Prepared by: Ts. Dr Norhayati Binti Ngadiman Civil Engineering Department Center of Diploma Studies UTHM DAC 11603 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Prepared by:
Ts. Dr Norhayati Binti NgadimanCivil Engineering Department
Center of Diploma StudiesUTHM
DAC 11603CIVIL
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
described as crushed stone, gravel, sand, slag
and recycled concrete, which is composed of
individual particles.
natural sources for aggregates include gravel
pits, river run deposits and rock quarries
Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock
Definition
Rocks formed by
solidification of
cooled magma by
crystallizing into a
mosaic of materials
Rocks formed from
sediments of the
earth’s land area
Rocks are created by
changes induced at
high temperature
and/or high pressure
Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock
Environment Underground: and as
lava flows
Deposition basin:
mainly sea
Mostly deep inside
mountains chains
Rock strengthUniform high
strengthVariable low Variable high
Major types
with
compressive
strength
Granite (90 MPa),
basalt (160Mpa)
Sandstone (40Mpa),
limestone, claySchist, slate
Bulk density is a property of particulate
materials.
the mass of particles of the material
divided by the volume they occupy.
volume includes the space between
particles as well as the space inside the
pores of individual particles
Specific gravity (SG) is a special case of
relative density defined as the ratio of
the density of a given substance, to the
density of water.
Substances with a specific gravity greater
than 1 are heavier than water, and those
with a specific gravity of less than 1 are
lighter than water.
Determine the specific gravity of high density
aggregate which the unit weight is 2900
kg/m3. (ρwater = 1000 kg/m3).
s.g = ρHDA / ρwater = 2900 kg/m3 / 1000 kg/m3 = 2.9
2.3.1 Strength
• Aggregate cannot transmit tensile force from one particle to
another, but very well in resisting compressive forces.
• Angular particles and rough aggregates can create better
interlocking system and tendency to resist forces from
developed friction
The strength of aggregate is measured by on
following tests:
✓ Aggregate crushing value
✓ Aggregate impact test
✓ Ten percent fines value
The crushing strength of aggregate cannot be tested with any
direct test. There are some indirect tests to inform us about
the crushing strength of aggregate
2.3.2 Hardness
❖ the ability of aggregates to resist the damaging
effect (wearing) of load or applied pressure.
❖ be tested by using abrasion test as described in
BS 812: Part 113: 1990 or ASTM C 131: C535.
❖ It is an important property of concrete in roads
and in floor surfaces subjected to heavy traffic.
The most frequently used test method is the Los
Angeles Abrasion Test.
2.3.2 Hardness
❖ Los Angeles Abrasion Test: The aggregate of specified
grading is placed in a cylindrical drum, mounted
horizontally. A charge of steel balls is added, and the drum
is rotated a specified number of revolutions. The tumbling
and dropping of the aggregate and the balls result in
abrasion and attrition of the aggregate. The resulting
grading should be compared with the standard limitations.
2.3.3 Durability
❖ the ability of aggregate to withstand external or internal
damaging attack such as weathering effect (also known as
soundness)
❖ the soundness of aggregate is tested by simulating the
weathering effect by soaking the different sized fractions
of oven-dry sample, in sodium sulfate or magnesium
sulfate solution for 16 hours to create freezing effect.
❖ The sample is subjected to five cycles of soaking and
drying procedure. Tested samples were then washed and
weighted to determine loss percentage of entire samples.
The results will be compared with allowable limits to
determine whether the aggregate is acceptable
2.3.4 Toughness
❖ the resistance if aggregate to failure by impact.
❖ can be determined by implementing Aggregate Impact Test
according to MS 30: Part 10: 1995.
❖ The aggregate impact value shall not exceed 45% by weight
for aggregate used in concrete and 30% for wearing
surface.
2.3.5 Porosity
❖ the ratio of the volume of pores in particle to its total
volume (solid volume Plus the volume of pores)
❖ Porosity of natural aggregate can be determined by using
following formula:
Type of Rock Porosity (%)
Granite
Shale
Clay
Sandstone (fractured)
Sand
Gravel
Limestone (cavernous)
Chalk
1
3
50
15
30
25
5
20
Calculate the porosity of the coarse aggregates if
the water absorption is 5.5% and the specific
gravity of the aggregates is 2.73.
( )( )
( )%23.14
5.5100
73.25.5100%
100
100=
+
=
+
=
W
GWPorosity s
Calculate the percentage of water absorption if
the porosity is 10 % and the specific gravity of the
aggregates is 2.5.
Calculate the percentage of water absorption if
the porosity is 10 % and the specific gravity of the
aggregates is 2.5.
Answer:
W = 4.17 %
Calculate the porosity of the coarse aggregates
if the water absorption is 4.5% and the specific
gravity of the aggregates is 2.92.
Calculate the porosity of the coarse aggregates
if the water absorption is 4.5% and the specific
gravity of the aggregates is 2.92.
( )( )
( )%57.12
5.4100
92.25.4100%
100
100=
+
=
+
=
W
GWPorosity s
2.3.6 Absorption
❖ Aggregate can capture fluid (water, moisture, asphalt
binder and etc) in surface voids. Voids represent the
amount of air space between the aggregate particles.
❖ The amount of void normally expressed as void content
and can be determined by using equation below:
Calculate the void content if given the value of
aggregates specific gravity is 2.75, density of
water is 1000kg/m3 and the bulk density of
aggregates taken as 1745 kg/m3.
𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑆𝐺 𝑥 𝑊 −𝐵
𝑆𝐺 𝑥 𝑊𝑥 100 =
2.75 𝑥 1000 −1745
2.75 𝑥 1000𝑥 100 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟓%
Calculate the void content of a sample of
aggregate based on the given data:
Specific gravity, SG = 2.63,
Density of water, W = 1000kg/m3,
Bulk density of aggregates, B = 1528kg/m3
Calculate the void content of a sample of
aggregate based on the given data:
Specific gravity, SG = 2.63,
Density of water, W = 1000kg/m3,
Bulk density of aggregates, B = 1528kg/m3
𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑆𝐺 𝑥 𝑊 −𝐵
𝑆𝐺 𝑥 𝑊𝑥 100 =
2.63 𝑥 1000 −1528
2.63 𝑥 1000𝑥 100 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟐%
2.3.6 Absorption
❖ absorption capacity or water absorption or absorbed
moisture can be defined as the moisture content in the
saturated surface dry condition.
(a)Bone Dry
(b)Air Dry
(c) SSD (semi-saturated dry)
(d)Moist
2.3.6 Absorption
❖ Determination of moisture content (MC) can be calculated
by using following equation:
❖ method of determination of moisture content and
absorption of aggregate. They are:
Determine the moisture content of the sample
of fine aggregates if their weight in moist
condition found to be 4.52 kg (with tray) and
the dry weight after 24 hours in oven was 4.23
kg (with tray). The weight of the tray is 0.52
kg.
%82.710052.023.4
23.452.4
%100
=−
−=
=ghtovendrywei
istureweightofmoMC
Calculate the moisture content of the sample of
coarse aggregates if their weight in moist
condition found to be 8.65 kg (with tray) and the
dry weight after 24 hours in oven was 8.16 kg (with
tray). The weight of the tray is 1.5 kg.
Sieve analysis is the name of the operation of
dividing a sample of aggregate into fractions,
each consisting of particles of the same size.
In practice each fraction contains particles
between specific limits, these being the
openings of standard test sieves.
Graphical representation (ordinates represent the
cumulative percentage passing and the abscissa the sieve
opening plotted to a logarithmic scale)
See at a glance whether the grading of a given sample
conforms to that specified or is too coarse or too fine.
Table 2.3: Typical Grading Curves for A Zone 2 Fine
Aggregate and A Graded 20 mm Coarse Aggregate
Gap grading is a grading in which one or more
intermediate size fractions are omitted (limited
sizes, good interlock, low permeability)
Well Graded means sizes within the entire range
are in approximately equal amounts (friction at
many points, excellent interlocking, very few
voids or low permeability)
Uniform gradation means a large percentage of
the particles are of approximately the same
size (poor interlocking, high percentage of
voids, friction at few points of contact)
Combined gradation means fine and coarse aggregates
are combined (friction at many points, good interlocking,
few voids, economical).
The Fineness Modulus (FM) used to determine theaggregate distribution.
The lower the Fineness Modulus the smaller theaverage particle size and the larger the finenessmodulus the larger the average particle size.
Fineness modulus is the sum of the cumulative percentage
retained on the sieves of the standard test sieves. Fineness
modulus (FM) = (Cum. percent retained / 100)
Table A shows the result of sieve analysis on a sample of aggregates.
(i) Percent retained
(ii) Percent passing
(iii) Cumulative percent retained
(iv) Fine modulus
(15 marks)
.
SIEVE MASS RETAINED (g)
25mm (1 in) 0
20mm (3/4 in) 326.8
12.5mm (1/2 in) 1361.6
10mm (3/8 in) 1960.7
4.76mm (No. 4) 1412.0
2.38mm (No. 8) 276.4
1.19mm (No. 16) 75.1
Pan 63.0
TOTAL 5475.6
Table A shows the result of a sieve analysis
Table B shows the result of sieve analysis on a sample of aggregates.
(i) Calculate the percent retain
(ii) Calculate the percent passing
(iii) Plot the size distribution curve
(10 marks)
.
SIEVE MASS RETAINED (g)
25 135
19 312
12.5 1310
9.5 1955
4.75 1407
2.3 255
1.18 62
Pan 49
Total 5485
Table B shows the result of a sieve analysis
Aggregate has three dimensional of masses namely shape,
size and surface texture.
external characteristic
Rough texture generally improves the bonding, inter-
particle friction but more difficult to compact into a dense
configuration.
measure of the smoothness or roughness of the aggregate.
The strength of the bond between aggregate and cement
paste depends upon the surface texture.
An aggregate with rough and porous texture may increase
the aggregate-cement bond up to 1.75 times, in which may
increase the compressive and flexural strength of concrete
up to 20%.
The surface pores help in the development of good bond
on account of suction of paste into these pores. Aggregate
with polished surface do not produce such strong concrete
compared to those with rough surface
2.6.1 Palm oil shell
2.6.2 Crushed burnt bricks
2.6.3 Natural LWA
2.6.4 Industrial by-product
2.6.5 Expanded palletized fly ash aggregates
palm oil shells as aggregates are similar to the lightweight
concrete produced using the more common aggregates such as
clinker, foamed slag and expanded clay.
palm oil shells are hard and are received as crushed pieces as a
result of the process used for extracting the oil.
contain a large amount of fine particles which are removed by
manual sieving.
the shells are air-dried before use
workability and compressive strength of lightweight concrete
with palm oil shells as aggregates is affected by the proportion
of palm oil shell and the water-to-cement ratio.
28 day cube compressive strengths of the lightweight concrete
vary between 5.0 to 19.5 MPa.
use of crushed bricks or sintered clays as
aggregates were practiced since ancient
masonries
densities of these aggregates were in the
range of 1500 to 2000 kg/m3.
porous and resemble a sintered clay
aggregates.
Wet process – similar to preparing for clay for
brick production – is more usual for soft
clays.
Dry process – pelletizing or crushing is more
common for harder shales and for slates.
Burning and expanding – mostly done in
rotary kilns at the temperature of about
1100˚C to 1200˚C.
varying sizes and densities can be produced
for example; 8 to 16 mm and densities of 300
to 800 kg/m3.
Perlite mineral: a glassy material from
volcanic eruption with water content of 2 to
6 %.
crushing the material to graded sizes and
rapidly heating it to the point of incipient
fusion
Perlite which quickly heated to above 870˚C,
it expands and produces aggregates with a
bulk density of 30 to 240 kg/m3.
Consist of by product of a thermal power
station
The quality depends on the temperature and
heating rate.
Day and night production of fly ash gives
different carbon content and particle sizes.
High quality with low carbon content used as
concrete admixture while low quality with
high carbon content are used in landfilling
activities.