CIvRbvtþirbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 ¬1181-1201 K>s¦...tam k arseg áte nA sarm n Ir eyIgeX Ijm an rUb cmø ak; fµ PkmY yy agFM tM Nag eG a yR BH m h akSR tE xµrm Yy G gÁKW R BH

1111

CIvRbvtþirbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 ¬1181-1201 K>s¦

enA cenø aH eBlén ka res a yT I vgÁt rb s ;R BH ) aT sUrü v rµ½ nTI 2 kñú gR b m aN K > s 1 1 50 nig kar eL IgR K g raC ü rb s ;R BH ) aT C ½y vrµ ½nT I 7 kñúg K > s 1 1 81 enA s l;E tsil ac arw kE tmY yK t;E d lm ancuH k alb r iecä T. e yI g G acdw g) anGMB Is m½ yka len H tam ry³s ila car wkE dlR BH ) aT C ½yv rµ ½nT I7 ) a neG a yeK ca rwk eL Ig e dIm ,Ib g ðaj GMBITsS n³ rb s ;R BH G gÁsþIB I BiPBel ak ehI yGMBIG VIE d lR BH G gÁcg;b gð aj eG a yR b C ara®sþ eC O eTA elIR K a dMbU gé n C Ivit rb s ;R BH G gÁpgE dr . TMngC aR BH G gÁminE m nkS R tE dlR tU veL IgR K gr aC ü eBj c,ab; ) anC a ey Igm anÉ ks ar tic tYcG MBIe dIm C Iv it rb s ;R BH G gÁ.

C IvR b vtþi rb s ;R BH ) aT C ½ yvr µ½ nTI 7 E dlel ak h‘S k sWe d s (George Coedès) ) anR b mUlcgR kgb gð aj fa R BH G gÁC aR BH G gÁC aR BH m h akS R td ¾kMB UlénR b v tiþs a®sþE x µr BMuE m nC a kS R tF mµt aeT. sil aca rwk rb s ;R BH G g Á E dlR ) ab ;ey IgGMB ITsS n³ rb s ;R Tg;en aH b Ba¢a k;B Ika rpø a s ;bþÚrs Mx an;² . e da ys arE t K Mnit da c;x a t nig P aBru gerO g TaM genaH ) a nC aki tþ inam rb s ;R BH ) aT C ½yv rµ ½nT I7 el ceFøak ñúgR b v tþis a®sþE x µr C a Bies s cab ; BIm an ka rR s avR C a v rb s ;ela k sWeds k ñúg Ts vtS r _qña M 1 9 30. rC ¢k alr b s ;R BH G gÁ m anlkç N³G a f’kM) aMg n ig pÞ úyK ñ amY ycM nY n tam GñkR s a vR C avepS g² K ñ a .

R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 C aR BH ra C buR trb s ;R BH ) aT F r Ni®n Þ vrµ½ nTI 2 R BH m a ta R BH na m cuDam unñ I E dlC a R BH raC buR tIR BH ) aTh s’vr µ½ nTI3 ehI yR BH G gÁR tU vC ab gb¥ÚnC I TU tmYy nwgR BH ) aTs Uri yav rµ½ nT I2. R BH G gÁ) ane ro b Pies k C amYy nwgR BH nag C ½yr aC eTv I C aR BH G K Ám eh sI ehI ym anR BH raC buR tmY yR BH G gÁ R BH nam R si®nÞ vrµ ½n . elak E b‘rN ad _ hVúI lIB e® hÁas _l Iey :r _ ( B.P. Groslier ) B MusU veC O ka reBa lG H G agGMBIE x S s ael ahi tC amY y BH ) aTsUrü vr µ½n TI 2 eT eR BaH BuMsUvm anÉks arsMG ag nig mü a:geTo t kare Bal G H G agenH b Ba¢ak ;f a R BH ) aT C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 m anE x S R s L ayC it di tC amY ynw gR BH m h akS R tR K graC ü mun E dleFVI e G ayR Bw tiþ ka rN_ kñú graC ü rb s ; R BH G gÁkan;E t s µúK sµaj Bi) a kyl ;. 5

ebIey agt am Éks a rrb s ;e l ak G ae dm a: r L WE kør nig mIE s l R taeNR BH ) a TC ½y vrµ ½n TI7 e dIm eL I yeQ µ aH C ½yF’n R b sUtR b m aNq ñaM 1 1 25 ehIyR BH G gÁ) aneL Ig R K graC kñúg K > s 1 1 81 kñúgcenø aH s > vTI1 2 n ig ed Im s > vTI1 3. sil aca rwkm Yy enA R ) as aTG gÁ rv tþ ) ane ro b rab ;f a R BH G gÁ) aneR C Is erI s ykR Bahµ N_ vi eFü s vF ³ C aeh ar a ehIy) anG Pi es kR BH G nuC C aR BH yuvr aC edIm ,IeG ayeK eR C Is e rIs R BH G nuC es ay raC ü s m ,ti þb n þ BIR BH G gÁ .6

5

David Chandler, Khmer History, Cambodia by JSRC, 2005, P. 59

6 Gaed m a:r LWEk ør/ Rb vtiþsa ®sþ Rb eT skm <úCa / m CÄ m NÐl Éksar km <ú Ca/ 2008 / TMB ½r 108

2222

cab ;BIq ñaM 1 1 6 6 dl ;qña M 1 1 77 R BH G gÁTM ngC a) a neT A rs ;enA q¶a yBIR k ugG gÁ r R b E h lC aeTA rs ; enA mþú M R ) as aT ) aka N ¬k ñúgex tþ kMBg;FM s BVé f¶ R ) as aT e nH ) araMgx øH ² ehA eda yR c L Mfa R BH x ½nkMBg ;sVa y ¦ . eK ) anR b TH eX Ij enA kñ úgt Mb n;en aH nUvr Ub sMN akmY yrb s ; R BH G gÁ E dlemIleTA m anrUb r age kµgC a grUb sM Na k epS g² E dleK ) anqø ak;e nA e BleR ka ym keTo tkñ úgr aC ü rb s ;R BH G gÁ.7

kñúg rC ¢k alrb s ;R BH G gÁ R b eTs E x µrm anép ÞnK rFM TUl a y x agekIt Tl ;nwgR b e Ts cm ,a: x agt, ÚgT l;n wg s muR T x aglic Tl; nwgR b eT s PUm a x ageC Ig Tl; nwgR b eTs cin eB alK WR b eTs e yIgB Mu Tan ;E b k) ak; enA eL I y . PaBFMeF gén nK rE x µrn as m½ yen aH BMuE m nC alT§ plén karv at TI ni ym eT R BH G gÁR K an;E t kan ;kab ;ed ayBR g wgt Mb n; nana E d lC aG t It Twk dIE x µrE tb :ue NÑ aH .

R BH G gÁC aesþcswkm YyG g Á d¾x øa MgBUE k n ig m anR Bhµ vih arF m’ dl ;R b C anur a®sþ rb s ;R BH G gÁ. R BH G gÁ) an cat ;eG a yb ®gá ab BYkb H e) a re nA kñúgR b eTs e da yb ®gY b b ®gYm ex m r³C nTa MgG s ;E d lenA eR kam k arR t YtR t arb s; R BH G gÁ eG aye dI rpøÚ vE tmY yt am dE gð rR BH G gÁ. eR ka yBIk arb ®g áab BY kb H e) ar ni g b ®gYb b ®gYm C a ti) a nehI y R BH G gÁ) anb Ba¢ aeG a yelI k T½Be TA va ycM) a: enA v iC ½ y kñ ú gkar va yb ks gv ij E dlc m ,a:) an va yQ øan Ban kñúg raC ü rb s ;R BH bitaR BH G gÁ.

enA eBlE dlR BH G gÁk MBugC a b ;édc, aMg enA R b eTs c M) a: e naH bita rb s ;R BH G gÁk¾s uK te TA . enA qñaM 1 1 6 5 eBlE dlR BH ) aT yes a vrµ ½ nTI 2 R t Uvm ®nþ Imña k;eFV IK t enaH R BH G gÁk¾R Tg ;R tL b ;m k R b eTs km <úC av ij e dIm ,IC Y y s e®gÁaH R BH ) aT yes av rµ ½nT I 2. b :uE n þC aka r\ tR b ey aC n_ eR BaH R BH ) aTR tIPUv na Ti tü vrµ ½n ) aneL IgR K graC ü pu teTA ehIy. d Uec ñH ehIy) anC aR BH G gÁR tUvs m¶Mm Yy ry³s in edIm ,I rg; caM »k as l¥ R b E h l 1 2 qñaM K WrhU tm k dl; qñaM 1 1 77 eqøó teBlE d lBYk cam cUlm kluk lu y nig du tbMpø aj raC F a nIG gÁ r ehIy) aneFVIK tR BH ) aT R tIPU vna Ti t ü vrµ½ n eBle naH raC b l ø½gá enA T M enr. eBl enaH R BH G gÁy l; fa C a »kas l ¥m kd l;ehI y edIm ,IR BH G gÁeL I gR K graC ü . b :uE nþmun nwgR b kas R BH G gÁC a R BH ecA R kugkm <úC a R BH G gÁR tUv kMc at ;T½ Bcam Q ø anBa neG ayG s ;B IT wkd IC amuns in. 8

R s b eTA nwgK Mni t dU cenH e hIye TIb R BH G gÁcab ; epþIm eF VI s kmµPaBn ey a) a y edIm ,IeR s acR s g;R b eTs km <úC aeL I gvij R BH G gÁ) an GMBavn av ni g R b mUlex m r³C n edIm ,Iv ay eTA el IR b eT s cm ,:av ij . minE tb : ueN ÑaH R BH G gÁ R BHG gÁC aesþcsß ab nikd ¾cM Na nE dlK µa nBI rkñ úgR b vtiþs a®sþE x µrs m½ yG gÁ r. R BH ) aT C ½yvrµ ½nT I7 ) an dw k naM R K b ;R K gPUmikm <úC a t am K nø gR BH F m’énR BH BuT§s as n a ehIyka rd wkn aM d¾Q øas éve nH ) annaMm k nUvv DÆ n³P aB d¾ m h aruge rO gf áMú efá InC av iC ¢m an .

rUb sMN ak tMN agR BH G gÁ E d lsßit enA kñ úgr cna fs mµaFi G acR b dUce TA nwgm n usS F mµt a kMBg;P avn aF m’ C a s kçIkmµ cMeB aH C MenO d ¾mu tm aM nig PaBs am BaØb Mpu t rb s ;R BH m h akS R tey Ig cM eBaH R BH BuT§G gÁC ab rm R K Uéne yIg. 7 David Chandler, Khmer History, Cambodia by JSRC, 2005, P. 59

8 mIEs l Rt aeN/ RB H) aT C½y vrµ ½n TI7 / Rks Ygvb ,F m’ ni g viciRt sil , ³/ 19 96/ TMB ½r 14 -1 6

3333

\riyabfBitR)akdénrUbcmøak; kMbutédtMNagesþcC½yvrµ½nTI7

tam k ars eg áte nA s arm n ÞIr eyIgeX Ij m an rUb cmø ak; fµ Pk;mY yy :agFM tM Nag eG a yR BH m h akS R tE x µrm Yy G gÁK W R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nT I7 E d lC aesþcsw ks ®gÁ am mY yd¾x ø aMgB UE knas m½ yG gÁ r ¬K > s 1 1 81 -1 201 ¦. cmøa k ; d¾sMx a n;enH m a nTw kmux j jw m ehIym anR BH PR kþbi T ni g eC IgT aMgB IrK gel IK ña E d lGñkcmø ak;E x µrb ura Ncg ;b gð aj fa esþcG gÁenH sß ite nA kñú g\ ri yab fs m aF i b¤ eFVI kmµd æan. 9

eda ys ars P aBé nrUb cm øak ; E b b enH ehIy ) anC ae K BuMG ac dwg fa rUb cmøa k;x a gelIe nH sßitk ñúg \ riy ab f NamY y ya: gR ) a kd. R b karenH eh Iy eTIb m an TsS n³C aeR c Insþ IGM BI\ ri yab fé nr Ub cmøa k;enH ehIyrhU td l;s BV éf ¶ enH enA E tBMum ann Narm ñak ;h‘ anG H G agTM luH G af ’kM) aMge nH eG ayB itR ) ak d enaH eT.

b :uE nþebI tam k arsMG age TA elI b dim as a®s þ E dl) anr k eX Ij fµI² e nH enA kñúg ex tþ taE k v G acb Ba¢a k;) a nfa \ ri yab f én cmøak ;esþcC ½ yv rµ½ nT I7 K WC a\ riy ab fsMBH ed ay\ tR b E kk) an. mü a:gv ij eT o t eK ) anrkeX Ij rUb cmøak ;mYy eTo t enA R t g;mþú Mcm ,a :s ak ;R b eTs L avb c© úb ,nñ E dlsß it kñú g \ riy ab fs m aFiE d r. b Ba ðae nH BitE m nE tm an Psþú tag ti c tYcs þÜces þIg ya: gN ak¾ eda y k ¾b :uE nþG aR s½ye da y kñúg rC ¢k alR BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 R BH G gÁC aGñkka n;R B H BuT§s as na ya: gmutm aM eTIb ey IgG acs nñi dæ an ) anfa rUb cmøa k;e nH tM NageG ayR B H ) aTC ½yv rµ ½nT I7 k ñúg\ r iy ab fsMBH G gÁú ys m aFi ya :gd Uec ñ H .

m anGñkR s avR C avR ) a kdn iy m C aeR cIn ) a nÉkPa BK ña ta m karR s avR C av fa rUb cmø ak;R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½nT I7 K W BitC am an\ ri yab fka yv ika rsMBH ya :gB itR ) ak d. b : uE nþcuH eh tuGVI) anC a rUb cmø ak; en H R tUv) at ;b g;R BH h sßT aMgB Ir ? cMeBaH b Ba ðae nH m ank tþa BIrE d l) anel Ikf a ³

ktþ aT I1 ³ K WG acm kBI ka rbMpø i cbMpøaj eda ys a rk arpø as ;bþ Ú rs as na . ktþ aT I2 ³ K Wka rva yk MeT ce da ykg T½Beso m E dl) an du tT®n Þa nG gÁrFM e nA kML úgq ñaM 1 4 001 4 001 4 001 4 00 K > s kñúgrC ¢

kalesþ ceso m R BH nam fa r a m s Ynr a m s Ynr a m s Ynr a m s Yn .10 eda yE L ksUm rM lwkE d rf a eh tuplm Yye To t b N þal eG ayeK bMp øaj r Ub cmø ak;C a eR cIn bME Nkm kBIeK

m anC MenO f a vt ßúbur aN Ta MgG s ;suT§E t C avt ßúsi rIm gÁ l ks ageL Ige dIm ,I ka rBa rR BH nK rR b kb edayk þIR tC a k;R t C Mu sux s b ,ay ni g vibu lsux . dUec ñH ehIy e dIm ,Ib Mpøaj nUv vDÆ nPaB rb s ;nK rE x µ r b¤ G aNa ex tþmY yC a b zm eK R t Uv 9 mIEs l Rt aeN/ Rb vtiþ sa®s þé nk m <úCa sg Ám Ex µrkñ úgrC ¢kal RB H) aT C½ y vrµ½nTI7 / 2003 / TMB ½r 27 10

Ibid p. 29

4444

kMeT cnU vPaBs½ kþis iT §rb s ;v tß ú TaM genaH si n ed ayv ayb ME b krUb . eFV Iy a:ge nH eTIb eFV Ie G aynK r enaH eg Ib mux E lgrY c eda yeh t uf a PaBs½ kiþs iT §E d lR b fab ;enA k ñúgcm øak ;t MN a geTv taR BH BuT §n wgR tU v) at ;b g;nUv PaB G cä ri y³.

TsS n³enH C a yuT §s a®s þd¾ Bi s Bul) anC a enA eBlm a ns ® gÁam Q øa nBanm þg² eK rE m gdu tbMpø aj C amuns in nUvb rm r aC vaM gbUC nI yd æan E dlC aeb H dUg s rés Q am b¤ R Blwg rb s ;s gÁm E x µrmunn wgk MeT cGVI² Ée To t. mü a:geTo t k arbø n; ykv tß úbur aNE x µr dUcC a R BH eTv rUb sM ri T§i b¤ m as C ae dIm E dleK c at; Tu kfa s½ kþ isiT §kñ úgs m½ y buraN kal k¾) a neFVI eL Igk ñúg G tßn½ yE tmY y dUcK ñ a.

elIs BIe nH eTA eTo t b NÐ it ekg v a:n ;s ak ; ) anm anR b s as n_f a R BH ) aTC ½ yv rµ½ nTI 7 K WC aG tI tkS R tE d l m anBUC s as n _C aC nC a tic am C akS R tE dleR bIm n usS eG a yeFIV karF ¶n;² C a kS R tR b K l;Tw kd Isuex a T½ yE x µre TA eG a y eso m C aedIm -l -. G aR s½yeh tuenH ehI ye TIb e lakh‘ ans n ñid æan fa enA e B lE dlR BH G gÁes a yTI vgÁ te TA R b C aC nnaMK ña va ykMe Tc rUb c møak; tM NagR BH ) a TC ½y vrµ ½nT I 7 eda yK µ anr Ub cmøa k; NamY yenA s¥ ats¥ MeL I y.

pÞú yeTA v ij m anR K Ub eR go nmñ ak;eQ µ aH K wm emK wm emK wm emK wm em :: :: gh Yr gh Yr gh Yr gh Yr ) anm anm tiR b q a Mgf a ³ - R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nT I7 C aGñ km anR ) aC Ja Gñ km anc MeNH d w g m anb BaØ a dUec ñH R b eTs C i tx ag ) anv a ybM) ak ;

sµar tI e dIm ,I cg;) a nT wkd IE x µre yIge nA kñú gR K aenaH . - cME NkÉé dT aMge TV E dl) a k;E b kenH K Wb Nþalm k BIeK dwgf a édrb s ;R BH G gÁB UE kx a geFVIsw k eTIb eK va y

bM) ak;e calE tmþg. 11 tam k arb kR s a yx age lI e yIgG a cs nñ id æan) anf a R b s as n_rb s ; ela k ekg va :n; s ak; e nH BitC aminR t wm

R tUve T eR BaH fa R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 C aG t ItkS R tmYy G gÁE dlBUE k kñúg ka rR K b ;R K gR b eTs eFVIeG a yR b eTs m a n kar rIkc Mer In rug erO g G aR s½ ydU cenH ehI yK W m anE tR b C aC nnaMK ñ aek ats resI rBIsñ a éd n ig eK arBn UvK u NbMN a c; rb s ;R BH G gÁE dl) an rMe daH Tw kdIB Icm ,a :R K b ;² K ña.

11 viTüú GasI uesrI ¬Rb tikmµrb s; ela k ekg va: n; sak ; cMeB aHRb vtiþ sa® sþEx µr kñ úgraC üRB H) aT C½y vrµ½ nTI7 ¦

5555

TsSnTsSnTsSnTsSn³³³³fa RBHfa RBHfa RBHfa RBH))))aTC½yvrµ½nTIaTC½yvrµ½nTIaTC½yvrµ½nTIaTC½yvrµ½nTI7 7 7 7 CaesþcKmøgCaesþcKmøgCaesþcKmøgCaesþcKmøg;;;; knøgm k enH R b C ara®sþE x µrP a K eR cInE tgn aMK ñ aeC O fa R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 ekI tX øg ; b¤k¾ Bika r eda ysMG ag

eX Ij m anr Ub cmøa k;si labu ra NmYye nA E k,rR ) as a T) a y½ nex tþeso m r ab E tg) an ra ®sþehA fa es þcK møg; enaH . ehIyf µI² enH Gñ kR ) aC JGñkG k S rs a®sþE x µr e lakb NÐi t e k g v ae k g v ae k g v ae k g v a :: :: nnnn ; ; ; ; s a ks a ks a ks a k ; ; ; ; ) anG H G agb E nßm eTo tf a R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ½ nTI 7 Bit C ae kI tX øg;E m n k¾b :uE nþel ak X wn s ux X wn s ux X wn s ux X wn s ux E dlC as a®sþ aca rü b eR go nR b vtiþs a®sþ 4 R b eTs enA tMb n ; G asIuG aeK ñy _ ) anm anR b s a s n_fa tam k arBi t R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 BMuE m nek ItX ø g; b¤ k¾Bik are naH eT . eda ysMG a g fa C aT Ue TA TaM gG s ;K ña G ñ kE dlR s avR C av) a raM g C aBi e s s E dlR s avR C avGMBI es þc K møg;enH K W eK ) ans n µt fa { m kBIGñkR suk E d lenA t Mb n; G gÁren aH eX Ij rUb GMB Ifµ rUb esþcK møg;h ñwgeR c Inqña Mm kehI yTu kec al ya: gt icN as ;k ¾ 400 qñaMm kE dr. B Ied Im eL I yeK ) aneFV Ier ag eF VIs rs r b :uE nþer ag b¤ s rs rE dlR K b m kelIr Ub enaH v a) an) a k;E b k G s ;eTA emø: aH ehI yF mµt a fµs BV éf¶ ey IgeX Ij vad u H pSits r² G Ba© wg eTA el Ix øÜnR BH rUb enaH Ég e TIb Gñ kR suk fa esþcek ItX ø g; rYcE x µ rey Ige G ayE teX Ij G Ba© wgK W esþc K WecH E tni ya y t² K ñae TA eTIb s nñ id æan fa esþceF VIG gÁ r hñwgÉg}.

GñkR ) aC JE dlR s avR C avGM BIr U b esþcK møg;e naH sMx an;m an 3 nak;K W e l a k hS ge l a k hS ge l a k hS ge l a k hS g ; ; ; ; rrrr :: :: Ul el a k hS k s We ds nig el a k v iuc T ½r Ul el a k hS k s We ds nig el a k v iuc T ½r Ul el a k hS k s We ds nig el a k v iuc T ½r Ul el a k hS k s We ds nig el a k v iuc T ½r

eh Áa L Úe b‘seh Áa L Úe b‘seh Áa L Úe b‘seh Áa L Úe b‘s . sUm rMlw kfa rUb sMN akE dl eFVIGMB If µenH sßite nA R Blan mYyE dleK ehA f a R BR BR BR B la n es þcK m øgla n es þcK m øgla n es þcK m øgla n es þcK m øg ;; ;; enA PaK x ageC IgC ab ;R Blan dMr I enA E k,rR ) as aT) ay ½n k ¾b :uE nþed ays arx ø acec arl Yc e TI b G aC JaF rE x µr dwk yke TA rkS aTu kenA És a r m nÞIC a ti n aT IR kugP ñMeBj eh I ys BVé f¶e nH . mundMb Ug el ak ehÁ aL Úe b‘s elak) ansikS aGMB I k, ac;cm øak ;t am E fvénR ) as a T) a y½n nig R ) as aTE dleK ehA fa m nÞIeB Tü rb s ; R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 enA C it nwgR ) as a Tt aE kv. k,a c;c møak;e lIE pþ r eK eX Ij m anr Ub m nusS edk m anm n usS R sIe TA kan; eC Igrb s ;m ñak ; ni g m a nm nusS R sIka n;c anmY y e hIyenA k ñúg c ane naH m anE pøeQ ImUl² b n Þab ;m k eK s nñid æan fa C aE pøR ke)A BIeR BaH fa enA R sukE x µr ka lN am ann Na rmñak ; ekI t X øg;eK E tgE t ykE p øR ke)A eTA Bü a) al dUec ñH erO gG s ; en H suT§E tC ae rO gpSM eT K µan GVIE dlG ac ni ya yeG a yc, a s ;las ;e naH eT ehI yel a k ehÁaL Úeb‘s ) anR ) ab ;el ak sWeds f avaK µ anGV IE dlT ak ; Tgnw gR BH ekItX øg; e naH eT. eTaH bIenA qñ aM 1 9 34 m an Doctor mña k;K W ela k e m N ae m N ae m N ae m N a E dlC a ca ghVag vi Tü a sßan ) a:sÞ ½r enA éR BnK r E d lb c© úb ,nñehA f a R kugh UC Imi j R b eTs evo tN am Føab ;) an eTA emIlr Ub cmø ak; enaH rYc K itf a C am nusS ekI tX øg ;E d r k¾ eda y k¾el ak s Wed s ) ans res r eL Igv ij enA qña M 1 9 47 fa minE m nC ar Ub m nusS ek ItX øg;e naH eT. mü a:ge To tebI tam R b s as n _ela k

b NÐit X in s uxb NÐit X in s uxb NÐit X in s uxb NÐit X in s ux rUb sMNa kenH m an eQ µ aH fa F m µa Fib tIF ir aC b ¤ ymF m µa Fib tIF ir aC b ¤ ymF m µa Fib tIF ir aC b ¤ ymF m µa Fib tIF ir aC b ¤ ym )))) al al al al sMrab ;emIlb B a¢Ibu Nü ni g ) ab

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ehIyebI tam k,ac ;cmø ak; énr U b E dleyI gE dl ey IgeX Ij enH minE m neFVIeL Ige nA s m½y) a y½ne T K W s m½yeR ka y ) ay½ n R b E h lC aBak ;kN þa l s > vTI1 3 ¬1 250 K > s ¦ dUce nH eb Iey IgK i tBIqñ aM rb s ;R BH C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 es a y TIvg Át ; ¬1 21 9 b¤ 1 220 ¦ eyIgG ac s nñi dæa n) an fa rUb cmøa k;mi nE m nC arUb R BH ) a TC ½yv rµ ½nT I7 eK eFVIe lakX ø g; enaH eT K Wvax us nwgk alb r ie cäT. b E nßm BI e nH eTA eTo tm anGñ kR ) aC JC aeR cI neK R ) a b ;fa {C a rUb rb s ;R BH ym ra C m anR BH nam fa R BH F mµaFib tIFir aC }.

eTaH bIC ak arG H G ag fa R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 C aesþ cK mø g; s m R s b nwgPsþú t agx øH k¾ eda y k ¾G acC aP aB m anekI teL I gfa { esþcK mø g;} enH C aGñksñg raC ü b nþBIR BH G gÁ K WR BH ) aT \ ®nÞvrµ½n TI 2 ¬es a yr aC ü BIqñaM 1 2 20 -1 243 ¦ E dl) a nb nþkmµ vi FIks agrb s ;R BH vrraC bi ta eda y) an ks agb E nßm ni g lMG R ) as aT) ay ½n R Bm TaM g ) ans g;b E nßm C Ba ¢aM gfµ da k;R ) as aTmY yc MnY nrb s ;R BH ) aT C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 e To tpg. b :uE nþ eb k çC ns m eFVIC aes þcen a H G acC aGñks ñgr aC ü b nþBIR BH ) aT \ ®nÞv rµ ½nT I2 e TA eTo t K W R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI8 ¬es ay r aC ü BIqñaM 1 243-1 29 5¦C a Gñkka n;s as n aR Bahµ N_ e hIy) anb Mpø aj R BH b dim aC ae R cIn. etIes þcK møg ; m anBi t b¤k¾C ak arR b Di teL I ged a y s R tUvrb s ;R BH G gÁ ed Im ,Ib gðaj BI ka rFøa k;c uH ya :gx øa Mgé nPaBC aes þcTs B iF raC F m’ R b Eh lC ab ;Tak ;Tg nwgk ar bMpøaj b d im a b¤ k arc aj ;k g T½Beso m enA Ba k;k Nþ al s > v TI 1 3 K WC ak arB uMG a cb Ba¢ a k;) aneL Iy. 12

R BH ym ³ b¤ R BH ym raC C aeTv³én es ck þIsø ab ;. \ ri ya b f nig Twkm ux m aMb gð aj nU v PaBy ut iþF m’ BIeR BaH R BH G gÁC aecA R km kMBUl E d lka t;k þI nig pþ nÞae Tas m n u sS E dlsøab ;e TA ehI y ehI yE dl) a nR b R BwtþGMe BIG aR k k; kalm a nC Ivi tenA rs ;.

PaBrl Igs¥ at rb s ;b dim aE d lBuMFø ab ;m an es aH enA kñ úgsi l,³E x µrenaH b eg áI teG a y m anG af ’kM) aMge nA C Muvij rUb cmøa k;e nH . K itsµ aneTA e mIlfa enA eB leK rk eX Ij e TvrUb e nH m anE sød uH rYb r wt ni g s¶ÜteR ko m ed a ys ar kMe dA R BH G aTitü . eK k¾s µan Ta Mg x us fa C ar Ub esþcK møg ; BIeR BaH eK nwke TA dl ;erO g niT an mYyE dl tM Nal fa m an esþ c R kugG gÁrm YyG g Á ek Ite raK X øg;. b : uE nþ tam Bi t K WC a rUb R BH ym ³ b¤ R BH ym raC BIeR BaH eK sÁal ;c, as ;ed a ys ar cgáÚm R sYc² d Ucc gáÚm s tV. 13

12

David Chandler, Khmer History, Cambodia by JSRC, 2005, P.74

13 s‘u neh g em :gQ ag n ig Marie Caillat,´cg ;d wg{ sarm n ÞIrCati }/ GgÁ kar SIPAR/ 2006/ TMB ½r 27

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n e yan e yan e yan e ya )))) a ya ya ya y K WC aem K MnitE d leK b egáI teL Ig e dIm ,I dwk n aMC nd éTeG a yR b R Bwt þeTA d l;eK ale dA y a:ge nH rW ya: gen aH . 14 mü a:geTo tne ya ) aym ans ar³s Mx an; Nas ;cMe BaH C ati nImY y² ebIGñkd wkn aM énC at imYy R b kb ed a y K MnitQ ø as év ehIy dw kna MR b eTs C at ieq < aH eTA ka n;BiP Bsu Pm gÁl ni g vDÆ nPaBe naH C aka rR b esIr pÞ úy eTA vij eb I C atimY ym anG ñkd wkn aM ney a ) aymin l¥ minK i tG a yuC Iv i tC at ien aH elakBM ur ab ;f a C akarR b éB) a neT ehI yC Iv i t ney a) ay enaH Bi tC av in as e TA vij rW vin as Ta MgC a tiE fm e To tpg.

eK E tgK itx ø aMg Nas ; cMeB aH n eya) aye nH BMuen aH nwgK µ an C ½yC MnH kñ úgk arR K b ;R K gG a NacR kmY yeG a y) a n yUrG E gV geL I y. ney a) a ym anB N’s m ,ú rE bøk² BI K ñaeTA tam s m½ yka l n ig tam m en aK m n_v iC ¢a énR b eT s nImYy² . ed ayE L k ney a) ays m ½yR BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 C arb b ne ya) a ymY yE dlm a nlk çN ³C a F mµaFib et yü E dlm anR BH m h akS R tC aR b mux eK G acehA ) anmü a:geTo tfa rb b r a C aFib et yü . R BH m h akS Rt K WC aGñksMe rcr al;b B að aFM² E dlT ak; Tgn wgG a yuC Iv itC at i . C ak;E sþgR BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI7 E dleK TTY lsÁa l;f a C a R BH m h akS R tE dll,Il, aj C ageK b g¥s; sM rab ;C at iE x µre naH k¾R Tg ;) an TT Yln UvPa r³ C aGñkF an ara :b ;r gnUv nir nþP aB ney a) ay naR K aen aH pgE dr . R tg;f a R BH G gÁG nuvt þkmµ viFI ne ya) a yd Ucemþ cen aH eyIgmi nG aceF VIk ars n ñid æa n) a n Pøam ² E dr l uH R taE te yIg eFVIka rBi ni tü Bic© ½ y eG a y ) anc,as ;las ;eT Ib h a‘ns nñi dæa n) an fa ya: genH r W ya: gen aH ) an.

dUec ñH eyI gsUm el Ikkmµ viFIn e ya) a yB Irs N æanm kviP aK K Wne ya) a yk ñúgR b eTs nig n ey a) a yeR kA R b eTs .

1111 > > > > ney aney aney aney a )))) ay e nA kñúg R b eT say e nA kñúg R b eT say e nA kñúg R b eT say e nA kñúg R b eT s ³³³³ ney a) ay kñ úgR b eTs F an anU vs Nþab ;Fñab; ni g esßrPa B s gÁm kñú gR sukeG a ym a ndM e NIr kar l¥. R BH ) aT

C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 R Tg ;) anG n uvt þn eya) ay rb s ;R BH G gÁE dlm a nx øwm s ars Mx an;² epþa te TA e lIcM Nucb IK W T I1 eFVIB iFIBu T § raC TI 2 R BH G gÁcuH eTA BR gw gGMNa cdl ;mUl dæa n nig T I 3 K Wkar rkS a nig TMnb ;b R mug vIrC n C ae dIm edIm , IeG a ye K esµaH R tg; nwgR BH raC v gS C aer o grhUt teTA .

14 CYn Nat / vc nanu Rkm Ex µr/ B uT§ sa snab NÐitü / 1967 -19 68 / TMB ½ r 296

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1111 >>>> 1111 > > > > rd ærd ærd ærd æ )))) a la la la l R BHR BHR BHR BH )))) a TC ½y vr µ½n T Ia TC ½y vr µ½n T Ia TC ½y vr µ½n T Ia TC ½y vr µ½n T I 7777 ³³³³ kkkk > > > > r dær dær dær dæ )))) al kN þa l al kN þa l al kN þa l al kN þa l ³³³³

R BH raC aNa cR kkm <úC a nas m½yG gÁ r eK m aneFVI ka rE b gE ckG aN aex t þC aeR cI n m ancM nYnBI 9 0 rhU td l ; 1 01 ex tþ. 15 rIÉex t þnImY y² R tYtR ta rW k¾R K b ;R K geda y ecA hVa yex tþ esþcR taj ;m ña k; b : uE nþR tU vsßi tenA eR k am GMNacm C Äwm mY yenA R k ugy es aF bur³{ G gÁ r } E dlm anR BH m h akS R tC aG Fib tI .

cME NkGM Nacm C Äwm kNþ al enH m an\ T§iB l x øaMgk øa Nas; E dlGM Nac enH mUlm kkñ úgk Nþab ;é d rb s ;m nusS E tmñ ak; K WR BH r aC a C aGMN acmY yecj m k BIG aT ieTB ehIy) anm ke da ys arG aT ieTB {eT vFib etyü rIÉR BH raC ax ø ÜnÉgp Þa l;k¾C a tYG g ÁG a Tie TBmY y E dr {eTv raC a }.

R BH m h akS R t K WC am© as ;d Ip gTa MgBYg ehI y R BH raC akan ;k ab ;nU vGMN acbI K WGMNac nIt iR b ti þb t i þ GMNac nI ti b BaØ tiþ ni g GMNac tul ak ar. cME N k tME NgFM² R tUv) ane TA raC vgS an uvgS É tME N gC a buerahi t G ñkR ) arB §BiFI éne T vraC R BH raC R K U R tU v) an eTA s m aC ikR t kUlR Bah µN_x ø H E dlniym ka rb n þ tME Ng e da yr ab ;Ba Øa ti tam E x S R sI.

vNѳkS R tI y_ n ig vN ѳR Ba hµN_ C av Nѳx <s ; sßite nA da c;BI vN ѳra®s þT UeTA K WC avNѳb Ba Øvn þ nig C a tM N ag G ri yF m’\ NÐ a. vN ѳkMB U lTa MgBI renH eR cInc gs m <½n § em R tIPaBC am YyK ñ a.

cME NkÉk MN t;eh tue lak C I v ta kV an; k¾) a neFVI kar kt ;R t apgE dr nUv R BH raC aR Tg;R b T ans vn aka r 2 dg kñúgmY yé f¶ sMr ab ;ed aH R s a yki c© kar rd æ. BYkn amuW n rW BYkR b C ara®s þE dlm an ka rcU lm kb gÁMK a l;R tU vrg ;ca MR BH G gÁ eda yG gÁ úyp Þal ;dI . eBlE d lR BH G gÁyagm k dl; Ta Mgm ®nþI TaM gR b C ara®sþ R tUve lIk é dR b Nmü ehIyeG a nk,a l dl;d I. enA k ñúg rdæ) alk Nþ a l eK eX Ij m anm ®nþ IeR cIn m ® nþIC an ;x <s ;x øH m anm ux gar C a TI R bwkS a x øH eTo tT TYlb n Þú kFM ² enA kñúg vaM g rW kan ;T ½B nig Q rR tY tenA t am ex tþx ½NÐ Ém ® nþI C an;T ab R tUv) aneR C Is er Is e da ym ®nþIC an;x <s ; ehI ym an tYn aT IenA bMer IBY kenH . s Ba Øa s kiþeK sMK a l;e da yR b ePTE R K gE sñg ¬m as b¤ R ) ak; ¦.

15 sa®s þacarü x Yy ex m rin/ Rb vtiþsa ®sþkm < úCa/ 1 98 8 / TMB ½r 8 9

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xxxx > > > > r d ær d ær d ær d æ )))) a lP UmiP aK a lP UmiP aK a lP UmiP aK a lP UmiP aK ³³³³ enA kñúg rd æ) alP UmiPaK eK e X Ij m anm ®nþ IeR cInC an; fña k;e To t K Wm an ta MgBI G Fik ar G aC Jahø Úg ecA hV ayex t þ

em R suk em PUmi em X øa Mg em x ñ g em R tYt em k ar> > > > .l. m ®nþIT aMg enaH C aGñ kG nuv tþ ne ya) a y Twk kab ;q áar éR Bva tTIR b kb rb rksikm µ r IÉT IR b C MuC nnImY y² rE m g

m anR ) agÁR ) as a Trb s ;x ø ÜnmY y ehI ym anP ñak ;ga rr aC ka r mñak;e nA R b caMk are nA TIe naH p g. cME Nk É®sþI k¾m anm ux ga r sMx an; Nas ;E d r x øH eFVIC aeh a ra s a®sþ ac arü ecA R km nig e lx aFika rin I pÞa l;rb s ;R BH G gÁeTo t pg.

cMeBaH k areFV Is c© aR b N iF anr b s ;m ®nþIf a esµ aH R tg; cMeB a H R BH m h akS R tenaH eK min dwgf aenH C av iF an kar TUe TA b¤R K an;E tC am eFü a) a ysMr ab ;cgP ¢ab ;m ® nþI eTA nw gR BH raC a ka lNa eL Iges ay raC ü minR s b c,ab ;.

G gÁka rrd æ) al Ta MgenH F ana ra:b ; rgn Uvrebo b ero b r ykñ úgR sukeTs E dlC al kçx ½ NÐmY yca M) ac ;sMr ab ;eG a y R b eTs C atieC o s pu tBI vib t iþ nig kar rG ak ;rGYl epS g² E dlrE m gTb ; rar aMgm i neG ay edI req < aH eTA rkv DÆ n PaB ) aned ayR sYl . dr ab NaG M Nacm C Äwm x øa MgK W enA m a neR bo b elIGMNac esþcR t aj ; TaM gL ay d rab en aH GMeBIG aN a Fib etyü ni g ka rrM elaPb MB anepS g² min ga yek IteL Ig) aneT .

b :uE nþpÞ úym k vij k alN aGM Nacm C Äwm c uH ex S ay ) a nn½ yfa m ancM nuc NamY yex S a y G aceG a yeK eqøó t »kas cUlm kGu kL úk ey Ig) anmþgmá al d UcC a kal Na m anPaBmi neTo g Ta t;k ñúgp øÚv c,ab ;enA fña k;el I m an kr N I esþcE R C kraC ü R tiPUvn aT it ü vrµ½nC a edIm E dleB len aH BYkc am ) anc Ulm kR t YtR t ae nA G gÁr) an enA K > s 1 1 77 dl; 1 1 81 C aed Im . 16

G aR s½yeh tuenH r dæ) als m½yG gÁ r E dlR t Uv) an eK ero b cMR sYlbYlehI y eh IyE d lm ancM Nas ; ni g vin½ yt wgr wug pgen aH R ) akdC a ) anbMeBj mux g ar ya: gsMx an ; enA kñúg épÞé nG aN acR k TaM g mUl.

KKKK > > > > k a re ro b cMR kug k a re ro b cMR kug k a re ro b cMR kug k a re ro b cMR kug ³³³³ kñúg kar ero b cMR ku g esþc nImY y² enA G gÁr E tgE tm a nbM Ngcg ;eG a yT IR kugrb s ;x øÜn kan;E tFM ni g ka n;E tl ¥

eqIt elIs BIe dIm C an ic© . e TaH C akñ úgbM Ngcg ;rks ux um a lPaBeG a yR b C ara®s þkþ I b¤ kñúgbM NgE sVg rkk itü a nuPa B sMrab ;x ø ÜnÉg kþI. R b m a NbI s tvtS r_eR k ay raC ü R BH ) aT C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 m kGñk dMe NI rC at iB½r Tu yehÁ mñ ak ;eQ µaH DIe yeK a d UK Ut U ) ans r es rf a { elakB¤ eK fa R ku gG gÁr BIe dIm C aR kugmY yl ¥ ehI ys¥a tbMpu tk ñúge lak }. 17

cMeBaH R BH m h akS R tE dlm a nK Mni tero b cMR k ugG gÁ rdMb Ug nig eG ay køa yC a raC F an I b¤ R kugmYyE m nE T nenaH K WR BH m h akS R tmYyR BH G gÁ R BH nam R BH ) aTyes av rµ½ n TI1 E dlR BH G gÁ) ane ro b cMR kugmY y E dlR b kb eTA ed a y bøg;m : t;c t; ehI ym a nn½ yT U lMTU la yeTo tpg ehI yR s b eTA tam TsS n³el akF a tué nR BahµN _s as n a. esþcb n þ b nÞab ;m ke To t k¾ecH E tx i tx M ero b cMR kug yes aF bu r³ eG a yka n;E tR b esI reL IgE d rd Uc kñúg krN I esþ cr aeC ®nÞv rµ ½nen A 16 Rtwg ga / Rb vtiþsa® sþEx µr ¬P aK 1 nig 2 ¦/ 2001 / TMB ½r 94 17 sa®s þacarü x Yy ex m rin/ Rb vtiþsa ®sþkm < úCa/ 1 98 8 / TMB ½r 103

1 01 01 01 0

eBlE dlR BH G gÁ) anv ilR t L b ;m kBIek aH ekrþ ×m k taM gra C F anIenA y es aF bur³ vij silac arw kmY y) aneB al fa { R Tg;) ane ro b cMR ku genH eG a y kan;E ts em ,Im nig eG a yka n;E tl ¥eL Ig ed ayR BH G gÁ) ans g ;R ) as a Tm as mY ydI P øW ciBa© a c bId UcR ) as a Trb s ;m e h ®nÞ³enA el IdI .

rIÉkñ úgrC ¢ka lesþcR BH ) aT sUrü vrµ ½n ¬sUr iy avr µ½n ¦ TI1 s gVar Nb ri kçaR k ugG gÁ r ¬G gÁrT I1 ¦ R tU vT TYl rg karx U cx atG s ;C aeR cIn eda y s arcM) aMgK ñ aÉgk ñúgR su k emø: aH ehIye TIb R BH G gÁb Ba¢ aeG a yeK ero b cMs ßab na n ig C Ys C ulnUvGV I² E dl) anx Ucx a t e da ys ars ® gÁam e naH ebIG a cC YlC ul) a n. b nÞab ;m kR BH ) aT sUrü vr µ½n TI1 R Tg;) an E sVgyl; fa R tU vE tb egá It ra C F anIfµ ImY yeTo t e dIm ,IC Y y sMrYl dl; dMe NI rC IvPa Brs ;e n A rb s ;R b C ara®sþrb s ;R BH G gÁ pg nig ed Im ,Iel Ikk it iþ ys r a C ü vgS rb s ;R Tg;pg e da ye yage TA t am eh t upld UcenH ehIy ) anC aR BH G gÁeG a ye K ero b cMK Urv as ;bø g;R kugG g Ár TI 2 E dle nA kN þale ta gm a nR ) as aTP ñMmY y. K M era gk arenH R t Uv) a ns eR m ced a y sñaR BH h sþbuR trb s ;R T g;K W R BH nam R BH ) aT ]T yaT itü vrµ½ nTI 2 eR k ayB IR BH G gÁ) an cab ;b nþ kic© k arB IR BH raC bit a m k R Tg;E fm T aMg) aneG a y eK sßab na) a ra yN _mY yenA x aglicR k ugf µIK W ) a ra yN _x agli c sMr ab ;y kT wkm keR bI R ) as; nig pÁ t;p Ág; dl; vis½ yk sikmµkñ úgeK a lbMN gciB a© wm R kugf µIrb s ;R BH G gÁkñú gka lb c© úb ,nñ ni g eTA G naK t. b :uE n þ cUlm kñ úgrC ¢ kalR BH ) a T sUr ü vrµ½n TI 2 R BH G gÁ) anb nþ nUve K alne ya) a y kñ úgk are ro b cMR kugG g Ár TI2 enH te TA eTo t eda yR Tg;) anb Ba ¢aeG ayeK sßab na nUvR ) as a TmY yd ¾G s© a rü K W R ) as aTG gÁ rv tþ. e da ys ar ka rks agR ) as aT fµI en H ehIy E dl naM eG ayR k ugG gÁ rTI 2 ka n;E tm anPaB l¥eqI t q ayeL IgE fm eTo t.

cME Nksñ aR BH h sþd¾FM cMb gr b s ;R BH ) aTC y½v rµ½ nTI 7 k ñúg cMeN am sña édFM² T aMgL ay K Wkars ßab na nig e ro b cMR kugG g Ár TI3 E dlb c© úb , nñe K ehA fa { G gÁrFM }.

raC F anI fµ IenH s g;e nA elI TIkE nøgén raC F an IG gÁ rcas ; { G gÁrT I2 } E dlR tUv) anT TYl karbMp øicb Mpø aj ed a y s ars ®gÁ am enA eBlE dl kgT½ Bcam eFV Ik arv ayl ukc U lkan ;kab ;raC F a nIenA qñ aM 1 1 77 ehI yraC F a nIf µIe nH R tUv) an ks ag b¤ k¾sß ab nae L IgeTA t am TsS n³E b b R Ba hµN_n iym p g E b b R BH BuT§s as nam h a ya npg.

eda yE p¥k tam TsS n³ el a kF atu énR Bahµ N_s as na e yIgeX Ij fa E x µr ey Ig) an r keX Ij nU vrUb m n þmYy E dleK tM rUveG ay ks ag ni g ero b cMT IR kug eTA t am rebo b E tmYymins Uvx us K ña eT e nA tam ex t þ k¾ dU cenA r aC F a nI yes aF bu r³E dr.

C aTUe TA bøg ;TIR k ugE b kec j BIbøg;R ) as aTk Nþ al R ) as aTe nH B½T §eTA e da ykME B gmYyC a n; b¤B IrC a n ; rYcehI yeR k am kME Bgm a nK UT w kh‘um B½ T§E fm e To t. cME NkR ) as a TkN þal tM Na ge G ayPñ MR BH suem ru rIÉ TIR k u g tMN ageG ayB iPBel ak TaM g mUl ÉkME Bgt MN agm h ak M E Bgfµ b¤C YrPñ McR kv aL E dlB½T §C Muv ij BiPBe lak rYcK UTw k tMN ageG aym h as aK r. 18 C aTUe TA kME Bgm anr agbYnR C ug e sµI kME Bgk ñúg ehA fa k ME BgR ) as aT Ék ME BgeR kA ehA fa

18 sa®sþacar ü x Yy ex m rin/ Rb vtiþs a®sþkm < úCa/ 1 98 8 / TMB ½r 103

1 11 11 11 1

kME Bgvis ½y rYc ehIy enA ce nøaH kME Bg Ta MgBI r K WC a TIR b C Mu C nE dlC apÞH rb s ;R b C aC nR b k;søwk b¤ s ,Úv rYcC ava lE R s cMka rR Bm Ta Mgm an pøÚ vTw kt Uc FM eTo tpg.

cME Nke nA cMk Nþ alr aC F anI eK E tgE tR kal fµeFV IC apø Úv ¬ pøÚv fñl; ¦ T aMgL ay eh IyE dlR b s BVmux K ña e TA rkR ) as a TPñM. C aT Ue TA enA mi nq¶ayb :un µanB IR ) as a T b¤k ¾r a C F anI eK C Ik) ara y N_ b¤C I kR tBaM gmY y ¬ tU c b¤ F M ¦ sMrab ;p þl; Tw keTA eG a yK U Twk C Muvij R ) as a T b¤ raC F anI ena H nig R tUvpþl; Twk eTA eG a yR b L ayepS g² e To t E dlen A kñúgb r iev Nr aC F anI eK G nuv tþR b B½n §R K b ;R K gE b b enH KWeK G acpþl ;Tw kdl ;R b C ara®s þ sMrab ;eR bIR ) as ;R K b ;R K an;pg ehIyn wg sMr ab ;R b kb mux rb rksikm µeTo t pg.

cME NkR ku gG gÁrF M ebI tam k M Nt; eh tu ela k C Iv tak Va n; e lak) a neFVI kar kt ;R ta enA s m½yen aH m anR b k;sø wk b¤ s ,Úv Ép ÞH namu Wn m ®n þIFM² suT§sw gE tR b k;e k,Ó g ehI y FM² eTo tpg pÞH G s ;T aMge naH s g;x <s ;pu tB IdI ehI yE b rmux eTA Tis x a gekI t TaM gG s ;. cMeBaH R ) ag ÁR ) as aT el ak) a nb Ba¢a k;b E nßm e To tf a K WE x µrey Ig) an ks agR ) as aTm a s R ) as aTs < an;> > > > > > > .l.

C arYm es ck þIm k e yIg eX Ij fa Ti dæP aBk¾m him aén kME B gR Bm TaMg eK abur³ Ta MgR ) aM ni g lMG d¾G s© arü én R ) as aT sila TaM gL a yna s m½yen aH ehIyE fm T aMgm ans PaBC a TIR b C MuC n b¤PUmi krR b C ara®s þeR cIn ya :gk ¾ed a y R kugG gÁr) aneFV IeG a yQ µÜj b reTs C Mn an; ela k C Iv ta kVan ; nig eb s ks gÄ B ½r Tu yehÁ ni g eG s ,a:j j : úl C aeR cInenA C M nan ;eR ka y² m k eTo t 19 ) anlan ;m at ;es¶ Ics resIrmi nd ac;B Im a t; s Um ,IE tGñkR ) aC Js m½ yb c© úb ,nñ C aeR cIn dU cC a ela kBIE yr K UrU C aedIm k ¾eBa ls resI reTBe kas lü E x µrG gÁ rE dr E dlecH pSMC M enO E pñks as na C amYyR T wsþI n ey a) a y nig C amY yC nK ti viC ¢ aksi k mµ eG aye kI tecj C a rero b ero b cMT wkd Imü a:g d¾bui nR b s BV ehIy TaM genH K W enA k ñúgK Mn it sMey aK mYyE dl BMum anR b C aC ati Na el IBiPB ela kenH G aceFVI) and Uc.

1111 >>>> 2222 > > > > B iFIB uT §r aCB iFIB uT §r aCB iFIB uT §r aCB iFIB uT §r aC ³ ³ ³ ³ BuT§ raC K WC aB iFIs as n amY y E dlR BH m h akS R tero b cM eFVIe L IgedIm , IsMGi tsMG a grUb k a y nig ci tþK Mn it rb s ;

R BH G gÁeG aysß itk ñúg rUb Pa B dUcC aR BH Bu T§G gÁE dlK g;C aF rm anenA eL I y. Bu T§r aC C am eFü a) aymY yE dlm a n \ T§iBlE pñ kci tþs a®sþ R K b ;d Nþb ;el Id Ygci tþR b C aBl rd æR K b ;rUb nig f ña k;d wkn aM rdæ nan a eG aym a nka rÉkP aBK ñae nA C Muvij r aC b lø½ gá.R BH ) aTC ½ y vrµ½ nTI 7 R Tg ;R ) arB §BiFI enH e L Ig muneB lE dlR BH G gÁe L IgR K graC ü E dlm anE cg kñúg silac arw kt aR BhµR tg ;esø ak TI XXVI f a { R BH m h akS R tG gÁen aH ) aneFVI yB aØBiF I 20 edIm ,Is¥ agR BH ka y n ig h b£T½ yrb s ;R BH G gÁeG a yk an;E te Bar eBj eTA e da ybI ti) aem aC ¢ 21 tam r y³ raC BiFI en H R BH G gÁ) ank øa yx øÜnC a 19 f ac; va:n;pat / É ksarT ak;T gnw g cMeNHd wgT UeTA GMB IRb eT skm <úCa/ 197 3 / TMB ½r 69 20 y B aØB iF IenA eB lenHsM ed A y k yB aØB iFIkñú gB uT§sa snaEd lm an n½y f a kareGay T annUveP aCna harCaed I m d l;Gñkm an sI l b ¤B YksµÚm ed ay BuMerIsmux / C Yn Nat / vcna nuR km Ex µr/ TMB ½r 941

21 esckþ IrIkray / e sckþ IeB jcitþx øaM g/ CY n Nat / vcnan uRkm Ex µr / TMB ½r 626

1 21 21 21 2

buK Ál E dl) anb en Þa rb g;n Uv kiels K Wes c kþI esA hµg nig G Bm gÁleG ay vin as C aG s arb g;e da ye tC H énR BH G K ÁI. R Tg; K WC aGñkb n þevn BIR BH ) a TC nem C ½y ( Janamejaya )

22 . R Tg;) anbMeBj kic© C MrH dYgh b£T ½y rb s ;R Tg ;

ehIyc ak; bMeBj m k vij e da y b It ib It ib It ib It i taMgB Ib c© úb ,n ñr hUtd l;b rel akx a gna y nig m anm hiT§ib £Ti §x øa M gkøa R K b ;² kal }.

eyIg eX Ij f a R BH G gÁ) aneFVI x øÜn eG ay kø aye TA C aR BH BuT § eday edI rt am K nøgé nR BH Bu T§C aG gÁm© as ;. enH K WC a\ T§iB ld¾x øaM gkø amYy eR BaH far al;B akü s mþI rrb s ;R BH G gÁR K b ;m a:t ;R tUv eK G nuv tþt a m m kBIeK m anC MenO fa R BH raC »g áa rrb s ;R BH G gÁ eR bo b dUcC aR BH Bu T§d Ik arrb s ;R BH Bu T§C aG gÁm© as ;d Ucen aH E dr emø a: H ehIyr aC kar namu Wn s BVmux m ®nþI nig G a NaR b C an ura®s þR K b ;C an;f ñak ;eK ar Beka tx ø ac ehIymUlm kC Muv ij b lø½ gáE tmY yx agGM Nac n aMeG aym an karÉk PaBx a gK Mni t ÉkP aB sµar tI n ig ÉkP aBC at i.

1111 >>>> 3333 >>>> ka r cuH BR g wgs m t ßP aBd lka r cuH BR g wgs m t ßP aBd lka r cuH BR g wgs m t ßP aBd lka r cuH BR g wgs m t ßP aBd l ;; ;; mUl d æa nmUl d æa nmUl d æa nmUl d æa n ³ ³ ³ ³ GMNacE dnd IG ac rwgm a MeTA ) a nk¾G aR s½ yed a yGMN acmU ldæa nE dr R c as m kvij e bIGMNa cmUld æan rwgm a M R K b ;TIkE nøg e naH GMN acE d ndI TaM gmUlk ¾m anes ßrP aBE d r pÞú ye TA vij ebIGM Na cmU ldæa nBu Mm anC Mh rrwgm aMe Ten a H GMNacE dnd Ik¾ cuH ex S a yE dr . mü a:geTo tGM NacG acr kS aG t ßiPa B rb s ;x øÜn) a nk¾ G aR s½yel Ika rG nuv tþC ak;E sþg eTA tam p øÚv c,ab ;E d r ebIBM um an karG n uvt þc, ab ;eT e naH GMN a cBMum a nR b siT§ iPaBeL Iy. G aR s½yeh tuenH ehI y) a nC aR BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½nT I7 R T g; ykR BH T½ yT ukd ak ;y a:gx ø aMg kñúg kar BR gwgGM Na c tam mUl dæ aneG a y) an rwgm aMe L Ig. R BH G gÁm ank arR BY y ) armÖN as; R T g;) a nrMB wg R b emIremIleX Ij ka rmineK a r B c,ab ;E dle kI tm aneL Igk ñúgR BH nK rrb s ;R BH G gÁ. R BH G gÁminb en Þas c MeBaH Gñ kminR b tib t þic, ab ;e T E tR BH G gÁR Tg; R BH tR miH fa m kBIBY keK K µanR BH F m’enA kñúgx ø Ün C aeh tueFV Ie G ayBY keK R b R Bwtþx us . dUce nH ehIy ) anC aR BH G gÁR tUv y agcuH e TA tam P Umiz a nnan a E dlR b C ara®sþ enA m anPaBk emS a yx ag G atµ ½n. R BH G gÁR Tg;R BH tR miH eX Ij eTo tf a mUleh t uE dlB YkeK mineK arB c,ab ;K W b N þalm kBIBY keK minecH m a n karx µ as eGo ncMe BaH GMeBI) ab dUecñH m anE tb uNü nig ) ab enH ehIy E dlG a cdw kn aM b E gVrsµa rtI BYkeK eG ayK i tBI G ayuC I vi tC at i dUcE d lR BH G gÁE tgK i tcMe BaH BYk eK ral ; K ña ehIyk ¾d UcK ña nwgR BH Bu T§E dlE t gK itB IplR b ey aC n_ cMeBaH s tVel ak dUec ñH E dr. silac arw kR ) as a Tt aR Bhµ k¾) an car wk Tukn UvR BH raC tR miH d¾R b éBenH kñú úgesø ak TI CXLII fa { R BH m h a kS R tG gÁen aH ) aneFV IeG a ym a ns Nþab ;Fñab ;R K b ;R ckl øk. R BH G gÁ) anT temIleX Ij R b C anura ®sþrb s ;R BH G gÁk MBug rs ;enA k ñúgP aBK µa nBMn wg ehI yka rG nuv tþ c,ab ; enA m anP a BE køgb nøM eda ys a rm nusS m anka rR b m af ya: géR BépS en A

22 Rb Eh lCanam mYy sMrab ;e hA RB H smµasm <úT§?

13131313

kñúgx ø Ün R ) as c akB Is as n a . b nÞab ;B I) an BR gwgK u NPa B) anrw gm aMeh Iy R BH G gÁR tas ; Tuk nUvb Nþa Mdl ;R BH m h a kS R ténkm <úC eTs C M nan ;eR ka y² eTo t fa c UrGñ kTa MgL a yx itx ME f rkS a eG a y) anK g ; vgS nUvR K w³sß ab na enH }. C as nñi dæa ney IgeX Ij fa R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 R Tg;Q øas R b tiBlk ñúg ney a) a yR b esIr Nas; R BH G gÁbM eBj s kmµPaBmY yE dlb g ðaj BI TMn ak; TMn gK ña ya :gC i tsñi Trv a gGñkd wkn aM n ig R b C ar a®sþ E dlminG acp þa c;ecj B IK ña) a n ehIyE dl ey IgG ac ca t; Tuk fa C a eK alK Mn itR b C aFib e t yü mYy. dU ecñH m an n½ yfa R BH G gÁminE m nC aGñkR b ka n ; ykrb b r aC aFib e tyü pþ ac; k aren aH eT E tR BH G gÁC aGñkR b kan; yk rb b raC aFib et y ü E b b Fmµani ym . eR kA BIenH R BH G gÁ) anbMeBj Pa r³C aR BH bitaC a ti b¤ ero m c,g d¾K M rUE dlE tgp þl; dMbUn µa nd¾ l¥d l;k U n nig GñkC Mn an;eR k ay . b NþaMm YyX ø arb s ;R BH G gÁE d lfa { sUm R BH m h akS R té nkm <úC e Ts C Mn an;eR k ay Ta M gL ay rkS aeG a y) anK g ;v gS nUvmUls ßab n aenH } m a nG tßn ½y TUl MT Ula yN as; e Ba lK WR BH G gÁ) aneFVIb Nþa MT ukd l;Gñk dwk naMC M nan ;eR ka y² T aM g G s; eG ayecH G nu vt þt am R BH raC m aK a’ d¾R t wm R tUv rb s ;R BH G gÁ K WkareK a rBc, ab; ni g ecH eG ay témøe TA elIeb t ik PNÐC a ti t,i tR BH G gÁ) anr ke X Ij nUvm aK a ’d wkn aMR b eTs C a tieG a yeK cp utB Ivib ti þ.

1111 >>>> 4444 >>>> ka rr kS aka rr kS aka rr kS aka rr kS a n ign ign ign ig TMn uk bMr ug v IrC nTMn uk bMr ug v IrC nTMn uk bMr ug v IrC nTMn uk bMr ug v IrC n ³ ³ ³ ³ suPasi tE x µrmY y) ane Bal fa {Gñkm anr kS ax S t; d UcsMB t;B ½ T§BI eR kA GñkR ) aC £rkS aex øA d U csMeBA nU v sM) a: n}. R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 ) anb MeB j R BH raC kic© rb s ;R BH G gÁh a k;d UcC a R s b nwgs uPasi ten H eR cInR b kar. fVIeb I R BH G gÁC aR BH m h akS R tk¾Bi tE m n E tR BH G gÁBuME dlk a t;pþ ac ;x øÜnR BH G gÁ nig R BH raC vgS eG a yX ø at cakq ¶a y BI R b C ara®sþs am B aØ b¤ Gñkm a nzan³ Tab e naH eL I y. p Þú y eTA vij R BH G gÁ) an da k;b nÞ ab x øÜneG a yesµ Imux nwgR b C ar a® sþ C anic© . R BH G gÁR BT anR BH r aC R TBü eG ay dl;R K Ys a rrb s ;m ®nþI eh Iy elIk tM ekIgR K Y s aren aH eG aym anlk çN³C a R K Ys arR BH raC vgS Bi t² sil aca rwk) ank t;R t aT ukk ñúges øa kTI XXX fa { R BH G gÁ) a nR b Tanz ann þrs k þi dl;r aC R K U rb s ;R BH G gÁeG aym ann am C aR sIC ½ym g Állf ’eT v n ig cat ;R b K l;PUmimY yeG a yd l; elak eTo t pg. C am YyK ñ a enH R BH G gÁk¾) anR b Ta ns y ndæ and ¾l¥R bim R biymY yeQ µ a H fa r aC b tI®n Þ d l;R kum R K Y s arR BH raC R K U ni g eG a yg ar dl;R K Ys a renH m anl kçN³C aR K Ys arR BH m h akS R tB it² } . qøgtam ry³G tßb Ts ila car w kesøa kTI XXX e nH eyIgG a cemIl eX Ij BIR BH tR miH d¾R b éBrb s ;R BH ) aT C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 E dlR BH G gÁ) an K itK Urc MeB aH GñkenA C Mu vijux ø Ün eBalK WR BH G gÁecH r kS ax S t ;. R Tg;) aneFV IeG a yBY keK m an Twkc it þesµ aH R tg;n wgr aC vgS C aTIbM pu t. R BH raC R K UR sIC ½y m gÁlaf ’e Tv³ K WC aG ñkm anK u NbMN ac;c MeB aH R BH G gÁpÞal ; eda yC Yyb g ða t;b eR go nR BH G gÁnUv viC ¢a epS g² C amY yR kum R K Ys arrb s ;ela kpg. BYkeK x i tx MbMeBj k ic© k ar bMer I R BH G gÁ nig bMer IC at i ed ay minK itB Ies ck þI Tuk çlM) ak e h tuenH R BH G gÁca t; Tu kBYk eK C avIrC n E dlm anK u NbMN a k ; cMeBaH R b eTs C a ti ehI ye dI m ,IsME dgn Uvki c© tb sñgs gK u NcMeB aH buK ÁlT aMg enaH v ij R BH G gÁ) anR BH raC Ta nb E nßm nUveR K O g\ sS r³ys ni g ka rpÁt ;pÁ g;c MNIG ah arm ineG a y BYkeK T as ;c it þeL I y. C ak;E sþgenA R tg ;esøa kT I XXXIV

1 41 41 41 4

) anelI keL Ig fa { R BH m h a kS R tG gÁenH ) a neFVIB iFIC b ;e lo gnUvmux mðÚb E d lm anrs C ati b Yny a:g fV ay dl;R BH r aC R K U R BH vrm ata ni g R BH eC dæa ¬buR trb s ; raC R K U ¦ es ayeR kay eBlE dlB Yk eK bMeBj kic© ka r r aC kar d¾l M) ak } . dUec ñH eX Ij fa R BH ) aTC ½ yv rµ½ nTI 7 h ak; dUcC a ci tþv iT UmYy rU b E dlecH yl;BI Tw kci tþ rb s ;m nusS nig tR m Uv kar rb s ;m nusS ya: gBi tR ) ak d. R BH G gÁ) anelI kTw kci tþ vIrC nE dlm anK uNb MN ac;c Me BaH R b eTs C ati eda yR b Ta n nUvz an³ nig t Yna TI d¾s m K Yr R Bm TaMgpþl ;nUvG ah ar b£ karkMs anþ tam k alk MN t;c ,as ;las ; C aeh tu eFVIeG a y BYkeK R s L aj ;k atB Vki c© nig x itx MbMeBj mux g ar rb s ;eK e da ysVah ab ;\ tx ¢ ilR cGUs . s rub m kne ya) a yk ñúgR b eT s R BH G gÁ) anG nuv tþ tam eK alka rN _bIy a:g K W eFVIB iFI BuT§ raC k arc uH BR gwg GMNac dl;m Uld æan nig ka rBar vIrC nC u Mvij raC b lø ½gáeG a ysßi tesß r n ig m anP kþ IPa B. cuH cME N kne ya) ayeR kA R b eTs vij et IR BH G gÁG nuv tþ ya: gN aE dr ? 2222 > > > > n eyn eyn eyn ey aaaa )))) ay eR kA R beT say eR kA R beT say eR kA R beT say eR kA R beT s ³³³³

b nÞab ;BIR BH ) a T R tIPU vna Ti tü vrµ½ nTI 2 eFVI ka rE R C kraC ü BI R BH ) aT yes a vrµ ½n TI2 rYcR b kas x øÜnC aR BH m h a kS R trY cm kenA m h anK r rY cm k R BH ) aTR tIPUvn aT itü v rµ½ nTI 2 R tUvR b Q m mux tTl; nwg k arQ øa nBan rb s ;BY kcam . 23 s ®gÁam E x µr -cm ,a : ) anq ab e q H cab ;BI K > s 1 1 6 8-1 1 78 E tT ½Bcm ,a :min Tan ;de NþIm ) a nC ½yC M nH Ta MgR suge T . esþccm ,a :k¾s Mer celI kT ½Bt a m pøÚvT wk ed Im ,Ic Ulv ayR b h arE x µreG a y dl;m h a nK r E dlC aeb H dUg nK rE x µrE tmþ g . dUce nH E x µrK µanl T§P aBTb ; T l;eT. m h anK rR tUv) ancm , a:v ayR b h arbMpø icbMpø aj de Nþ Im y k) anenA é f¶T I 1 5 ek It E x ecR t K > s 1 1 77. R BH ) aTR tIPUv na Ti tü vrµ ½nT I2 ) anesñIs Muc rca reFV Is nþ iPaB nw g esþccm ,a : b :uE nþes þcnK r c m ,a: miny l;R Bm ehIy eF VI K tR BH G gÁkñúgR K ae naH eTA .

kñúgqñ aM 1 1 77 cam m a n\ T§ i Blx øaMg kø aNas ;enA G as IuG ae K ñy_ rhU tdl ;h‘a neFVI ka rva yR b h arm kel Im h a nK r. cam ) an cUll ukl uy TIR kug ehI yl Yc yks m ,t iþ vb ,F m’E x µreda y\ tx ø acj e jIteL I y E fm Ta Mg) an eFVIK t R BH raC aE x µr R BH nam R tIPU vn Titü v rµ½ n eTo t pg. 2222 >>>> 1111 > > > > c ln ar Me daH C a ti c ln ar Me daH C a ti c ln ar Me daH C a ti c ln ar Me daH C a ti ³³³³

- edIm , IeqøI y tb ral ;s kmµP a BrMel aPQ øa nBan enH R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ ½nT I7 ) a nelI kT ½Bva yb k elI kT ½Bcam vij t am pøÚ vTw k ni g pø ÚveK a k ehI y) an rMe daH R b eTs C ati eG ay rY cpu tBIeP øIgs ® gÁam vij ed ay cM Na yeBlG s ; 4qñaM.

- R BH G gÁ) anero b cM kMl aMg T½ BeC IgTw kmY yy a:gs Mx an;s Mr ab ;va yk MeT cTU kcam . eR Ba H R BH G gÁs egá teX Ij nig yl; c,as ; fa kMl aMg ni g cMn ucex S a yrb s ; nK rcm ,a : sßit enA elI kgn ava cr. dUe cñH ebIR BH G gÁva ykM eTc kgT ½ B TUkcm , a:) a n R BH G gÁk¾G a c ykeC aK C ½ yr Med aH C ati m atu PUmiecj B IdN þab ; édx µ aMg rYcE dr. 23 t am silacarwkEx µr ³ cam T TYl) a nkarKaMRT B Ici n ni g y Yn

1 51 51 51 5

- dU cka rR tiH r iH K itBi ca rN aE m n R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 ) a n ykC ½ yC MnH elI T½B cm ,a: ed a y) aneF VIc M) aMg ecj mux vayR b y uT §kMe TcbMp øaj G s ;kgT ½Bna vac rcm ,a :. 24

- K > s 1 1 81 R BH) aTC ½y vrµ½ nTI 7 r Med aH nK r) anB IG aN aniK m cm ,a :. eR kayB IrM ed aH nK r) anB IG a Nan iK m cm ,a:r Ycm k R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 k¾) a nG Pie s kC am h akS R tn aqña M

1 1 81 kñúgR BH C nµ 5 65 65 65 6 R BH vgS a E dlm an raC F an IenA R ku g yes aF bur³ . G K Ám eh sI R BH G gÁ R BH nam C ½y r aC eT vI C ½y r aC eT vI C ½y r aC eT vI C ½y r aC eT vI E dlC aG nuC R BH nag \\\\ ®n Þe Tv I ®n Þe Tv I ®n Þe Tv I ®n Þe Tv I ¬K WR BH G gÁm anm eh sI mune Bl

es ay raC ü ¦. luH dl;qñ aM 1 1 81 e TIb R b e Ts C at i) anC Yb sux s n þiP aB nig m a nka rG Piv DÆ . sil a carw k) an ero b rab ;B I

R BH raC bUC nIy kic© rb s ;R BH G gÁkñú gka rr Med aH C ati enH en A kñúgesø ak TI XXVIII { kñú gdMe NIr y ageTA R b eTs cm , : a R BH G gÁ K g;elIR BH BnøaC ½ ycU leTA k ñúgs m rP UmiR b yu T§rhU t TTY l) anC ½ yC MnH } . eyIgeX I j fa R BH G gÁ) anya gcU lswk s ® gÁam ed a yx øÜnR BH G gÁp Þal ; ed ay\ tm anes c kþIx ø ac e dIm ,IE tmü a:gK W Ék raC ü C at i.

2222 >>>> 2222 >>>> s ®g Áam s gs wk rb ss ®g Áam s gs wk rb ss ®g Áam s gs wk rb ss ®g Áam s gs wk rb s ;; ;; e s þc nK r cme s þc nK r cme s þc nK r cme s þc nK r cm ,,,, aaaa : : : : ³³³³ b nÞab ;BI caj ;s ®gÁ am C amYyR b eTs E x µrrY cm k es þcnK r cm ,a: R BH ) aT C ½yC ½yC ½yC ½y \\\\ ® nÞv r µ½n T I® nÞv r µ½n T I® nÞv r µ½n T I® nÞv r µ½n T I 4 4 4 4 m anbMNge F VI

s ®gÁam s gsw k b :uE nþR BH G gÁ r g;ca Mr y³eBl 1 0 qñ aM ed Im ,I m anlT §PaBG n uv tþn _E pnka r s gswkenH . K > s 1 1 9 0 cam elIkT½B m kvayE x µ r b :uE nþR t Uv) a nR BH ) aTC ½yv rµ ½nT I7 v ayR b h artb v ij y a:gx øaM gna M

eG ay c am ) ak; T½B rt ;x © at ;x © a yG s ;. R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 ) an E R s kR b kas ehA esþc

cm ,a:C ½ y\ ®nÞv rµ ½nT I4 eG ayeL IgC iH dM rIe cj m kc,aM g tTl ;nw gR BH G gÁ eG a yG s ;eBles n aemIle Blen aH esþc cam x øac mi nh‘a necj m k c, aMge T.

R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 de NþIm ykR BH raC F an InK r cm ,a:m kk an ;kab ;R tY tR ta. nK rcm ,a:kø a yC aex t þrb s ;E x µr R b E h lBI K > s 1 1 9 01 1 9 01 1 9 01 1 9 0 ---- 1 22 61 22 61 22 61 22 6 .

R BH nagC ½yr aC eT vI suK t K > s 1 1 81 25 R BH G gÁ ) anE tg taM gR BH nag \\\\ ® nÞe T vI® nÞe T vI® nÞe T vI® nÞe T vIC aG K Ám eh sI. kñúg krN IepS g eTo t R BH ) aT C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 R Tg;) a neF VI eG ayG a Na cR krb s ;R BH G gÁm anv is alP aBFMeF g ed a yR Tg;G n uv tþn Uvne ya) ayBR gIkT wk dI. s ila car wk taR B hµ 24 Tid æP aB cM) aMgy a:gsa hav t am TUk sMeB A elIT en øRtUv) an si l,krEx µr q øak;Cab ;elI CB a¢aMgEf vR) asaT ) ay ½ n 25 lag hab ;Gan / Rb vtiþ GkS rsa® sþ Ex µr/ 1967 / TMB ½r 108

1 61 61 61 6

carw kT ukf a R BH G gÁ) anP¢ ab ;E dnd I m hiF rbur³ eTA nw g ye s aF bur³ E dlm anE cg kñú ge søak TI XIII fa { R BH G gÁ) an e) aH TI taM gR K b ;TIkE n øg rhU tdl ;E dnd Irb s ;R BH G gÁ l a ts n§ wgdl ;s muR T ed a yGMN ace tC H ) armIrb s ;R T g; ehIyR BH G gÁ) an P¢ab ;E dnd I nig C at is as n _rb s ;R BH G gÁ eTA nwg m hiF rbu r³ } . ta m ry³esø ake nH eFVIeG a ye yI g yl; c,as ;E fm e To t fa cab ;t aMg BIeBlE dleL IgR K graC ü raC aN acR krb s ;R BH G gÁlats n§w gTl ;s mu R T ¬E dnT wk ¦ ehIy tMb n ;Ten øe s mUn k¾sßi tk ñúgG a Naex tþ mYyrb s ;E x µrE dr. minE tb : u eNÑaH si lac arw kt aR Bhµk ¾) a n b Ba¢ak ;b E nßm eTo t BIR ) aC JaE dlR b kb e da yPaBQ ø a s R b tiBlrb s ;R BH G gÁk ñúg k arR K b ;R K gelIE dn dIE dl va y rMed aH ) anBIs R tUvm k ehI y R BH G gÁ) anca t;E cgeG ayeF VI karG Piv DÆ Pøam ² ed Im ,Ie C o s vagnUvk arv ilR t lb ;C a f µI rb s ;swks R t Uv ed ayBR g wg F nF an nig K uNP aBR b C a ra®sþ k ñúg tMb n ;enaH eR to m lkçN³ ca MTb ; Tl;R b q aMg vij C ak;E sþgK W r aC viP ar³ b£ tMb n;R ) as aT taR Bh µenH Ég. silac arw k) an car wk Tuk ya :g c,as ;k ñúg esøa kTI XXXV f a } enA elIE dn dIE dlR BH G gÁ de NþIm ) a nm kvij eh Iy eda y R BH h sþrb s ;R Tg; R Tg;) anb egáI tnU vTIR k ugeQ µ aH raC vi Par ³ E dlm ank ar tub E tg rcn a e da ym as n ig t,Úg m an témø rYcS R T g;c at ;eG a ym a nkar TM nukbM rug nUvC I vR Bwt þid l ; muni®n Þm at a } . R BH G gÁ) anG nuv tþne y a) a ye nH K WC akarR b esI r ehIy k¾C aR b PBénK Mni td l;e yIgs Mr a b ;G nuvt þE pnk arr kS a Twk dI K W ey IgR tU vpS a yvb ,F m’dl; tMb n ;E dnd Irb s ;x ø Ün BR gwgvb ,F m’d l; tMb n;E d nd ITa M genaH n ig vb ,F m’ cak ;R K w³ vb ,F m’eG ay rwgm a M ed Im ,Ib e Ba© ó s kareR C o tE R C k b£ pl b :H Bal;epS g² é nvb ,F m’d é T E dlG acb Nþa leG a ym a n kar) a t;b g ;nU vG tþs B aØ aNC a ti. enA TIN aE dlC a Tw kdIE x µ r enA TIen aH vb ,F m’E x µrR tUv) an elIkk MBs ;. C arYm ed Im ,IeFV IeG a ym an vis a lPaBT wkd I ni g ÉkPaBC a tib rib Ur N_ R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 R Tg;) a nG nuv tþ nUv ney a) ays Mx an ;² mYyc MnY n dUcC a ³

- R b q aMgkarQ ø anB anB Ib reT s - rMed aH Tw kdI BIG a Nan iK m b reT s - BR gIkT wkd I - pS BVpS a yvb ,F m’eG a y) a n dl;R K b ;R cklð kkñ úgR BH raC a NacR k.

b :uE nþk arG nu vt þne ya) a ye nH G acT TYleC aK C ½ ye TA ) an K WG aR s½ye da ym an kMl aMg f am BlR K b ;R K an;E dr eBalK Wk Mla Mge yaF a .

17171717

2222 >>>> 3333 > > > > v is ½y e yaF av is ½y e yaF av is ½y e yaF av is ½y e yaF a ³ ³ ³ ³ s m½yG gÁ r k¾ dUcC as m½ y mun² E dr R BH m h akS R tmi nR twm E tn am C aG K Áem b Ba¢ ak arel IkT ½Bb :u eNÑ aH eT

R BH G gÁC aem T½BmY yr Ub E dl dwkn aM T½Be cj c,a Mgp Þal ;R BH G gÁ nig c UlR b yu T§ kñúgs m r PUmidU ckU nT ah anÉe To tE d r . enA s m½yen aH eyI gG acsµa nf a

R ) akd C am ank, Únvi n½ y twg rwg Nas ; cMeB aH eyaF a eR B aH enA m anem T½BN ah‘ anb H e) ar R b q aMgnwgR BH ecsþ a R BH raC arE m gecj b Ba¢ a eG aye TA va yb ®gá ab y a:gmu W gm a:t ;bMpu t. eb I eK ecH eFVI eTas dl;C n N aE dlR b R Bwtþe lµIs nwgvi n½ y esþcs m½ yG gÁ rk¾e cH R b Tanrg Van ; elIk Twk ci tþd l;kg T½B rb s ;R BH G gÁE dr. es H nig dMr IC a]b k rN_ BIrs Mx an;b M put e dIm , IeFVIs ® gÁam l ukl uy nig BR g IkT wk dIc Ule TA kñú gR b eTs q¶a y² . cME NkÉenA kñúgX ø aMg vij eB areBj eTA ed a y dav k aMbi t E x l eR kaH FñÚ sña lME Bg n ig G avu F FunF¶n;sM rab ;) aj ;R BYj F M² x øH sMrab ;b Ba ¢iH elIx ñgd MrI x øH e To tm an kg;sM rab ; ruj e lId I> > > .

R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 K WC am h avIr kS R tmY yG gÁ E d lR b vti þvi TUC aeR c In) an ca t; Tuk R BH G gÁC am h akS R t d¾x ø aMg BUE kmYyG g Ákñ úgs m½ yG gÁ r. ktþ aE dl rYm cME NkeFV IeG a yR BH G gÁkø ayC aR BH m h akS R tx øaMg enaH K W b N þalm kBI R BH G gÁm anR BH raC s m tßPa Bx agvis½ ye yaF aFika renH Ég Ta Mgk ñúg kar dw kna MT½ B ni g kñú gka rR b yu T§k ñúgs m rPU mi. silac arw kt aR Bhµk¾) anc ar wk Tukn Uvm h av IrP aBd ¾éf øfø aenH E dr R tg; esøa kTI XXIII fa { e Kr Em g B¤sUr sMe nog sr e sIr RBH k itþiy sr bs;RT g ;e c jm k GMBIe RtIy mçag én smuRT tam k M BUl PñMe nAk ñúg éR BRB wk S a l tavl ø× e hIy r aCsRtUvEtg Etxøb xøac e c sþaRBH G g Á. e nAk EnøgNaEdl m an RBH n am RT g; e nAk Enøg e n aHm ar sRtUvQ øan Ban T aMg L ay Etg vin asx© at;x© ay mYy rMe Bc dUc dMe NIr c r e l Onl y én RBH c nÞdUe cñaH Edr . mü a:g e TotRBH G gÁm an y uT§viFIk ñú g k ar e RbI] ) ay kl vay be Ba© at xµaMg e RbobdUc CaRBH vi sÑúbe Ba© a tk Un e cAr bs;y kS T kS ³ e dIm , Iy k Epn dIe G ay m nusS r s;e nAdUe cñaH Edr }.

Rtg ;cMNuc e n H G ace FVIe G ay ey Ig y l;) an f a RBH ) aT C½y vrµ½n TI7 KWCae m T½Bd¾x øaMg BUEk mY y rUbEdl n r Nak ¾e s¶Ic sr e sIr dl ;RT g ;Edr . sRtUv NamYy e G ay EtB¤e QµaH f a Cy ½vrµ½n TI7 BitCar t; pasRk jaMmin xan e LIy . k ar Edl RT g; ) an T TYl C½y CMn H Ebbe n H m kBIRBH G g Áe c H k , Ün BiC½y s® g Áam sÞat;CMn aj .

dUc Kñae n H Edr k ñúg e søak TI XXIV ) anca rwk Tu kfa { K µ anGVIK Y reG ays gS½ yen aH eT ¡ ebIR BH visÑúminm anm h i T §i bJT§I x øaM gkø aeT enaH e tIeFV Id Uce mþcnwgG acd eNþ Im y kE pndI BIkUn ecA rb s ; ykS TkS ³ ehI yy keTA l ak; Tu kenA eR kam m h as muR T) aMgE Pñ kva) an mYyv ij eTo t enaH v ak¾mi n G acQ anr MlgE pn dIE tbIC M h anpu t) anE d r. n iy a yrYm R BH visÑúm anR BH ka yFMC a gm h as muR T nig éR tP Be da ysMG ag eTA el IeTvP aB nig m hiT§ ibJT §im h aG s© arü enH Ég}.

18181818

kñúg TIe nH R BH raC kvIn iBn§) ane R bo b R BH ) aTC ½yvr µ½n TI 7 e TA nwgR BH visÑ úE dlC aG Tie TB mYyG gÁ kñú gR b B½½nÞR t I mU’t i eBalK Ws MedA ykR K a mYyE dlR BH visÑ ú) anE b gP aK C aG vta cuH m ks e®gÁ aH E pndIE dl kUn ecA rb s ; ykS Tk S ³ ¬TM ngC aes þcy keQ µaH Bl I ¦ m anbMNg cg;) anm kk an; kab ;E tmñ ak;É g eBlen aH R BH visÑú) annim µi tx øÜnC am nusS e tO eQ µaH vam n³ ehI ye) a kb eBa© at ykS BlI ykE pn dI) a n vij ed ays arE tbIC Mh aneG a ypu tE pnd I. 26 R tg;kr NI E dls resI rfa R BH visÑúm a nR BH kayFMC a gs muR T n i g éR tPBen aH ) anes ckþ If a R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½n TI7 m a n R BH GMNac ecsþ ax øa Mgk øa Na s; l,Il, aj TU Ta Mgs a kl.

eR kA BIenH eTo t sil aca rwk t aR Bhµk¾) a nelI ky km kn iy ay tM NalK ñ anU vka rPø aMgP øa t; mYy k ñúgs wks ®g Áam C amYYy cm ,a: E dlm a nka l mYyen aH R BH ) aTC ½yvr µ½n TI 7 R Tg;caj ;éds wks R t UvK W kñúges øa kTI XXVII f a {m an es aP½N l¥R s s ;d UcC a G n gÁG n gÁG n gÁG n gÁ évqøa tx ageR bI dav TiB § b :uE nþed ays arv egVgs µar tIeR k ayeB lR tU vs rs emµ ah n (Sammohana) R BH G gÁk¾R tUveL am B½T §kñ úgs m rP Umi n i g cab ;) ane da yga yenH k ¾e da ys ar l,ic ykR sIe TA BgV k; E dr } . enH ) ann ½y fa R B H ) aTC ½yv rµ ½nT I7 R Tg ;) anP øa t;esñó trhU tebI k»k as eG a yT½ Bs R tUv cab ;) an b :uE n þmi n E m n) ann½ yfa R BH G gÁR t Uv s K uten aH eT vaR K an ;E tC ae r O gF mµtasM rab ;G ñkc M) aM gE tb :u eNÑaH K W m a nQ ñH nig c a j; dUcR BH G gÁd Uec ñaH E dr eB le naH R BH G gÁcaj; E t eR ka y m keTo tR BH G gÁde Nþ Im ) anC ½ yC MnH d¾R tka l. enH ) an es ckþI fa R BH ) a TC ½y vrµ ½n TI 7 ) an rMe daH x øÜn rYc BIsw ks R tUvv ij b :uE n þR tg ;rY ced ayR b kar NamY yen aH sil aca rwk taR Bhµk ¾Bu M) anb B a¢a k;eG a y ) anc,as ;las ;E dr. kñ úgk r NIenH R b E h lC am ankg kar BarR BH G gÁC Yy rMe daH eR BaH e bI tam s m t ßPaBR T g;pÞ al; eB lenaH minG a c) aneL Iy t, i tR BH G gÁ rgk þIQ W cab ;v egVg sµar tIe TA ehI y eT aH bIcg; eP o s R BH kayk¾C aka rBi) akE dr .

eK E tgeBal fa { b raC ½ yC aR b PBénC ½yC M nH } C aka r Bit Nas ;eh Iy R BH ) a TC ½y vrµ½ nTI 7 Fø ab ;caj ;é d cm ,a: k alB IR K amun E teR k a ym kR BH G gÁ) anbM) ak;mux T½ Bcam vij mþ g K Wf aR BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 ) aneF VIk arv ayb k m kelIcm , a:v ij rhU tT TYl) a nC ½yC MnH . C a twk ta Mgb Ba ¢ ak;c MeB aH b Baðae nH esøa kTI XXVIII ) anca rwk Tu kfa { kñúg dMe NI r y age TA R b eTs c m ,a:R Tg;K g ;el IR BH TIna MgBn øa C ½yeq < aH eTA s m rPUmiR b y uT § drab ) a nC ½yC MnH . eR ka yBI enaH m k raC b c© amiR tsux ci tþ cuH caj; ehI yE fm T aM gna Mm kC amYy nUvB akü sMd Id ¾Bie raH Bis ar eB als res IrR BH ecsþ a R BH G gÁ eday na Myk nUv Tw k G R mitm kC amYy pgE dr. R BH G gÁR Tg;eR ) as R BH em tþ aca k;T wkG R mite naH ehI yeR s a c elIsirs a rb s ;r aC b c© ami R tE dlekI td Me)A b gáeL I ged a ys ar ka rrl akeP øIg E d lC a\ T§iB lR BH G K ÁIekI tecj BI ecsþa) armI rb s s ;R BH G gÁ eG ay) a nC as H es ,I yeL Igv i j }. enH s rb Ba¢ ak ;eG a ye X Ij fa R BH ) aTC ½ yv rµ½ nTI 7 nig kgT ½B R BH G gÁBitC a sÞat ;C Mn aj x agBiC ½ ys ®g Áam C aBies s eTA eTo tenaH K W Twkci tþE d lR b kb eda yPa B G g;G ack øah a n ebIB uMe naH e TBi tC a minG ac ykC ½ yC M nH elIkg T½Bcm , a:E dlF øab ;m aneR bo b C agx øÜnen aH eL Iy . minE tb :ue NÑ aH R BH G gÁC abuK Á lE dlR b kb eda y es c kþI e m tþa kru Na d¾eR c Inel Is lb; BuMm a nka rer Is eGIg b £ R b ka n; 26 Rtwg ga / Griy F m’Ex µr/ P ñMeB j/ 1 97 4/ TMB ½r 43

1 91 91 91 9

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G acm ans m t ßPaBq øak ;rUb e n A elIfµ E dlm anb nS l ;Tu ke lIC Ba¢ aMgR ) as aTn an a C aC a gsMNg ;eQ I ni g fµ. e nA kñú g R K aenaH E dr E x µrk¾e cH eFVI TUk FM tUc eFVI reTH eR K O gs gða rw m R K b;R b ePTy a:gl ¥vi ciR t e cH qøak;v tß úepS g² GMB IeQ I ni g Pøúk dMr I ed Im ,IeFV IC aeR K O glM G eFIVl¥I kE R Ba© g kenÞ l> > > E dleK G acdw g) ane da ys a rrUb cmø ak ;enA elIR ) as aT nan a C aBies s enA k ñúgR ) as aT taR Bhµ nig R ) as a TR BH x ½n . 33 Ed lsm , ÚrrhUt m kd l; sB Vé f ¶ CaB iessenA k ñúgb w gT enø sab Ek,rR ku g GgÁr Et mþg

2 42 42 42 4

C amYyK ñ aenH E dr s ib ,kmµk ñú graC ü rb s ;R BH ) aT C ½ yv rµ½ n TI7 ) anQ a ndl ;kM ri trI kcMe rI nmYyK Y reG a yk t; sMK al;. eda ys ar tR mUvk ar kñú geTvs ß an n ig tR mUvk arrb s ; s gÁm Ta MgmUl R b C ara®sþ E x µreyI gs m½y enaH x i tx MeR bI K Mnit écñR b Di t ya: gcM Nan kñ ú gkarp li trb s ; rb repS g² R Bm TaMgmð Úb G ah ar nig » s feTo tp g. mü a:gv ij eTo t eK enA E tb nþk areFV Ica nk,a n k¥m qña Mg ni g t M) aj e dI m ,IbMeBj t MrU vka rca M) ac ;kñ úgC I vPaB. c MeBaH eR K O gG lgá a r R b C ara®sþE x µrm a nka rbiunR b s b; nig m an eTBe kas lü x <s ;. ka rsikS aBIe TBG bS r nig e TBþa G acb Ba ¢ak ;) an fa E x µrC aC nC atim YyE d lni ym eR K O gG lgáar bMpu t. eR K O gG lgáa rrb s ;E x µr nas m½ ye naH m aneR cI nE b b ya:g Nas; taM gBIes ñó ts k; da Mt, Úg rh Ut dl; kgéd kg eC Ig E x S R kv a:t ; k av r y a: mY k ci eBa© ó nd aMe BR C E PñkqµarenA R K b ;R m am éd R b G b R) ak; b¤ s <an ;> > > .

eR kA BIenH rb rC ag eQ Ik¾m ankr lU tlas ;K Yrc ab ;G a rmµ N_E dr eR B aH faB YkeK eFV Ire TH eK a TU k E dlC a m eFü a) aykñ úgk ar dwkC B a¢Ú n nig TMna k;T MngK ñ aBI kE nøg mYyeTA kE nøgm Yy b¤ BI PUmimYy eTA k an;P UmimY yeTo t ehIyk ¾C a m eFü a) a yd¾s Mx a n;kñ úgk areFV Is ®gÁ am pgE dr . 34

C aTUe TA eK s egá teX Ij f a sib ,kmµkñ úgr aC ü rb s; R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 m ank ar rIkc Mer IneC O ne lO nT an; BiP Belak s m½yen aH enH ebIeyI geR bo b eFo b eTA nwg cin b¤ cam C aedIm . b :uE nþk arr Ikc Mer Inéns ib ,kmµmi nE m n ekIteL I ged ay kar é cdnü enaH eT K W ekI tecj B IK Mni td ¾ x <g;x <s; n ig bi unR b s b ;kñú gk arE kéc ñ R Bm TaMgc MeNH d wg d¾eR C A R CH kñúgR K b ;vis½ y ehI yE dlm a nTMn ak ;TM ngnw gcr nþB aNiC ¢k mµG nþrC a tip g.

3> KmnaKmn_ ³ b Nþaj p øÚv fñl; rYm pS MC amY y nwgpø ÚvT wk TaM gL a yE dlm an BIF mµC at i b¤ C I ked aym n usS kþI s uT§s wgm ans ar³

sMx an;sM rab ; vis½ yes dæk ic© k¾d UcC aR b ey aC n_s aF ar N³epS g² . C a TUe TA T Mn b ;E dleK elI kB½T §C Mu vij ) a ra yN _ nImYy² k¾C ap øÚvs Mrab ;eR bIR ) as ;pgE d r. k ñúg rC ¢ka lR BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 eK dw gfa R BH G gÁ) aneG a yeK s g; fñl ;C a eR cInx Va t;E x Vg kñú gR BH raC aN a cR k dUcC a pøÚ vBIR ku gG gÁr eT A kan;R ku gviC ½ ye nA R b eTs c m ,:a nig pøÚv fñl ;BIR k ugG gÁ r dE dleTA kan ;Bim a :y ¬e nA R b eTs eso m s BVéf¶ ¦. t am elak C Iv tak Va n; e nA tam dg pøÚv TaM genH m an Ta Mgk ars ag s g;s al asMN ak;C aeR cIn eT o tpg sMr ab ;eG a yQ µÜj TUe T A nig Gñk dMe NIrp øÚvq ¶a yQ b ; sMrak eTo tp g. C as r ub m k R b eTs km <úC ae yI gnas m½ y G gÁr m anp øÚvs Mx an;² TMn ak; TM ngcMn Yn 8 E x S K W ³

- pøÚv BIR ku gG gÁr e TA ka n;k MB g;FM - BIG gÁ r eTA R ) as a TR BH x ½n kñúgR su kkMB g;sV ay - pøÚv BIR ) as a Tbwgm a la e TA vtþP U ¬b c© úb ,n ñenA L av ¦qøg tam ek aH ekr ×

34 \ nÞ »m saem :g / kRm gRb vtiþsa ®sþ é nRB HraCNacRk km <úCa / 2003 / TMB ½r 8 8

2 52 52 52 5

- BIR kugG g Ár e TA TIR k ugv iC ½y nK rcm ,a: - pøÚv BIR ) as a Tbwgm a la e TA bwgFM - pøÚv BIR ku gG gÁr e TA Pim a :y ¬b c© úb ,nñ e nA éf ¦e da yk at ; x <g;r ab kUr a: t; - pøÚv BIT IR kugG g Ár e TA R ) as a Tb nÞa yqµ a - pøÚv BIG gÁ r eTA bwgF M. pøÚvsMx an;² T aMg enH m an TTw g BI 1 0 eTA 25 E m :R t nig R kale da y\ dæ n ig kMBs ;BI 2 eTA 6 E m :R t edIm ,I

karB ar TwkC M nn;e nA rd UvvsS a . pøÚvT aMge naH sMr ab ;eR bIc MeB aH kareF IVd MeN IrC ap øÚv ka rrb s ; m ®nþI nig R BH m h akS R t E t ra®sþs am BaØ TUe TA k¾G aceR bI) anE dr. kñ úgk areFV IdM eNI reT A PUmi b¤ T IkE nøg da c;R s y a l;Bi) a knw geTA d l; m ®n þI b¤ GñkraC k arC a n;x <s ; eR bIdM rIC a yan e dIm , Is R mYlka reFVI dMe NIr. cMeB aH yu T§n ak are ya F a s ®gÁam C ae dIm eK k ¾eR bI dMr I nig es H C ay anC Mn iH pgE dr E tT½BP aK eR cIne dI red ayeC I gtam B IeR ka yT ½Bd MrI. s Mr a b ;dMe NIr pøÚvq ¶a y ehI yBi) a k eK cUlci tþ eR bIR ) as ;na va tam pøÚv TwkC a g.

4> vis½yBaNiC¢kmµ ³ eda yka rr Ikc Mer InlU tl as ;é nvis½ yksi kmµ/ sib , kmµ/ nig K m naK m n_ eFVIeG a yt Mb n;G gÁ rk øa yeTA C a

m C Ä m NÐlénB aNiC ¢ kmµk ñúg nig eR kA R b eTs . r Ub c møak;e nA elIC B a¢a MgR ) as a T) a y½n ) anb g ðaj GMB IpS a rm a n m nusS G‘UrG r m ant aMg ra n t aMg tuT ab ² ta MgkeB a¢ I Gñkl k;d UreR cI nE tR sI² dUc ela k C Iv tak Va n;) ans resI rfa m a n karbi unR b s b ;y a:gx ø aMg kñú gki c© karC M nYj . taM gBIR Blwm T l;éf ¶R tg; eK lk; eK dUr e K C E C ktéfø ed Ir cuH ed IreL I g tam ce nøaH K Mn rE pøeQ IR K b ;R b ePT dUcC a R tb; R tL ac e l<A emÞs epøa k x Þwm eck R kU c> > > > nig b E nø R tI s ac;R K b; ya: g x øH da k;k ñúg l¥I b¤keB a¢I x øH dak;e lIk enÞlR k alp Þal ;nw gdI. eR kA BIb E nø E pøeQ I R tI nig s ac; eK eX Ij m anl k; R sUv G gár R k Na t;l ¥² m kBI R sukcin eso m n ig cm ,a : R B m TaMg fñ aMs gá ÚvR K b ;mux eTo t p g. edIm , Im ans iT§ ilk ;dU renA TIen aH eK R tUvb g;B n§C U nraC k arsin dUcs B Véf ¶enH e yIgeh A fa )))) aaaa :: :: t gt gt gt g ; ; ; ; b ¤ P as Iub ¤ P as Iub ¤ P as Iub ¤ P as Iu ....

E x µrenA s m½ye naH k¾m a nTMn ak ;TM ng BaNiC ¢kmµC amY yb re Ts pg E dr. TMn ij E dl eyIg naM ecj e TA eR kA eR cInE tC arb s ;E d l) anm k F mµC ati dUcC a R kv aj Pøú k dMr I ku yrm as C ½r rukçC at iepS g² søab b kS I l¥² > > > > TMnij T aMgG s ; enH eK lk;min ykk MérC aR ) ak;e T K WeK dU ry kvt ßú R b Nit² E bøk² E dlE x µrBM um an b¤Bu MsUvm a npli tk ñúgR su k .

s kmµP aB lks kmµP aB lks kmµP aB lks kmµP aB lk ;; ;; d Urd Urd Urd Ur

2 62 62 62 6

cMeBaH T Mnij na McUl BIR sukc in eK G acdwg c,as ; fa E x µre yI gR tUvk ar m as R ) ak; R k Nat ; sMB t;eR cI nBN ’ sMN fa MgE t fU páa lab BN ’ TwkR ) ak ; R kdas s res r s <a n;F½r f µdu t q½R t qña MgE dk f as s <an ; K uC R kas eQ I m¢úl C aedIm .

ÉC MnYj pø ÚvT wk enA E tm ans kmµPaBm m aj wkdE d l R K an;E tE bøkBIs m ½yh VÚN nR tg; cMNu cf a s m½ye naH eK cUlci tþ eFVIC M nYj C amY yb re Ts tam s muR T. mþge nH s kmµPaBC M nYj pø ÚvT wk eR c IneFV I enA kMBg ;E prGUrE k v b¤GUrE G v C aBies s C amY y\ NÐ a. sMx an;C age nH eTo t kM Bg;E pen H K WC acMNu cC Yb K ña rvagG ñkd Me NIr b¤Gñk rksI um kBIR b e Ts x agekI t ni g m kBIR b eTs c i n.

eR kA BITen ø bwgbY r ni g sÞw g E dlm aneR cI nrY cm kehI y E x µreyI g) anC I k E R Bk R b L ay C aeR c IneTo tE dl T U kC MnYj tUcFMG aceFV IdM eN Irqøg ka t;c uH eL IgrhU td l;k ME BgburIG gÁr FM. elak E b‘r Na eR K aele y ) ans r es rf a van as muR TFM² G aceL Ig tam T enø em K gÁ qøgcUlbw gTen øs ab ehIyeL I grhU td l;m a t;R c aM genA E k,rt Mb n;G g Ár. dUce nH R kugG gÁrC aTIR b C Mu énc rnþB a NiC ¢kmµ kñ úg nig eR kA R b eTs edays a rE tb N þaj p øÚke K ak nig pøÚv Twk T aMgL ay nig edIm ,IeF VIk ar TMn ak; TMn gC amY yR b C aC nkñú gR suk ni g b re Ts ¬Ba NiC ¢ kmµed aH dU r¦. III. vis½ysgÁmkic© vis½ysgÁmkic© vis½ysgÁmkic© vis½ysgÁmkic© ³³³³

1111 > > > > s ux um alP aB s ux um alP aB s ux um alP aB s ux um alP aB ³³³³ silac arw kC aeR cI n ) ans re sIrBIK u Ns m ,t iþrb s ;R BH r aC aenA s m½yG g Ár C aBi es s BI TwkR BH T½ yE dl eBa r

eBj eTA ed ay em tþ a kr uNaF m’ ecH Q Wq¥alT ukç evT narb s ;R b C ara®sþ. d UcC a sil a carw kenA s a yhVú g énR b eT s L av 35 R tg;K a fa TI 1 3 ) an E cgfa { R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 m an kgVl; cMeB aH sux um alP aBr b s ;R b C ara®sþ eR BaH C m¶Wrb s ;R b C ara®s þ enH ehIy E dl eFVIeG ayR Tg;m a nka rQ Wc ab ;C agC m¶W r b s ;R BH G gÁ pÞal ;eTA e To t}. K Wed ays arT wkR BH T½ yd ¾R b esIrenH ehI y ) anC a kS R tG gÁr) anb Ba ¢aeG ayeK ks agm nÞ IrBü a) al e raK c M nYn 1 0 2 ray Bas eBj G a Na cR k e hIyR b kb ed ay »s f P sþúPa r nig

35 nisS it Gwum s ux riT§I/ f ñak ;b B a© b;b riB aØb Rt b uraNviTüa/ CIvP aB rb s;Rb CaCnEx µrna sm½y Gg Árt am ry ³k,ac; cmøak;Rk eLat T ab

enA R) asaT ) an) ay ½n 19 94- 95 TMB ½r 19

27272727

buK ÁlikR K b ;R K g nig m anr e bo b ero b cMkic© k arép Þkñ úgK Yr eG ay s resIr éR kE lg. e hIyR b C ara®s þT aMg 4 vN Ñ ³ G accUl Bü a) alC m¶W) ane da y\ t m anR b k an;e rIs eGI gGVI eL Iy. cME Nkr Ub PaB cMl ak;v ij k¾ m anb gðaj GM BIe rO genH x øH ² E dr d UcC a e nA kñú geK h dæ an mYym an®s þImñ ak; kMB ug Q WeBaH R b sUR tbuR t. nag m anka rQ Wcab ;y a:gx ø aMg e d ay yké dm keG ab eB aH ehIyenA E k, rnag m a nqµb mñ ak ; kMBugC YyeR C am E R C gnag R B m TaMgm an®sþ IBIr bI na k; e To trU trH C Y yka rga rqµb E dr. rU b PaBmYye To t k¾) anb g ðaj BI®sþImñ ak ; E dlm anC m¶ Wedk ekI yelI keBa ¢IFMmY y ehI ye nA E k,rnagm an kU nek µgBI r nak; kMBu geqøqø a R BYy) a r mÖ nwgmþa y rb s ;x øÜn. b urs b g;kn wgkE nS g TMngC a«Buk rb s ;ekµ g ) anebI kkeB a¢I ena H ravrk fña Mm kBü a) a leG a y R b Bn§rb s ;x øÜ Ün . dU cK ña enH E dr enA k ñúgR K Ys a rG PiC nmY y m anGñkC m¶Wm ñak ; kMB uge dkeG ab ex ñI yFMmYy . eR kA BIm nÞI reBTü R Tg;) ane G ayks agpø Úvf ñl;x V at ;E x Vg s g;s <an ehI ye nA tam dgpø ÚvT aMge naH R Tg ;) an eG ayks ags a lasM Na k; b¤ F mµs ala E fm eTo t E dlm ancm¶ ayB ImY yeTA mY yR b m aN 1 5 K > m ¬db ;R ) aMK I L Ú E m :R t ¦ . eK rab ;eX Ij m an s alaE b b enH cMn Yn 57 enA tam pø ÚvBIG g Áre TA ka n;R ku g vi C ½y ¬R b eTs cm , a: ¦1 7 e nA tam pø ÚvBIG g Ár dE dle TA kan ; Pim a: y ¬R b eTs eso m s BVéf ¶ ¦ 44 t am b Nþ aj pøÚ vmYye To t E dl eK BMu Tan ;d w g TIkE nø gc,as ; E tE dlR t Uvqø gka t; tam Pñ MC IsUr . R b B½n§pø Úv fñl; s < an n ig s al asMN a k;enH ) aneFV IeG a yel ak C I v tak Van ; E dlC aeb s kC n Bie s s cin m an kar eka ts res Ir minda c;BIm at ;nU vs miT §ipl Ta M genH enA s tv tS r_ TI 1 3.

2222 > > > > k arG bk arG bk arG bk arG b ;; ;; r M r M r M r M ³³³³ cMeBaH k arG b ; rMenA s m½ ym h anK ren aH eyI gmin) a ndw g BIka rG b ;rM eK ya :gd Ucemþ ceT b :uE nþebI tam r y³r Ub

PaBcmø ak; enA t am E fvx ag kñú g ey Igs eg áteX Ij m ank ar b gðaj GMBI ka rG b ;rMx agE pñk s as na eda yE p¥ keTA tam r U b cmøak ;enA C Ba¢ aMgR ) as aT) ay ½n eyI geX Ij t ab s bJsI mYyG gÁk MBug kan ;K m <I rsøw krw t G anb eR go nsisS K NenA k ñúg G aR s m rb s ;elak ¬ rUb PaB E pñkeR ka y ¦ . s isS K NTa MgG s ;su T§E tm ank an;K m <Irmñ ak;mY y kMB ugp© g;s þab ;k a r b eR go nrb s ;R K U. dUce nH karG b ; rMe nA s m½ybu ra N R b E h lC aR tUvBw gE p¥ke T A elIs as n aTa MgR sug. enA kñ ú gkMN t; eh tu ela k C Iv ta kV an; e lak k¾) a nb Ba¢ a k;pgE d rnUv ekµg² E d lC akU nGñkR suk E dlR tUv kar ero n sUR t eK E tg yke TA Tuk da k; ero nC amY yR BH s gÇ ehIy bYs C as gÇ eTo tp g l uH d l;G ay ueR cI nk¾ vilR tL b ;m k kan;C IvPaBC aC ns am Ba ØF mµ ta vij ehI yela kk¾) anb Ba ¢ak ; b E nßm eTo tE dr fa el akmi n dwgr ebo b emþcE dleK ehA fa { s alaero n> > > > ehIy rebo b NaE dleK ehA f a kE nø gG b ; rM> > > }. b :uE nþebI tam s MdI rb s ;e lak llll V Ie R hVd ir ic V Ie R hVd ir ic V Ie R hVd ir ic V Ie R hVd ir ic (Louis Frédéric )

36 faebI tam sil a carw k ) anni ya y fa m ans a laero ns a®sþa carü C am at a G kS rs a®sþC a ti> > > enA s ala R BH BuT§s as n a. elak k¾) a n 36

Ibid p.18

28282828

b Ba¢ak ;b E nßm eTo tE dr fa e nA s m½yen aH m anGñkR ) aC JR B a hµN_mñ ak;) anm kB IR b eTs PU m a eQ µaH f a R his ie ks R his ie ks R his ie ks R his ie ks ) an s resIrB IR b eTs E x µrf a eB areBj e TA ed ayGñ km an cMe NH viC ¢a ]tþ úg] tþm C aeR c In ¬ecH K m <Ire vT ¦. GñkR ) aC J R BahµN_ rUb enH k ¾) an TTY lna m C a buerahit BIsM Nak ;R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 R Bm TaMgC abu e rahi trb s ;es þcsñg raC ü b n þ BIR BH G gÁBIrG g ÁeTo t pg.

3333 > > > > ka rR K bka rR K bka rR K bka rR K b ;; ;; R K gR b eTs R K gR b eTs R K gR b eTs R K gR b eTs ³³³³ karR K b ;R K gnas m½ yvb ,F m’ ) ay½ ned ayR BH m h akS R t R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½nT I7 m anlk ç N³minx us BI ka rR K b; R K gnas m½ymu n² eL Iy fVI t,i tE tR BH G gÁk an;l T§ iR BH BuT§s as nam h a y ank ¾ed ay . ninña ka rs as n aenH R K an ; E t) aneFV IeG a yka rR K b ;R K gm anlkç N³T n;P øn;C a gTsS n³R BhµBaØE tb :ue NÑaH . s U m rMlwk eL Igv ij fa kñ úgl T §I R BhµBaØs as na eK eR bo b pÞwm R BH m h akS R teTA nwgR BH G aTie TB. ehI ycM eBaH m t im h aC n R BH raC aK WC aR BH G a T i eTBE b gPaK cuH BI eTvs ßanm kR K b ;R K gm nusS elak e nA sßaneR k am ehI yR BH G gÁk¾ C aGñkt MN agR BH G aTie TBp Þa l ; E dr E dlR b kb eda ybJT §an u PaB \ T§iBl Bisi dæG s© arü . R BH m h akS R tE x µr K WC aeTvr a C E dlm anGMNa cekI tecj BI R b PBeTvt a b¤ R BH BuT§G g Á. mü a:geTo tR BH G gÁk ¾C aGñkR TR Tg; karB ars as naE d r. \ L ÚvenH TsS n³enH ) anE R b R bYlb nþic BIeR BaH TsS n³ E b b BuT§ni ym mYy fµ IeTo t ) anR C YtR C ab kñ úgs gÁm E x µr K WR BH raC aE dlC ae Tvr a C ) ankøa ye TA C aR BH BuT§ raC . K Wkñúg kr NIenH ehI y E d leK ) anqøa k;R BH q ay alk ç N_ rb s ;R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½n TI7 eR kam rUb P aBC aR BH BuT §G gÁ kñ ú g\ riy ab fs m aFi ni g sMB H edaym anR BH h sßT aMg BIr R b Nmü cUlK ña. tam k arv iPaK el Isil aca rwk nig k MN t;eh tu cin ey IgG ac dwgf a R BH m h akS R tE x µr K WC aGñkE tg c,ab ;s Mr ab ; R K b ;R K gkñúgR BH raC nK r eda ym anB YkR Bahµ N_bu erah it C Mnaj ² C aGñkC M nY yka r. mYyP aBFMén c,ab; R ki tü R km TaM genaH E dlm anlk çN³R B ahµN _ni ym m anR b PBe cj BIR b eTs \ NÐ ta MgB Is m½y munG gÁr. mü a:ge To t R BH G gÁ k¾C aGñkG nuv tþn _muneK n Uvc, a b ;TaM gG s ;en aH E dr edIm ,I eFVI eG ays g Ám m and MeN Ir karC a R b R ktI. R BH G gÁ) anbMeBj tYn aT IC aGñk k at ;es c kþI b¤ C aecA R km pg ed ay Ts BiF raC F m’E fm eTo tp g.Éks a rcin) aneG a yd wgf a R BH G gÁ eda y\ tl MeGo g ehIy TT Y ls vnak are da y\ te rIs mux b¤ zan³ ys s ki þeL I y.

eK k¾G ac kt;s m Áal ;E dr fa k ñú gs m y½m h anK r R BH m h akS R tE x µrk¾C aesþcs wkE dr e BalK WR BH G gÁrC aem TB½d ¾x øa MgBUE k . K WR BH G gÁ pÞal ;E dln aMT B½e TA c,aM genA e lIs m rPUmi edIm , Ika rBa rT wkd I dUn ta nigG Fib e tyü P aB C atiE x µr . K W kñú gkr NIe nH ehI y E dlR BH ) aTC y ½vr µ½ TI 7) a nBR gwg\ T§ iBlE x µre nA elI ku ls m <½n§ éf n ig la v E dled I m eL Iyrs ;enA k ñúgnK r Nanc a v enA yUN an kñ úgR b eTs ci n PaK x agt, Úg) an k ¾b :uE nþ\ L Ú v enH eTIb E t C enøó s x øÜn cuH m k kñúgR b eTs eso m nig lav b c© úb ,nñ E dlC aE dndI rb s ; E x µrnas m½ yen aH . BYkC nG enþaR b evs n _ TaM gen aH ehIy kMBugK Mram K ME h g bUr NPa B Twk dIE x µr ya :gx øa Mgk øa eR k ay BI) ansI uQ ñÜl kñú gC Yr T½BE x µr kñú grC ¢ka lR BH ) aTsU rü vrµ ½nT I2 m k. BYkG e nþ aR b evs n_ Ta Mg enaH cab ; epþIm Q ø anB an yke x tþ s ue x aT ½y s ue x aT ½y s ue x aT ½y s ue x aT ½y nig Q agE s n Q agE s n Q agE s n Q agE s n edayedj G P i) alex tþE x µ r

2 92 92 92 9

ehIy deN þIm ) an ex tþ TaM gen a H C asßaBr munnw gva tT Ie lIex tþ epS g² mY ycM nYne To t dUcC a B §y uF ü a sup anB §y uF ü a sup anB §y uF ü a sup anB §y uF ü a sup an ;; ;; burI burI burI burI C aedIm . ed Im ,Ib gá lkç N³ga yR sYlE fm eTo t dl; karR K b ;R K gR b eTs C ati R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 ) anero b cM rd æ) al fµI E dlep þa tka ry kR BH T½ yrb s ;R BH G gÁe TA elI ey a Fin nig C IvPaBR b C ar a®sþ E x µr. kar ykR BH T½ yT ukd a k; rb s ;R BH G gÁ G acqøúH b Ba© a Mg t am TsS nI y_P aB cM lak ;el IR ) as aT ) a y½ n nig R ) as aT b nÞa yqµa r.

tam x øwm s ard ¾E vgG nø ay én silac arw k e yIg k¾G a cdw gf a R BH m h akS R tR Tg;C a { Gñk E dlsÁal ;vi Tü as a®s þ s ®gÁam mun eK kñ úgcM enam m n u sS TaMg BYg edIm , Ib ®gá ab kMl aM gm him aén T½B dM rI n ig es H . R BH G gÁm anbMN gl¥sM rab; m nusS Ta MgBY g. R BH G gÁC aR K U E dleK BuMG aceR bo b pÞwm ) a nx agvis ½ys i;l,³R K b ;E b b ya: gT aMgG s ;E d r E dlm a n C a G aT× dUcC a c e R mo g eP øg rc e R mo g eP øg rc e R mo g eP øg rc e R mo g eP øg r )))) aM aM aM aM . R BH G gÁK WC a cin þa rtn³ eBa lK W tM Nag eG a ym nusS R ) a fñac g;m a n cg;) an. R BH G g Á C am h as aK rpÞ úkn Uvv iTü as a® sþ x nþI karBü a yam G t ;F n; m anG Fü aR s½yl¥R b éB suP vini cä½ y s b ,úrs F m’ E dlC a E kvrtn³ É ks a rsil aca rwk vtþP U C aPas asM®sá wte nA C i t ) as a k;/ X ø aT I2 }. dUc e nH tam r y³x øwm s a rsil ac arw k buerx age lIenH ey IgG ac e X Ij enA vt þm anrb s ; k,Ün T½ BdMr I ehIymü a: gvij e To t sßab½ne nH ) anb nþe vnrh Ut d l; s m½yG gÁ r nig eR ka ys m½ yG gÁr . karG Fib , ay énk, Ú nT½B dMr I éns m½ ylE gVk C a s kçIkmµ énn irn þrP aBén kar eR bI dMr Ikñ úgkg T½BE x µrE dr. K WR b kare nH ehIyE d lC nC at iE x µr G acR K b ;R K gR b eTs C ati) a n eda yeC aK C ½ y. kñ úgvis ½y rdæ) al eK G acsMK al;eX Ij GMNac rdæ) alR t Uv) anE b ge cj C aBIrE pñ kK W GMN ac m C Çw m nig GMN acmUl dæ an b¤ PU mi PaK . rIÉPsþú ta gén kgT ½B TaM gbYnrb s ;E x µ rnas m½ ybu ra N k¾) anqø úH b Ba© aMg tam ry³ R b PBsilaca rwk n ig b dim a s a®sþ E dlqø ak;e nA elIC B a¢a M gR ) as aTf µT aMgL ay e dIm ,I b gðaj b Ba¢ ak ;nUvm h iT§ ibJT i§ r b s ;m nusS E x µrnaG tIk al.

Éks ar) a neG a yd wgf a BIbu r aNk ald MrIC as t VmYyE d l) anbMeBj n Uv tYn aT IcMb g k ñúg k ard wkC Ba ¢Ún rb s ;rb r R Bm TaMgm n usS R tUv) aneK eR bIR ) as; edIm ,IC ay anC Mn iH sM rab ;R BH m h akS R tk ñúg cR kPB E x µrTaM gmUlE d r. edIm , IeTA kan; TI ta Mgn ana b¤ k¾eFV Iswks ® gÁam k arB arT wk dI.

mü a:gvij e To t R BH m h akS R tE x µrG m eda yem T½B E dlC am ®nþIC an;x <s ;kñ úgR BH raC nK r ehIy) an ero b cMk g T½BE x µr tam l Mna Mkg T½B\ N Ða eda ym anes n aT ½BT aMgb Yn b¤ ctu rgÁes naE dl kñú genaH m anes n a es H dMrI kgT ½Bef µIr eC Ig nig nav acr. GVIE dleB alx agel I) anb B a¢ ak; tam r y³rUb c Ml ak;é nR ) as a T G gÁrvt þ nig R ) as aT ) ay ½n y a: g C ak;l ak; E dlm anR b PBBI\ NÐae da y\ tR b E kk) a n.

4> sßab½ntulakar ³ GMNac tu lak are nA s m½yG gÁr v ah ak ;bId UcC aB uM Tan ;m a nyu tþ iF m’kñ úgs gÁm dUcG MN act ula karE dle yIg

eR bIR ) as ;enA kñú gs tv tS r _T I 21 eT b :uE nþe yIgk ¾s eg áte X Ij E dr nUvT egV Irb s ;Gñ kdw k naM E dleK ) anx i tx Mr ky ut iþF m’ C UnR b C anura ®sþeR cI nN as ;E d r ebIeFVI kar eR bo b eFo b eTA nwgs m½y hVÚNn ni g ecnLa .

eK eX Ij ya :gc, as ;f a GM NaceR bo b ) annw gR b PBedI m énkarb e gáI tn UvT NÐ kmµ sMrab ; dak ;e Tas T NÐ d l ; buK Ál ehIyR b C anu ra®sþ ) anR b K l;GMNa cd ¾Bisi dæ eR bob dUcC aGMN ac rb s ;G aTi eTB m kf Va yR BH raC a .

3 03 03 03 0

dUec ñH ehIy) anC aR BH raC as ßi tenA C abuK Ál d¾B isi dæC a TIeK a r Beka tx øac ehIy eK b :H Ba l;min) a npg. e da ys a r GMNac d¾C a TIs káa r³E b b enH ehIy eT Ib R BH raC a C aGñ kT TYlx us R t Uve TA elIv ib ti þP½ yT aMgG s; E dlG acR K b dNþb ; m kelIm a tuR b eTs .

GMNac rb s ;R BH raC a C aG aT i eTB m a nGMN acFMeF gK µ ank M ritR BME dne T. R BH raC a C ab BVC itp g C aecA R km pg nig C a em T½B pg ed ay eh tuf a Pa rki c© d¾s Mx an;C age K bMputrb s ;R BH r aC aK W b Ba ¢a eTA elIGñ kdé T n ig vi nic ä½ y eTas E dlPa rki c© Ta MgBI ren H sßitC aE pñkmY yrb s ;m n þG a K m x ags as na nig k areK a rBbUC a fa C as k áar vt ßúd ¾m an témød l;R BH G aT ieTB . ebIt am kMN t; eh tu rb s ;el ak CIv takVan; ) anb Ba ¢a k;f a sUm ,IE terO gr a: vkþ Ikþ aMg b nþ i c b nþÜck ¾eL IgK al; dl;R BH raC a E dr ehI yel ak CIv takVan; k¾) anb B a¢ ak;b E nßm e T o tfa kar pþn Þae Tas enA rkS a lkçN³ éR BépS x øH E dleK ) anC Yb R b TH eX Ij enA s m½y mun² E dr dUcC a kr NIb gç MeG ayC nC ab ; eca TlU kéd kñú gT w k b¤ Twkx øaj ;kM BugB uH eG ayQ r b¤ G gÁúyh a léf ¶ h als e nSIm eG aymUs x a M mYy éf¶ b¤ BIré f¶.l. b : uE nþC a TUe TA kar pþnÞ aeT as m anl kç N³bIy a:g K W ³

- eTas R s a leK Bin ½y eG a yb g;C am as R ) a k; b¤ C a rb s ;rb repS g² - eTas m Fü m b¤ F¶n;l µm eK G aceco rR te co k ka t;R cmuH b¤ eko b k,alk ñúg deg áó b C aedIm . - eTas F ¶n;² eK y keTA kb ; TaM grs ; b¤ e) aH eG ayR ke BIr sIu. GMNac tu lak arE b b enH m anR b siT§iP aBmü a:gE d r kñú gn½ yfa eFV IeG a ym nusS Ta MgL ayx ø acrG a minsUv rk

erO gkþ Ikþ aM gnwgK ñ aeR cI n ehIy ebIBuMm a nPsþú ta gC ak ;E sþg b¤ k¾s akS IR K b ;R K an;eT k¾enA E t x aMm at ;s gá t; cit þ ehI yni ym G Fü aR s½yeTA vij e TA m k. 37

elIs BIe nH eTA eTo t ebIe yI geFVIk areR bo b eFo b eTA nwgG riyF m’b reTs TaM gL a y e nA s m½yk ald MNa l K ñaenaH eK c ab ;G a rmµN _f a sßab½n tul ak arE x µrn as m½ y G gÁrminE m nm a nlkç N³f y efak b¤éR BépS Nas ; Nae T ebIca t;f a C aTm ¶n;mY y ya: gFM eTA elIs g Ám E x µrC Mna n;e naH k¾ ri tE tminB it Nas ;eTA e To t. 38

dUce nH eyI gs egá teX Ij fa sßab½n tul ak ars m½ yG gÁr k¾d UcC aenA k ñúg rC ¢k alrb s ;R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½nT I7 K W ) aneFVI kar TM nak ;T MngK ñ a) an ya: gl¥ eR BaH f a kt áaE dlb gáeG a yeT as E b b enH b Nþa leG aybuK ÁlR K b ;rUb BuMh ‘a n R b R BwtþiGMeB IeX a reX A éR Bép S eTA vij . mü a :gvij eTo t ed ays a rE t TMeno m T Mlab ;R b éBNIE x µr m anlk çN³ l¥R b é B bUkpSMC amY yk ark an ;R BH BuT§ s as na pgen aH eFVIeG a ybuK Áln ImY y² E tgE teQ V g yl;eX Ij fa r aC an iym ta m rebo b eK arBR BH raC a dU cC a G aTie TB enaH ) a nks a gnUv sñaédR b kb e da ym nusS F m’ C aeR cIn E dlb gð aj eG a y eX Ij nUv Twk ci tþ em t þa k ru Na rb s ;R BH raC acM eBaH R b C anur a ®sþ.

5> sñaRBHhsßrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 ³ 37 f ac; va:n;pat / É ksarT ak;T gnw g cMeNHd wgT UeTA GMB IRb eT skm <úCa/ 197 3 / TMB ½r 3 7 38 lI Kwm sux / cMeN Hd wgTU eTA karB icarNaelIRb vtþi sa®sþ nig sgÁm Ex µr/ salaP Umin Þrd æ) al/ 19 95 /TMB ½r 60

3 13 13 13 1

tam r y³k arsi kS aR s avR C av eyIgG a cs nñ idæ an) a nf a sñaR BH h sßd¾sMx a n;bMp ut b¤d¾kMB UlbMp ut enaH K W sßab tü kmµE x µrE d lK µa nGVIeR bo b pÞwm ) anK W R ) as a T) a y½ n E dlsßi te nA cMk Nþa lT IR kugG gÁ rFME tmþ g. b :uE n þeR kA BI R ) as aT) a y½n enH eTA R BH G gÁk¾) anks agR ) as a TC aeR cI nepS geTo t m and UcC a R ) as aTt aR Bhµ R ) as aTR BH x ½n R ) as aTt aes am R ) as aTb nÞa ykþ I¬eso m r ab ¦R ) as a TR BH x ½nkMBg;s Va y ¬ e x tþR BH v ih ar ¦¬ e x tþR BH v ih ar ¦¬ e x tþR BH v ih ar ¦¬ e x tþR BH v ih ar ¦ R ) as aTem m anbuN ü R ) as aTb nÞ ayqµ ar ¬ex t þb nÞ aym a nC ½y ¦R ) as a Tt aR Bhµ Tenø) aTI ¬ex tþ taE kv ¦ R ) a s aTv tþnK r ¬ex tþk MBg; cam ¦ nig R ) as a TeK ak rk a ¬ex tþ kMBg ;FM¦ R ) as aT na K B½n§ R Bm Ta Mgs mi T§i ple pS g² eTo td UcC a m n ÞIe BT ü s alasM Na k; > > > > > > .39

5555 >>>> 1111 > > > > ka r ks a gRka r ks a gRka r ks a gRka r ks a gR )))) as a T as a T as a T as a T ³³³³ kkkk >>>> nK rF M b ¤ m h a nK r nK rF M b ¤ m h a nK r nK rF M b ¤ m h a nK r nK rF M b ¤ m h a nK r ³³³³ TIR kugG gÁrFMR tUv) anbMpø icbM pøaj e da yT½ Bcam r Yce TA

ehIy. dUe cñH eR ka yBI eT A es ayr aC ü s m ,tiþR BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI7R BH m h akS R tE x µ r) an C Yy dl;ka rsß ab naeL I gvij nU vTIR ku g enH eda yR K b dNþb ; nUv sßab tü kmµE dlb gáb ;nUv nimi tþ rUb d¾s½k þi siT§ i BIeR B aH R BH G gÁeC O C ak; fa e lIke nH s R tUvB MuG ac yk C ½yC MnH el IC a tiE x µr) a n eTo teL I y. 40 TIR kug G g ÁrFMe nH m anTMh M 9 Km tam E b b R Tw sþIR BH BuT§s as na .

xxxx >>>> RRRR )))) as aTas aTas aTas aT )))) a y½n ¬a y½n ¬a y½n ¬a y½n ¬ R Bh µR Bh µR Bh µR Bh µ )))) a y ½n ¦a y ½n ¦a y ½n ¦a y ½n ¦ ¬¬¬¬ KKKK >>>> ssss 1 20 01 20 01 20 01 20 0 ¦¦¦¦ ³ ³ ³ ³ R ) as aT) ay ½n C ami nit þrUb é ncR kv aL b¤ rUb PaB tM Nag s klel ak e yIge nH tam l Ti §s as n a\ NÐa -E x µr . B IeR BaH T IR kuge n H m ankME BgmY yR b E vg 3 K > m E dlm anT Va recj c UlcM nYn4 . C Muvij k ME BgenH m anK UTw k h‘¿uB½ T§C M uvij . rIÉe nA ekø agT Va r ecj cUl nImY y² eK eX Ij m a n rUb cmøa k; d¾l ¥R b Nit tM Nag e rO g kU rs muR T Tw ked aH eda yy k BBYk ykS nig BBY keTv t a edIm ,IT TYl) anT wkG R mit. enA TIenH BB Yk ykS n ig BB Yk eTvt a minR K a n;E tl MG r TIR kugE t b :ueN ÑaH eT k¾b : uE nþm an Par ki c© cm ,gmYye To tK W ka rBa rR BH raC F anIG gÁ rFM E dlC aT wk dId ¾ b vrrb s ;E x µrenH eG ayK g ;vg S C anic© kaleB alK W mineG ayb c© amiR t ykC ½ yC MnH eTA ) a nG aR s½y elIb¤T §an uPaB ) armI rb s ;R BH G aTie TBG gÁ r. 41 R ) as aTe nH eFVIeL Ige dIm ,I ]T Þis cM eBaH Bu T§ s as na E b rmux eTA Tis x agekI t E dlm anb e Nþ ay 1 40 m x 130 m kMBUlcM nYn 54 k MBUl kN þal kMBs; 42 m kMBUlm Yym a ncM lak ; R BH elaeksVr³ R BH P½R k 4 E x µrehA fa R BH R Bhµ. 42 39 mIEsl Rt aeN / RB H) aT C½y vrµ½ nTI 7 / 199 6/ TMB ½r 21 40 mIEs l Rt aeN/ Rb vtiþ sa®s þé nk m <úCa sg Ám Ex µrkñ úgrC ¢kal RB H) aT C½ y vrµ½nTI7 / 2003 / TMB ½r 41

3 23 23 23 2

dUce nH elIR ) as a T) a y½n m a nR BH P½R kelaeks Vr³ TaM gG s ;cMn Yn 21 6 E dlj jwm E b rsMlwg emIle TA rk kUn ecA E x µr nig eR to m x øÜ nR bugR b y½ tñc aME fr kS a kar Bar nK rkm < ú C aTb ;T l;R b q aMgn wgx µ aMgs R tUvR K b ;T is TI .

KKKK >>>> R R R R )))) as a Tt aR Bh µ ¬Kas a Tt aR Bh µ ¬Kas a Tt aR Bh µ ¬Kas a Tt aR Bh µ ¬K >>>> s s s s 1 1 86 1 1 86 1 1 86 1 1 86 ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ³ ³ ³ ³ R BH G gÁeFVIeL Ig edIm ,IeFV IBiFI ]TÞ is f Va ydl ;R BH m atarb s ;R BH G g Á tMN age da yr Ub R BH R b CJa) ar mita E d lC aeB aFis t Vx agK tib N Ði t ed Im ,ieR bo b R b dUcR BH m atarb s ;R BH G gÁe TA nw gR BH kenø agm a taé nR BH BuT§ Ta MgL ay. R ) as a TenH k¾C a kE nøg tmál;b dim aé nr aC R K Ux agBuT § s as narb s; R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½n TI 7 pgE dr eh Iye nA C Muv ij b dim a TaM gBIr m anb d im aC ag 6 0 0 G g Á tMN ageG aye TvbuR t ni g e TBFIt a n ig R BH eBaF is tV ep S g² . s as naE x µr b g ðaj eG aye X Ij fa m a nk arpSMK ña B Ie R BaH eK eX Ij tab s x ag lT i§R BH \ sUr nig x agl Ti§R BH na r ay N _ R Bm TaMgR BH s gÇ x agR BH BuT § s as na ni g GñkR ) aC JepS g² m ankud ienA k ñúgb r iev NR ) as aT. rUb PaB énR ) as a T taR Bhµs BV éf¶ m insUvG ace FVIeG a yeK nw keX Ij GMB IrUb r a gedIm BI eR BaH pÞú yBIR ) as aT FM² déTe To t enA G gÁ r eK mi n E dl) anC Ys C ulR ) as aTe nH mþgeL Iy . eK ) anT uke calR ) as aTe nH enA kñú géR Bvij . 43

XXXX >>>> R R R R )))) as a TR BH x ½n ¬ Kas a TR BH x ½n ¬ Kas a TR BH x ½n ¬ Kas a TR BH x ½n ¬ K >>>> s s s s 1 1 9 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 9 1 ¦¦¦¦ ³ ³ ³ ³ silacar wk rb s ;R ) as aTe nH ) anE cgf a eK ) an s agR ) as aT enH enA elIT It aMgE d lE x µr) anQ ñH BY kcam ehI yenA s > v TI 1 2 R ) as aT enH eQ µaH f a C ½ y R sI ¬m ann ½y fa C ½ yC MnH n i g raC b lø½ gá ¦ E dlr Mlwk BIR Bw tiþ kar N_e nH . K µans ila car w kNa epS geTo tE dl) anE c gGMBI karR b yu T§ enH . ka rR b yuT §enH ) anekI teL I genA C i traC F a nI yes aF r³ eh IyeK G a cK it fa C a karQ ø anB anel IkT I2. eT aH C a\ tm an si lac ar wkd é TeTo t ) anero b rab ;BIk arQ ø anB ane nH k¾ed ay k ¾el ak e ® hÁa se ® hÁa se ® hÁa se ® hÁa s __ __ l Ie yl Ie yl Ie yl Ie y :: :: rrrr _ _ _ _ ) anG H G agfa k arR b yu T§e nH ) anekIt eL IgE m n ehI y) an b Ba¢ak ;f a eK ) anqø ak; karR b yuT §enH enA e lIC Ba ¢aM génR ) a s aT) a y½n .

eK ) anks ag rYc ra l;R ) as a TR BH x ½nkñúgq ñaM 1 1 9 1 ehI yC akE nø gtmþ l;b d im aR BH vr raC bit arb s ;R BH ) aT C ½yvr µ½n TI 7 K W R BH ) aT F r NI®n Þvr µ½n TI 2 kñú grUb P aBC aG gÁeBaFis tV elae ksVr³ tM Na geG ayF m’em tþ a kr uNa rb s;

41

Ibid p.41-42

42 RB HRB hµ sMed A elI RB hµvi harF m’T aMg4KW em tþa/ kruNa/ muTit a n ig ]e b kça 43 ed viD q aNÐl½r/ Rb vtiþsa ®sþ Ex µr/ b kERb B IP asaGg;eK øsed ay ³ Ci n cnña/ R) ak ; suN Ñara:/ m :m vNÑarI n ig esg esat / 200 5/ TMB ½r

65- 66

3 33 33 33 3

R BH BuT§. nimi tþr Ub enH m anP aBR twm R t UvN as; s R m ab ;Bu T§s as n ikC nx a gm h ay an E dlK itfa s m <½ n§Pa Brv a g R ) aC Ja ¬K t ib NÐ it ¦ nig em tþa kru Na C a edIm kMe NI ténk arR tas ;d wg d UcE dlR BH BuT §G gÁ) anR t as ; dwge nH Ég. 44

cccc > > > > RRRR )))) as a T naK B ½n § as a T naK B ½n § as a T naK B ½n § as a T naK B ½n § ³ ³ ³ ³ R ) as aTenH m a nlkç N³l ¥dU cr tn ³vtß ú b egáI tC aek aH mYys ßit e nA cMkN þal) ar ay N_ C ½yt da k ehI yR b E h lC asßab n arY cr al;e nA qñaM 1 1 9 1 edays arm a nka rb Ba ¢ ak;e nA kñú gsil aca rwkR ) as aT R BH x½nf a ³

R Tg;T uk [C ½y td ak ] dUckB a© k;Pø Wed a y E kv]b ,l nig kR m gpá am as [....] . enA cMkNþ al [C ½yt dak] enH m anekaH mYy lMG e da yR s H Twk da c; ² BIK ñas R m ab ;l agPk ;K W ) ab énC nN aE dl) an cUl eT A ecj BIGVI Ta MgL a y C as MeB A ePR tad wkC Ba ¢Úns tVe lak kat ;s muR Tm h as aK reG a y ecj cak éR tPB ¬eTA k an;G m tm h aniB Van ¦. 45

gggg > > > > RRRR )))) as aTb nÞa y k þI as aTb nÞa y k þI as aTb nÞa y k þI as aTb nÞa y k þI ³³³³ ks ageL I genA cu gs tv tS T I 1 2 kñúg rC ¢k alR BH ) aT

C ½yvr µ½n TI 7. R ) as a Tb nÞ a ykþ Im an kME Bg bYnC an; é pÞx ageR kAm an b eNþay 700m T Twg 500m . tam r cnab fR ) a s aTenHR tUveK ks a geL Ig k ñúg BIr dM Nak ;epS gK ñ a ehI ysßi tk ñúg s PaBricr ilx ø aMg. R ) as aTenH eK s ageL IgB IR b ePTf µPk;h µ t;c t;mü a:gs BVé f¶R ) as a TenH m a ns PaBR Tu DeR Tam G s ; eTA e hIy C aB ies t ab eN þa yE fv erag Tg n igeh a Na Mg r lMG s ;C aeR cInkE n øg. cME n kÉkME p gB½T §C Muv ij R ) as aT eK eF VIeL I gBIfµ) ay eR ko m .

5555 >>>> 2222 > > > > ka rks agm nÞIe B Tüka rks agm nÞIe B Tüka rks agm nÞIe B Tüka rks agm nÞIe B Tü nig F m µs a la nig F m µs a la nig F m µs a la nig F m µs a la ¬s al asMN a k¬s al asMN a k¬s al asMN a k¬s al asMN a k ;; ;; ¦¦¦¦ ³ ³ ³ ³ kmµviFI rb s ;R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 x us BIGVIE d l) aneF VIeL I g kñúgG tI tka l. G aer aK ü s a la¬m n ÞIeB Tü ¦ E dl

R b E h lC aeK ks ageL IgenA edIm r aC ü rb s ;R BH G gÁ sßi ten A x aglicG gÁ r ni g q¶a ye TA PaK x ageC Igé nR b eTs km < úC a K W enA t Mb n;k Nþ alénR b e Ts L avb c© úb ,n ñ. si lac arw kt aR BhµE cgf a m nÞ IeBT ü TaMge naH G acm and l;e T A R b C ara®sþ 838 PUmi E dl m anm nusS eBj v ½ys rub R b m aN 8 mWunn ak; m k eR bI. GñkR sukT aMge naH R tU vpþl ;kmø a Mg Blkmµ n ig G gá r sMr ab ;pÁ t; pÁg;buK Á lik kñú gm nÞI eBTü nIm Yy ² K Wm anbuK Áli kR b m aN 1 0 0 nak ;E dlr Ym Ta Mgm nusS kñú g

44

Ibid p.66

45 Ibid p. 67

3 43 43 43 4

b nÞúkpg . sila ca rwk tam m nÞIeB Tü ) aneG a ye yIg dwg e R cInGMBI rebo b R K b ;R K gm nÞIre BTü karp Át ;;p Ág;eR K O gs mÖa r³ b rikç ar n ig ka rpÁ t;p Ág;buK Áli k .46 tam sil ac arw kt aR Bhµ) ane G ayd wgf a m nÞI eBTü T aMgG s ;énb Nþ aR ) as a Tex t þE x µr R BH x ½nkMBg;s Va y T a Mg G s ;kñúgR BH r aC Na cR krb s ;R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½nT I7 m a ncM nY n 1 021 021 021 02 m nÞIreBTü . mü a: geTo tm n ÞIr eBTü nIm Yy² en aH b c© úb ,nñK W sß ite nA Bas eB j b NþaR b eTs C i tx ag dUcC a R b eTs éf R b eTs L av R b eTs y Ynx ag t,Ú g ¬km <úC aeR kam ¦ . 47 eR kA BIm nÞIe yI gk¾) anC Yb nU vv tþm anF mµs alaC aeR cIn sM ra b ;GñkdM eN Ir nig bUC n Ieys k_. s al asMN ak; enA TUT aMgR b eTs m anc MnYn 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 sßite nA hUrE h t am pøÚ vFM² X øatB IK ñamY ye TA mYyR b E h lBI 1 2 eTA 1 5 Km K We sIµ nwgc Mga ypø ÚvE dlGñ kef µIr eC I gG aced Ir) a nkñ úg 4 b ¤ 5 em a: g. enA s al asM Nak ;T aMge n aH Gñkd MeN IrG a ccMGi nG ah a r hUb cuk n ig sMr ake nA eBly b ;.48

dUce nH karks agm nÞ IreB Tü nig s alasM Na k;enH K WR BH G gÁm aneK albM Nge dIm ,I e G ayR b C ara®s þG ac cUlm kBü a) al nig sM Nak ;ed a y\ tK i téf ø kñú gka rb gáeG a yBYk eK ga yR sYlk ñúgC Iv Pa Brs ;enA eR BaH fa{ eeee s ck þIQ Ws ck þIQ Ws ck þIQ Ws ck þIQ W

c abc abc abc ab ;; ;; rb srb srb srb s ;; ;; R b C a ra ®sþe nH eh Iy E dlC aes ck þIQ Wc abR b C a ra ®sþe nH eh Iy E dlC aes ck þIQ Wc abR b C a ra ®sþe nH eh Iy E dlC aes ck þIQ Wc abR b C a ra ®sþe nH eh Iy E dlC aes ck þIQ Wc ab ;; ;; r b sr b sr b sr b s ;; ;; R BH r aC a T aMg L a y BuME m nC ae s ck þIQ Wc abR BH r aC a T aMg L a y BuME m nC ae s ck þIQ Wc abR BH r aC a T aMg L a y BuME m nC ae s ck þIQ Wc abR BH r aC a T aMg L a y BuME m nC ae s ck þIQ Wc ab ; ; ; ; p Þa lp Þa lp Þa lp Þa l ;; ;; e T e T e T e T E d leF VIe G a yR BH G g ÁQ Wc abE d leF VIe G a yR BH G g ÁQ Wc abE d leF VIe G a yR BH G g ÁQ Wc abE d leF VIe G a yR BH G g ÁQ Wc ab ;};};};} .

46 ed viD q aNÐl½r/ Rb vtiþ sa®s þEx µr/ b kERb B IP asaGg;eK øsed ay ³ Ci n cnña/ R) ak ; suN Ñara:/ m :m vNÑarI n ig esg esat / 200 5/ TMB ½r 6 5

47 mIE sl Rt aeN / Rb vtiþsa® sþé n k m <úCa sg Ám Ex µrkñ úgrC ¢kal RB H) aT C½ y vrµ½nTI7 / 2003 / 7 5

48 Paul Brunon nig s‘une hg em : g Q ag/ ´cg;d w gCnCati Ex µr¬P aK1 ¦ / 2003 / TMB ½r 28

3 53 53 53 5

IV.vis½yvb,Fm’ ³ eK minE dleX Ij m a nG ri yF m’x <g;x <s ; NamY yenA s m½ ybu raN E dlG a cekI teL I grY ce da ymin) a nBwgB ak ;

elIs as n aen aH eT. e nA cMeB aH mux R ) as aTsil,³ Ta MgL a yenA t Mb n;G g Árk þI e nA tMb n ; Nae To tk þI eK BM uG acb dies F b¤ niy ayp Þú y) an eL Iy fa R ) a s aTT aMgL aye naH P aK eR cI nks ageL IgK W e dIm ,Ib UC ad l;s as n a ed a y\ tR b E kk ) an. GñkR sI s UL gs UL gs UL gs UL g ;; ;; ---- T IE yr IT IE yr IT IE yr IT IE yr I E dls res r fa { eK B uMG a c yl;) anf a m anG g Áre da yBM u m anE R s C amYypge T. ÉE R s vij ehI yK µa nG gÁr et IeTA C ay a:g Na ? E R s K µan G gÁ> > > > > > K WR K an;E tC arb rks ikmµmY y b :ueN ÑaH minE m nC aG r iyF m ’ eT} GñkR sI k¾) a neFVI kars e gátb E nßm eR k aym k eTo t fa { enA TIe naH > > > > > > > > G riyF m’ m anC Ivi tK g;v gS ed ays arE t E R s ehIynig R ) as a TR tU vBw gBak;K ñae TA vij e TA m kx anmi n) an}. 49

1>CMenOsasna ³³³³ eda yR b eTs E x µrT TYl\ T§i B lBIR b eTs \ NÐ a enA s m½ y G gÁreK eK a rBbUC as as naBI r K W R BhµBaØ s as na

nig R BH BuT§s as na. b :uE n þen A m anTR m g;s as n amY yE b b eTo tE dlC as as nab rm bu ra Nrb s ;GñkR su ks m BaØ TUe TA K WC MenO epS g² T aMgbu :nµ anE d lm anC ahU rE h rt aMgB Is m½ y hVÚ Nn ni g ecnL am ke mø:H . C MenO T aMgbI ya :genH ) a nrs ; enA sux dum rm n a C amY yK ña\ tE dlek It plrm as ;nw gK ñae L Iy rhU td l;s > vT I1 3.

s as nam a ntY na TIsMx an;E pñ k ney a) ay enA s m½yG g Ár b :uE nþGñk dwk naMB uMm a nÉkP aBK ña kñú gkar eK arBs as na eT. k areK arBs as naE R b R bYleTA t am cM Ng; cMN Ulc it þ rb s ;buK Ál. R BH r aC ax øH ka n;s as n aR BH \ sUr x øH eK arB R BH visÑú nig x øH e To teK a rBR B H BuT§s as na.

- BI s > vT I9 dl; s > v T I1 1 K N³sivni ym m an ]t þm PaB . - BI s > vT I1 2 K N³v isÑú ni y m R tUv) anR BH ) aTs Urü vr µ½n TI 2 elIk tMek Ig. - b nÞab ;m k BuT §s as n am h a yanR tUv) a nR BH ) aT C ½ yvr µ½n TI7 e lIk tMe kIg eTA C as as n arb s ;r dæE tm þg. 50 enA kñúg kML ú gcug s > vTI1 2 nig e dIm s > vT I1 3 énK > s R BH BuT§s as n aminR twm E tm anl kçN ³C am h a

yan b¤ hi ny anE tb : ueN ÑaH eT v aE fm Ta MgpS MpÁú MC amY yC Me nO elIbuB Vburs nig G ab Fµb; G arkS Gñk ta E dlE fr kS a Twk dI t am t Mb n;n ImY y² eTo t pg.

eda ysMG a gelI Tin ñn½ yf µImY ycM nYn d UcC a vis½ yb dim as a®sþbur aNC a edIm e yIgG ac s nñid æan y a:gc, as ; fa R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 ) anR ) a r B§nUv nik ay eBR C yan b¤ t® nþ³E dls g át; Tm¶n ;el Im nþG a K m edIm ,IE sVgr knUvb ¤T§ an uPa B \ T§iBlB isi dæE pñks il,³s a® sþ R b eyaC n_ nwgQ a neTA k a n;kab ;vas n ax øÜ nÉg ni g R b eTs C at i.

49 f ac; va:n;pat ni g Ekv suP un / GaTie T B RkugG gÁr/ 1 97 3 / TMB ½r 45 50 \ nÞ »m saem :g/ k Rm g Rb vtiþsa® sþé nRB HraCaNac Rkkm <úCa/ 20 0 3 / TMB ½r 95- 96

3 63 63 63 6

sUm b Ba¢a k;f a K Wvis½ ym en aK m viC ¢as as nasM ey aK enH e hIy E dlC ak tþ ay a:gs Mx an;bMp ut ed Im ,IpS ar P¢ab ;k ars am K ÁIC a tieL I gvij eR kayB IR b eTs C a ti) anR tUv e x Þcx ÞaM e da ys a rs ®gÁ am C amY ynK rcm , a:. 51

1111 >>>> 1111 > > > > G MBIR BhµB a Øs a s n a G MBIR BhµB a Øs a s n a G MBIR BhµB a Øs a s n a G MBIR BhµB a Øs a s n a ³³³³ eK Taj ecj ) annU vlT §imY ye hA fa lT §ie Tvr aC E dlm an ligÁR BH \ sUr b¤ rUb R BH visÑúC animi tþ rUb . l T§i eT v

raC enH m ans a r³sMx an ;y a: géR kE lgenA kñ úgk arv iv tþn _ énG ri yF m’E x µrs m½ yG gÁr dUec ñH K Yre yIgB ini tü cM Nuce nH eG ay) a nm :t ;c t;b nþ icE d r.

R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 2 ) an pþÜ ce pþIm R ) arB §BiFIe Tvr aC C aelI k dMbUge nA elIP ñMK UE ln ehA f a m eh ®nÞb B’t ya :g »L ar ikk ñúgbM Ngr Med aH R b eT s E x µreG aye cj pu tBIc MN uH é nekaH C Va ehI yC aB ies s K W edIm ,IeG ayR b C aC n TaM gmUl dwgB ¤ ehI yT TYls Áal ;x øÜn f a C at MN agG a Tie TBm kes a yraC ü enA el IE pnd I. C aB ’t m ansUm C Mr ab fa edIm , Iero b cMBiFIe nH R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½n TI 2 ) anG eBa ¢Ij R Bah µN _mñak ; m annam R ) ak df a h ir Nü T am h ir Nü T am h ir Nü T am h ir Nü T am m kBIE dnC nb T E dls Þa t; C Mnaj x agv iC ¢am n þG aK m eG a ym kb eR go nraC bue rah it m annam fa s ir é k lü s ir é k lü s ir é k lü s ir é k lü eR s cehIyR Bahµ N_ TaM gBI rrUb e nH k¾ eFVIBiFI s emÖaF e da yk, Únm nþ G aK m TaM gbYnE dl ehA eda yeQ µaH f a v in a s s ix v in a s s ix v in a s s ix v in a s s ix 1 1 1 1 ne y a tþr ne y a tþr ne y a tþr ne y a tþr 1 1 1 1 s em µah s em µah s em µah s em µah 1 1 1 1 n ig n ig n ig n ig

s ir esÞT s ir esÞT s ir esÞT s ir esÞT 1111 .... tam e yab l; rb s; e lak h S ‘k sWe d s h S ‘k sWe d s h S ‘k sWe d s h S ‘k sWe d s KWk,Únm n þG aK m TIbYne nH ehIy E dlm a nG nu PaBb eNþ aH R sukE x µr

eG aye cj pu tBI\ T §iBl ének aH C Va ed ayR K an ;E tpþ ac;s irs ab dim a rUb mY y (effigie) tM Nages þcC Va . tam r y³R Bahµ N_bu erah it R BhµBaØs as nam an\ T§ iBlx ø aM gkøa Nas ;E dr kñú gR BH raC Bi FIepS g² enA kñúgR BH

b rm raC va Mg enA k ñúgR ) as aT nana ehIyC aBies s e lIr ebo b rs ;enA d¾R b Ni t² enA k ñú gTIe naH . BY kR BahµN _t am F mµtaC a TIR bwkS ax agpø ÚvF m’ nig p øÚve lak BYke nH swgC aR K UG acarü rb s ; b kS BY kT aMg L ayK W m a nna TI G b ; rM b g ða t ; b eR go nnUvs a®sþ viC ¢ a dUcm a nsila car wkC aeR c InE tgG Yt s resIr BI cMe NH viC ¢a n ig R ) aC Ja b¤ \ T§i Blrb s ;es þc TaM g L ayC aPsþ út agR s ab ;. e dI m ,IpS BVpS a yn Uvvb ,F m’E b b enH eK eR bIPas amY yE dl l¥ vies s vis albMp utK W Pas a s ®sáwt.

es ckþIx agel IenH c g;b gð aj BI\ T§i Blx øH ² énR Bah µN_s a s na m ke lIvb ,F m’ -G ri yF m’E x µrenA s m½yG g Ár b :uE nþe yIgR t Uv TTY lsÁa l;pgE drf a sil,³E x µrC aTU eTA ek Ite cj GMBIs as naK Wf a R BhµBa Ø s as naen aH E tmþg.

G aR s½yeh tud UcenH eh Iy e TIb R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 minG acb H b g;R BhµN_s as na eca l BIs gÁm enA s m½ y rC ¢kal rb s ;R BH G gÁ) an eL I y.

51 mIEsl Rt aeN / Rb vtiþsa® sþé n k m <úCa sg Ám Ex µrkñ úgrC ¢kal RB H) aT C½ y vrµ½nTI7 / 2003 / TMB ½r 110

3 73 73 73 7

1111 >>>> 2222 > > > > GMB IR BH B uT §s as n a GMB IR BH B uT §s as n a GMB IR BH B uT §s as n a GMB IR BH B uT §s as n a ³³³³ cME NkÉR BH BuT §s as n a¬m h aya n¦v ij k ¾m an\ T §iBl x øaMg Nas ;E d r e TA elIsi l,³ nig G r iyF m’E x µ rC a

TUe TA C aBies s ) anp øas ;b þÚr rebo b sMNg; ni g rebo b r s ;enA rb s ;E x µr eG a yvi leT A rklkç N³m nusS ni ym mü a: g E bøkeR cInBIs m½ ymu n² . si l,³E b b BuT§s as n a s Áal ;e s ckþI ruge rO g fáM úef áIg y: ags e m ,Im enA kñ úgr aC ü R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ½ nTI 7 . kr NIrb s ; esþc kan;R BH Bu T§s as namY yG gÁ e nH R tUveK elI ykm kB ini tü R tiH riH min ecH G s ;mine cH ehI y K YreG a yey IgeK a rBTm øab ;e n H enA kñúgR K ae nH eTo t b : uE nþK W eda ysßi tenA k ñúgR kb x ½ NÐs a s na ni g G ri yF m’dE dl. enA kñúg ka rG PivDÆ énG r iyF m’E x µr eR kayqñ aM 1 1 7 7 eK G aceqøI yf aK W Bu T§s as n am h aya neT etIE dlC abuB Veh tu> > > > ÉR BH ) aTC ½yvrµ ½n TI7 R K a n;E tC a]b k rN _mY yE tb :ue NÑ aH . kñúgvis ½y ne ya) a y eK G acni ya ypÞ úy eTA vij ) a n ya: gga yf a enA kñ úgk rN Ien H s as nakøa ye TA C a]b kr N_rb s ;m n usS Ém nusS k øa yeTA C am© as ; b¤C abuBVeh tué n R Bwtiþ ka rN_ . d rab N as k mµPaBGñk dwk na Med Ir tam pø Úv drab e naH G ri yF m’k¾ edI re TA mux E dr. b :uE nþ et IkE nøg Na x øH E dlnaM eG ay ey Igh‘ aneB a lfa R BH ) aTC ½ yv rµn TI 7 ed I rpøÚvR tUv ? e da ys ar eh tuG VIx ø H E dlesþcG gÁe nH køa ye TA C a m h aburs énR b vt iþs a®sþ) an es ckþI fa C aGñ keR ) as C Iv it R b eTs C ati n ig G ri yF m’ E x µreG ay rs ; ya: gy Urb nþ eTA eTo t R Bm Ta Mg) an eFVIeG ay G riyF m’e naH ru gerO gmY yk Mr i tFME fm eTo tpg?

R tg;cM Nu cenH e yIg yl ;f a R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 minG ac køa yeTA C a R BH m h akS R td ¾ l¥ nig x øaMgB UE k) an eT ebIR BH G gÁC aesþc R Bah µ N_ni ym ¬e nA kñú gka l³eTs ³enaH ¦ b :uE n þR Tg; k¾ minG a c køa yeTA C a esþc d¾FM ni g x øaM g BUE k) anE d r ebIR BH G gÁC aesþ cBuT §ni ym mY yr yPaK r yen aH .52

eTBek as lü rb s ;R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 sßi tenA elI ka rE d lR BH G gÁeQ Vgyl ;f a enA e R kayqñ aM 1 1 77 GV I s BVs areB IR tU vpø as ;bþÚ rs PaB R Tg;R Ta yx ag kñú gx øH x ageR kA x øH ebIBuMen aH es at eTn wgBu M G acE kkuns ßan ka rN_R b e T s C atieG aye gIb eL IgE bø ky a: gdUe cñH ) ane T.

dUce nH R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½ nTI 7 BuME m n) anb eg áI tBiPBmY y fµIsu T§s aF eT eR BaH k arb eg áI tfµ I C ak arg aye Bk eTBek as lü rb s ;R BH G gÁK W kare cH E pS pSMBuT §s as n a E dlC as as naK µanG aTi eT B ehIyC as as nas niþ ni y m C amYyn wgR BhµBa Øs as n aE d leBar eBj eTA e da yG aT ie T B ehIyE dlC as as na cU lcit þb Nþ úH b Nþa lnU vfam B l x øaMgk øap gE dr. K Yrk t;s mÁ a l;E drf a R BH ) aTC ½y vrµ ½nT I7 m anR ) aC JaQ øas é vy a:géR k E lgkñúg ka rE dl R Tg;e cH eFVI eG ayGV I² h ak ;dU cC aE R b R bYlpg ehI yh ak ;d UcC ae nA d E dlpg. sM nYrmY yE dl C a b ;C ayU rqña M e yIgn aMK ñ aec aTs Y r GMBIR b ePTénR ) as aT ) ay ½ n b¤ GMB IkMB Ulmux bYn fa C a mux eBaFis a t;e laeks Vr³ b ¤ C amux R Bhµ sMn YrG s ;enH C a Psþút agR s ab ;.

52 f ac; va:n;pat ni g Ekv suP un / GaTie T B RkugG gÁr/ 1 97 3 / TMB ½r 47 -4 8

3 83 83 83 8

1111 >>>> 3333 > > > > C Me nO l kçNC Me nO l kçNC Me nO l kçNC Me nO l kçN ³³³³ C Ivc ln iy m C Ivc ln iy m C Ivc ln iy m C Ivc ln iy m ³³³³ R b sinebIeK eTA TsS n aR ) as aTG gÁ rv tþ E dlC abUnI y dæa nd¾sMx an;C a geK enA kñ úg]b TVI b \ NÐÚci nenH eK n wg

eX Ij BuMx a nnU vpÞa Mgcm øak ;enA e lIC Ba¢ aMg énR ) as a TenH la tR td agk, ÜnT ½Bk ñúge Bls ® gÁam n as m½ybu ra N ed Im ,Ie T A c,aMg nwg kgT ½By Ynd a yevo t b¤k¾kg T½B cam . eR kA BIP aBG g;G a ckø ah an rb s ;kg T½ BE x µr eK eX Ij em T½ BE x µrx øH Bak; k,aM genA el Ik,a l E dllMG eTA e da yr Ub eR bIs m anE sñgC an imit þr Ub sMK al; za n³rb s ;BY keK . ya :gN ami j enA elI R ) as a T) a y½neK k ¾e X Ij R BanéR B ¬ Nakü ? ¦E sñ geR bIs E dr.

cMeBaH e yIg karE dlem T ½BE x µrna s > vT I1 2 B ak; k,a MglM G eda yrUb eR bIs m a nE sñgE b b enH minE m nC aka r \ tn½ yenaH e T. pÞ úy eTA vij TegV IenH m anG tßn ½ys IuC eR mA K W em T½Ben aH cg;R b dU cPa BG g;G ack øah anrb s ;x ø Üne TA nwgK uNs m , ti þrb s ;s tVeR bI s .53

sUm b Ba¢a k;f a ed Im kM enI tén R b éBNIBa k;E sñgeR bIs el Ik ,alE b b enH R tUv) an eK yk tam R b éBNIE x µ re l I suT§s aF E dlm anl kç N³C aC Ivcl ni ym . mYy vij e To t R tUvR C ab fa s B aØa nimi tþk, aleR bIs m anE sñgG acC as t V tMN agR t kUle da yeh tuf a buBVka rIC n rb s ;eK ) ans n µt ;f a s tVe nH K WC aR Blwg dUn ta ca b ;C ati eh IyR b ca MR tk Ul.

b c© úb ,nñenH kñ úgs gÁm E x µr C M enO C Ivcl ni ym R tUv) a nR b mUlpþú ME tc MeBaH GñkR su kE dl rs ;enA Éc ugk at;m at ; j k dUcb gb¥ ÚnE x µrel IC ae dIm E dleK eG ayeQ µ aH fa { r lak; kgeC Ig } . sUm rM lwke L Igvij f a nas m½ yG gÁ rC Men O C Ivcln iym enA B MuT an ;rl t; b¤ s ab sU nü C aBie s s enA kñúgb NþaR su kPUmi na naE dlsß ite nA C Muv ij raC bU rIG gÁr enA eL Iy.

2> r)aM ePøg nig karkMsanþ ³³³³ enA kñúg BiFIs k áa rbUC ac MeBaH G aTie TBk ¾d UcC aB iFIepS g² k ñúgR BH raC vaM gE dr ePøg r) aM pþl ; b riy akas rn§ t; ni g

rMePIb . e yI geX Ij r Ub G bS rakMB ugr aM y:a grs ; rev IkenA tam C Ba¢aM gR ) as a T ey IgB¤eK n i ya yBI]b krN _ePø gE dleK ecH eR bItaM gBI rab ;B an;qñ aMm k e hIy m an sÁ r K g rn at R T cabIu X wm > > > > .

tam F mµt a R b C ar a®sþE x µrc U lcit þePø g c Mero g r) aM nig E l,gkMs a nþ. éf ¶buNü b¤ eR ka yeBlsM ra kB I karg ar b ¤ kñ úgBiF Iero b cME s n eR Bnkñú grd Uvn ImYy² dUcC ard U vR cUtk at ;C ae dIm eK E tg ra M e R co g elgePøg kMs anþ y: ag s b ,ayr Ikr ay . C Ynk al e K naMK ña elgE l,gR b C l;m an ; R b NaMg TUk G uC kaMR C Y c > > > > > > sil,krE dlsME dgenA k ñúg R BH raC vaMg b¤ e nA kñú gR ) as a T suT §E tC asil ,kreR C Is e rI s kñúgc Me Nam sil, krE dlm anR b C aR biyPaB Ta MgG s ;. 54

enA R K b ;s m½ykal énk ark s agR b eTs C at i R b C ara®sþ eyIg) anb eg áIt vb ,F m’d¾R tc H R tcg;mY yK W vb ,F m ’ E x µr. vb ,F m’E x µr K WC aRb PBC Mruj y :agx øaM gkø adl ;k møaMgR b C aC a tiE x µr ehI yk¾ C aem aTnP aBrb s ;R b C ar a®s þ 53 mIEsl Rt aeN / Rb vtiþsa® sþé n k m <úCa sg Ám Ex µrkñ úgrC ¢kal RB H) aT C½ y vrµ½nTI7 / 2003 / TMB ½r 128 54 \ nÞ »m saem :g / kRm gRb vtiþsa® sþé nRB HraCaNac Rkkm <úCa/ 20 0 3 / TMB ½r 104

3 93 93 93 9

E x µrE dr. mü a:geTo tka rpø a s ;bþÚrR b B½n §C MenO s as na kñú g s gÁm E x µr BIR BhµBaØs as na eTA R BH BuT§s as n ani ka ym h a yanE m nB it k¾b : uE nþr) aMk, ac ; E dlC aR b éBNI dUn ta nas m½ ybuerG g Ár R tUv) anr kS a Tuk y:a gx ¢ab ;x ¢ ÜnbMp ut kñ úgR BH b rm raC va MgG gÁ rFM nig enA t am R ) agÁR ) as aTF M² E dlC aR BH vih are dIm ,I raM fV ayR BH eTv rUb kñúgB iFIbu Nü bYgsYgepS g² . tam Bi tk ñúg rC ¢ka lrb s ;R BH ) aTC ½ yvr µ½n TI 7 eK R K an;E t b E gVrTR m g;sil ,³enH BIl kç N³E b b R BhµBaØs as n ani y m eTA C alk çN³E b b R BH BuT§s a s nani ym E tb :u eN ÑaH .

r) aMk, ac ;bur aNd ¾eqI tq a y ni g d¾s m sYn l¥\ t ex © aH enH eFVIeG a ym anP aBr MePIb j ab ; j½r cMeB aH TsS ni kC n R K b ;rUb s R m ab ;eh tuplE dl m anlkç N³c, as ;l as ;C a k; lak; v aC adg Va yE dlR BH ra C a b¤ BYkR BahµN _R ) arB§ e FIV eL Igs R m ab ;R BH G aTie TB rY m b Ba© ÚlTa Mgv tß ús½k þisi T§ib I) a c;E frkS aR BH raC nK rE x µrp g. mü a:gvij e To t ebIsin ebIK µa n r) aMk, ac ;s R m ab ;ra Mf Va yBBY ke Tvt a b¤k¾ dU nt acas ;R suke G ayK ab ;R BH T½ ys b ,a yc it þeTen aH PaBBis id æ G aFwk G aF m GwkFwk kñ úgBiFIs as na k¾K µ anE d r ehIyR BH G a Tie TBG gÁr B itC a nwgm inR b Tan nUvBrC ½ ysi rIm g Ál nig P aB s m ,Úrs b ,ayC ad ac;x a tE dr .

vtþm a nrb s ;B YkR sIr aM b¤ R sIe TBG bS r E dlm an rUb eq am l¥dU cR sIsYK a ’ E dlbuBVbu rs E x µrqøak ;t am R ) as aT f µ b¤ \ dæna na k ñúgcR k PBG gÁreFV IeG a ye yIg yl;) anGMB I GVIE dlm an kñú gs gÁm E x µrbu ra N nig e nA eBlb c© úb ,n ñkñ ú g R BH b rm raC vaMgE x µr ey Ig.

kare daH d Ur tYn aT Irb s ;R sIr) aME x µr BIs ßanP aBC ae Tv TasI b¤ GñkbMer IeT vt a e TA C a Bu T§ Ta sI b¤ Gñ kbMer IR BH BuT § G gÁkñú gR BH vih ar vij G ac k t;s mÁ al; tam r y³k, ac; cmøa k;énR ) as aTFM² mY ycM nYn kñú g s m½yen aH E dlsßab n aeL I g eda yR BH m h akS R tE x µrk MBU l² dUcC aR BH ) aTs uri ya vrµ ½n TI2 nig R BH ) aTC ½ yv rµ½ nTI 7 C aedIm .

tam R b PBsila ca rwk é nR ) a s aTt aR BhµE dlC a vih a resþ craC vih ar e yIg dwg fa c MnY n Gñkr) a Mm an TaM gG s; eTA dl; 6 1 5 na k;. r IÉkñ úgR ) as aTR BH x ½n b¤ C ½yR sIv ij Gñkr) aMs R m ab ; raM fV ay kñú gBI FIbuNü epS g² kñ úgR ) as a Ten H m ancMn Yn TaM gG s ;R b m aNC a 1 000 nak ;.

es ckþIx agel Ib gðaj eG ay e X Ij nUv n ir nþPa Bénv is½ yr) a Mbur aNE x µrE d lC ani c© ka lR tUvpS arP¢ ab ;e TA nwg tUrü t®nþ IE dlm anq øak ;enA el I R ) as aTn ana G aR s½y dUc e nH eyIgG acs n ñid æan) anf a R b eTs E x µrey IgE tgE tm a n r) aM n ig t Urü t® nþI ta MgBI edIm r hUtd l;k ñúg raC ü R BH ) aTC ½yv rµ½n TI 7.

4 04 04 04 0

4 14 14 14 1