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First Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 1840, scale 1:10560 (Figure
14.4) This mapping is the first accurate representation of the
receiving environment. In general a large portion of the land
appears to have been enclosed and drained for agricultural use
although the banks of the river are largely annotated as ‘liable to
flood’. Some straightening and realigning of the river has been
undertaken within proximity to Kiltroge Castle (RMP GA070-071)
which is shown in ruins. A cluster of six small structures are
shown adjacent to the castle and an eel weir traverses the river.
To the immediate south of the castle a small inlet of water is
annotated as ‘Polldonnell’ and the probable original line of the
river (now formed by a stream) is shown to the west creating a
D-shaped island. The river continues west within a wide channel
which diverges to create three islands and a probable farmyard is
shown for the first time on the south bank in the townland of
Lakeview (previously known as Thurloughbrega). The source of the
tributary in Kiniska is annotated as Bunaniska and the stream is
shown flowing south-west in an irregular meandering course.
At Claregalway four structures have been constructed to the rear
of the castle and a garden is also shown. One of the structures is
a long narrow building on the bank of the river, possibly
representing a mill structure. The bridge crossing the northern
channel is illustrated as having four triangular cutwaters on both
elevations. The plans of the structures at both abbeys (RMP
GA070-035 and GA070-012) are illustrated for the first time.
Graveyards and gardens are shown surrounding both and a tower is
also shown within the structure of the main abbey. The nine-arch
bridge at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) is
shown however no detail is illustrated as on the northern bridge.
No structures or features are illustrated within the location of
the deserted village and earthworks/ enclosures (RMP GA070-109,
GA070-111 and GA070-114). Further west the small structure on the
south bank remains present. The two sections of road to be raised
during the current flood relief works are shown almost in their
current layout. The settlement at Montiagh South has grown in size
while that of Gortcloonmore has reduced. A section of the river
which once diverged north at this point has been reclaimed however
a dotted line runs along the limit of the old course marking the
area as ‘liable to inundation’. The Clare River continues west in a
wide channel towards Lough Corrib.
Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 1896−7, scale 1:10560
(Figure 14.5) The Clare River has been straightened and narrowed to
the immediate west of Claregalway. The southern channel at the town
has been severed on the eastern side of the road and remains as a
small stream, the western half forming into a pool to the
south-west of the abbey (RMP GA070-012). A hand ball alley is
annotated on the southern bank of the river to the north of abbey
(GA070-012) however it is probably a predecessor of the alley
recorded in the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH
30407012). The line of the Kiniska River has been largely
straightened and narrowed prior to joining the Clare River and the
surrounding lands are marked as bog and liable to flood. Large
areas have been reclaimed in the townland of Lakeview removing the
western channel and rejoining the islands with the western bank. A
kink in the river at Crusheeny has been bypassed with a new channel
cut on the northern bank leaving a D-shaped watercourse on the
southern bank. Land has also been reclaimed to the immediate east
and west of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071). No structures are now
shown in the immediate vicinity of the castle and while it has
reduced in size the pool named ‘Polldonnell’ remains present on the
northern bank. A footbridge crosses the river east of this adjacent
to a sheepfold on the southern bank. The banks of the river along
this section have been planted and embanked. Further east a new
channel has been cut on the southern bank, with the original course
to the north being reclaimed. A section of road (to be raised as
part of the current works) has been straightened to the north-west
of Claregalway crossing a small tributary.
Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 1919−1921, scale 1:10560
There are no major changes to the course of the river shown on this
mapping. The surrounding landscape has been further enclosed and
drained. A road has been constructed to the east of Kiltroge castle
(RMP GA070-071) crossing the river at the location of the
footbridge in the second edition. Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey
Map, 1933, scale 1:10560 There are no major changes to the course
of the river shown on this mapping. The embankments are shown for
the first time to the west of Baile Chlair along the north and
south bank and again to the west of Kiltroge castle (RMP
GA070-071).
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14.3.1.4 County Development Plan
The County Galway Development Plan (2009−2015) and Claregalway
Local Area Plan (2005−2011) identify and acknowledge the statutory
protection afforded to the RMPs within the vicinity of the proposed
development area under the National Monuments Act. These include
the medieval settlement at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (abbey
GA070-035 Nat. Mon. 165, abbey GA070-012, castle GA070-036) and the
castle at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) (GA070-071).
14.3.1.5 Aerial Photographic Analysis
Inspection of the aerial photographic coverage of the proposed
development area held by the Ordnance Survey (1995, 2000, 2005) and
Google Earth (2008) revealed no definite previously unrecorded
sites of archaeological potential within the area of proposed
development. One possible site was identified in the townland of
Gort an tSleibhe (Gortatleva) to the south of the river. This
feature may also represent dredged material from the river however.
The line of the original river course is clearly visible on the
photographs and the banks of the river are disguised by dumped
material.
14.3.1.6 Field Inspection
The field inspection sought to assess the study area, its
previous and current land use, the topography and whether any areas
or sites of archaeological potential were present. During the
course of the field investigation the proposed development area and
its surrounding environs were inspected for known or previously
unknown archaeological sites (Figures 14.2 a and b). The field
inspection was undertaken on Monday 21st November 2011 in overcast
wet conditions.
Due to ongoing flood relief works at Claregalway excavations had
been undertaken recently within the vicinity of the bridge. These
areas have been restored to normal ground level and a new wall has
been constructed to the north of graveyard and abbey (RMP
GA070-012) (Image 14.1). Large embankments of dumped material have
been constructed along the southern bank of the river to the west
of the church and graveyard and some dumping of modern construction
debris was also noted (Image 14.2). No upstanding remains of
archaeological significance were noted in this area.
Image 14.1: Southern bank of river, north of abbey and graveyard
(RMP GA070-012), facing east
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Image 14.2: Church and graveyard (RMP GA070-012), facing
east
To the east of the bridge a large area has been stripped (Image
14.3). This site was tested in 2010 (O’ Neill 2011; Ministerial
Consent E4248) and a burnt mound was identified and preserved in
situ. It is possible that the site of earthwork (RMP GA070-111003)
was disturbed by the recent activity or partially covered with
materials deposited on site. Moated site (RMP GA070-111001)
comprises a rectangular raised area located to the immediate west
of a field boundary (Image 14.4). The earthwork (RMP GA070-111002)
is visible as a very low rise in the field (Image 14.5). A large
embankment has been constructed along the southern bank of the
river during the 20th century c. 3−4m south of the water edge
(Image 14.3). This embankment becomes less substantial continuing
east along the river and is partially overgrown with mature trees
and bushes. A small overgrown stone wall was noted on the bank as
the river turns south (Image 14.6) which is represented on the
third edition OS map. The banks are waterlogged and large patches
of rushes are growing along its length. The fields to the south of
the embankment in Lakeview are largely comprised of pasture and a
number of them are waterlogged.
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Image 14.3: Area to the east of bridge at Baile Chláir
(Claregalway), facing east
Image 14.4: Moated site GA070-11101, facing south
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Image 14.5: Site of earthwork GA070-11102, facing south-west
Image 14.6: Southern bank of the river in Droim na gaoithe
(Lakeview) townland, facing east
The Kiniska Stream enters the Clare River at this point (Image
14.7). The banks of the stream are partially overgrown in the
southern half of the stream. This section has also been subject to
reclamation. The stream continues north bound by fields of pasture
and is notably less overgrown in this section.
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Image 14.7: Stone wall on the bank in Droim na gaoithe
(Lakeview) townland and confluence of Kiniska Stream with Clare
River in background, facing east
An embankment has also been constructed along the northern banks
of the river in Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) and Cill Torróg (Kiltroge)
townlands however this area is much more overgrown than the
southern bank (Plate 14.8). It was impossible to identify
archaeological remains as much of the ground surface was covered in
heavy scrub. The heavy overgrowth continues east and along the
northern bank in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townland for c. 800m before
becoming clearer. The river is still embanked however they are less
substantial with regular gaps for drainage ditches to discharge
into the river. The fields to the north of the river comprise of
pasture with a slight west-facing aspect. Nothing of archaeological
significance was noted within these fields and there was no
upstanding remains of the enclosure (RMP GA070-072) or burials and
house site (RMP GA070-073).
Image 14.8: Northern banks of the river in Cill Torróg
(Kiltroge) townland, facing east
Kiniska Stream
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The embankments are substantial to the immediate south and west
of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071) once again. These embankments
are illustrated on the second edition OS map (1896−7) and predate
the stone field walls which run over them (Image 14.9). The outline
of the D-shaped watercourse (line of the old course of the river)
is fossilized in the field boundary to the immediate west of the
castle. The castle itself is in poor condition with a large number
of its lower quoin stones missing. A modern lean-to shed has been
constructed on the north-west façade. The O.P.W. has fenced off the
castle for health and safety. The underground stream emerging at
the inlet named as ‘Polldonnell’ in the first edition OS map is
still present to the south of the castle (Image 14.10). This outlet
is lined with boulders and the water discharges into the river. A
small modern concrete structure was built on the bank of the river
to the south of the castle and an electricity pylon has been
recently constructed to the west. The field in which the castle
stands is uneven and several raised areas noted within the
immediate vicinity of the structure may represent an early
enclosing element or foundations of associated buildings.
Image 14.9: Field wall and embankment to the south-west of
Kiltroge Castle, facing west
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Image 14.10: Kiltroge Castle (RMP GA070-071) and ‘polldonnell’
(right foreground), facing north
The area to the south-east and south of the castle site has been
largely disturbed with the ongoing Crusheeny Bridge replacement
works (Image 14.11). Ground disturbance was monitored by Headland
Archaeology Ltd in late 2011. Substantial embankments are located
along the southern and northern banks of the river which have been
in place since the late 19th century. The townland boundary (TB 2)
between Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) and Cathair-na silinidhe
(Cahernashilleeny), once formed the original course of the river,
is now formed by an irregular field boundary. The surrounding
fields are comprised of rough pasture with a gentle west-facing
slope. A small memorial stone is located to the north of Crusheeny
Bridge commemorating the resettlement of the farming community from
Montiagh to Killtroge in 1908 (Image 14.12).
Image 14.11: North bank to the east of Crusheeny bridge, facing
east
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Image14.12: Commemorative plaque at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge),
facing west
As part of the proposed flood alleviation works it is proposed
to raise the levels of three sections of road located west and
south-west of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (Measures 2a, 2b, 3a and
3b). The road to Móinteach Theas (Measure 2a and b) runs west from
Baile Chláir (Claregalway) south of the river. The road, shown on
Larkin’s Map of 1819, comprises a little boreen lined with mature
trees and hedgerow. The road is at the same level as the
surrounding fields and drainage ditches run parallel and
perpendicular to the road in nearly every field. The western half
of this section of road forms the townland boundary between Cathair
Ghabhann nó Pairc an tSamhraidh and Móinteach Theas townlands.
Nothing of archaeological significance was identified during field
inspection.
Both sections (Measures 3a and 3b) of road to the north of the
river were marked for the first time as track ways on the first
edition OS map. The section in Baile Chláir (Claregalway) townland
(Measure 3a) runs along a roadway that was set in its current
layout in the mid-late 19th century, changing from that shown on
the first edition map. Mature trees and hedges line the road on the
south and parts of the northern boundary. This stretch of road
crosses a small stream which was canalised prior to the first
edition OS map. The bridge is a concrete modern construct.
A longer stretch of road (Measure 3b), forming the townland
boundary between Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey) and Baile Chláir
(Claregalway), will also be raised to the north-west of Cloonbigeen
settlement. This section of road is largely open, raised slightly
above the surrounding fields. Some hedging is present along both
sides and deep drainage ditches run parallel to the road to the
north and south. A modern concrete bridge crosses a substantial
drainage ditch. The fields to the south comprise waterlogged
pasture while the lands to the north largely comprise boggy
terrain. Nothing of archaeological significance was noted during
field inspection.
The route of the proposed surface water drain (Measure 6a) in
Droim na Gaoithe (Lakeview) townland is largely located within
fields of pasture. The proposed route runs south-east along the
boundary of a housing estate before turning south-west and south to
reach the industrial estate. The northern tip of the proposed drain
traverses the site of earthwork (RMP GA070-111003) and burnt mound
discovered in recent testing. This area has been artificially built
up with excavated material from the bridge extension.
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14.3.1.7 Conclusions
A Franciscan Abbey (RMP GA070-035) was founded at Baile Chláir
(Claregalway) during the mid-13th century on the northern banks of
the Clare River. The community flourished until the mid-16th
century and the Reformation. A deserted medieval settlement (RMP
GA070-109) is recorded to the south-east of the abbey site and a
further abbey (GA070-012) is located to the south of the river on
an area previously separated as an island. A tower house (RMP
GA070-036) which dates to the late 15th century is also present on
the northern bank of the river. The castle belonged to the De Burgo
family of Clanrickarde and was one of a number of castles under
their possession. Two enclosures and an earthwork (RMP
GA070-111001−3) are located on the southern bank of the river to
the east of the N17. A further tower house (RMP GA070-071) is
present on the northern bank of the Clare River in Cill Torróg
(Kiltroge) townland.
Recent excavation undertaken at Baile Chláir (Claregalway) in
advance flood relief works revealed three sites of archaeological
importance alongside the N17 and north and south of the river. A
number of 11th −17th century burials were identified to the north
of the abbey (RMP GA070-012). A burnt spread on the eastern side of
the N17, adjacent to enclosures and earthwork (RMP GA070-111) was
preserved in situ.
Cartographic analysis has shown that the Clare River was largely
canalised between 1840−1890 and a large amount of land was
reclaimed for agricultural use (Figure 14.5). The original line of
the river is fossilised in the field boundaries and some raised
areas to the south of the river are indicative of pre-existing
islands. The second edition OS maps and later 25 inch maps
illustrate the early construction of embankments undertaken along
the river bed, especially to the west of the town and in the
vicinity of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071). As a result of
continuous dredging and deposition material on the banks it is
probable that very little archaeological remains remain on the
river bed. As a result it is likely that artefacts that once lay on
the river bed may be located within the dredged materials in the
embankment.
Analysis of aerial photographs of the area failed to identify
any further sites of archaeological potential within the area of
proposed development.
Field inspection was also undertaken across the length of the
scheme. A number of potential features were noted as shallow raised
areas surrounding the castle at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) (RMP
GA070-071). These are likely to represent a possible enclosure or
ancillary buildings associated with the castle and were all located
to the north of the substantial earthen embankment.
14.3.2 Results and Analysis – Architecture
14.3.2.1 Built Heritage Background
Built heritage refers to all built features in the environment
including buildings and other structures such as harbours, bridges,
and wells. These sites have been identified through consultation
with the County Development Plan (2009−2015), National Inventory of
Architectural Heritage (NIAH), aerial photographs and through
cartographic analysis and field inspection.
The built heritage within this area is typified by the
vernacular cottage and associated outbuildings, as shown in the
first edition OS map. Vernacular architecture is defined in James
Steven Curl’s Encyclopedia of Architectural Terms as ‘a term used
to describe the local regional traditional building forms and types
using indigenous materials, and without grand architectural
pretensions’, i.e. the homes and workplaces of the ordinary people
built by local people using local materials. This is in
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contrast to formal architecture, such as the grand estate houses
of the gentry, churches and public buildings, which were often
designed by architects or engineers. The majority of vernacular
buildings are domestic dwellings. Examples of other structures that
may fall into this category include shops, outbuildings, mills,
lime kilns, farmsteads, forges, gates and gate piers.
Typically the single storied thatched cottage would be
considered to represent the real vernacular style in Ireland.
Following c. AD1700, settlement clusters were likely to have
consisted primarily of single-storey thatched cottages with
associated farm buildings. An example of an early thatched cottage
(RPS 109, NIAH 30407013) is located c. 450m south of the Clare
River in the townland of Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh
(Cahergowan or Summerfield).
The 18th century, a relatively peaceful period, saw the
large-scale development of demesnes and country houses in Ireland.
The houses generally form part of the larger demesne landscape.
Demesnes were dominant features of the rural landscape throughout
the 18th and 19th centuries. There are no demesne landscapes shown
on the first edition OS map within the immediate vicinity of the
proposed flood relief works. The closest designed landscape
accompanies Lydacan House, which is located c. 1km south of the
river.
Two large stone bridges are shown crossing the Clare River at
Baile Chlair in Larkin’s map (1819) and first edition OS map
(1840). A series of eight cutwaters are illustrated on either
façade of the northern bridge on the first edition map however this
bridge is no longer present. The nine-arch limestone bridge (RPS
108, NIAH 30407011) crossing the southern channel of the river was
constructed in c. 1710. It ceased to be used in the mid-19th
century when the river it crossed was diverted. It is currently
located to the east of the main Galway to Tuam road and remains a
major landmark in the village. Restoration work was carried out to
the stonework of the east elevation and carriageway in 2003.
14.3.2.2 Cartographic Analysis
See section 14.3.1.3 for details
14.3.2.3 County Development Plan
The County Galway Development Plan (2009−2015) and Claregalway
Local Area Plan (2005−2011) identify Protected Structure
designations within the local area and county. Protected Structures
are recorded on a schedule attached to the development plan and
marked on associated mapping. A review of both plans revealed that
there are three Protected Structures located within proximity to
the proposed flood relief works, including Claregalway castle, a
bridge and a thatched cottage.
An early 18th century bridge which once crossed the southern
channel of the Clare River at Baile Chlair is bypassed by the
modern N17 (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) c. 100m south of the river.
This structure is also recorded in the NIAH survey for the
county.
The mid-19th century thatched cottage (RPS 109, NIAH 30407013)
located in the townland of Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh
(Cahergowan or Summerfield) fronts onto the N17 and is adjoined by
20th century two-bay two-storey house. This structure is also
recorded in the NIAH survey for the county.
The third structure recorded within the RPS is a Castle (RPS
110, RMP GA070-036) located on the northern bank of the river. This
castle was constructed during the 15th century and is situated at a
geostrategic location guarding the main routeway from the north to
Galway city and the crossing of the river. This site is also
recorded within the Record of Monuments and Places for County
Galway (See Section 14.3.1.1 for more detail).
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14.3.2.4 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage
A review of both the architectural survey and garden survey was
undertaken as part of this assessment. An area up to 500m that
surrounds the proposed development area was examined in order to
identify any buildings or areas of architectural significance. The
results of this survey are summarised below.
Building Survey A total of three structures are recorded within
the NIAH survey within proximity to the proposed flood relief works
including a bridge, a handball alley and a thatched cottage.
The nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) once crossed the
southern channel of the Clare River at Baile Chlair c. 100m south
of the river. The thatched cottage (RPS 109, NIAH 30407013) located
in the townland of Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh
(Cahergowan or Summerfield) fronts onto the N17 and is adjoined by
a 20th century two-bay two-storey house. These structures are also
recorded in the Record of Protected Structures for the county.
A disused handball alley (NIAH 30407012), constructed in 1953,
was located immediately south of the river and west of the N17. The
survey concluded that ‘although no longer in use, this hand ball
alley is relatively intact and contributes to the streetscape of
Claregalway as well as to the social heritage of the area’ (NIAH
Survey 2009). This structure had been demolished by the time of
field inspection in November 2011 (as part of advance works at
Claregalway Bridge).
Garden Survey No designed landscapes were identified within the
receiving environment of the proposed flood relief works.
14.3.2.5 Field Inspection
The area of proposed development was inspected for additional
evidence of architectural and built heritage. The handball alley
(NIAH 30407012), located to the south of the river and west of the
N17, was demolished and the site excavated as part of recent flood
alleviation works (Image 14.1).
An early 20th century single storey vernacular cottage with
associated farmyard was identified in the townland of Cill Torróg
(Kiltroge) c. 200m north-east of the river.
No further sites of built heritage significance were identified
in or within the immediate vicinity of the proposed
development.
14.3.2.6 Conclusions
A total of four structures are recorded within the Record of
Protected Structures (RPS) and NIAH Survey for County Galway within
proximity to the proposed flood relief works. Two of these, a
nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) and thatched cottage (RPS
109, NIAH 30407013) are located to the south of the river and are
recorded in both surveys. Neither of these will be affected by the
ground disturbance associated with the proposed flood relief
works.
A mid-20th century handball alley (NIAH 30407012) was located on
the southern banks of the river to the north-east of abbey
(GA070-012) and to the west of the N17 road. This structure was
removed as part of recent flood alleviation measures.
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Claregalway Castle (RPS 110, RMP GA070-036) is located on the
northern bank of the river adjacent to the proposed flood relief
works. The castle has been reconstructed in part and works are
ongoing with the adjacent buildings. The structure is a landmark
for the surrounding area and dominates the streetscape of the town.
No flood alleviation works are currently being proposed on the
north bank of the river within proximity to the castle.
14.3.3 Results and Analysis – Cultural Heritage
The proposed flood relief works will be undertaken within or
adjacent to the townlands of Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey), Baile
Chláir (Claregalway), An Móinteach Theas (Montiagh South), Chathair
Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Cahergowan or Summerfield), Droim
na Gaoithe (Lakeview), Cinn Uisce (Kiniska), Cill Torróg
(Kiltroge), An Laighdeacán (Lydacan), Gort an tSléibhe, Na
Croisiíní (Crusheeny), Cathair-na silinidhe (Cahernashilleeny) and
Islandmore. These townlands are located within the parishes of
Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Leacach (Lackagh), within the
Baronies of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Dún Coillín (Dunkellin),
County Galway.
14.3.3.1 Place Name Analysis
Townland and topographic names are an invaluable source of
information on topography, land ownership and land use within the
landscape. They also provide information on history; archaeological
monuments and folklore of an area. A place name may refer to a long
forgotten site, and may indicate the possibility that the remains
of certain sites may still survive below the ground surface. The
Ordnance Survey surveyors wrote down townland names in the 1830’s
and 1840’s, when the entire country was mapped for the first time.
Some of the townland names in the study area are of Irish origin
and through time have been anglicised. The main reference used for
the place name analysis is Irish Local Names Explained by P.W Joyce
(1870). A description and possible explanation of each townland
name in the environs of the proposed route are provided in Table
14.1 below.
Table 14.1 Place Name Analysis Name Derivation Possible Meaning
Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey)
‘Gortadubha’, Gort = a tilled field, Dubh = black
Field of black soil/mud
Baile Chláir (Claregalway)
Baile = town, Clar/Clare = a plain Town of the plain
An Móinteach Theas (Montiagh South)
Mointeach = boggy place, Theas = south
A boggy place to the south of the river
Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh (Caheragowan or
Summerfield)
Cathair = a circular stone fort, gabhann = tinsmith Summerfield
associated with Summerville Estate (Taylor and Skinner, 1783)
Fort of the smith Summerfield lands associated with Summerville
Demesne
Droim na Gaoithe (Lakeview) Previously known as
Thurloughbrega
Droim = the back, a ridge or long hill, Na Gaoithe = wind;
Thurlough = seasonal lake, Bréag = falsehood
Windy ridge; also known as Lakeview; previous name probably -
False lake
Cinn Uisce (Kiniska)
Cinn = head/ highest part, Uisce = water
Head of the water
Cill Torróg (Kiltroge)
Cill = a church, Tróg Tróg’s Church
An Laighdeacán (Lydacan)
An Laighdeacán = a small strip of land Lydacan Demesne – also
known as Lydicihin (Taylor and Skinner 1783), Lidican (Larkin
1819)
A small strip of land
Gort an tSléibhe Gort = a tilled field, Slieve = Mountain field,
high field
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Name Derivation Possible Meaning (Gortatleva) mountain
Gurtacleva (Larkin, 1819) Na Croisiíní (Crusheeny)
Croisin = little cross Small crosses? Possibly associated with
church at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge)
Islandmore Island, more – large/ big; Area shown as a Thurlough
on Larkin’s Map 1819.
Big island
Cathair-na silinidhe (Cahernashilleeny)
Caher = stone fort Silin [shilleen] = a cherry
Stone fort of the cherries
14.3.3.2 Townlands
The townland is an Irish land unit of considerable longevity as
many of the units are likely to represent much earlier land
divisions. However, the term townland was not used to denote a unit
of land until the Civil Survey of 1654. It bears no relation to the
modern word ‘town’ but like the Irish word baile refers to a place.
It is possible that the word is derived from the Old English tun
land and meant ‘the land forming an estate or manor’ (Culleton
1999). A total of four townland boundaries are slightly affected by
the proposed scheme.
Gaelic land ownership required a clear definition of the
territories held by each sept and a need for strong, permanent
fences around their territories. It is possible that boundaries
following ridge tops, streams or bog are more likely to be older in
date than those composed of straight lines (ibid.).
The vast majority of townlands are referred to in the 17th
century, when land documentation records begin. Many of the
townlands are mapped within the Down Survey of the 1650s, so called
as all measurements were carefully ‘laid downe’ on paper at a scale
of forty perches to one inch. Therefore most are in the context of
pre-17th century landscape organisation (McErlean 1983).
In the 19th century, some demesnes, deer parks or large farms
were given townland status during the Ordnance Survey and some
imprecise townland boundaries in areas such as bogs or lakes, were
given more precise definition (ibid.). Larger tracks of land were
divided into a number of townlands, and named Upper, Middle or
Lower, as well as Beg and More (small and large) and north, east,
south and west (Culleton 1999). By the time the first Ordnance
Survey had been completed a total of 62,000 townlands were recorded
in Ireland.
The proposed flood relief works will be undertaken along the
course of the Clare River and along three short sections of road to
the north and south of the watercourse. The Clare River (TB 1)
comprises the boundary between the townlands to the north and
south. To the east of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) one townland
boundary joins with the Clare River within the area of proposed
excavation TB 2 - Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) /Cathair-na silinidhe
(Cahernashilleeny). Two further townland boundaries will be
impacted by the proposed development by the raising of roadways,
which themselves form the boundaries (TB 4 - Gort an Dúigh
(Gortadooey)/ Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and TB 3 - An Móinteach
Theas (Montiagh South)/ Chathair Ghabann nó Páirc an tSamhraidh
(Cahergowan or Summerfield).
14.3.3.3 Cultural Heritage Sites
The term ‘cultural heritage’ can be used as an over-arching term
that can be applied to both archaeology and architectural. However,
it also refers to more ephemeral aspects of the environment, which
are often recorded in folk law or tradition or possibly date to a
more recent period. No individual sites have been identified that
could be defined as purely Cultural Heritage.
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Baile Chláir has been a focus of activity for centuries as its
location on the main crossing point of the Clare River and the road
north from Galway City. There are no further sites at Baile Chláir
(Claregalway) in addition to what has been discussed above. A small
plaque was recently erected in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) townland
north of Crusheeny Bridge and east of Kiltroge castle (RMP
GA070-071) commemorating the centenary of the relocation of a
farming community from Móinteach Theas to Cill Torróg in 1908
(Image 14.12).
14.3.3.4 Conclusions
A review of the townlands names within which the proposed
development will be contained has revealed some common
topographical terms, which were used to describe portions of the
landscape. These gradually became anglicised and lost their
original form, although it still is possible to investigate their
original structure. The majority of the townland names within the
vicinity are derived from topographical features such as
watercourses (Cinn Uisce (Kiniska), Lakeview/Thurloughbrega),
marshy conditions (An Móinteach Theas (Montiagh South), fields
(Gort an Dúígh (Gortadooey), Gort an tSleibhe (Gortatleva)) and
landscape type (Baile Chláir (Claregalway)). Two of the townland
names make reference to a religious association (Cill Torróg
(Kiltroge) and Na Croisíní); however there is no structural remains
known for a church in this area.
A total of four townland boundaries (TB 1−4) are located within
the area of proposed flood relief works. These are formed by one
field boundary (TB 2), a watercourse (TB 1) and two roadways (TB 3
and TB 4). The largest of these is formed by the Clare River (TB 1)
which forms a townland boundary along the length of the proposed
scheme. The nature of the proposed development means that a limited
portion of these townland boundaries will be removed and this will
not impact greatly on the overall feature.
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14.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS
14.4.1 Potential Impacts
14.4.1.1 Archaeology
Movement of Excavated Material/Embankments
• The medieval settlement of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) is
located to the north and south of the Clare River. There is no
predicted impact on the structural remains of the castle (RMP
GA070-036) or church and abbey (RMP GA070-012, 35). However it is
possible that artefacts or remains associated with the medieval
settlement may have been dredged from the river bed over the past
two centuries and survive in the dredged material deposited in the
embankments along the river banks. This material will be removed as
part of the proposed development therefore there may be an adverse
impact on any remains or artefacts that have the potential to
survive.
• The medieval settlement at Kiltroge Castle (RMP GA070-071) is
located on the northern bank of the river. It is possible that
artefacts or remains associated with the castle which may have been
dredged from the river bed over the past two centuries may have
survived in the dredged material deposited in the embankments along
the river banks. This material will be removed as part of the
proposed development therefore there may be an adverse impact on
any remains or artefacts that have the potential to survive.
Excavation of River Bank (Measure 8b)
• The tower house (RMP GA070-071) at Cill Torróg (Kiltroge) is
located on the northern bank of the Clare River adjacent to
proposed flood alleviation works. Current works at Crusheeny Bridge
were monitored by Headland Archaeology but nothing of
archaeological significance was revealed. The potential remains
that there may be an adverse impact on archaeological remains which
have the potential to survive beneath the 19th century embankments
or along the river banks associated with the castle. This will be
caused by excavation associated with the proposed development.
• The proposed flood relief works are mainly located along the
banks of the Clare River (c. 1.3km) which largely comprise of
marshy terrain. Riverine environments and boggy ground have the
potential to reveal archaeological activity such as burnt mounds.
There may be a significant or profound impact on previously
unrecorded archaeological feature or deposits that have the
potential to survive beneath the current ground level. This will be
caused by excavation associated with the proposed development.
Deposition of Spread Material
• Deposition of excavated materials (c. 1m in depth) within the
vicinity of Recorded Monuments and Places (GA070-109, GA070-035,
GA070-036, GA070-111, GA070-012, GA070-072, GA070-073 and
GA070-071) would cover and disguise archaeological features within
these areas. This would result in a significant negative
impact.
• It is proposed to spread excavated material west of the church
and graveyard (RMP GA070-012) and east of the bridge at Baile
Chláir (Claregalway). This area was shown as an island on the first
edition OS map and may have been the location of activity
associated with the
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church or castle. As such deposition of materials would cover
and disguise archaeological features within these areas. This would
result in a significant negative impact.
• It is proposed to strip these areas of topsoil prior to
spreading of materials. There may be a significant or profound
impact on previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits
that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground
level. This will be caused by ground disturbances associated with
the proposed development and their subsequent covering over without
proper recording.
Raising Level of Roadway (Measures 2a, 3a, 3b and 8d)
• It is proposed to raise four sections of road as part of the
proposed flood relief scheme. Three of these, in the north-west of
the scheme, are shown in boggy marginal terrain on the first
edition OS map. Should any excavation of virgin ground be required
this may impact negatively on any archaeological remains, such as
burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive below ground in
waterlogged conditions.
Cleaning of River Kiniska (Measures 5a and 5b)
• It is proposed to Clean OPW stream C3/5 in Baile Chláir
(Claregalway) and Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) towlands. Although the
southern section of this stream has been canalised the northern
half retains its original setting. Riverine environments and boggy
ground have the potential to reveal archaeological activity such as
burnt mounds. Watercourses have the potential to retain artefacts
or organic items such as wood or leather, which do not usually
survive within the archaeological record. There may be a
significant or profound impact on previously unrecorded
archaeological features or deposits that have the potential to
survive beneath the current ground level. This will be caused by
ground disturbances associated with the proposed development.
Provision of Surface Water Drains (Measures 6a and 9)
• The northern portion of the proposed surface water drain
passes through the locations of two recorded archaeological sites,
an earthwork (GA070-111003) and enclosure (GA070-111002). The route
also passes through the location of a burnt mound identified in
recent testing on the bank of the river. Ground disturbance
associated with the proposed drain may have a significant impact on
these remains.
• The southern portion of the proposed surface water drain will
pass through fields of pasture in Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) and
An Carn Mór Thoir townlands. There may be a significant or profound
impact on previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits
that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground
level. This will be caused by ground disturbances associated with
the proposed Measures 6a and 9.
14.4.1.2 Architecture
Movement of Excavated Material/ Embankments
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
architectural resource.
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Excavation of River Bank (Measure 8b)
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
architectural resource.
Deposition of Spread Material (Measures 4d)
• The nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011) is located c.
90m south of the proposed development works. It is proposed to
provide a local embankment to the immediate east of the bridge.
This bridge is a landmark in the town and the embankment will have
a moderate negative visual impact on the structure. Conversely the
embankment will protect the bridge from future flood damage and as
such will have a significant positive impact. Taking both impacts
into account the proposed embankment will have a moderate positive
impact on the nine-arch bridge.
Raising Level of Roadway (Measures 2a, 3a, 3b and 8d)
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
architectural resource.
Cleaning of River Kiniska (Measures 5a and 5b)
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
architectural resource.
Provision of Surface Water Drains (Measures 6a and 9)
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
architectural resource.
14.4.1.3 Cultural Heritage
Movement of Excavated Material/ Embankments
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
cultural heritage resource.
Excavation of River Bank (Measure 8b)
• A total of four townland boundaries (TB 1−4) are crossed by
the proposed flood relief works. Due to the nature of the proposed
development only a small portion of these boundaries will be
affected and as such any impact will be minimal and is considered
to be slightly negative.
Deposition of Spread Material
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
cultural heritage resource.
Raising level of roadway (Measures 2a, 3a, 3b and 8d)
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
cultural heritage resource.
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Cleaning of River Kiniska (Measures 5a and 5b)
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
cultural heritage resource.
Provision of Surface Water Drains (Measures 6a and 9)
• There are no predicted impacts by this proposed action on the
cultural heritage resource.
14.4.2 Do Nothing Impact
If the proposed development were not to proceed future flooding
may impact negatively on the Recorded Archaeological Monuments
located on the banks of the river at Baile Chláir (Claregalway)
(abbey GA070-035 Nat. Mon. 165, abbey GA070-012, castle GA070-036
and nine-arch bridge RPS 108 NIAH 30407011) and the castle at Cill
Torróg (Kiltroge) (GA070-071).
14.4.3 Worst Case Impact
Under a worst case scenario, the proposed development would
disturb previously unrecorded and unidentified deposits and
artefacts without proper excavation and recording being
undertaken.
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14.5 MITIGATION MEASURES
14.5.1 Impacts
14.5.1.1 Archaeology
Due to the archaeological nature of the surrounding landscape,
and the topography of the proposed development area, the following
recommendations have been made.
Movement of Excavated Material/ Embankments
• It is recommended that the dredged material (embankments) to
be removed along the length of the scheme, particularly in the
vicinity of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) (RMP GA070-012, 35, 36, 109
and 111) and Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071) are sampled and
subject to metal detection in order to identify any disturbed
archaeological material or artefacts. Metal detection should be
carried out by an archaeologist under licence to the Department of
Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht.
Excavation of River Bank (Measure 8b)
• There may be a significant or profound impact on previously
unrecorded archaeological feature or deposits, such as burnt
mounds, that have the potential to survive beneath the current
ground level in riverine environments. This will be caused by
ground disturbances associated with the proposed development. It is
therefore recommended that all ground disturbances associated with
the proposed development, such as topsoil stripping or site
investigations, be monitored by a suitably qualified archaeologist.
Full provision should be made for the resolution of any
archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should
that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.
Deposition of Spread Material
• It is recommended that spreading of excavated material should
be avoided within the vicinity of Recorded Monuments and places
(RMP GA070-012, 35, 36, 71, 72, 73, 109 and 111) in order to avoid
impacts on known archaeological features.
• It is recommended that all topsoil stripping associated with
the proposed spreading of materials be subject to monitoring by a
suitably qualified archaeologist. Should any previously unknown
archaeological features be identified during topsoil stripping a
description and position of the remains may be ascertained and the
site preserved in situ beneath the spread material. Works carried
out in consultation with the Department of Arts, Heritage and the
Gaeltacht.
Raising Level of Roadway (Measures 2a, 3a, 3b and 8d)
• Should any disturbance of virgin ground be undertaken in
Móinteach Theas, Gort an Dúigh (Gortadooey) or Baile Chláir
(Claregalway) during the raising of these sections of road it is
recommended that works are monitored by a suitably qualified
archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of
any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should
that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.
Cleaning of River Kiniska (Measures 5a and 5b)
• There may be a significant or profound impact on previously
unrecorded archaeological features or deposits, such as burnt
mounds, that have the potential to survive beneath the
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current ground level in riverine environments in Baile Chláir
(Claregalway) and Cinn Uisce (Kiniska) townlands. This will be
caused by ground disturbances associated with the proposed
development. It is therefore recommended that all ground
disturbances associated with the proposed works, that require the
excavation of virgin ground, be monitored by a suitably qualified
archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of
any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should
that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.
• The northern section of the Kiniska Stream in Cinn Uisce
(Kiniska) townland appears to be undisturbed in its natural course.
It is recommended that an underwater archaeological survey be
undertaken within this area to be impacted by the proposed
development. The survey should be carried out by an archaeologist
licenced to the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
Full provision should be made available for the resolution of any
archaeological features or deposits that may be identified should
that be deemed the most appropriate way to proceed.
Provision of Surface Water Drains (Measures 6a and 9)
• It is recommended that any impact on the RMP sites, earthwork
(GA070-111003), and enclosure (GA070-111002), and burnt mound in
Droim na Gaoithe (Lakeview) be avoided. If this is not possible
then it is recommended that a program of pre-development
archaeological testing be undertaken within the footprint of the
proposed drain and ant associated wayleave. Full provision should
be made for the resolution of any archaeological features/deposits
that may be discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way
to proceed.
• It is recommended that all ground disturbances, that require
the excavation of virgin ground, associated with the proposed
provision of surface water drains be subject to monitoring by a
suitably qualified archaeologist. Should any previously unknown
archaeological features be identified during topsoil stripping a
description and position of the remains may be ascertained and the
site preserved in situ beneath the spread material, should that be
deemed the appropriate way to proceed following discussion with the
Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
14.5.1.2 Architecture
Movement of Excavated Material/ Embankments
• There are no mitigation measures required. Excavation of River
Bank (Measure 8b)
• There are no mitigation measures required.
Deposition of Spread Material (Measure 4d)
• There is no further mitigation required with regard to the
nine-arch bridge (RPS 108, NIAH 30407011).
Raising Level of Roadway (Measures 2a, 3a, 3b and 8d)
• There are no mitigation measures required.
Cleaning of River Kiniska (Measures 5a and 5b)
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• There are no mitigation measures required.
Provision of Surface Water drains (Measures 6a and 9)
• There are no mitigation measures required.
14.5.1.3 Cultural Heritage
With the exception of the above mitigation measures,
recommendations in relation to specific cultural heritage sites are
deemed necessary.
14.5.2 Monitoring
The mitigation measures recommended above would also function as
a monitoring system to allow the further assessment of the scale of
the predicted impacts and the effectiveness of the recommended
mitigation measures.
Please note that all recommendations are subject to approval by
the National Monument Section of the Heritage and Planning
Division, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
14.6 RESIDUAL IMPACTS
Should all mitigation measures be carried out as specified above
no negative residual impacts are predicted on the cultural heritage
of the Clare River environs. There will however be a positive
residual impact on all of the nearby RMP sites (GA070-012,
GA070-111001-3 and GA070-071) and the nine-arch bridge (RPS 108,
NIAH 30407011) which will be protected from future flood damage by
the proposed scheme.
14.7 CONCLUSIONS
The proposed flood relief works are located to the west and east
of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) village along the Clare River. The
geostrategic location of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) has meant that
this site was attractive for settlement throughout history.
Riverine locations have always posed as attractive locations for
settlement as the river provides an access route, a food source and
water for domestic use.
The Franciscan Abbey (RMP GA070-035) was founded at Baile Chláir
(Claregalway) during the mid-13th century on the northern banks of
the Clare River. The community flourished until the mid-16th
century and the Reformation. From that time on, the monks of Baile
Chláir (Claregalway) struggled to keep the abbey viable against
political and economic forces. A deserted medieval settlement (RMP
GA070-109) is recorded to the south-east of the abbey site and a
tower house (RMP GA070-036) which dates to the late 15th century is
also present. The castle belonged to the De Burgo family of
Clanrickarde and was one of a number of castles under their
possession. A further tower house (RMP GA070-071) is present on the
northern bank of the Clare River in Cill Torróg (Kiltroge)
townland.
Recent archaeological testing and excavation undertaken as part
of flood alleviation works revealed evidence of intensive burial
activity to the north of abbey (RMP GA070-012) and domestic
activity to
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the east of abbey (RMP GA070-035). A burnt spread was also
identified to the immediate north-west of earthworks (RMP
GA070-111003) which was preserved in situ.
Cartographic analysis has shown that the Clare River was largely
canalised between 1840−1890 and a large amount of land was
reclaimed for agricultural use. The second edition OS maps and
later 25 inch maps illustrate the early construction of embankments
undertaken along the river bed, especially to the west of the town
and in the vicinity of Kiltroge castle (RMP GA070-071). As a result
of continuous dredging and deposition material on the banks it is
probable that very little in situ archaeological remains are on the
river bed. It is likely that artefacts that once lay on the river
bed may be located within the dredged materials in the
embankment.
Removal of this dredged material as part of the proposed
development may impact negatively on any archaeological artefactual
evidence which may have survived the dredging process. It is
recommended that a programme of metal detection be undertaken on
samples of this dredged material from the embankment, with
particular reference to the material located in the vicinity of the
medieval settlement of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and Kiltroge
castle (RMP GA070-071).
It is proposed to excavate a section (c. 10-15m) either side of
the river for c. 1.3km, upstream of Crusheeny Bridge. This area has
been canalized and disturbed during the 19 th century however
mapping has shown that most reclamation work was undertaken along
the southern banks. It is possible that previously unknown
archaeological remains, such as burnt mounds, may survive within
the area of proposed development. A burnt mound was recently
identified on the banks to the immediate east of the bridge at
Baile Chláír.
It is recommended that archaeological monitoring of all ground
disturbances be undertaken by a suitably qualified archaeologist
along the river banks. Full provision should be made for the
resolution of any archaeological features/deposits that may be
discovered, should that be deemed the appropriate way to
proceed.
It is proposed to excavate two surface water drains within the
townlands of Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) and An Carn Mór Thoir
townlands. A section of the proposed drain in Droim na Gaoithe
townland passes through the location of two RMPs (earthwork
GA070-111003 and enclosure GA070-111002) and a burnt mound site.
There may be a significant negative impact on these sites caused by
ground disturbance associated with the proposed development. It is
therefore recommended that these sites be avoided. If this is not
possible then it is recommended that pre-development testing be
undertaken within the footprint of the proposed drain and wayleave.
Full provision should be made for the resolution of any
archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should
that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.
The proposed drains continue through a number of fields of
pasture in the townlands of Droim na gaoithe (Lakeview) and An Carn
Mór Thoir townlands. It is possible that previously unknown
subsurface features associated with these sites may survive within
the greenfield area of proposed development. It is recommended that
archaeological monitoring of all ground disturbances be undertaken
by a suitably qualified archaeologist along the river banks.
It is proposed to clear the bed of the Kiniska Stream and expand
two culverts in the townlands of Baile Chláir (Claregalway) and
Cinn Uisce (Kiniska). The southern half of the proposed stream has
been subject to a degree of canalisation and disturbance in the
19th and 20th centuries however the northern half, in Cinn Uisce
(Kiniska) townland, remains in its original setting. It is
recommended that an underwater survey be undertaken within this
northern half of the site within any areas to be impacted by the
proposed development. The survey should be carried out by an
archaeologist licenced to the Department of Arts, Heritage and the
Gaeltacht. Full provision should be made available for the
resolution of any archaeological features or deposits that may be
identified should that be deemed the most appropriate way to
proceed.
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Furthermore there may be a significant or profound impact on
previously unrecorded archaeological features or deposits, such as
burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive beneath the
current ground level in the riverine environment of the Kiniska
Stream. It is therefore recommended that all ground disturbances
associated with the proposed cleaning works, that require the
excavation of virgin ground, be monitored by a suitably qualified
archaeologist. Full provision should be made for the resolution of
any archaeological features/deposits that may be discovered, should
that be deemed the appropriate way to proceed.
It is currently proposed to landspread the excavated material
over a large area or stockpile the material within the vicinity of
the river. It is recommended that no landspreading be undertaken
within the vicinity of known archaeological sites such as abbey
(GA070-012), earthworks (GA070-111002−3), moated site
(GA070-111001), enclosure (GA070-072), house and burial (GA070-073)
and Kiltroge castle (GA070-071) as this will have an adverse impact
on the remains. Also there is the potential for previously unknown
remains associated with the church (GA070-012) to be present within
the area shown on the first edition OS map as an island. It is
recommended that spreading of material should not be undertaken in
this area in order to avoid impacting on potential archaeological
remains.
Finally, it is proposed to raise four sections of road as part
of the proposed flood relief scheme. Three of these in the
north-west of the scheme are shown in boggy marginal terrain on the
first edition OS map. Should any excavation of virgin ground be
required this may impact negatively on any archaeological remains,
such as burnt mounds, that have the potential to survive below
ground. It is recommended that any ground disturbance of virgin
ground be monitored by suitably qualified archaeologist. Full
provision should be made for the resolution of any archaeological
features/deposits that may be discovered, should that be deemed the
appropriate way to proceed.
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15 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ENVIRONMENT
15.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to make an assessment of the
landscape and visual impacts associated with the proposed Clare
River (Claregalway) Flood Relief Scheme. The assessment begins with
a description of the existing landscape setting and visual
resources to establish baseline conditions. The proposal is then
applied to the baseline and the impacts of the proposed flood
relief scheme upon the existing landscape setting and visual
resources are then predicted.
This chapter outlines the methodologies used to assess the
potential landscape and visual impacts and describes the potential
impact including the residual impact and provides details on
mitigation measures.
15.2 METHODOLOGY
The landscape and visual assessment methods are derived from the
Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (The
Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management &
Assessment, 2002). In addition to this the Guidelines on the
Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements’,
EPA, 2002, and ‘Advice Notes on Current Practice in the preparation
of Environmental Impact Statements’, EPA, 2002 were consulted in
completing this assessment.
The landscape has been appraised to allow it to be described and
classified into landscape character areas that in turn enable the
categorisation of landscape quality. The capacity of a landscape to
accept change of the type proposed is then assessed. The key
landscape components are landform, vegetation and historical and
cultural components. Landform relates to topography, drainage
characteristics and geology. Historical and cultural components
include historic landscapes, protected structures, conservation
areas and historic designed landscapes. Vegetation plays an
important role in how the landscape and visual resources of an area
are viewed and is an integral component of a landscape
character.
Assessment was undertaken through analysis of up to date digital
copies of OSI Discovery Series raster and OSI vector maps and
aerial photography, in conjunction with drawings of the scheme.
Site visits were undertaken to assess the existing environment and
the landscape and visual impacts associated with the proposed flood
relief scheme.
Existing visual resources were established along with sensitive
receptors, i.e. residential properties, scenic viewpoints and
visitor amenity areas. The proposed flood relief scheme was then
applied to this landscape and visual baseline and potential impacts
predicted.
A review of the Galway County Development Plan 2009 – 2015
relevant statutory documents was undertaken to establish if there
are any relevant landscape related designations that may influence
the assessment within the study area.
15.2.1 Landscape Assessment Methodology
This section describes the key criteria and terminology used in
the landscape assessment.
Landscape Resource The combination of elements that contribute
to landscape context, character and value. Landscape Value
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The relative value or importance attached to a landscape that
expresses national, regional or local consensus because of
intrinsic characteristics.
Landscape Character The distinct and homogenous pattern that
occurs in the landscape reflecting geology, landform, soils,
vegetation and mans impact.
Landscape Quality The assessment of the landscape quality
assesses the value of the landscape in relation to its rarity,
location and landscape character attributes. In general, the higher
the quality of landscape the more sensitive it will be to
change.
Based on information gathered as part of the classification of
the landscape, it is possible to assess the landscape quality of
the study area using a 5-point scale as follows: a) Highest quality
- the landscapes of highest quality are, by definition, landscapes
of an ‘awe
inspiring’ or ‘sublime’ nature and are important on an
international and national level.
b) Very attractive - this definition relates to landscapes which
are still of high value nationally and can be defined as highly
scenic.
c) Good landscape - this category contains areas that, although
still attractive, have less significant and more common landscape
features.
d) Ordinary landscape - this category contains areas that have
only common landscape features and some intrusive elements such as
conspicuous infrastructure with scope for improvement in
management.
e) Poor landscape – this category includes areas that contain
frequent detracting aspects and/or lack of management results in a
degraded landscape with very few valued features.
Landscape sensitivity is used to establish the capacity of the
landscape to accommodate the type of development proposed and is
defined using the following categories and criteria:
High:- Highest/Very Attractive landscape quality with highly
valued or unique characteristics susceptible to relatively small
changes
Medium:- Good landscape quality with moderately valued
characteristics reasonably tolerant of changes;
Low:- Ordinary/Poor landscape quality with common
characteristics capable of absorbing substantial change.
Magnitude of Landscape Resource Change: Direct resource changes
on the landscape character of the study area are brought about by
the introduction of the proposal and its effects on the key
landscape characteristics. The following categories and criteria
have been used:
High:- Total loss or alteration to key elements of the landscape
character, which result in fundamental change;
Medium:- Partial or noticeable loss of elements of the landscape
character;
Low:- Minor alteration to elements of the landscape
character.
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Significance of Landscape Impact: The level of significance of
impact on landscape character is a product of landscape sensitivity
and the magnitude of change in landscape resource as indicated in
Table 15.1.
Table 15.1 Significance of Landscape Impact
Landscape Sensitivity Magnitude of landscape resource change
Low Medium High
No change No change No change No change
Low Slight Slight / moderate Moderate
Medium Slight / moderate Moderate Moderate / Substantial
High Moderate Moderate / Substantial
Substantial
15.2.2 Visual Assessment Methodology
The following text describes the key criteria and terminology
used in the visual assessment. Visual Amenity Visual amenity is the
value of a particular area or view in terms of what is seen by the
viewer. This value may be influenced by the physical condition of
the landscape viewed and the contribution the characteristics of
the view make to the local environment. Visual Resources Visual
resources are the overall key elements/features/characteristics
that combine to make a view. Viewer Sensitivity Viewer sensitivity
is a combination of the sensitivity of the human receptor (i.e.
resident; commuter; tourist; walker; recreationist; or worker) and
the quality of view experienced by the viewer and is defined using
the following categories and criteria: High sensitivity: - users of
an outdoor recreation feature which focuses on the landscape;
valued views enjoyed by the community; tourist visitors to scenic
viewpoint; occupiers of residential properties with a high level of
visual amenity; Medium sensitivity: - users of outdoor sport or
recreation which does not offer or focus attention on landscape;
occupiers of residential properties with a medium level of visual
amenity; Low sensitivity: - regular commuters, people at place of
work; occupiers of residential properties with a low level of
visual amenity.
Magnitude of Visual Resource Change: the magnitude of change in
visual resource or amenity results from the scale of change in the
view with respect to the loss or addition of features in the view
and changes in the view composition, including proportion of the
view occupied by the proposed development. Distance and duration of
view must be considered. Other infrastructure features in the
landscape and the backdrop to the development will all influence
resource change. The following categories and criteria have been
used;
High: - Total loss or alteration to key elements/ features/
characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or
introduction of elements considered totally uncharacteristic when
set within the attributes of the receiving landscape or view;
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Medium: - Partial loss or alteration to key elements/ features/
characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or
introduction of elements that may be prominent but not necessarily
substantially uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of
the receiving landscape/view;
Low: - Minor loss or alteration to key elements/ features/
characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or
introduction of elements that may not be uncharacteristic when set
within the attributes of the receiving landscape/view;
No change: - Very minor loss or alteration to key elements/
features/ characteristics of the existing landscape or view and/or
introduction of elements that are not uncharacteristic when set
within the attributes of the receiving landscape/view.
Significance of Visual Impact: Significance of visual impact can
only be defined on a project by project basis responding to the
type of development proposed and its location. The principal
criteria for determining significance are magnitude of visual
resource change and viewer sensitivity.
Table 15.2 illustrates significance of visual impact as a
correlation between viewer sensitivity and magnitude of visual
resource change.
Table 15.2 Significance of Visual Impact
Viewer Sensitivity Magnitude of visual resource change
Low Medium High
No change No change No change No change
Low Slight Slight / moderate Moderate
Medium Slight / moderate Moderate Moderate / Substantial
High Moderate Moderate / Substantial
Substantial
Zone of Visual Influence The visual assessment is assisted by
the production of a Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI). The ZVI is the
area within which views of the proposed flood relief scheme during
site preparation, flood relief measures construction, and operation
post construction. The extent of the ZVI is determined primarily by
the topography of the area. The ZVI is a tool used to determine the
study area for the landscape and visual impact assessment and does
not represent a prediction of impacts.
The ZVI is refined by field studies to indicate where relevant
buildings, woodlands, hedges or other local features obscure
visibility from the main roads, local viewpoints/landmarks and
settlement etc and it is through such field studies that prediction
of visual impact takes place.
The worst case scenario ZVI for the proposed works will relate
to the operational stage of the project when the flood relief
scheme is finalised. This ZVI for this project equates to the study
area.
A series of representative viewpoints have been selected within
the ZVI to illustrate typical views towards the components of the
proposed flood relief scheme during site preparation, flood relief
scheme measures construction, and operational phases.
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15.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
The area of the proposed flood relief works runs along a section
of the Clare River to the east and west of Baile Chláir
(Claregalway), located on the eastern side of Galway City. The
study area for the purpose of the landscape and visual appraisal
covers the area of landscape and visual setting that has potential
views of the proposed flood relief scheme (i.e. the ZVI). The study
area is largely rural, apart from the urban settlement of
Claregalway. The main villages and agglomerations are Carnmore
East, Caherlea, Gortatleva, Islandmore, Lisheenavalla, Crusheeny,
Kiltroge, Kiniska, Claregalway, Lakeview, Cahergowan/Summerfield,
Montiagh North, Montiagh South, and Curraghmore. The townlands
surrounding Claregalway and located within the study area are
largely agricultural lands. Claregalway, the main residential
centre in the study area, displays the characteristics of a
dormitory settlement: a high residential content, no significant
local employment base and a high level of commuting23. Claregalway
has developed on the southern side of the Clare River on a
relatively flat expanse of land. Being in such close proximity to
other settlements means that the village remains a desirable
residential location for those prepared to commute to work in the
larger urban centers of Galway City and Tuam as well as the
industrial area of Oranmore.
15.3.1 Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015
A review has taken place of the Galway County Development Plan
2009-2015 and other relevant statutory documents to establish if
there are any relevant landscape related designations that may
influence the assessment within the study area.
The Planning and Development Acts require the inclusion of a
development plan objective for: “The preservation of the character
of the landscape where, and to the extent that, in the opinion of
the Planning Authority, the proper planning and sustainable
development of the area requires it, including the preservation of
views and prospects and the amenities of places and features of
natural beauty or interest”.
The following policies, objectives and standards have been
included within the Galway County Development Plan in relation to
landscape.
Landscape Conservation and Management Policies Policy HL93: The
consideration of Landscape Sensitivity Ratings shall be an
important factor in determining development uses in areas of the
County. In areas of high Landscape sensitivity, the design and the
choice of location of proposed development in the landscape will
also be critical considerations.
Policy HL94: Preserve and enhance the character of the landscape
where, and to the extent that, in the opinion of the Planning
Authority, the proper planning and sustainable development of the
area requires it, including the preservation and enhancement, where
possible of views and prospects and the amenities of places and
features of natural beauty or interest. This shall be balanced
against the need to develop key strategic infrastructure to meet
the strategic aims of the Plan.
Policy HL95: Preserve the status of traditionally open/unfenced
landscape. The merits of each case will be considered in light of
landscape Sensitivity Ratings and views of amenity importance.
23 Claregalway Local Area Plan 2005-2011
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Policy HL96: The Planning Authority shall prepare a detailed
scheme of listed views for protection in addition to the views and
prospects included in Map HL2 within 2 years of adoption of the
Plan.
Policy HL97: Review the views and prospects set out on Map HL2
to provide greater clarity and guidance with respect to important
views and prospects to be retained.
Landscape Conservation and Management Objectives Objective HL44:
The Planning Authority shall have regard to the Landscape
Sensitivity Classification of sitesin the consideration of any
significant development proposals and, where necessary, require a
Landscape/Visual Impact Assessment to accompany such significant
proposals.
Objective HL45: Development that would have a detrimental effect
on listed views and prospects will generally not be permitted.
DM Standard 36: Compliance with Landscape Sensitivity
Designations Subject to the provisions of the Plan but in
particular the settlement policies of Section 2 and 3 and the
consequent restriction on development in rural areas, the control
of permissible development shall be in accordance with the policies
as they relate to the five sensitivity classes of landscape in
Section 9.4. It will deem the following types of development
generally to be acceptable in the various areas of sensitivity as
follows:
1. Class 1 – Low Sensitivity All developments consistent with
settlement policies.
2. Class 2 – Moderate Sensitivity Various developments, which
are of appropriate scale and
design and are in compliance with settlement policies. 3. Class
3 – High Sensitivity Few developments, including those with
substantiated cases for
such a specific location and which are in compliance with
settlement policies.
4. Class 4 – Special Restricted to essential residential needs
of local households and family
farm business.
5. Class 5 – Unique Negligible alteration will be allowed only
in exceptional circumstances.
The Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015 incorporates the
findings of the Landscape Character Assessment Report carried out
in 2003 which assessed each area of the County under the following
classifications:
1. Character
2. Values
3. Sensitivity
15.3.2 Landscape Character
Landscape Character is a combination of landform, land cover and
visual units, which are attractive in the landscape. The Galway
County Development Plan 2009-2015 indicates the study area
encompasses one Landscape Character Area:
• Area No. 5 “Northeast Galway (Tuam environs)”
An extract of the Landscape Character map from the Galway County
Development Plan 2009-2015 is shown in Figure 15.1.
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Figure 15.1 Landscape Sensitivity and Character Areas of County
Galway (Source: Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015)
15.3.3 Landscape Values
Landscape Values are the local communities’ perceptions of the
landscape they inhabit. These perceptions arise from features such
as archaeology, visual beauty, mythology, religious sites, ecology,
social history, traditional settlement patterns and community
values. The Landscape Value Rating of the Clare River and its
environs is designated as low for the majority of the study area,
graduating to high or outstanding close to the shores of Lough
Corrib (Figure 15.2). Figure 15.2 Landscape Value Rating of Galway
County (Source: Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015)
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15.3.4 Landscape Sensitivity
Landscape Sensitivity is a measure of the ability of the
landscape to accommodate change or intervention without suffering
unacceptable effects to its character and values. Sensitivity
ratings are derived from a combination of landscape values and
landscape character. Five landscape sensitivity classes have been
established:
• Class 1 – Low sensitivity • Class 2 – Moderate sensitivity •
Class 3 – High sensitivity • Class 4 – Special • Class 5 –
Unique
The study area is predominately designated as Class 1 – Low
sensitivity, with the area along the shores of Lough Corrib
designated as Class 5 - Unique. An extract of the Landscape
Sensitivity map from the Galway County Development Plan 2009-2015
is shown in Figure 15.1 above.
The Landscape Character Assessment 2003 also identified areas of
protected “Focal Points/Views” which identify areas of scenic
amenity value and interest. There are two protected “Focal
Points/Views” located within the study area:
• Church and cemetery ruins at Claregalway, and • Reservoir
located north of the R339 northeast of Galway (Carn Mór).
An extract of the Focal Points/Views map from the Galway County
Development Plan 2009-2015 is shown in Figure 15.3 below.
Architectural and local landscape sensitivities within the study
area at a local level are further discussed in Chapter 14
(Archaeology).
Figure 15.3 Focal Points/Views in Galway County (Source: Galway
County Development Plan 2009-2015)
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15.3.5 Summary
The landscape value of the study area is classified as low for
the majority of the study area, graduating to high and outstanding
as one approaches the shores of Lough Corrib. No flood relief
measures are proposed in close proximity to Lough Corrib. The
landscape sensitivity is also low for the majority of the study
area, again with the exception of locations adjacent to Lough
Corrib which are rated as Unique. No flood relief measures are
proposed within this Unique landscape sensitivity area.
15.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS
15.4.1 Impacts During Flood Relief Scheme Construction
The EPA Guidelines for Information to be included in an EIS
identifies Flood Relief Works as Project Type 12A and lists the
potential site preparation stage impacts as:
(i) temporary accommodation of materials and personnel.
(ii) Acquisition and management of lands prior to
development.
(iii) Site preparation works.
(iv) Time of year, duration and phasing.
(v) Equipment maintenance and storage.
(vi) Water course diversion (temporary).
(vii) Dredging and excavation.
(viii) Spoil handling, storage and final deposition.
Landscape Character Impacts An assessment of the significance of
the impact of the proposed flood relief scheme during the site
preparation stage on the landscape character area described above
has been completed and summarised below.
Northeast Galway (Tuam environs) Landscape Character Area
The proposed site preparation sta