Civilization

Civilization

Villages Grow into Cities

Economic Changes: New technology i.e Irrigation systems, freed ppl to develop skills besides farming. Ex: wheel & sail

Social Changes: social classes with varying wealth, power, and influence emerged.

How Civilization Develops

1. Advanced Cities: center for trade2. Specialized Workers: the wide

range of crafts helped cities become centers of trade (clothing, jewelry, pottery)

3. Complex institutions: Order isneeded

4. Record keeping: tax collections, passage of laws, storage.

5. Technology: irrigation, ox-drawn plows

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/376828/Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia

“Land between two rivers” 3000 BCE Sumer was population

reached 100,000 Between 3200 and 2350 BCE

numerous Sumerian city-states were formed. Shared the same culture but developed own govts with own rulers. (Uruk, Kish, UR, etc.)

Mesopotamia

Ziggurat: massive stepped pyramids built to house temples and altars to principal deity.

Cuneiform Writing: involved pictures pressed into clay (kyoo-nee-uh-fawrm)

-Started for record keeping, but soon the graphic symbols represented sounds

-literacy -Epic of Gilgamesh

(Uruk, required 1500 labors working 10 hours per day for 5 years)

Sumer

3000 BCE -2000BCE city-states were constantly at war.

Hammurabi's code: 1st written form of law, laws dealt with family, community, businesses, and crime.

-282 laws written on stone and posted -laws had different punishments for

rich/poor, men/women.-eye for an eye concept

Assignment: Create a Ziggurat, explain why each is important to a civilization and how it leads to the next pg 19 in Book

Agriculture:

Specialized Labor:

Writing:

Law:

Allowed ppl stay in one location, more foods, more ppl, more technology, freed time for specialization

Specialization allowed cities to turn into trade centers, need for record keeping

More ppl, more spec labor, need for a unified writing system to maintain order

Made consequences

Egypt 3000 BCE, unlike the rivers in Meso, the

Nile overflowed once annually. **Irrigation**

“the gift of the Nile” Most communities were Ag Villages engaged

in local trade. Pharaoh, the King of Egypt, constructed

pyramids Role of king differed:Meso Kings= representatives of GodsEgpt Kings=are the Gods

Egypt

Mummification: Embalming and drying the corpse to prevent decaying.

Believed in afterlife, unlike Meso.

Egyptian Life

Shaped like a pyramid Social Ranking: Not locked into

their classes, able to gain higher status.

Hieroglyphics: writing system, started simple and soon could almost be used like letters of an alphabet

Both Meso & Egpt were polytheists. Both Meso & Egpt were patriarchal

cities

Sample Test Question:

The Egyptian civilization was similar to the Sumerian civilization

a. In its reliance on natural defense barriers

b. In its system of social stratificationc. In its political structured. In the extent to which its culture

was diffusede. In the nature of the flood pattern of

its major rivers

Bantu Migrations

Bantu Migrated throughout sub- Saharan

Africa 2000-1000BCE Two Features that helped spread: Use of

Canoes & Ag surpluses enable pop increase from place to place.

Spread of CULTURE 1000 BCE Iron Tools allowed cultivators to

clear land and expand Ag. Established Ag Societies throughout

Sub-Saharan Africa: yams, oil palms, millet, sheep, pigs, and cattle.

Sample Test Question:

Which of the following describes a major effect of Bantu Migrations?

a. The single common religion in sub-Saharan Africa

b. The diffusion of irrigation techniques in East Africa

c. Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa

d. The political integration between Bantu ppl and Indian sailors

Assignment: with one partner Compare Mesopotamia and Egypt

Political Economic Social

Mesopotamia

Govts, Laws, leaders Crops, technology, specialized labor, buildings, writing

Religion, structure,

Egypt

Some AnswersPolitical Economic Social

Mesopotamia

City-states, Code of Hammurabi

Grains, Wheel & Sail= trade, Cuneiform, Metallurgy , Irrigation, invasions, unpredictable rivers

Village life, pyramids, Hieroglyphics, Polytheism, Stratified Society

Egypt Pharaohs, Kingdom of Kush

Barley, Ironworking, Irrigation, “gift of the Nile” , trade, invasions

Ziggurat, Polytheism, Stratified Society

Indus River Valley

2500BCE another advanced civilization emerged. (present day Pakistan)

While Egypt was building pyramids, Indus people were laying bricks in India’s first cities.

Historians know less b/c the writing has yet to be deciphered.

2 major cities arose Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro

Planned Cities

Like Meso, Indus River was unpredictable

Monsoons, with cycles of wet and dry They build strong levees, to keep the

water, and human made islands to raise cities.

Unlike Meso, their cities were laid out on a precise grid system, granaries

Buildings were build with oven-baked bricks cut into standard sizes.

Plumbing and sewage systems pg47

All of this organization, suggests a strong central govt.

Culture, like Meso and Egpt was based on Agriculture.

Little social division, artifacts show a prosperous society, few weapons, emphasis on animals

Religion: like Meso, ruler was the tie to Gods

Evidence of the Hindu religion Trade: Gold, Silver with Afghanistan.

Precious stones with Persia. Indus River was key to transportation Around 1750 BCE the cities gradually

fell: Earthquakes, flooding, and deforestation.

Sample Test Question

The Indus River Valleya. Relied heavily on communal

planningb. Is best studied though its written

recordsc. Was isolated from other river valley

civilizations because of mountainsd. Declined after the arrival of the

Aryan invaderse. Shared similar flood control

concerns as Egptians