Clarke Chemistryclarkechemistry.com/.../uploads/2014/08/Rates-Round-Ro…  · Web viewPharmacology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the study of drugs and the effects they

(Name(s): Period: Date:)

Reaction Rates Round Robin

HASPI Medical “COURSE” Lab DRAFT

Background/Introduction

(http://www.kksblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Medicine.jpg)Routes of Drug Administration

Although most individuals may be familiar with just a few of these, there are many different ways to take medication. For many over the counter medications, it’s most common to take medicine orally, or administered by mouth. Oral meds come in various forms including different types of pills and liquids that are absorbed into your body through your digestive system. There are even some melt in the mouth meds, which may be absorbed without having to wait to get all the way down to your stomach.

Sometimes, a common medication people take orally needs a different delivery system. Vomiting for instance, could mean a person can’t keep a medication in their stomach long enough for it to be absorbed into their body. Numerous medications are taken anally, via suppository and absorbed through the thin walls of the large intestines.

A number of lotions and creams exist that are called topical. These are usually directly applied on the area that needs the medication. Examples include certain steroids that used in healing purposes and anti-itch medicines.

Transdermal methods include an adhesive patch with various drugs that are absorbed directly through the skin. Some forms of transdermal meds include pain medications and nicotine for those quitting smoking.

Some people take medicine through inhalation. Common inhaled meds include those that treat asthma and nasal sprays that treat allergies.

One of the more common and quickest ways to take medicine usually requires a doctor or nurse’s help. Medication may be delivered intravenously (IV) or by infusion. IV drugs go directly into the bloodstream, which can make them work quickly and be most effective. Injections or shots are another way to take medications and these may be injected into muscles, under the skin, directly into bone marry, or into the blood stream.

Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the study of drugs and the effects they have on certain biochemical functions. Pharmacologists are constantly looking for ways to improve how medications work, develop more sophisticated methods for delivering drugs into the body, and better ways to target specific sites at which we want the drugs to work. In doing this, they need to pay particular attention to the pharmacodynamics of the drug, or the effect a drug has on the body. They also focus on the pharmacokinetics of a drug, most often abbreviated PK. Pharmacokinetics focuses on how the concentration of a drug changes as it moves through different compartments of your body, from the moment it is administered all the way till the point it is eliminated from your body. After a drug is administered it undergoes a number of chemical reactions that allow it to be broken down, absorbed, distributed to various organs, utilized to alter certain biochemical reactions, and eventually eliminated. Simple changes in drug concentrations, how the drug is administered, where the drug is administered, or even interactions with other drugs taken can have profound effects on its efficacy.

This lab consists of six stations in which you and your group members will manipulate common household medications to recognize how simple changes in surface area, temperature, stirring and mixing, interactions with catalysts and enzymes, and concentrations can change a drug’s rate of reaction.

(Review QuestionsOf the different routes of drug administration, which ones have you used before?Why can’t all medications be taken orally?What is the advantage of taking a drug intravenously?Define pharmacodynamics.Define pharmacokinetics.What are some things that can change the effectiveness of a drug once it has been administered in the body?)

(Station 1: Surface Area)

(https://www.dexilant.com/Content/Images/section4_tortoiseHare.png)Learning Target:

You should be able to recognize the effect of surface area on the rate of a reaction.

Background:

(Figure 0: The two substances can react more quickly with more surface area because all of this reactant is exposed.Figure 0: If one substance is not ground up, only the outer portion can react, slowing the reaction down.)A reaction occurs because of collisions between particles. If two reactants never come in contact, a reaction cannot take place. However when two reactants collide more often, reactions can proceed at a greater rate. When a substance has more surface area more reactant is exposed allowing for more collisions between particles at any given time. See Figures 1 & 2.

Medical Application:

Some medications can be designed in pill tables or capsules to dissolve a drug over time in order to be released slower and steadier into the bloodstream. These “time-release” medications offer the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release variations of the same drug.

Different medicines absorb into the bloodstream at different rates because of the surface area of the drug that is exposed. In time-release medications some parts of the drug are completely exposed and can be absorbed into the body immediately. Others parts of the drug may be coated with a buffer substance that needs to be eaten away at various rates by your stomach acids so that the medicine can be absorbed in increments over a period of time. This allows multiple doses of medication to be given in one tablet.

If a patient crushes a time release capsule it can be deadly, or at least very dangerous because all of the medication will be absorbed at once, possibly leading to an overdose.

Station 1 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Why do reactions occur?

2. What increases the rate of reaction?

3. Why does a chemical with less surface area have a slower reaction rate?

4. What does crushing the sample do to the surface area?

5. How do time release medications work?

6. What do you think would happen if you crushed a time release capsule before taking it?

Make a Hypothesis:

If a substance has more surface area it will....

Equipment needed:

· 2 beakers

· 1 mortar and pestle

· 1 tablet of alka-seltzer per group

Experiment:

1. Take one tablet of alka seltzer and break it in half

2. Grind up one half of the tablet, leave the other half of the tablet the way it is.

3. Pour 100 mL of water into two beakers.

4. At the same moment add each half of the alka seltzer tablet to the two beakers.

Station 1 Conclusion Questions:

1. Which sample reacts more quickly? Why?

2. Which sample has more surface area?

Finish this sentence:

When a chemical has more surface area the reaction is ____________________________________ (faster or slower)

(Station 2: Temperature)Learning Target:

You should be able to recognize the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.

Background:

Chemical reactions can only take place when reactants come in contact with one another in the correct orientation. If reactants do not collide, they cannot react. If reactants collide, but the orientation is not correct, they cannot react. When a substance is heated up, the molecules move more quickly, increasing the number of possible collisions, and therefore increasing the chances of a reaction occurring.

(Successful Collision Leading to a Chemical Reaction BB++BBBB+Unsuccessful Collision With No Chemical Reaction OccurringBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAABB)

Medical Application:

(http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3932/4026649/st2_03.jpg)Drugs are created by pharmaceutical manufacturers as stable compounds that are not intended to breakdown (react) until they are taken up the body. But like the food we intake for nourishment spoils and rots if we do not consume it in a certain amount of time, drugs can break down and lose their efficacy, or ability to produce a desired effect over time. This is why the drugs we buy over the counter and the medications that are prescribed by the doctor have an expiration date. Exposing drugs to heat can speed up this breakdown process. Keeping medications in a cool, dry place is essential to keeping them working properly. Pharmaceutical manufacturers recommend most of their products be stored at a controlled temperature of 68-77°F (20-25 °C). Some drugs require refrigeration to keep from going bad, and in some cases need to be placed in the freezer. A temperature over 86°F (30 °C) can cause the medication to decompose more quickly and have a lower effectiveness or even stop working all together.

(http://www.drugcite.com/label/unzipped/20101214_f60a672d-8d6d-4d67-9a47-5547357e7b5b/lipitor-08.jpg)

Station 2 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What must happen in order for two reactants to react?

2. What effect does temperature have on the motion of reactants in a chemical reaction?

3. What can cause a medicine to decompose more quickly?

4. Where should medications be stored?

Make a Hypothesis:

Increasing the temperature will cause a reaction to….

Equipment needed:

· 2 beakers

· 1 larger hot plate with a beaker of hot water on it

· 1 tablet of Alka-Seltzer

Experiment:

1. Fill one beaker half way with tap water at room temperature.

2. Fill the other beaker half way with warm water from the hot plate

3. Add ½ of an Alka-Seltzer tablet to each beaker and record the time it takes for the tablets to completely dissolve in the water. Be sure not to swirl, stir, or shake the beakers once you add the Alka-Seltzer.

Station 2 Conclusion Questions:

1. Which sample dissolves more quickly? Why?

Finish this sentence:

When the reactants of a chemical reaction have a higher temperature the reaction is __________________________________(faster or slower)

Station 3: Stirring & Mixing

(https://www.dexilant.com/Content/Images/section4_tortoiseHare.png)Learning Target:

You should be able to recognize the effect of stirring or mixing on the rate of a reaction.

Background:

When you stir or mix a chemical it disperses throughout the beaker. This allows it to mix with the other substances in the beaker and collide to have a reaction. If you do not stir the beaker, it takes longer for the molecules to spread throughout the beaker, and the reaction takes longer to proceed.

Medical Application:

(http://www.healthcentral.com/common/images/8/8710_7138_5.jpg)When you chew and swallow your food, it will make its way to your stomach via the esophagus. The main purpose of the stomach is to 1) store food and 2) breakdown food. The average sized stomach holds 1-1.5 quarts and is responsible for breaking down food in two different fashions: chemical and mechanical. The cells that line the stomach walls secrete a mixture of mucus, digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid that creates a very acid environment which is needed for the chemical breakdown of the food we ingest.

The J-shaped, sac-like organ is also made of smooth muscle that contracts in a motion called peristalsis. These waves of muscular contractions, which can also be seen in the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine aids in moving food masses through the digestive system. Peristalsis also allows food to mix with the gastric juices and enzymes in the stomach, speeding up the digestion process.

The contraction of smooth stomach muscle is also important when taking medication. The mixing motion that occurs in the stomach causes your medication to dissolve more quickly and disperse throughout the contents of the stomach. This allows the medication to be absorbed throughout the digestive tract rather than in a concentrated spot, which could potentially damage stomach or intestinal linings.

Station 3 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What function does the stomach serve in the body?

2. List two negative effects if the your body did not mix your medication.

3. The stomach is responsible for breaking down food in two different ways. What are the two different types of digestion that occurs in the stomach, and what causes each?

Make a Hypothesis:

Mixing or stirring the contents of a reaction will cause the reaction to …..

Equipment needed:

Reaction Rates Round Robin, HASPI Medical Chemistry Lab DRAFT

2 x 125mL Erlenmeyer Flasks

2 x 50mL Vinegar

2 x 0.75g Sodium Bicarbonate

2x Weigh Boats

Digital Balance

Stirring Rod

Timer

Experiment:

1. Measure 50mL of vinegar into two 125mL Erlenmeyer flasks.

2. Weight 0.75g of Sodium Bicarbonate into each of the two weight boats.

3. Add the Sodium Bicarbonate to each flask at the same time and start your timer.

4. With your stirring rod, stir only one flask while leaving the other completely untouched.

5. Record your observations of the contents of each flask. (Hint: There is a reason why you have a timer!!)

Station 3Conclusion Questions:

1. What observations of your reactions provide evidence that one is faster than the other?

2. Which sample reacts faster? Why?

Finish this sentence:

When a solution has been stirred or mixed around, the reaction is ____________________________________(faster or slower).

Station 4: Catalyst

(http://gcserevision101.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/energy-level-diagram-activation-energy.jpg)Learning Target:

You should be able to see the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction.

Background:

When two molecules collide with enough force, they combine to make an unstable structure called a transition state before they break back apart to make a product. The force required to create this transition state and get the reaction started is called the activation energy. If there is not enough energy present between these molecules, the transition state cannot be formed, and no reaction will take place.

A catalyst makes it easier for a chemical(s) to form the transition state by creating a favorable environment for a reaction to take place, essentially lowering the activation energy of a reaction. If this activation energy is lowered, the speed of the reaction will increase significantly.

Medical Application:

(http://wakeup-world.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/hydrogen_peroxide.jpg)Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a clear, colorless, water and lipid soluble liquid. Its many uses as a disinfectant and cleaning agent makes it a very popular household product. Many people use it as a mild bleaching agent when washing clothes and removing blood stains. Dog owners have been known to give it to their pets if they consumed something they weren’t supposed to because it makes dogs vomit quickly. Doctor’s offices have used it to soften the earwax of patients dealing with painful or irritating buildup. And its use for cleaning wounds used to be encouraged before it was determined that it also damages the surrounding healthy tissue.

Hydrogen peroxide is a very unstable compound that will break down into water and oxygen by itself. It can also form hydroxyl free-radicals for short periods of time. These hydroxyl free radicals are highly reactive and are responsible for hydrogen peroxide’s disinfecting and cleaning properties. And since hydrogen peroxide is lipid soluble, it can penetrate the cell walls of infecting microbes and release its destructive properties inside.

(Hydroxyl Radical·0HHydrogen PeroxideH202WaterH20Oxygen02+)

In many contact cleaning solutions hydrogen peroxide is used to break down proteins and kill viruses, bacteria and fungi that you would not in your eyes. However, if the hydrogen peroxide is not completely removed from the lens it can be extremely painful for an individual, especially if they have sensitive eyes. To compensate this effect, the contact cleaning case has a platinum disc at the bottom of it. This platinum disc catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide so when you soak your contacts overnight, all oxygen bubbles will have left by the morning and your clean contacts will be left soaking in harmless water.

Station 4 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What needs to occur between two molecules in order for them to react?

2. How does a catalyst change the activation energy of a reaction?

3. What are the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?

4. (http://www.123kontaktlinsen.com/images/products/Lenscase_Disque.jpg)What serves as the catalyst in a contact lens cleaning case?

5. What will happen if you clean your contacts in hydrogen peroxide without the catalyst present?

Make a Hypothesis:

Adding a catalyst to a reaction will….

Equipment needed:

2x Contact lens cleaning case with platinum catalyst disc in lid.

Hydrogen Peroxide

Dropper

Experiment:

1. Using your dropper, fill each contact lens cases with hydrogen peroxide

2. Put the lid containing the platinum catalyst in one container.

3. Let each container sit undisturbed for one minute. Record your observations

Station 4 Conclusion Questions:

1. Is the catalyst used up in the reaction?

2. Which reaction reacts more quickly? What observations provide evidence that one reaction occurred more quickly than the other?

Finish this sentence:

When a catalyst is present in a reaction, the reaction will be ____________________________________ (faster or slower)

Station 5: Enzymes

Learning Target:

You should understand the effects of an enzyme on the rate of a reaction

Background:

Enzymes are biological catalysts that create favorable environments for biochemical reactions to take place by binding substrates (reactants) to shape specific active sites. Since they are a type of catalyst, they are neither a product nor a reactant of the reaction. They are simply present to facilitate the reaction without being used up in the course of the reaction. By creating a favorable environment for reactions to take place, enzymes, like all other catalysts, can greatly decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction and ultimately increase the rate at which a reaction takes place.

(Enzyme + SubstrateEnzyme + ProductsTransition State)

Medical Application:

In Station 4: Catalysts, you read about hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its powerful cleaning and disinfecting properties. To recap, hydrogen peroxide is an unstable compound that breaks down into water and oxygen on its own. It can also form very short lived hydroxyl free-radicals which are highly reactive and are responsible for hydrogen peroxide’s destructive properties. Free radicals are atoms of molecules with unpaired electrons.

(Hydroxyl Radical·0HHydrogen PeroxideH202WaterH20Oxygen02+)

Even though hydrogen peroxide can be very damaging to living cells, it is a very important and common byproduct of many metabolic reactions in the human body. However, your body is accustomed to it and has mechanisms that keep hydrogen peroxide from accumulating to lethal levels. Catalase is an enzyme produced by many living organisms that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This process occurs thousands of times a second, allowing your body to maintain low levels of the damaging free radicals. As you age, your body gradually produces less catalase, resulting in a buildup of free radicals and an increase in the damage they can cause. To maintain healthy levels of the enzyme, you can also consume foods that are rich in catalase.

Station 5 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. (ENERGYREACTION ) What is the difference between an enzyme and a catalyst?

2. What gives hydrogen peroxide its destructive properties?

3. Write out the chemical equation of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Why isn’t the enzyme listed?

4. How it possible is that hydrogen peroxide is so common in the human body even though it is very caustic to living tissue?

5. The following graph shows the energy of a reaction. What would the graph look like if the reaction was catalyzed by an enzyme? Be sure to label the activation energy of the reaction.

Make a Hypothesis:

Adding potato to a container of hydrogen peroxide will…..

Adding garlic to a container of hydrogen peroxide will…..

Adding spinach to a container of hydrogen peroxide will….

Equipment needed:

Hydrogen Peroxide

4 test tubes

Test tube rack

Weighing boat

Knife

Potato

Garlic

Spinach

Experiment:

1. Cut about one cubic centimeter of potato and carefully smash it in your weighing boat with the bottom of a test tube.

2. Cut about one cubic centimeter of garlic and carefully smash it in your weighing boat with the bottom of a test tube. Your garlic sample should be about the same amount as your potato sample.

3. Roll a leaf of spinach or two and carefully smash it in your weighing boat with the bottom of a test tube. Your spinach sample should be about the same size as your potato and garlic samples.

4. Transfer each sample to their own test tube. Be sure that each sample is the same volume.

5. Add about 2 cm of hydrogen peroxide to all 4 test tubes and record your observations.

Station 5 Conclusion Questions:

1. Which of the reactions occurred more quickly? Why?

2. Which sample do you think contains more of the enzyme catalase? Why?

Finish this sentence:

When an enzyme is present the reaction is _____________________________________________ (faster or slower)

Station 6: Concentration

(http://www.kentchemistry.com/images/links/Kinetics/Molecular-collisions.jpg)Learning Target:

You should understand the effect of a change in concentration on the rate of a reaction.

Background:

Reactions occur because there are collisions between the reactants involved. If there are more reactants, there are more collisions, leading to the increased reaction rate. A higher concentration occurs when there are relatively more particles of your reactants.

Medical Application:

The concentration of a drug is very important for physicians when they determine dosages for their patients. Each drug has its own safe range of dosage that has been determined while going through the FDA approval process. The specific dose prescribed by a physician is often related to a patient’s weight and age, among other things.

((ACETOMINOPHEN))

Infant’s Concentrated Drops

Children’s Suspension Liquid and Elixir

Children’s Soft Chews Chewable Tablets

Junior Strength Chewable Tablets/Caplets

80mg/0.8mL

160mg/5mL

80mg

160mg

DOSAGE

Dropper

Teaspoon

Tablet

Tablet/Caplet

WEIGHT

AGE

6-11 lbs

0-3 months

½

12-17 lbs

4-11 months

1

½

18-23 lbs

12-23 months

1½

¾

24-35 lbs

2-3 yrs

2

1

2

36-47 lbs

4-5 yrs

1½

3

48-59 lbs

6-8 yrs

2½

4

2

60-71 lbs

9-10 yrs

3

5

2½

72-95 lbs

11 yrs

6

3

96+ lbs

12 yrs

(http://www.tylenol.com/children-infants/safety/dosage-charts)

4

There are many different types of drugs that work very differently from each other in your body to get a desired effect. But for the most part, all of these drugs interact with different receptors throughout your body in one way or another. If you take a higher dosage of a drug, there is a higher concentration of the drug that will end up in your bloodstream and a higher concentration that can interact with more receptors throughout your body, increasing the overall effect of the drug. If there is too high of a concentration, too many receptors may be triggered, causing a serious of reactions we refer to as an overdose.

Station 6 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Explain what it means to have a high concentration.

2. How does a higher concentration increase the collisions of the molecules in the reaction?

3. What determines the correct dosage of a drug?

4. Where in your body is the concentration of a drug important? What can happen if the concentration is too high?

Make a Hypothesis:

Changing the concentration of a reactant will…

Equipment needed:

Soapy water

1 Alka-Seltzer tablet

2 100mL Graduated Cylinder

Experiment:

1. Fill both of the 100 mL graduated cylinders up to the 20mL mark with soapy water.

2. Break the Alka-Seltzer tablet apart into small, but equal size pieces.

3. Add 1/3 of the Alka-Seltzer tablet to one graduated cylinder and 2/3 of the tablet to the other

4. Record your observations of each graduated cylinder.

Station 6 Conclusion Questions:

1. Which reaction has more bubbles in one minute? Why?

2. Which reaction occurs faster? What observation provides evidence for this?

Finish this sentence:

When there is a higher concentration of a reaction, the reaction is…

(Station 3: Stirring & MixingStation 3 Pre-Lab Questions: What function does the stomach serve in the body?List two negative effects if your body does not mix your medication?The stomach is responsible for breaking down food in two different ways. What are the different types of digestion that occurs in the stomach, and what causes each?Make a Hypothesis: Observations During Experiment: Station 3 Conclusion Questions: What observations of your reactions provides evidence that one is faster than the other?Which sample reacts faster? Why?Finish this sentence:When a solution has been stirred or mixed, the reaction is __________________________ (faster or slower))

(Station 2: TemperatureStation 2 Pre-Lab Questions: What must happen in order for two reactants to react?What effect does temperature have on the motion of reactants in a chemical reaction?What can cause a medicine to decompose more quickly?Where should medications be stored?Make a Hypothesis: Observations During Experiment: Station 2 Conclusion Questions: Which sample dissolves more quickly? Why?Finish this sentence:When the reactants of a chemical reaction have a higher temperature, the reaction is _______________________ (faster or slower))

(Reaction Rates Round Robin, HASPI Medical Chemistry Lab ####)

(Station 1: Surface AreaStation 1 Pre-Lab Questions: Why do reactions occur?What increases the rate of reaction?Why does a chemical with less surface area have a slower reaction rate?What does crushing the sample do to the surface area?How do time release medications work?What do you think would happen if you crushed a time release capsule before taking it?Make a Hypothesis: Observations During Experiment: Station 1 Conclusion Questions: Which sample reacts more quickly? Why?Which sample has more surface area?Finish this sentence:When a chemical has more surface area the reaction is _____________________________ (faster or slower))

(Station 6: ConcentrationStation 6 Pre-Lab Questions: Explain what I means to have a high concentration.How does a higher concentration increase the collisions of the molecules in the reaction?What determines the correct dosage of a drug?Where in your body is the concentration of a drug important? What can happen if the concentration is too high?Make a Hypothesis: Observations During Experiment: Station 6 Conclusion Questions: Which reaction had more bubbles in one minute? Why?Which reaction occurs faster? What observation provides evidence for this?Finish this sentence:When there is a higher concentration of a reaction, the reaction…….)

(Station 5: EnzymesStation 5 Pre-Lab Questions: What is the difference between an enzyme and a catalyst?What gives hydrogen peroxide its destructive properties?Write out the chemical equation for the decomposition of H2O2. Why isn’t the enzyme listed?How is it possible that H2O2 is so common in the human body even though it is very caustic to living tissue?The following graph shows the energy of a reaction. What would the graph look like if the reaction was catalyzed by an enzyme? Be sure to label the activation energy of the reaction. Make a Hypothesis: Observations During Experiment: Station 5 Conclusion Questions: Which of the reactions occurred more quickly? Why?Which sample do you think contains more of the enzyme catalase? Why?Finish this sentence:When an enzyme is present in a reaction, the reaction will be __________________________ (faster or slower))

(Reaction Rates Round Robin, HASPI Medical Chemistry Lab ####)

(Station 4: CatalystsStation 4 Pre-Lab Questions: What needs to occur between two molecules in order for them to react?How does a catalyst change the activation energy of a reaction?What are the products of the decomposition of H2O2?What serves as the catalyst in a contact lens cleaning case?What will happen if you clean your contacts in H2O2 without the catalyst present?Make a Hypothesis: Observations During Experiment: Station 4 Conclusion Questions: Is the catalyst used up in the reaction? Which reaction reacts more quickly? What observations provide evidence that one reaction occurred more quickly than the other?Finish this sentence:When a catalyst is prest in a reaction, the reaction will be __________________________ (faster or slower))

Connections & Applications

1. One of the things that can have drastic effects on a drug’s efficacy is how it interacts with certain foods in your body. Grapefruit in particular has a growing list of medications that it affects. In November 2012 Dr. David Bailey, a Canadian researcher released an updated list that included 85 drugs that are currently on the market that can be affected by the popular fruit.

Research this topic and create a presentation that will shed a little more light on this phenomenon. Your presentation can focus on, but is not limited to:

· Specific mechanisms between the fruit and drug

· Symptoms of the drug-food interaction.

· What types of patients are most at risk

· Advice for patients who love grapefruit.

· Other common foods that have serious drug-food interactions.

2. In Stations 4: Catalysts and Station 5: Enzymes, you read a little about the damaging effects of free radicals on living tissue. Over the past few decades there has been a growing awareness of how natural antioxidants can fight the effects of these free radicals in the body. This growing awareness has even led to a growing popularity in certain dietary supplements, foods and particular beverages.

Research this topic and create a presentation that explains the benefits of antioxidants in your diet. Your presentation can focus on, but is not limited to the following:

· Where do free radicals originate from?

· Mechanisms that allow antioxidants to fight the damaging effects of free radicals.

· Foods that are high in antioxidants

· Citation from published research studies

As per NGSS/CCSS incorporate extensions that allow teachers/students to choose outside activities recommended by the standards.

Goal of having a minimum of 3 options for every lab activity, but more can be included. May include:

· Critical thinking question(s) requiring research

· Medical case study related and/or reinforcing concept

· Investigating a phenomena

· Designing an experiment

· Developing and/or building a model

· Creating a multimedia or visual display to convey a concept

· Conduct a research project (correctly citing text is crucial)

· Constructing an oral or written presentation/argument (correctly citing text is crucial)

· Collecting data and construction graphical representations

· Assess accuracy and credibility of a scientific publication

· Mathematical computations

Resources and References

· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration

· http://www.ms-gateway.ie/treating-ms/ms-therapies/ways-of-taking-medication-132.htm

· http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-ways-to-take-medicine.htm#slideshow

· http://www.aaps.org/News/What_Is_Pharmacokinetics,_Pharmacodynamics_and_Clinical_Evaluation_/

· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics

· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology

· http://www.pharmacology2000.com/General/Pharmacokinetics/kinobj1.htm

· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion

· http://digestiveawareness.drupalgardens.com/content/stomach-storing-and-mixing

· http://www.clspectrum.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=107898

· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide

· http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/05/uses-for-hydrogen-peroxide_n_4039617.html

· http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/vegetarian-sources-catalase-3693.html

· http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/grapefruit-is-a-culprit-in-more-drug-reactions/?_r=0

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B

ENERGY REACTION