse hairs. They are active cattle, with smallsheaths. They are either shorthorned or slightly lyre-horned.These small cattle are able to thrive where large animals could

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not survive and are capable of rendering useful service as milchanimals, as well as for miscellaneous work in the hilly regionsand for light plowing. They are found all over India andPakistan, and particularly in the Himalayas, in the hills of Ba-luchistan, in the rugged mountainous areas of northern Pakistanand in poor forest tracts all over the region. The more noteworthybreeds in this group are the Lohani and Rojhan (Mason, 1951)from Pakistan, the Ponwar from Uttar Pradesh (it may beinteresting to note that Zebu cattle in Madagascar show a closesimilarity to the Ponwar), the Sin i from the Himalayan foot-hills in the vicinity of Bhutan and Darjeeling, and Afghan breedsfrom the extreme north of Pakistan. In almost all the breeds ofcattle in this group the position of the hump may be describedas cervicothoracic but it is interesting to note that in Sin i cattlethe position of the hump is thoracic as in some African Zebus.

Group VI

The Dhanni breed of cattle from the northern portion ofthe Punjab in Pakistan is the only breed which is difficult tofit into any of the groups mentioned above and Phillips (1941) al-locates this to Group VI. The animals of this group are medium-sized, compact and active. Time dewlap and the sheath are tight.The coats are usually very shiny. Coloring in most animals con-sists of black or red spots on a white coat varying from almostwhite animals with evenly scattered spots over the whole body(similar to the Dalmatian dog) to animals that are predominantlyblack or reddish with typical spotting visible only on certainparts.

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