Civilization. What is Civilization –Advanced Cities –Specialized Workers Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization As cities grew the need.

Civilization

Civilization

• What is Civilization– Advanced Cities– Specialized Workers

• Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization• As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew.• Traders, priests, government officials

– Complex Institutions (well organized central governments

• Government, religions, and economy • Soaring population made government necessary• Education system

Civilization

• Writing (Record Keeping)– As government, religion and economy grew so did the

need for record keeping.– Writing system is development– Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols,

then sounds• Advance Technology

– New tools– Farmers stated to use animals and nature– Melting copper and tin together made bronze– Public Works: building irrigations systems, roads,

bridges and defensive walls

Civilization

• Social Classes;– Ranked according to their jobs– Priests, wealthy merchants, artisans,

peasants, then slaves

• Arts and Architecture: Expressed the beliefs and values of people

• Complex Religion– Polytheistic: many gods: sun god, river god,

moon god.

How did Civilization Start

• III Social Changes– Complex and prosperous economy affected

the social structure of the village life.– Social classes starting to form– Religion is more organized– Polytheistic

How did Civilization Start

I. Villages grew into cities• Communities were based on agriculture• Domesticated animals became more common• Population increased

II. Economic Changes• Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue

other jobs• Developed skills besides farming• Craftspeople• Trade with other villages stated• Two Important inventions: Wheel and sail

(Mesopotamian)

Civilization

• Spread of Civilization– City-states started to form– Empires were territories controlled by one

ruler. ( Group of city-states)– Interactions with nomads (culture diffusion)

• Civilization and Change– Environmental changes– Interactions among peoples (Culture

Diffusion)

Characteristics of Early Civilization

• Social patterns– Hereditary rulers

• Dynasties of kings and Pharaohs• Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted

• Political Patterns– World’s first states( city-states,

kingdom/Empire)– Centralized governments (Religious Auth)– Written laws: Ten Commandments/ Code of

Hammurabi

• Development of Economic Patterns– Metal tools & Weapons– Increasing agricultural surplus– Increase in trade along the rivers/seas

Phoenicians****– Specialization of labor

• Religion Traditions– Polytheism was practiced by most early Civ– Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews

• Writing: – Pictograms Hieroglyphic, Cuneiform, Alphabet

Code of Hammurabi

• FIRST WRITTEN LAWS *******• Needed a single, uniformed code

of law• Code listed 282 specific laws

dealing with everything from family relationships to business

• Different punishment for rich and poor and for men and women

• *******Important Idea: It reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society

Government and Society• World’s first city states• Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early

government, • Centralized government based on religion

authority• Monarch (soldiers) took control during war.

Pass their powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties

• Women lost status overtime

• Religion and Life– Polytheistic– Pharaoh viewed as god as well– Death: After life

• Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse• Built great pyramids: TOMBS

• Society: Hereditary• Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class• Women had a higher status & greater independence• Rigid class system where slavery was accepted

The Law Code of Hammurabi

Reign of Hammurabi of Babylon, 1792-1750 B.C.

Religion• Religion and Mythology

– Polytheistic religious belief reflected harshness of war and struggle with unpredictable environment

• War-like gods who possessed total control over human lives

• Sacrifices, rituals, temples (ziggurats)

• Power of priests and priestesses

Raise of Judaism

– Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism• state moral and religious conduct• A set of laws that God gave them

SumerianScience and Technology

• Irrigation

• Bronze

• Wheel, Sail, Ramp and plow

• Basic algebra and geometry.

• Strong in Astronomy which led to calendars

Sumerian Writing

• Cunneiform:– Need to keep records– Developed from

pictographs – Recorded myths,

laws, treaties, and business

– ScribesVideo Writing

Ziggurat at Ur

Ziggurat at Ur

Cuneiform

CuneiformMesopotamian

Cuneiform

Mesopotamian Civilization

I. Location – People started top settle in the Southern parts of the

Fertile Crescent before 4500 B.C.– These people were called Sumerians

II Sumerian (City State)– Geography;

• Fertile Crescent, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

• River flooded yearly: Dry hot summers, No rainfall after the floods.

• No natural barriers for protection• Surplus of wheat and barley

Mesopotamian Civilization

III Great Solutions:• Large irrigation ditches to irrigate their fields and for

protection.• These activities required organization, cooperation, and

leadership• This is the beginning of organized government and laws

IV Government and Society• World’s first city states• Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government, • Centralized government based on religion authority• Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their

powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties• Women lost status overtime.

• Sumer– Earliest cities in southern

Mesopotamia– Agriculture and trade (as

far away as India)– Sumerians

• Developed the wheel• Created first writing

system (cuneiform)• Devised a mathematical

system and astronomy

Egyptian Civilization

• Location– North Africa– Nile River Valley– Delta

• Government:– Theocracy– Pharaohs

Egyptian Culture

• Religion and Life– Polytheistic– Pharaoh viewed as god as well– Death: After life

• Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse• Built great pyramids: TOMBS

• Society: Hereditary• Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class• Women had a higher status & greater independence• Rigid class system where slavery was accepted

Egyptian Culture

• Writing – Hieroglyphic

• Earliest forms were pictures• Later pictures stood for a sound• Written on papyrus

• Science and Technolgy– Pyramids, Mathematics, geometry &

Calendar.

Egyptian Writing“Hieroglyphics

Indus

• Geography (India)– Indus and Ganges Rivers– Hindus Kush and Himalaya

separate India from Asia

• Civilization:– Little is know – Traded with Africa– Planned Cities (sewage system)– Strong Central government– Religion: Polytheism

• Writing unknown

China • Location: Huang He Valley

• Natural barriers isolated ancient China• Religion: Polytheism

» Believed in spirits of family ancestors.» Consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones

• Culture: Strong family tires» Loyalty to the family» Women were treated was inferiors

• Government: Strong Central government,» First Dynasties» Sharply divided between nobles and peasants (» Ruled by class of warrior-nobles

• Writing: early character stood for an idea, not a sound» Helped unify China

• Technology:– Flood control an irrigation projects, Calendar, Math, and Silk cloth.

Other Civilizations• Phoenicians:

• Sailors and Traders• Settle along the eastern Mediterranean(part

of the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia)• Colonized throughout the Mediterranean,

as far away as Sicily and Spain• Alphabet*****************************

• These river valleys offered rich soil and irrigation

• water for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples.

Hebrews and Kush

• Hebrews:• Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea • and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile • Crescent in Southwest Asia). • Kush(Nubia):• Geography- East Africa• Southern(Upper Nile)• Separated from Egypt by the cataracts

• Persian Empire: – Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamia Civ– Tolerance of conquered peoples– Development Imperial bureaucracy– New Religion: ZOROASTRAIANISM

– One wise god controlled the world and one evil god » Good v.s. Bad

– Money Economy– Road System to link the Empire– Construction of road system

Religion of Persia

– Belief in two opposing

forces in the universe

Ancient Civilizations

I. Early River Valley – Neolithic Period, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys– River valleys provided rich soil for crops & protection from invasions– Fertile Crescent

II. Locations and Time Frame (3500B.C. to 500B.C.)– Egyptian: Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa)– Mesopotania: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys– Indus River Valley: Indian– Huang He Valley: China

III. Others:– Hebrew: Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River valley– Phoenicians: along the Mediterranean Sea coast– Kush : located on the upper Nile River (South)

Egyptian Pyramids

Mummification

Purification of the body

Removal of the Internal organs

Drying the body

Washing the body

Body is stuffed with dry materials

Internal organs are put into jars

Body is Wrapped in linens

Body is wrapped in linens

Indus River Valley Civilization

China

Raise of Judaism

• Origins of Judaism– Abraham is considered the founder of Judaism.– Moses:

• led the Israelites out of Egypt to Canaan”• The land they believed that God promises them

– Jerusalem: Capital of kingdom of Israel

• Beliefs, traditions and customs of Judaism– Monotheistic: one god– Torah: contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews– Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism

• state moral and religious conduct• A set of laws that God gave them

Judaism

• Spread of Judaism– Exile: Nebuchandneezzer destroyed the great

temple in Jerusalem: forcing Israelites into exile.

– Diaspora: scattering of people, sent Jews to different parts of the world

• Why is Judaism Important– First monotheistic religion– Foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and

Islamic Religions

Language and Writing

CuneiformHieroglyphics

Hieroglyphics

The King

The Governors

The Aristocracy

The Peasantry

Social and political organization: • The King: he had military powers.

• The Governors: they governed the territories of the kingdom. They were generals and judges at the same time.

• The aristocracy: they were priests and traders.

• The peasants: the people who work the land.

The Four River Valley Civilization

Sumer, 3200-2350 B.C. Sargon’s Empire, 2350-2320 B.C.

The Dynasty of Ur, 2100-2000 B.C.

The Amorite invasions, 2100-1900 B.C.Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon, 1792-1750 B.C.

The statue of the god Marduk with his dragon, from a Babylonian cylinder seal. Marduk killed Tiamat.

Apsu: the fresh waters (male principle)Tiamat: the salt waters (female principle)

Ea, the god of intelligence and wisdom, puts Apsu in a trance and then kills him.

These carved stone figures, their eyes wide with awe and their hands clasped in reverence, were placed in Mesopotamian temples by worshippers to stand in perpetual prayer on their behalf before the god or goddess to whom the sanctuary was dedicated.

There were many gods. For example, Anu was the father of the gods and the god of the sky; Enlil was the god of the air; Utu was the sun god and the lord of truth and justice; Nanna was the moon god; Inanna was the goddess of love and war; Ninhursag was the goddess of earth; and Enki was the god of fresh water as well as the lord of wisdom and magic.

While they served and revered the great gods, most people felt little connection with these distant beings. Ordinary people depended on a relationship with their own personal god - a kind of guardian angel - who protected individuals and interceded for them with the great deities.

HieroglyphicsEgypt