Page | 1 1. Introduction Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to benefit man. As a career-oriented applied education, Civil Engineering Students Internship Program (CESIP) bridges the gap between theory and practice and provides students with practical, field based, real world experiences during their years of study. CESIP provide us the following opportunities: a. Apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application. b. Acquire knowledge of various stages of construction, project management and team-work. c. Practice ethical and professional work culture. d. Provide opportunity for students to work with industrial practitioners. e. Implement Health Safety Environment (HSE) practices at workplace. For these practical & technical skills we participated in CESIP-2012 under “GENETIC LIMITED” construction firm. 2. Aim The aim of this report is to apprise you about the practical experience gained by us from ongoing project activities during the package of CESIP. 3. Development of a Project 3.1 Site Selection The following are the few factors which generally taken into account while selecting a site 1. Location 2. Climate of region 3. Availability of raw materials for 4. Cost and time frame 5. Population of the region The selection of a site for affordable housing should reflect the particular needs of the population that housing development will serve. An important consideration is the
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1. Introduction
Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the
resources of nature to benefit man. As a career-oriented applied education, Civil
Engineering Students Internship Program (CESIP) bridges the gap between theory and
practice and provides students with practical, field based, real world experiences during
their years of study. CESIP provide us the following opportunities:
a. Apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application.
b. Acquire knowledge of various stages of construction, project management
and team-work.
c. Practice ethical and professional work culture.
d. Provide opportunity for students to work with industrial practitioners.
e. Implement Health Safety Environment (HSE) practices at workplace.
For these practical & technical skills we participated in CESIP-2012 under “GENETIC
LIMITED” construction firm.
2. Aim
The aim of this report is to apprise you about the practical experience gained by us from
ongoing project activities during the package of CESIP.
3. Development of a Project
3.1 Site Selection
The following are the few factors which generally taken into account while selecting a
site
1. Location
2. Climate of region
3. Availability of raw materials for
4. Cost and time frame
5. Population of the region
The selection of a site for affordable housing should reflect the particular needs of the
population that housing development will serve. An important consideration is the
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location of the property in relation to the services residents will need to access, such as
shopping, medical, schools and transportation. Location of the site may also have a
significant impact on the cost of project.
In “Genetic Limited” we have found that they have a survey team. In the initial stage
they visit the site and find if the condition is satisfactory according to their company
policy. While selecting the sites they follow some of the criteria. Like-
1. The land should be in a condition that no filling of land is required.
2. The minimum land area should be five Katha.
3. The location of the land should be in the prime location of Dhaka city. Like –
Basundhara,Baridhara,Gulshan,Uttara etc.
4. The land should be undisputed.
3.2 Soil Investigation
Soil Investigation is carried out for designing a right type of foundation safely and
economically, a designer must possess sufficient information about the physical
properties and the arrangement of underlying materials. The field and laboratory
investigations required to get this essential information is known as soil exploration.
A standard soil test report contains the following features.
a) Introduction.
b) Location & level.
c) General notes on sub-soil investigation.
d) Scope of the work.
e) Field investigation.
i. Drilling & recording.
ii. Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
iii. Disturbed sample collection.
iv. Undisturbed sample collection.
v. Ground water table.
f) Laboratory test.
Following tests should be conducted.
i. Grain size analysis.
ii. Moisture content.
iii. Direct shear test.
iv. Specific gravity test.
v. Atterburg limit test.
vi. Density test.
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vii. Unconfined compression test.
viii. Consolidation test.
g) Determination of bearing capacity.
h) Determination of pile capacity.
i) Foundation recommendation.
Recommendation is made basing on the test result.
From SPT test we can find the hard soil strata. If the depth of the hard strata is low, then
shallow foundation can be used. Otherwise pile foundation is used.
Type of pile such as precast concrete or cast in situ R.C.C. Pile depth & diameter is
mentioned in the recommendation.
If the soil requires any improvement, it is also mentioned in the recommendation.
In Genetic Limited we found that they outsource other company for soil testing. During
our training we have gone through some of the soil test report and found many
anomalies. (A sample is attached as Appendix-C) Those are described below:
1. They have not collected any undisturbed soli sample for clay layer. But they have
conducted the “Unconfined Compression Test” by sample
U-1which they have not mentioned in their bore hole log.
2. In case of “Direct Shear Test” for clay they have shown zero Cohesion, which is
not possible in practical.
3. The total percentage of sand & silt shown in the grain size analysis does not
match up with the percentage shown in the summary.
4. The value of unconfined compressive strength obtained from the graph does not
match with the result they have shown.
3.3 Foundation Design
Design of foundations with variable conditions and variable types of foundation
structures will be different, but there are steps that are typical to every design,
including:
1. Calculate loads from structure, surcharge, active & passive pressures, etc.
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2. Characterize soil – hire a firm to conduct soil tests and produce a report that includes
soil material properties
3. Determine footing location and depth – shallow footings are less expensive, but the
variability of the soil from the geotechnical report will drive choices
4. Evaluate soil bearing capacity – the factor of safety is considered here
5. Determine footing size – these calculations are based on working loads and the
allowable soil pressure
6. Calculate contact pressure and check stability
7. Estimate settlements
8. Design the footing structure – design for the material based on applicable structural
design codes which may use allowable stress design.
3.4 Superstructure Design
Designing superstructures requires considering the pressure and force they will exert
on the finished construction and balancing this to address concerns about safety and
stability. The size of the superstructure is an important factor in base design, as the base
of the structure must be able to support the entire laden weight. In building
construction, there may be concerns about structural integrity in earthquakes and high
winds. During designing Engineer should have a clear idea about the rules/codes like-
BNBC, RAJUK & local rules etc. and apply them correctly.
The superstructure is also the highly visible part of a structure. For the purpose of
determining the maximum stresses in any structure or member of a structure, the
various loads have to be taken into account such as:
Dead load of the structure
Live Load of the structure
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Temperature effects
Loads during construction period
Once the required calculations for the structure are done, certain checks are performed
to make sure that the structure remains durable, sound and stiff.
Periodic inspections are conducted to make sure the structure is still sound, checking
for issues like the development of rust, holes, and other issues. In Genetic Limited They
mainly rely on outsourcing for the structural design.
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3.5 Project Planning and Management
Excellence in Project Management is achieved through a structured process that
includes multiple phases:
Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing.
The process balances the key project constraints and provides a tool for making
decisions throughout the project based on stakeholder values, performance metrics,
established procedures and project goals.
Effective project management includes strategies, tactics, and tools for managing the
design and construction delivery processes and for controlling key factors to ensure the
client receives a facility that matches their expectations and functions as it is intended
to function.
Successful project delivery requires the implementation of management systems that
will control changes in the key factors of scope, costs, schedule, and quality to maximize
the investment. This section offers guidance for the entire team to successfully and
effectively carry out a high performance building
project.
There is a great deal involved in managing a
construction. The main task includes:
Dealing with suppliers and making sure materials
are ordered and delivered on time.
Monitoring progress once work starts to make
sure everything complies with the contract and
consent documentation (including plans and
specifications).
Arranging for inspections by your own
professionals, for example, the designer or
architect.
Arranging for inspections by the building inspectors at the end of each stage.
Knowing when progress payments are due and checking claims for payment.
Negotiating with the builder and subcontractors to come back and fix any work
not completed or done properly.
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Arranging amendments to the building consent where necessary.
Arranging the final inspection for the code compliance certificate.
In “Genetic Limited” the “Management Dept.” looks after the overall process & a
separate “Purchase & Construction Dept.” responsible for the construction
management. In this company has minimum one experienced diploma engineer in each
project & an AGM (Area General Manager) for each specific zone, who are always
responsible for the projects management on ground.
3.6 Construction
When a project is executed on the site it has to cover up a sequential order from its
initial stage to final stage. This generally includes:
1. Site mobilization
2. Drawing collection
3. Proposed area check
4. Pilling /Earth cutting
5. Pile cap /Footing
6. Column
7. Grade beam
8. Column
9. Slab & beam
10. Brick Layout
11. Lintel & false slab
12. Grill fitting & door floor fitting
13. Grove cutting for electrical wire
14. Inside & outside plaster
15. Sanitary work
16. Electrical wearing
17. Tiles
18. Paint
19. Fitting Works
During our visit we observed many steps of this project execution on ground.
Pre-Construction Phase
Site Mobilization: It is the preliminary stage of a construction project. This includes:
• Gas connection
• Water connection
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• Labor facility
• Storage facility
Foundation: In general there are these types of foundations:
• Isolated Footing
• Combined footing
• Raft
• Pile
Basement: If there is basement floor in the plan. Then in addition the following
structure is taken consideration.
• Shore pile/Sheet pile
• Earth excavation
• Bracing fitting
• Retaining Wall
Figure 1 : Shore pile Figure 2: Sheet pile
Figure3: Steel Bracing Figure 4: Retaining Wall
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PL Height Setting: In general PL height is measured by considering the main road level
as the datum.PL is set 2’-3’ above the datum. High flood level is rarely taken
consideration during this task.
Water Tank: There are two water tanks in every project. One is underground & other is
overhead. We arbitrarily calculated capacity of some of the water tank.
According to their design the water tank has a capacity of 22,167 litres.
They have calculated assuming 6 members per flat with 45 gallon/day consumption for each.
They multiply the total consumption amount with around 2.5 for some uncertainty in water
consumption.
As there are 8 flats
The total water consumption = (8*6*45*4.55) litre /day
=9828 litre /day
=9828*2.5 litre /day =24570 litres/day
This is not satisfactory.
Septic Tank: The design of septic tank is generally done for that project only where
there is no connection with the central sewerage pipe. Area like Basundhara Mirpur
DOHS there are aseptic tank for every project but in Gulshan the waste is directly
connected to the sewerage line.
Site Material Quality:
Shuttering material: There are various types of shuttering materials used during the
construction process having their own advantages & disadvantages.
• Bamboo & wood-
• Most common
• Not durable
• Low cost
• Easily available
• Steel probe-
• Costly
• Longevity
• Efficient working
• Multipurpose shuttering-
• Multitask
• Can be used both vertically & horizontally
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Cement: Cements are brought to the site according to the demand. It is kept in a dry
place. The maximum age of the cement in the site is generally 1-2 week. They always try
to use the fresh cement.
Storage Facility: Storage facility in construction is not that much good. Because of the
scarcity of open land sometimes it appears to be very difficult to store the materials.
This problem generally arises during the initial stage. Again in some places like-
Basundhara there are certain rules which hampers the good storage facility.
Availability of Construction Tools: For tools supply the company fully depend on the
contractor. It is their liability to supply the tools on demand.