Civilrightsppt46565

A Different Mirror

African Americans and their fight to be equal in America

Caitlin ScullyTara MelbyAlison FishburnMelanie SlavinDezaray Carafano

• Was raised mostly by his mother, did not experience racism as much as a child until a little girl refused to play with him because he was black.

• Du Bois went to college, and then went on to Harvard, and graduated from Harvard in 1890, being the first African American to earn a PhD from there.

• He wrote 22 novels, some of his most famous being The Souls of Black Folk, and The Negro.

• He was labeled ‘The Father of Pan Africanism’• Was one of the founders of the NAACP• Encouraged blacks to strive for higher education, and

to challenge white authority• Was investigated by the FBI because of socialist

writings.

W. E. B. Du BoisBorn: February 1868Died: August 1963

Booker T. Washington• Was born into slavery, and then freed

after the Civil War• His mother was black, his father was

white• He was labeled the Great

Accommodator by Du Bois• Believed education was the path to

acceptance• Became the first leader of Tuskegee

Institute• Had three wives, the first two died, and

the third outlived him• His autobiography is called Up From

Slavery• First African American to be depicted

on a postage stamp

Born: April 1856 Died: November 1915

Frederick Douglass

• Is considered an abolitionist, women’s suffragist, author, orator, and statesman

• First African American to be nominated to be Vice President

• Born into slavery, and raised by his grandmother

• Sophia Auld began to teach Douglass to read and write, until her husband forbade her to continue. Douglass continued to learn by observing white children and the writing of other people he knew

• He escaped in 1838 by disguising himself, and made it to New York in less than 24 hours

• He participated at the Seneca Falls Convention

• He married Anna Murray, and had five children with her

• He was a US Marshal• First African American to receive a vote for

President

Born: February 1818 Died: February 1895

Chapter 13

• The 20th century was a huge turning point for people of color. During this time period, tens of thousands of

southern blacks were migrating north for hope of their futures.

• “And black men’s feet learned roads. Some said goodbye cheerfully..others fearfully, with terrors of unknown dangers in their mouth…others in their eagerness for

distance said nothing. They daybreak found them gone.” –Sharecropper’s daughter p340

• These blacks joined European immigrants in the Midwest and Northeast.

• In Georgia, farmers awoke to every male negro over 21 gone.

• An old black women explained that although she was content and did not want to leave, she would go crazy if she stayed. Passing by old friends abandoned houses, she states “There aint even enough people here I now know to give me a decent burial.”

• After emancipation, blacks were “pushed” to leave. Although they were “free” they were still dependent on whites and enslaved with debts.

• “Working hard on southern soil, someone softly spoke; Toil and toil and toil and toil, and yet I’m always broke.” –p341

• WW1 virtually cut off the flow European immigrants so the North recruited for labor.

• Factories, mills and workshops were being opened to the blacks with much higher wages.

• Job Listing: “Men wanted at once. Good steady employment for colored. Thirty and 39 ½ cents per hour. Weekly payments. Good warm sanitary quarters free…”

• Blacks were writing home to tell their family and friends how much better life was here. The pay was way higher and

they could even vote!• But deeper than economics was a new life style. A new generation with new ideals and appreciation for their race.• With each new generation, the attitude towards slavery

changed. Slave customs were being cut and blacks were starting to stick up for themselves. An example is given of a man describing that slavery is all his father knew but when he was born his father let some of the customs slip. Now

that he is bringing up his own son, he is letting more customs slip and the chain will continue to go as so.

• However, with this new attitude the white people were starting

to think of the blacks as “worthless” and they lacked the habits of “diligence, order and

faithfulness”• In the north, other problems

started to occur.• As blacks were responding to

the labor needs during WW1, housing conflicts came into play.

Although whites wanted their help, they did not want them

taking over their neighborhoods. • A black Union was started to

help the blacks but ended up as a failure due to the lack of

knowledge of what it actually meant.

• White and black gangs started a lot of trouble with each other.

Bombs, threats and fights added fuel to the racial competition

and hatred

• Soon Garvey offered the black nation a different approach on their race. He claimed that the color of their skin was beautiful and that being African was something to be proud of. Africans colors: red, black and green represent the color of their blood, the color of their skin and the greatness for their future.

• Garvey also promoted his shipping company, The Black Star Line. Soon 40,000 blacks were buying shares. Soon, however, the leader was arrested for fraud.

• Basically, the black man is looked down upon. They are seen as not being as good as whites. Blacks started out as being embarrassed of their race and who they were. But with every generation opinions change and now being black is beautiful and something to be proud of.

Important Inventions by African Americans

The Blood Bank

The Potato Chip

Peanut Butter Baby Buggy

Air Conditioning Elevator

Cellular Phone

Typewriter

Ironing Board

GuitarDryer

Folding Chair

Street Sweeper

StoplightGas Mask

Refrigerator

African American ProverbsYou got eyes to see and wisdom not to see.Muddy roads call the milepost a liarEvery bell ain’t a dinner bell.The graveyard is the cheapest boarding house.

Yes, we are going to the north!I don’t care to what state,Just so I cross the Dixon Line,From this southern land of hate,Lynched and burned and shot and hung,And not a word is said.

Insight into Communication Patterns

African/Caribbean• Style- Expressed with

animation and close personal interaction

• Eye contact- When talking with friends, will use direct eye contact but may avoid when talking to someone of higher socioeconomic status.

• Gestures- Handshakes, pointing at someone with index finger and the peace sign may be insulting

African American• Animated communication,

some speak a variation of standard English.

• Eye contact- Tend to be direct and prolonged when speaking , less so when listening

• Gestures- large gestures are sometimes common and are seen as enhancing communication

Insight into People and Relationships

African/Caribbean• Relationships- Place value

on people, Has concern for social harmony.

• Individualism- Value loyalty to the group.

• Taboo Subjects- Referring to someone as “native”, and reference to one’s mother.

• Conflict- Confrontation is considered rude

African American• Relationships- want to get

to know you before doing business.

• Individualism- More collateral orientation

• Taboo Subjects- Talking “black”

• Conflict- Showing emotions during confrontation may be perceived as rude.

American Civil Rights Movement

American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s

One of the most defining movements of the 20th

century, it was aimed at racial segregation and

discrimination.African Americans in the South were not able to

vote without fear of violence, so suffrage rights

were of upmost importance to Civil Rights

leaders.

…the struggle was about far more than just civil rights under law; it was also about fundamental issues of freedom, respect, dignity, and economic and social equality.

Major Events in the Civil Rights Movement

On May 17th, 1954 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in

schools was unconstitutional. This court case was Brown v. Board of

Education of Topeka, Kansas. This decision was in direct

opposition to the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson from 1896. This was the case that coined the

phrase ‘separate but equal’.Brown v. Board of Education made it so that black and white students

could go to the same schools.

Thurgood Marshall, attorney on the case, later was appointed to the Supreme Court.

On December 1st, 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American

woman in Alabama, refused to give up her bus seat to a white

person. This was basically unwritten law in the South. She was arrested, and the

Montgomery black community completely boycotted the bus system. Martin Luther King Jr.

was instrumental in leading the boycott.

Rosa Parks

The Little Rock Nine

These nine black students were blocked from entering the all white Central High School on the orders of Governor Farbaus . President Eisenhower sent the National Guard and troops to help the students.

They were called the ‘Little Rock Nine’.

In February of 1960, in Greensboro, NC, black students staged sit ins at restaurants that refused to serve black customers. This was an example of student non violent protest, and these events were helpful in integrating public places around the South.

In 1961 students took bus rides in the South, to call attention to the fact that even though the law said transportation couldn’t be segregated, it still was.

They were called the “freedom riders” and were attacked by angry mobs frequently.

In 1962 James Meredith became the first black student enrolled at the University of Mississippi.Troops had to be sent AGAIN to deal with violence and riots.

1963 was a tumultuous year. Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed during protests in Birmingham, Alabama. His famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail”.

Bull Connor, the Commissioner of Public Safety used fire hoses and dogs to attack black protestors and non violent demonstrators. These riots were on TV and shocked the nation.

August 28th, 1963.200,000 people attended the March of Washington. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous “I have a Dream” speech in Washington after the march.

September 15th, 1963 will always be remembered as a tragic day in the Civil Rights Movement. The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was a popular civil rights headquarters. During Sunday School a bomb went off killing four young girls. Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Addie Mae Collins died that day, in one of the saddest moments of the Movement.

January 1964.The 24th Amendment abolished the poll tax, which had previously made it extremely hard for poor blacks to vote.

In July 1964 President Lyndon B Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national

origin. The government can also enforce desegregation after this act.

Malcolm X was a black nationalist, and a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. In Harlem, on Feb 21, 1965, Malcolm X was violently shot to death. Many speculate that members of the Black Muslim faith killed him because he had abandoned them for a more orthodox Islam sect.

Black demonstrators marched from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama . Around 50 protesters were sent to the hospital after acts of police brutality. It was called “Bloody Sunday”.

In 1965, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed, making it exponentially easier for southern blacks to vote. Literacy tests, and other things blocking voting were done away with.

In August of 1965, race riots erupted in Watts, California.

On April 4th, 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. was shot on his balcony of the hotel. James Earl Ray was convicted as the killer. Arguably the worst moment of the Civil Rights movement, it was not the end of the movement; the people carried on his cause.

Though the civil rights movement did not end with the death of MLK Jr, the most important events of the movement happened between 1963 and 1968. Equality of the races is not yet a reality, but our country everyday

makes progress towards the goals of our past.

Colin Powell• Born April 1937• Former four-star general in the US Army• Was 65th Secretary of State under

George W. Bush, being the first African American to hold that position

• Before that, he was National Security Advisor, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

• He is the only African American to ever hold that position

• He was born to Jamaican immigrant parents in Harlem, NYC• Was succeeded by Condaleeza Rice• Criticized the governments response to Hurricane Katrina• Is considered a moderate Republican but is pro choice, and favors

reasonable gun control• Helped implement the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell policy• Donated to McCain, but ended up publicly supporting Obama in the 2008

Presidential election

Oprah Winfrey• Is famous for her TV talk show• She is considered to be the most

philanthropic African American of all time• She was the world’s first black billionaire• She was born in rural Mississippi, and

raised in inner city Milwaukee• She was raped at 9 years old, and sent to

Juvenile Hall at 13• When she was 14 she gave birth to a son,

who died in infancy• Initiated the National Child Protection Act.

This created a database of child abusers• Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for

Girls is a boarding school in South Africa meant for bright girls from impoverished backgrounds. The school provides them with educational and leadership opportunities

• She has put over 250 black men through college

• Has given millions to Katrina Relief

Born: January 1954

In 2004, Illinois Senate hopeful Barack Obama gave a moving keynote address at the Democratic National Convention. This sparked interest into the young Senator and in early 2007 Obama announced his intention to run for President in 2008.

Barack Obama• Was born in Hawaii to his mother from

Kansas, and his father from Kenya• His parents divorced when he was 3

years old• Lived in Indonesia from age 6 to 10• Obama’s mother died in 1995• Graduated from Columbia, and

Harvard• First black student to be editor of the

Harvard Law Review• Met his wife while working at a law

firm in 1989• In 2008 after a heated election cycle

Barack Obama became the first African American ever to be elected President

of the United States

Born: August 1961

Though we have not reached equality in America, every day students who receive a multicultural education are paving the way to a more just and

equal American society