Civil Emergency Planning in the NATOEAPC Countries

Intern

ational CEP

Han

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03 SEM

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SEMA's Ed

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2003:2

Swedish Emergency Swedish Emergency

Management AgencyManagement Agency

P.O. Box 599P.O. Box 599

SE-101 31 StockholmSE-101 31 Stockholm

Tel +46 (0) 8 593 710 00Tel +46 (0) 8 593 710 00

Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01

kbm@krisberedskapskbm@krisberedskaps

myndigheten.semyndigheten.se

www.krisberedskapswww.krisberedskaps


1. Albania

2. Armenia

3. Austria

4. Azerbaijan

5. Belarus

6. Belgium

7. Bulgaria

8. Canada

9. Croatia

10. Czech Republic

11. Denmark

12. Estonia

13. Finland

14. France

15. Georgia

16. Germany

17. Greece

18. Hungary

19. Iceland

20. Ireland

21. Italy

22. Kazakhstan

23. Kyrgyzstan

24. Latvia

25. Lithuania

26. Luxembourg

27. Moldova

28. Netherlands

29. Norway

30. Poland

31. Portugal

32. Romania

33. Russia

34. Slovakia

35. Slovenia

36. Spain

37. Sweden

38. Switzerland

39. Tajikistan

41. Turkey

42. Turkmenistan

43. Ukraine

44. United Kingdom

45. United States

46. Uzbekistan

40. The Former Yugoslav

Republic of Macedonia*

*Turkey recognizes the Republic of

Macedonia with its constitutional name.

ISBN 91-85053-10-4ISBN 91-85053-10-4

Civil Emergency Planning in the NATO/EAPC Countries

SEMA's Educational SeriesSEMA's Educational Series 2003:22003:2

International CEP Handbook 2003

1

International

CEP Handbook 2003Civil Emergency Planning in the

NATO/EAPC Countries

PUBLISHER The Swedish Emergency Management Agency (SEMA)

EDITOR Mats Lundström, SEMA

PRODUCTION Gernandt & Co Reklambyrå AB, Stockholm

PRINT Elanders AB

ISBN 91-85053-10-4

Member Countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC):

Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia*, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan.*Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name.

Notes to the Reader

A uniform structure has been appliedthroughout this handbook. In otherwords, the headlines are the same for allcountries and each chapter consists ofapproximately 5–6 pages. The chaptershave been written by national experts inthe Civil Emergency Planning field.

As regards military expenditures, thesource of information presented in “Factsat your fingertips” is the Stockholm In-ternational Peace Research Institute’s(sipri) website: www.sipri.org

In order to limit the number of interna-tional organisations mentioned under“Facts at your fingertips”, the seven mostrelevant organisations to Civil EmergencyPlanning have been selected as follows:the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council(eapc), the North Atlantic Treaty Organi-sation (nato), the United Nations (un),the European Union (eu), the Organisa-tion for Security and Co-operation inEurope (osce), the Council of Europeand the Commonwealth of IndependentStates (cis).

Preface 7

Albania 8Armenia 12Austria 16Azerbaijan 21Belarus 24Belgium 27Bulgaria 32Canada 38Croatia 43Czech Republic 47Denmark 52Estonia 57Finland 62France 69Georgia 73Germany 77Greece 81Hungary 85Iceland 90Ireland 93Italy 96Kazakhstan 99Kyrgyzstan 104Latvia 105Lithuania 109Luxembourg 114Moldova 118Netherlands 122Norway 126Poland 132Portugal 137Romania 141Russia 146

Slovakia 151Slovenia 156Spain 163Sweden 168Switzerland 173Tajikistan 179The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia(1) 185Turkey 186Turkmenistan 191Ukraine 195United Kingdom 200USA 205Uzbekistan 212

About the Swedish Emergency Management Agency (sema) 220

1 Turkey recognizes the Republic ofMacedonia with its constitutional name.

Table of Contents

7

The importance of international co-operation cannot be stressed enough. The same applies to Civil EmergencyPlanning. Vulnerability and crisis mana-gement are not only national issues.Crises are not bound by borders. Whenthe need arises, all countries must be ableto manage crisis situations in co-operationwith the international community.Furthermore, an international exchangeof knowledge and experiences is essentialfor developing the national capabilities of each individual country. This is whyinternational co-operation in the fields of research, training and exercises mustcontinue to develop.

In this light, we have produced thefifth edition of the International CivilEmergency Planning Handbook. Thishandbook presents the structure and or-ganisation of Civil Emergency Planningsystems in each nato and Partner coun-try, and makes a general contribution toknowledge in the field.

The Swedish Emergency ManagementAgency (sema) is honoured to continuepublishing this handbook, with its originsin Sweden’s long engagement in the frame-work of nato’s Partnership for Peaceprogram.

sema was established on July 1, 2002,with the purpose of co-ordinating socie-ty’s work with emergency management.sema took over some of the tasks of thenow defunct Swedish Agency for CivilEmergency Planning (öcb) and the Board

of Psychological Defence (spf), which isstill in existence. sema’s most importanttask is to activate and support CivilEmergency Planning activities in otherauthorities, aimed at reducing society’svulnerability and increasing Sweden’semergency management capacity.

In this handbook, you will find informa-tion about all 46 countries in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. To keep thechapters up to date, however, we urge allcountries to keep us informed of anychanges in their Civil Emergency Planningsystems. This is particularly important forthe few countries that are only coveredbriefly. The publication is also available onsema’s website: www.krisberedskapsmyndig-

heten.se

Finally, I would like to thank all theexperts in each country who have contri-buted chapters to this handbook. Yourcontributions have not only made thispublication possible; they have also takenus one step closer towards greater co-operation in the field of Civil EmergencyPlanning. In this respect, the handbookbelongs to all of us.

Preface

Ann-Louise EksborgDirector General, SEMA

8

1. Form of Government

Albania is a parliamentary republic. The President is the Head of State.Albania has a single house of parliament,the National Assembly (Kuvendi), madeup of 140 members (deputies). ThePresident is elected by the Assembly. The Council of Ministers consists of the Prime Minister, the Deputy PrimeMinister and other ministers. TheCouncil of Ministers exercises every state function that is not delegated to

Albania

Republika ë Shqipërisë

Albania

Greece

Adriatic sea

The FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Serbia

Tirana

Montenegro

➽ Facts at your fingertips

Head of State President

Alfred Moisiu (2002-)

Head of Government Prime Minister

Fatos Nano (2002-)

Capital Tirana

Population 3.2 million

Area 28,748 sq. km

GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 3,506

Military Expenditures 1.2% of GDP

Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE,

Council of Europe

9

other organs of state power or to localgovernment.

The units of local government arecommunes or municipalities and regions.Communes and municipalities exerciseall the duties of self government with theexception given by law to other units oflocal government. The representativeorgans of the basic units of local govern-ment are councils which are elected everythree years by direct elections with secretvoting. The executive organ of a munici-pality or commune is the Chairman, whois elected directly by the people.

A region consists of several basic unitsof local government with traditional,economic and social ties and joint inte-rests. The region is the unit in whichregional policies are constructed andimplemented and where they areharmonised with state policy. The repres-entative organ of the region is the Regio-nal Council. Municipalities and commu-nes delegate members to the Regional Co-uncil in proportion to their population.

2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning

Albania is currently developing its futureCivil Emergency Planning system. TheGovernment of Albania commits itself toprotect, in the most appropriate way, itscitizens in case of crisis. For this purpose,it intends to establish a well functioningoverall system to respond to emergenciesand to mitigate their consequences.Through this system, it aims at protectingthe civilian population, providing theessential supplies, sustaining the funda-

mental services, ensuring the continuousfunctioning of infrastructure and makingthe life of its citizens easier in crisis situa-tions.

The Government of Albania recognisesthat management of civil emergenciesshould be based on civil control. It alsoacknowledges that all levels of govern-ment have a responsibility in planningand preparing for emergencies, which arebeyond the resources and capabilities ofindividual citizens. Where governmentalaction is required for responding toemergencies, the sequence of responsibilitywould normally begin at the local level,move to the regions and finally to thenational level, if necessary. Various civicorganisations, ngo:s and the private sectoralso have particular roles in planning forand responding to civil emergencies.

2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives

The overall objective of Albanian CivilEmergency Planning is to protect, in themost appropriate way, the state and itscitizens. The Government of Albaniaemphasises the importance of:➤ Identifying potential emergency

situations within Albania as well as preventive measures.

➤ Preparing response plans for the various kinds of disasters to which Albania is exposed.

➤ Facilitate training in crisis prevention,preparedness and response as well as preparing all resources necessary to cope with emergency situations.

➤ Facilitate effective response to crisis

10

situations, minimising their effects on the population and the environment.

➤ Restoring essential services in order to safeguard human lives.

➤ Organising early warnings and keeping the public informed during emergencies.

➤ Providing training of citizens in self protection.

➤ Informing the nation about necessary actions in emergency situations.

2.2 CEP Organisational Structure

Civil Emergency Planning in Albaniawill be part of the Ministry of LocalGovernment structure. A special direct-orate within the Ministry of LocalGovernment will deal with Civil Emer-gency Planning. The directorate will beunder direct supervision of the Ministerwho, in case of an emergency, becomesthe overall co-ordinator of all emergencyresponses.

This directorate will have two sections;a section for policy and planning, and anoperational section, which will includean operational centre and a trainingcentre. Both sections shall co-operateclosely with Civil Emergency Planningpoints of contact in all line ministries,local government, civil societies, ngo:s,private sectors, media as well as with theCivil Protection Base, the fire brigade,the ambulances services, and other bodiesas might be appropriate.

Attached to the Ministry of LocalGovernment is a Commission consistingof the key appropriate bodies; i.e. repres-

entatives from relevant line ministries,various state institutions and representa-tives from civil societies, which will beestablished. This Commission shall meeton regular basis for conferring on CivilEmergency Planning issues. In case ofemergency the Civil Emergency Planningdirectorate can call upon a specialcommittee of technical experts for theiradvice.

3. Civil-Military Co-operation

Civil-Military co-operation is co-ordi-nated by the Ministry of Defence. Longterm planning for joint activities in crisissituations is carried out by the GeneralStaff of the Armed Forces. At regionallevel, the main areas of co-operation areplanning for major disasters and techno-logical disasters in the region and trainingand exercising local units for on sitemanagement of operations in disasterareas.

4. Legal Framework

The Constitution of the Republic ofAlbania is the political and juridicalstarting point for organising Civil Emer-gency Planning in Albania. Articles 170and 174 provide for the obligation of the state powers to prevent or avoidconsequences of natural disasters ortechnological accidents.

Based on the relevant articles in theAlbanian Constitution, the Governmentof Albania recognises its obligation tofurther develop the necessary legislativeframework to organise and implement

11

Civil Emergency Planning in an effectiveway. The principles for action in case ofemergencies, planning and prevention,the role and competence of the variousbodies and relationships among themwill be defined by law.

Contact: Civil Emergency Planning Directorate

Ministry of Local Government

Tirana

Albania

Telephone/Telefax: +355 42 28895

Website: www.tirana.al

Brussels: Mr. Plator Kalakulla

Mission of Albania to NATO

Manfred Wörner Building

B-1110 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 707 27 80

Telefax: +32 2 707 27 81

E-mail: [email protected]

12


Armenia is a republic with a parliamentarysystem. Executive power in the Republicof Armenia is implemented by theGovernment of the Republic. TheGovernment is composed of the PrimeMinister and other Ministers. The powersof the Government are determined bythe Constitution and other laws. Theorganisation and rules of operation of the Government are determined by adecree of the President of the Republic

Armenia

Hayastani Hanrapetutyun


Head of State President Robert

Kotjarjan (1998–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Andranik

Margaryan (2000–)

Capital Yerevan


Area 29,800 sq. km


Military Expenditures 4.4% of GDP (est.)


Council of Europe, CIS

Georgia

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan

Turkey

Iran

Armenia

Yerevan

13

upon the recommendation of the PrimeMinister. The President of the Republicappoints the Prime Minister. The Presi-dent is the Commander-in-Chief of theArmed Forces and appoints its high com-mand.

Legislative power in the Republic ofArmenia is implemented by the NationalAssembly. The Government submits itsprogram to the National Assembly forapproval in accordance with settled rules.The administrative territorial units of theRepublic of Armenia are the provincesand the districts. Provinces include urbanand rural districts. The provinces aregoverned by regional governments. Thedistricts have local self-governments.

The Government appoints the Gover-nors in the provinces, who implementthe Government’s regional policy and co-ordinate the regional activities of therepublican executive bodies.

The Republic of Armenia is dividedinto 10 provinces. The city of Yerevan has the status of a province. The Mayorof Yerevan is appointed by the Presidentof the Republic upon the recommendationof the Prime Minister.

Local self-governing bodies are elected.The election procedure of local self-gover-ning bodies and their powers are deter-mined by the Constitution and the laws.


In emergencies, the Government imple-ments the governing of the Civil Protec-tion System. Ministries, departmentadministrations, regional governments,

supervising territorial administrationsand local self-government bodies are all involved the Civil Protection system. The Emergency Management Admini-stration, under the Government of theRepublic, becomes the supervisingauthority in the field of Civil Protectionin an emergency.


The Emergency Management Admini-stration (ema) is responsible for the currentstate of the country’s preparedness, andprovides prospective development policyin Civil Protection.

The objectives of the ema are to:➤ Establish a governmental policy in

Civil Protection and enhance the country’s preparedness level.

➤ Mitigate the consequences of emergencies, prepare for possible consequences and establish, provide and implement Civil Protection programmes.

➤ Co-ordinate and organise Civil Protection system activities.

➤ Organise governmental expertiseas regards solutions and projects concerning objects and processes as possible causes of emergencies.

➤ Organise and implement civil training in the field of protection and survival in emergencies.

➤ Organise government control over the secured implementation of industrial activities concerning civil protection and the utilisation of mineral resources.

14

➤ Organise and implement preparednessin government administrations, local self-government bodies and the administrative staff of organisations,and promote stable activities in the civil protection system in emergencies and in the training of professional personnel.

➤ Participate, organise and co-ordinate rehabilitation and rescue activities in emergencies and the invention of corresponding forces for that purpose.

➤ Promote co-operation between governmental, departmental (administrational), and public (volunteer) rescue organisations.

➤ Organise and provide resourcesfor international co-operation in civil protection issues.

➤ Organise the certification of rescuers.


Each ministry or department of theadministration involved in the system of civil protection implements civilprotection policy in its own field. Thecorresponding subdivisions of emergencyand civil protection implement the policy in the ministries and departmentaladministrations.

Each territorial body involved in thesystem of civil protection implements theterritorial policy of civil protection fromdisasters. Emergency management andcivil protection subdivisions work in allprovinces that are subject to the ema,including the city of Yerevan, to imple-ment the policy.

The co-ordination and control offunctional and territorial subdivisionactivities is implemented by the ema inemergency situations.

There are three types of rescue servicesin the system for civil protection in emer-gencies: Governmental, DepartmentAdministrational, and Public (Volunteer).Governmental rescue services are conside-red subdivisions of the ema.

In the event of disaster, the activities of Governmental, Department Admini-strational and Public services are directlygoverned by the ema.

The organisation of civil training inthe event of disasters and the control oftraining activities are implemented bythe Crisis Management Institute withinthe structure of the ema. Internationalco-operation in the field of civil protectionfrom disasters is implemented by the ema.


The ema co-operates with militarystructures according to special plans.These plans are mutually agreed uponand jointly accepted by the Ministry ofDefence and the Ministry of InteriorAffairs, etc, in the field of civil protection.The training of skills in military structuresand any necessary corrections to jointlyaccepted plans are implemented throughtraining exercises.

4. Legal Framework

Civil Protection activities and civil defenceare regulated by a number of laws andlegislative acts in the Republic of Armenia.

15

Civil Protection in the Republic is based on the following legislative acts:➤ The Law of Civil Protection in

Emergency Situations, accepted in December 1998.

➤ The Law of Local Self-government’, accepted in June 1997.

➤ The decree issued by the Presidentconcerning the implementation of regional government in the provinces’, accepted in May 1999.

➤ The decree issued by the President concerning Civil Protection structureactivity organisation’ accepted in June 1995.

Besides the fore-mentioned legislativedocuments, the Civil Protection activitiesin emergency situations are regulated bydecisions made by the Government ofthe Republic of Armenia, the PrimeMinister and the head of the ema.

Contact: The Government of the

Republic of Armenia

Emergency Management

Administration

Mr. A. Tananyan, Deputy Head

Pushkin st. 25

Yerevan 375010

Armenia

Telephone: +374 1 52 18 02

Telefax: +374 1 53 87 74

16


Austria is a federal republic and theGovernment is composed of the Chan-cellor and the Ministers. The Presidenthas primarily representative functions,such as appointing the Chancellor. Thebicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesver-sammlung) consists of the FederalCouncil (Bundesrat) and the NationalCouncil (Nationalrat). The FederalCouncil can delay bills approved in theNational Council but has no veto power.

Austria

Österreich



Thomas Klestil (1992–)

Head of Government Chancellor Wolfgang

Schüssel (2000–)

Capital Vienna


Area 83,858 sq. km



Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, EU, OSCE,

Council of Europe

Austria

Germany

Italy

Slovakia

Czech Republic

Switzerland Hungary

Slovenia

Vienna

17

Austria has 9 provinces (Bundesländer)with far-reaching autonomy. Eachprovince has its own parliament andgovernment, led by a provincial governor(Landeshauptmann). The provinces are divided into 2,304 city and countrymunicipalities.


Civil Protection in Austria is part of CivilDefence. Civil Defence and EconomicDefence constitute Civil EmergencyPlanning. The most significant structureswithin the Civil Protection and CivilDefence systems are the Federal andProvincial Alarm Centres and the NationalCrisis Management Co-ordinatingCommittee, a co-ordinating and advisorybody.


The aims of Civil Protection in Austriaare to defend and shield the populationfrom all possible threats and dangers.Civil Protection is defined as the totalsum of all precautionary measures andactivities that will enable the populationto survive in crisis situations. It includesthe following:➤ Provision for relief missions

(disaster protection).➤ Self-protection measures.➤ Warning and alerting facilities.➤ Shelter construction.➤ Provision for medical facilities.➤ Provision for veterinary facilities.➤ Protection from radiation fallout.

Civil Protection is subdivided into three sections: ➤ Precautions taken by authorities.

Authorities establish the legal framework and platform for international co-operation, and are responsible for warning and informing the population ofimminent danger and co-ordinatingrelief and rescue operations.

➤ Precautions provided by relief and rescue organisations. The work and activities of these organisations eliminates the need for a separate Civil Protection Force.

➤ Precautions taken by the public, individual self-protection. Special attention is given to informing about and training the public in self-protection.

The following principles form the guidelines for Emergency Planning and Decision-making:1. Use the regular hierarchies and

responsibilities, avoid re-organisation during an emergency and facilitate a gradual return to normal in the recovery phase.

2. Act as normal as possible(use the normal routines).


The Federal Ministry of the Interior isthe main co-ordinator of Civil Protectionin Austria. The Federal Chancellery is the main co-ordinator for internationaldisaster relief in Austria.

18

The provinces are responsible for co-ordinating protection operations in theevent of disaster and organising fire brig-ades and emergency service units. Theprinciple of voluntary membership appliesfor fire brigades and rescue services, exceptin major cities. Both federal and provinciallevels finance fire brigades and rescueservices, although they operate underprovincial law.

In contrast to other countries, Austriadoes not have special Civil Protectionunits. Civil Protection in Austria is provi-ded by relief organisations, such as firefighting squads, the Austrian Red Cross,the Worker’s Ambulance Service ofAustria, the Knights of St. John Ambu-lance Service, the Knights of MaltaHospital Service and the Austrian Moun-tain Rescue Service. There are approxi-mately 300,000 trained and equippedmen and women (about 4% of the popu-lation) in these organisations, availablefor civil protection tasks- mostly on avoluntary basis. In addition, police unitsand the Federal Army play a key role.

There are also Federal and ProvincialAlarm Centres, subordinate to the FederalMinistry of the Interior and provincialgovernments respectively. The FederalAlarm Centre serves as a permanentlystaffed headquarters for supra-regionaland international disaster protection andrelief. The Centre aims to recognisehazardous situations, give warnings andalerts and become active within supra-regional and international disaster relief.

Provincial Alarm Centres are the Civil

Protection Centres at provincial level.Their task is to warn and alert the publicof imminent danger and co-ordinaterescue and relief forces in the event ofmajor disaster or catastrophe.

A supra-regional crisis in Austria is co-ordinated by the National Crisis Mana-gement Co-ordination Committee. Thisis an informal body, which advises theFederal Government and co-ordinates all measures necessary for emergencyresponse in the case of a national crisis.

The Austrian contribution to interna-tional disaster relief is co-ordinated bythe Austrian Platform for InternationalHumanitarian- and Disaster Relief. ThisPlatform, which is chaired by the FederalChancellery, comprises all relevant disasterrelief bodies of Austria and co-ordinatesand steers the international disaster reliefof Austria.


Because of the federal structure of Austria,co-ordination committees have beenestablished at provincial level on the basisof the provincial constitutions. TheseProvincial Co-ordinating Committees aredesigned to advise provincial governors.The aims of the provincial crisismanagement system are similar to thoseat federal level.

The military representative at this levelis the territorial military commander.The territorial commander is responsiblefor all military tasks relating to his/herrespective province, such as providingassistance to local authorities.

19

In similarity to provincial arrangements,District Co-ordinating Committees havebeen established at district level, servingas advisory bodies to the District Com-missioners. The District Commissioner is assisted by a number of persons such as the District Commander of the FireBrigade, the highest representative of theRed Cross, etc, who have responsibilitiesfor individual tasks. These people serveon the District Co-ordinating Committeeas advisors. The Committee also has aLiaison Officer for military matters.

If a disaster cannot be managed bycivilian organisations alone, such as firebrigades or rescue services, assistance canbe requested from the Austrian FederalArmy. The military units will then reportto civilian authorities.

4. Legal Framework

As mentioned above, Austria is a federalstate, and divided into nine provinces.The provinces consist of districts, whichare further divided into municipalities.

In addition to the National Council,the country’s primary legislative body atfederal level, each of the nine provinceshas its own legislative body, the ProvincialCouncil. The Austrian Federal Constitu-tion regulates the allocation of compe-tencies between federal and provinciallevels.

The provinces are vested with bothlegislative and executive powers, whichincludes Civil Protection.

Under the constitutional division ofresponsibilities, laws for disaster prevention

and control may be passed by eitherFederal Government and/or the provinces.Numerous laws regulating specific fieldsexist at both federal and provincial levels(e.g. laws to regulate radiation protection,water rights, operation of the fire preven-tion board and rescue service, etc).

In relation to the act regulating theresponsibilities of the federal ministries,only the Federal Ministry of the Interioris responsible for matters concerning thesafety and security of the population.These include:➤ Aid in the event of natural disasters

and accidents, including rescue services and fire fighting squads.

➤ Civil protection matters except where they are the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs

The provinces have enacted disaster relief acts in order to regulate the scopeof action assigned to the individual relieforganisations, identify the action mana-gement hierarchy and define performancerequirement profiles.

Disaster relief and alerting plans havebeen drawn up for federal, provincial,district and local authorities.

Up to now, the concept of CivilProtection as such is not included in the Austrian federal constitution. It wasintegrated into Civil Defence, constitutinga part of Overall National Defence,which – of course – is regulated in thefederal constitution.

20

Contact: Civil Protection and Flying Police

(Zivilschutz und Flugpolizei)

Mr. Gerhard Sulz, Director

Federal Ministry of the Interior

P.O. Box 100

A-1014 Vienna

Austria

Telephone: +43 1 531 26 4618

Telefax: +43 1 531 26 4718


[email protected]

For International Disaster Relief

(Internationale humanitäre-

und Katastrophenhilfe)

Ms. Brigitte Brenner, Director

Federal Chancellery

Ballhausplatz 2

A-1014 Vienna

Austria

Telephone: +43 1 523 03 6150

Telefax: +43 1 523 03 6128


21

Azerbaijan

Azarbaijchan Respublikasy



Geidar Alijev (1993–)


Artur Rasizade (1996–)

Capital Baku


Area 86,600 sq. km


Military Expenditures 2.7 % of GDP




Azerbaijan is a republic. A universal refe-rendum adopted the Constitution ofAzerbaijan on November 12, 1995. Thesystem of government administration in Azerbaijan is based on the principle of separating legislative, executive andjudicial powers.

The President is the Head of State.The executive power is vested in thePresident. The President is elected for a 5-year term by direct elections. The

Azerbaijan Baku

RussiaGeorgia

Armenia

Turkey

Iran

Caspian Sea

22

legislative power is vested in Milli Mejlis– a one chamber Parliament consisting of125 deputies who are elected for a 5-yearterm on the basis of a majority and pro-portional electoral system.

The supreme body of the executivepower of the President is the Cabinet ofMinisters, headed by the Prime Minister.The judicial power is vested in indepen-dent courts: the Constitutional Court,Supreme Court and High EconomicCourt.

Administratively, the republic isdivided into 65 rural regions (rayon),11 cities and the autonomous republic of Nachitjevan.


The national functions of civil defence inthe Republic are carried out by the civildefence system. This system embraces all government agencies, corporations,enterprises, institutions, organisationsand other entities, irrespective of theirownership, as well as their personnel and resources. It performs civil defenceactivities throughout the entire countryand its territorial units.

There are civil defence headquarters inthe central and local bodies of executivepower, as well as corporations, enterprises,institutions and individual facilities,which organise and carry out civil defenceactivities.


Civil defence has the following objectivesand tasks, to:

➤ Implement preventive measuresaimed at hindering emergencies.

➤ Minimise damage caused by emergencies.

➤ Eliminate the consequences of emergencies.

➤ Protect the population and property from the consequences of emergencies.

➤ Inform the population of threats and the subsequent actions to be taken.

➤ Organise and perform rescuesand other urgent operations.

➤ Train key personnel in government bodies and civil defence forces, and train the population in protection and emergency response.

The tasks of the state in civil defence are to:➤ Formulate and implement policies.➤ Adopt corresponding programmes

and plan necessary measures for the entire country and its territorial units.

➤ Determine the structure of civil defence, its funding and logistics.

➤ Provide financial and material resourcesfor crisis management.

2.2 CEP Organisational structure

The overall command of the CivilDefence of the Azerbaijan Republic isvested in the President of the AzerbaijanRepublic; the Prime Minister is respon-sible for its immediate leadership, theMinister of Defence for everyday mana-gement.

Planning, implementation and controlof civil defence activities are carried outby the Civil Defence Directorate of the

23

Ministry of Defence and its regionaldepartments.


The Civil Defence Directorate, which isresponsible for the planning, implemen-tation and control of civil defence in theRepublic, is directly subordinate to theMinistry of Defence, and the issues ofcivil-military co-operation are reflected in its activities.

4. Legal Framework

The legal framework of Civil Defence is provided by the Constitution of theAzerbaijan Republic, the Law of theAzerbaijan Republic on Civil Defence,obligations under the internationalagreements of the Azerbaijan Republicand other legislative acts.

Contact: Duty Officer

Ministry of Defence

Baku

Azerbaijan

Telephone/Telefax: +99 412 931 130

Brussels: Mr. Elmar Ali-zada

Mission of Azerbaijan to NATO

VA Building

NATO HQ

B-1110 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 707 27 97

Telefax: +32 2 707 27 98


24

Belarus

Respublika Belarus



Alexander Lukasjenko

(1994–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Gennady

Novitsky (2001–)

Capital Minsk


Area 207,600 sq. km



Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, CIS


Belarus is a constitutional republic. ThePresident is head of state and has broadpowers over the Government. The Presidentappoints a Prime Minister, who heads theCouncil of Ministers, i.e. the Govern-ment. The country’s legislature consists of two houses: an upper house called theCouncil of the Republic, and a lower housecalled the House of Representatives.

The Constitutional Court is the highestcourt of Belarus. The judicial system also

Poland

Ukraine

Belarus

Lithuania

Latvia Russia

Baltic Sea

Kaliningrad(Russia) Minsk

25

includes a Supreme Court and provincial,city and district courts.

Belarus is divided into six provinces:Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilevand Vitebsk. A council elected by the vo-ters governs each province. The Presidentappoints regional and local executives.


The national system for the preventionand liquidation of emergency situationsunites a republican state managementbody for emergency situations (Ministryof Emergency Situations); other republicanstate management bodies; local executiveand administrative bodies; and the enter-prises, establishments and organisationsthat, regardless of their legal status, areresponsible for making decisions aboutthe protection of the population and theterritories in emergency situations.


The basic tasks of the national system ofprevention and liquidation of emergencysituations are to:➤ Develop and implement legal and

economic regulations regarding the protection of the population and the territories in emergency situations.

➤ Implement scientific and technical programs to prevent emergency situations.

➤ Create financial and material reservesfor the liquidation of emergency situations.

➤ Gather, process, exchange and distribute information related to the protection

of the population and the territories in emergency situations.

➤ Prepare the population for action in emergency situations.

➤ Supervise and control the protection of the population and the territories in emergency situations.

➤ Liquidate emergency situations.➤ Implement measures related to the

social protection of the victims of emergency situations.

➤ Carry out humanitarian operations.➤ Realise the rights and duties of the

population in the field of protection in emergency situations.

➤ Co-operate internationally in the field of protection of the population and the territories in emergency situations.


The organisational structure of the nationalsystem for the prevention and liquidationof emergency situations consists of:➤ The Government of the Republic

of Belarus.➤ The Commission for emergency

situations under the Council of Ministers.

Co-ordinating bodies:National level – Commission for emer-gency situations of the republican statemanagement bodies and associations.Regional level – Commission for emergencysituations of the executive and admini-strative bodies of regions, districts andcities.

26

Emergency management bodies:National level – Ministry of EmergencySituations.Branch sub-systems – departments(sectors) for emergency situations in therepublican state management bodies andassociations.Regional level – regional and Minsk citydivisions of the Ministry of EmergencySituations.Local level – services of the Ministry ofEmergency Situations.

3. Civil - Military Co-operation

Specially prepared forces and means ofthe Armed Forces of the Republic ofBelarus, and other troops and militaryformations can be used for the liquidationof emergency situations in the Republicof Belarus. The President of the Republicof Belarus determines the order of in-volvement.

4. Legal Framework

The following laws determine the legalbasis for emergency management:➤ Act of the Republic of Belarus on

“Protection of the Population and the Territories in Natural and Man-made Disasters”.

➤ “Fire Safety” Act.➤ “Radiation Safety for the

Population” Act.➤ “Industrial Safety and Dangerous

Industrial Works” Act.

Several draft bills are currently beingprepared for examination by theNational Assembly. These are:➤ “Services of the Ministry of Emergency

Situations of the Republic of Belarus”Act.➤ “Rescue Services and Status of the

Rescuer” Act.➤ “Civil Defence” Act and “State of

Emergency” Act.

Contact: Mr. Valery Astapov

Minister of Emergency Situations

5, Revolutsionnaya Str.

220050 Minsk

Belarus

Telephone: +375 17 206 54 25

+375 17 223 68 60

Telefax: +375 17 223 77 81

Brussels: H.E. Mr. Sergei N. Martynov

Ambassador

Embassy of Belarus

Av. Molière 192

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 340 02 70

Telefax: +32 2 340 02 87

27

Belgium

België

Belgique

Belgien


Head of State His Majesty

King Albert II (1993–)


Guy Verhofstadt (1999–)

Capital Brussels


Area 30,528 sq. km



Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU,

OSCE, Council of Europe


The Government is a federal parliamentarydemocracy under a constitutional monarch.The Federal Government consists of thePrime Minister and the Ministers. TheKing, with the approval of the Parliament,appoints the Prime Minister and theCouncil of Ministers. Belgium has a bicameral Parliament consisting of theSenate and the Chamber of Deputies.Constitutional revisions between 1970and 1993 enabled Belgium to devolve into

English channel

North Sea

United Kingdom

Germany

Luxembourg

France

Belgium

Netherlands

Brussels

28

a federal state with federal, regional andcommunity institutions.

Belgium has three regions (Walloon,Flanders and Brussels-capital) and threecommunities (French, Flemish and German). Regional areas of administrationare related to economic, industrial andenvironmental issues. Communitiesadminister in areas that are mainly relatedto their respective language (e.g. education,media).

The Flemish Government and Parlia-ment administrate at both regional andcommunity levels. Other regions orcommunities (French and German) havetheir own governments and parliaments,with several decentralized departmentsand a Minister-President. These govern-ments also have their own legislativeassemblies.

Belgium has 10 provinces, each with aprovincial council that is led by a governor.Local government consists of 589 munici-palities with Municipal Council and aMayor.


A distinction is made in Belgium betweenemergency situations that arise as a resultof a national crisis and those that arise as a result of an international crisis. Anational crisis has its origins and effectson national territory, and will be managednationally.

Severe accidents, natural and industrialdisasters fit into this category. Internationalcrises usually fit into a political and/ormilitary framework, and usually find their

roots beyond national borders. Thesetypes of crises are generally managedwithin the framework of multilateralorganisations.

To cope with the consequences of thesetwo types of crises, two different legislativeand administrative systems have beendeveloped.


The major objectives of Civil EmergencyPlanning in Belgium in times of crisisand war are to:➤ Guarantee the continuity of the

Government(s).➤ Protect the population.➤ Guard socio-economical life.➤ Comply with international obligations.➤ Meet multi- and bilateral agreements.➤ Perform engagements within alliances

(nato, eu, weu, osce, un).


The overall responsibility for Civil Emer-gency Planning in Belgium rests with thefederal Government and the ministries.Each minister is responsible for CivilEmergency Planning in his competencearea. To deal with these issues, a cep Boardhas been established in the federal admi-nistration of each ministry, also called the Federal Public Services (fps). Themandate of the cep Board is to anticipateand counteract low and high level crises.

In a national crisis, the Ministercompetent for the fps Interior Affairsbecomes the highest executive agent. The Minister is responsible for the over-

29

all co-ordination and supervises the per-manent Co-ordination and Crisis Centerof the Government (cgccr). Throughthis Crisis Center he executes the mana-gement of national emergencies and he is competent to engage the (two-levelstructured) Integrated Police, the rescueservices and the Civil Protection Corps.The Integrated Police and the rescueservices are organised in areas (groups of municipalities). The Civil ProtectionCorps consists of six permanent units,each mandated to intervene in pre-definedsectors.

In international crises, the overallresponsibility lies with the MinisterialCouncil, which is chaired by the PrimeMinister.

The Commission of National DefenceMatters (cpnd) is a permanent intermi-nisterial body, integrated in the Co-ordi-nation and Crisis Center of the Govern-ment (cgccr). Its chairman reports tothe Minister competent for InteriorAffairs. He is also mandated as the officialBelgian representative at the Senior CivilEmergency Planning Committee (scepc)of nato.

Under normal circumstances, thecpnd participates in the preparation ofthe Belgian cep together with the cepBoards of the respective federal publicservices (fps) and other relevant nationalorganisations and agencies. Other man-dates for the cpnd are to co-ordinate andstimulate Civil Emergency Planningactivities for all the relevant authorities,and encourage the authorities to take

part in Partnership Work Program (pwp)activities. It also co-ordinates a NationalPrecautionary Plan, based on the natoPrecautionary System, and participatesin the preparation of national and inter-national crisis management exercisessuch as nato cmx.

In the event of international crisis, itacts, in accordance with its new mandateauthorized by the Ministerial Council inJanuary 1999, as co-coordinator of thecep boards of the different Ministries(Federal), the comix (see below) and therelevant Governmental Organisations(gos). Therefore the cpnd organisesregular multi-disciplinary meetings inorder to discuss all administrative andtechnical aspects of the crisis, whichcould have consequences on nationallevel. The outcome of these meetings isthen processed into advice or recommen-dations to the Ministerial Council.


A special arrangement has evolved inBelgium in the area of civil-military co-operation (dialogue), and has resulted inthe creation by Royal Decree of a numberof joint and inter-ministerial committees(comix). These comix are composed ofrepresentatives from the Federal PublicServices as well as representatives of thepartly state-owned enterprises (railwayand postal services, Air Traffic Manage-ment).

At present, the comix may only beactivated in times of war, to deal withcivil/military engagements on national

30

territory (transport, repair, telecommu-nications, medical support, etc.). There-fore their respective Royal Decrees arenow subject to revision and actualization.

Nowadays, the comix are helpful inthe co-ordination of crisis managementissues with the gos, and as experts duringemergencies and crises. They consultwith ngo:s as appropriate. They also giveadvice in civil support to any militaryoperation carried out by the BelgianArmed Forces. Although they have a non-permanent status, they meet regularly.Their secretaries attend the meetingsorganised by the cpnd and participate inthe Planning Boards & Committees(pb&c) of the scepc.

During the Cold War era, the task of the different comix bodies was tomobilise support for the military. Todaytheir task is to account for the needs ofthe general society, including individualcitizens and industry, and to be preparedfor new threats, such as proliferation ofWeapons of Mass Destruction, terrorism,etc.

4. Legal Framework.

National crisis: Adequate legislationalready exists for dealing with emergencysituations during national crises. TheMinister competent for Interior Affairs is authorized to engage the IntegratedPolice, the rescue services, and the CivilProtection Corps. Furthermore, in timesof crisis, the Minister of Interior Affairs,the Governor of a Province and theMayor are authorized to call upon any

civil resources if required and, undercertain conditions, the Armed Forces.

The Minister of Economic Affairs andthe Minister of Agriculture have beengiven extensive powers in order to main-tain or restore essential economic activi-ties, and to satisfy the vital needs of thepopulation.

A Royal Decree of 1990 states that theobligation of all public administrators,municipalities, provinces, hospitals andenterprises is to develop individualemergency plans in relation to their own particular risk possibilities.

International crisis: In national legislation,the concepts of ‘peacetime’ and ‘war-time’ are defined. ‘Peacetime’ is definedas the absence of war. According to this definition, wartime starts with themobilisation of the armed forces andends with the cessation of the mobili-sation. During wartime, extensivepowers are granted to national authorities,and these prevail over individual rights.During wartime, an even more restrictivelegislation can be applied upon thedecision of the Government. A so-called ‘State of Siege’ transfers majorresponsibilities from civil to militaryauthorities.

In certain circumstances, commonlyreferred to in nato as ‘times of crisis’, the mobilisation order may not be appli-cable, and could create difficulties intimes of crisis. Then, there are a coupleof measures that can be taken:1. The Ministers of Economic Affairs and

31

Agriculture can, according to law, claimpersonnel, equipment, etc., in order tosafeguard the vital interests of the countryand its population.2. Bilateral agreements already exist orcan be made, that authorize the stationing,movement, and national support of natoforces on national territory (the so-calledHost Nation Support – hns).

Contact: Commission pour les Problemes

Nationaux de Defense (CPND)

(Commission on National

Defence Matters)

Col. B. Opsommer, Secretary

Governmental Crisis and

Co-ordination Center

Centre Gouvernementale

de Coordination et de Crise (CGCCR)

53 Rue Ducale

B-1000 Bruxelles

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 506 47 06

Telefax: +32 2 218 80 50


32

Bulgaria

Balgarija



Georgi Parvanov (2002–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Simeon

Sakskoburggotski (2001–)

Capital Sofia


Area 110,993 sq. km


Military Expenditures 3.0 % of GDP (est.)

Membership Int. Org. EAPC (invited to join

NATO), UN, OSCE,

Council of Europe


The Republic of Bulgaria is a country of law with a parliamentary form ofgovernment based on the Constitutionand other laws of the country. Govern-ment authorities are divided into legis-lative, executive and judiciary bodies.

The National Assembly is the legislatorand has parliamentary control over theexecutive authorities.

The President of the Republic ofBulgaria is the Head of State. He perso-nifies the unity of the nation and repres-

Turkey

Serbia

The Former Yugoslav Republicof Macedonia

Greece

Black sea

Bulgaria

Romania

Sofia

33

ents the country in its internationalrelations.

The Council of Ministers leads andimplements foreign and domestic policiesin accordance with the Constitution and laws of the country. The Council isresponsible for public order and security,and carries out the overall managementof the state administration and the ArmedForces.

The judiciary is independent. It protectsthe rights and lawful interests of thecitizens, legal entities and the state.

The territory of the Republic ofBulgaria is divided into municipalitiesand regions.

The municipality is the basic admini-strative unit where local government is carried out. In a municipality, localgovernment is carried out by the Muni-cipal Council, and the Mayor is theexecutive authority.

The region is an administrative unitthat carries out regional policies. Regionalgovernments are led by a Governor, andsupported by regional administrations.The regional governments represent theGovernment in the regions and guaranteea balance between national and localinterests. Autonomous territorial forma-tions are not allowed.


A specialised structure has been establis-hed for emergency relief and civil-militaryemergency planning in the Republic ofBulgaria. The Civil Protection StateAgency is part of the national security

framework of the Republic of Bulgariaand is responsible for a system of huma-nitarian activities i.e. social, economic,scientific and technological, that areaimed at protecting the population andthe national economy, providing emer-gency relief and mitigation, carrying outrescue and humanitarian operations, and creating the necessary preconditionsfor survival and support in disasters,accidents and catastrophes.


The Civil Protection State Agency has the following tasks and objectives:➤ Maintain and develop the legislative

framework for the protection of the population and the national economy.

➤ Build, recruit, train and use command staff and units, and ensure a highlevel of preparedness for rescue missions and protective activities.

➤ Supervise the development of plans for the protection of the population and the national economy.

➤ Organise the protection of the population, direct and implement the training of civilians for protection, assistance and mutual aid in disasters, accidents and catastrophes.

➤ Co-operate with the Armed Forces during rescue and emergency operations in disaster areas.

➤ Prevent and mitigate harmful consequences when emergencies arise.

➤ Apply international civil protection in

34

the event of national disasters and accidents, and implement the principles and standards of International Humanitarian Law.

➤ Inform the population and governmental authorities in the event of disasters, accidents or catastrophes.

➤ Organise the activities of the Standing Committee for the Protection of the Population in disasters, accidents and catastrophes together with the Council of Ministers, which carries out and co-ordinates relief and emergency activities between the ministries, departments and regional governing authorities.

➤ Prepare for and co-operate in international humanitarian operations.

➤ Co-operate with neighbouring countries in order to provide mutual assistance in cases of severe disaster, and develop the necessary procedures and capacities for the timely exchange of information.


The Civil Protection Service of the Re-public of Bulgaria, under the Ministry of Defence, was transformed into theCivil Protection State Agency under theCouncil of Ministers in March 2001.The former Head of Civil Protection, Dr. Nikola Nikolov, chairs the new agency.

The Civil Protection State Agency isassisted in its daily operations by anOperational Centre, a Central LaboratoryComplex, Technical Workshops, a Central

Warehouse Depot and a Service Block.The agency has created specialisedsections with regard to management:Civil Protection Directorates in RegionalAdministrations and MunicipalityAdministrations.

The National Crisis ManagementCentre is connected to the Ministries,the agencies, the local authorities, andthe regional formations of civil protection.

The Centre:➤ Collects, processes, analyses and

classifies all information related to emergency situations and keeps the national management authorities informed.

➤ Organises interaction between state agencies and regional structures while liquidating the consequences of disasters, accidents and catastrophes.

The civil protection system has a 24-hour intervention capacity. Groups offull-time rescue experts have been desig-nated to geographical areas for operationthroughout the country.

The rescue units carry out rescue andurgent emergency restoration works inthe areas and on the objects affected bydisasters, accidents or catastrophes.

The civil protection directorateswithin the regional administrations and specialists within the municipalityadministrations assist the regional gover-nors and mayors in their work withpreparing, organising, executing andcontrolling the protection of population

35

and the national economy in the eventof disasters, accidents or catastrophes.

The Civil Protection State Agency isresponsible for:➤ The preparedness of communication

and information systems, and for informing the population about different types of danger.

➤ The management of the Civil Protection Services and Forces, and the Standing Committees for the Protection of the Population in disasters, accidents and catastrophes.

There is a National Plan for the protectionof the population in cases of disaster inthe Republic of Bulgaria. This plan definesthe duties and tasks of the responsibleauthorities in relation to resources andcapacities, and provides instructions on how to operate. Various ministries,regions, municipalities and commercialentities have plans for how to protect the population in relation to their juris-diction and mandate.

The plan also defines the ensuingobligations and tasks for the preparednessand participation of management autho-rities and resources, as well as theirimplementation. Adequate plans for theprotection of the population have beenprepared in the ministries, departments,regions and municipalities.

A Standing Committee with theCouncil of Ministries allocates and exertscontrol over the expenditure of funds.

The Civil Protection State Agency is

responsible for elaborating and maintai-ning the National Plan and its database.It is updated at regular intervals.

Matters regarding the sending orreceiving of international emergencyassistance are also dealt with in theNational Plan, and based on bilateraland multilateral agreements. The Republicof Bulgaria co-operates closely with theun Office for Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs (ocha) and theEuro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordi-nation Centre (eadrcc) within nato.


The Civil Protection of the Republic of Bulgaria, which is the nationalstructure that co-ordinates the effortsand capacity of all the institutionsresponsible for the protection of thepopulation, is the focal point for theimplementation of civil-military co-operation. This co-operation is definedin the plans for the interaction of CivilProtection, local administration and theunits of the Armed Forces. These plansare developed from a territorialadministrative basis and determine:➤ The specific risks and dangers for the

various regions of the country.➤ The bodies, capacities and reserves in

terms of resources and operations.➤ The procedures for action,

interoperability and managementof rescue operations and disaster mitigation.

36

Civil-military co-operation in the Re-public of Bulgaria is based on permanentcivil-military systems for:➤ Early warnings about various risks.➤ Radiation monitoring and control.➤ Exchange of information about

radiation and chemical risks.➤ Early warnings about disasters and

pollution along the Danube watershed.➤ National Operational Telemetric

System for Seismic Information, etc.

There are specialised units for the prote-ction of the population in many civil andmilitary agencies. These are staffed andequipped with the necessary equipment,maintain permanent preparedness forresponse and train to improve theirprofessional capacity. For example, thereis a Specialised Rapid Reaction Unit atthe Military Medical Academy in Sofia.The purpose of this unit is to providemedical assistance in cases of disaster, inboth the Republic of Bulgaria and othercountries.

In order to further develop civil-militaryco-operation, and in response to theefforts by international institutions andother countries in the region to establisha zone of security and stability on theBalkans, the Republic of Bulgaria hasinitiated the Council of the Heads of the Institutions, which is responsible forthe protection of the population in theevent of disaster in the countries ofSouth-Eastern Europe. The main task of the Council will be to effect theimmediate and efficient planning and

co-ordination of all available resourcesfor disaster response and management.

4. Legal Framework

The legal framework for civil-militaryemergency planning in Bulgaria is obso-lete. Revision is due in view of new social,political and economic requirements.Some of the most important legal actsrelating to protection of the populationand the national economy in cases ofdisaster are as follows:➤ The Constitution of the Republic

of Bulgaria.➤ The Defence and Armed Forces Act.➤ The State Administration Act.➤ Enactment 18 of the Council

of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria of 23 January 1998,regarding endorsement of the Rules for Prevention and Response to natural and manmade disasters;

➤ Enactment 53 of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgariaof 2 March 2001, regarding transformation of the Civil Protection Service of the Republic of Bulgaria under the Ministry of Defence to a Civil Protection State Agency under the Council of Ministers.

In order to create an integrated approachto these issues, a process has been initiatedaimed at harmonising national legislationin the area of protection of the population,and creating favourable conditions,procedures and mechanisms for disasterresponse that are in line with European

37

and global standards. This process isaimed at assisting the government policyfor maintaining security and stability inthe region, which is also an importantprerequisite for Bulgaria’s accession toEuro-Atlantic structures.

Contact: Dr. Nikola Nikolov

Chairman of the Civil

Protection State Agency

30, N. Gabrovski Str.

1172 Sofia

Bulgaria

Telephone: +359 2 960 10 322

Telefax: +359 2 688 155


[email protected]

38


Head of State Her Majesty Queen

Elizabeth II (1952–),

represented by Her

Excellency the Right

Honourable Adrienne

Clarkson, C.C., C.M.M.,

C.D. (1999–)


Jean Chrétien (1993–)

Capital Ottawa


Area 9,984,670 sq. km

GDP/Capita (PPP) US $27,840


Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, OSCE,

Council of Europe

(observer)

Canada

Canada


Canada is a constitutional monarchy.The Canadian parliamentary system ofgovernment is modeled upon that of theUnited Kingdom. A Governor Generalrepresents the Crown. The executivebranch of Government is the Cabinet,appointed and led by the Prime Minister.The Executive proposes legislation,presents budgets, and implements laws.Staff support to the Executive is providedby the Public Service, divided into depart-ments and agencies.

The legislative part of Government,the Parliament, is made up of the electedHouse of Commons and the appointedSenate. Its role is to pass laws and voteon proposals for taxes and other forms of

United Statesof America

Labrador Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Artic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Hudson Bay

United Statesof America

Canada

Ottawa

Mexico

39

revenue and expenditure. It also holdsthe Government to account, and canprecipitate an election through votes ofnon-confidence.

Regional government is organized into10 provinces and three territories. Localgovernments are created by provincialauthorities and have no constitutionalbasis. There are approximately 5,000municipalities in Canada.


Responsibility for emergency planning inCanada begins with citizens. Response toan emergency is escalated, as necessary,through the various levels of governmentwhich provide resources and response asrequested to deal with the emergency.Local response organizations provide firstresponse. Provincial and territorial Emer-gency Measures Organizations provideassistance and support to municipal orcommunity resources. If a province orterritory requires assistance, they mustformally request federal government aid.At the federal level, these requests aregenerally managed through the Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection andEmergency Preparedness (ocipep).

ocipep was created in February 2001,taking over the responsibilities of Emer-gency Preparedness Canada. ocipep issituated within the Department ofNational Defence and reports to theMinister Responsible for EmergencyPreparedness, who is also the Minister of National Defence. The Office serves as the government’s primary agency

for ensuring national civil emergencypreparedness. It is also responsible for the development and implementation of a comprehensive, all-hazards approachto critical infrastructure protection. ocipep provides national leadership tohelp ensure the protection of criticalinfrastructure, in both its physical andcyber dimensions, regardless of the sourceof threats and vulnerabilities. In additionto providing leadership and support incritical infrastructure protection andemergency planning, ocipep is theGovernment of Canada’s focal point forcyber incident analysis and it coordinatesand supports other departments andagencies in meeting their responsibilitiesfor protecting their information techno-logy systems and networks.


Civil Emergency Planning in Canada isundertaken to protect people, propertyand the environment from the harmfuleffects of emergencies. To meet this man-date, the federal government through itsdepartments works to develop a crediblenational capability to meet emergenciesof all types. ocipep provides leadership in working toward improved emergencyplanning and preparedness in Canada. In this role, ocipep maintains closeoperational links with provincial andlocal emergency authorities and maintainsinventories of resources and experts invarious fields.

Federal departments are required toplan and prepare for emergencies related

40

to their normal areas of accountability.ocipep assists federal departments todevelop and maintain appropriate arran-gements to meet their responsibilities,and ensures that departmental plans andarrangements are coordinated.

Emergency plans and preparationsundertaken by the federal governmentemphasize operations related to:➤ Saving lives and mitigating suffering.➤ Preservation of peace, order, and

good government.➤ Responsibilities within the

federal sphere.➤ Large-scale disasters.➤ Assisting provinces unable or

less able to respond.➤ Emergencies of trans-border or

international concern.➤ Risk analysis, warning and

communication.

ocipep also administers two fundingprograms. The Disaster FinancialAssistance Arrangements providefunding to provinces and territoriesaffected by large scale disasters. The Joint Emergency Preparedness Program is funded by the federal, provincial and territorial governments to assistmunicipalities enhance their levels ofemergency preparedness.


At the federal level there are three maingroups that form Canada’s cep structure.The Office of the Privy Council and

ocipep have co-ordinating roles, whilethe Departments maintain operationalcapabilities. In the event of an emergen-cy that requires a federal response or co-ordination, the Prime Minister maydesignate a Lead Minister to direct thefederal response. The Prime Ministermay also assume lead responsibility him/ herself, in which case the Office of the Privy Council which supports the Prime Minister and Cabinet wouldcoordinate the efforts of the respectivedepartments.

Usually, the department whose normalresponsibilities most closely relate to thecircumstances of the disaster is given the lead. The federal response effort isnormally conducted under the overalldirection and control of the responsibleprovincial government or, in the event ofa primarily federal or national emergency,in close collaboration with provincialresponders. For large events that occurwithin federal jurisdiction (e.g. airports,national parks, Crown lands) and thatinvolves a number of federal agencies,response is coordinated by ocipep untila Lead Minister has been assigned.

When an emergency has achievedsignificant impact beyond the resourcesavailable to the provincial or territorialauthorities the National Support Planand the National Support Center may be activated. The National Support Planoutlines the organizational structure andconcept of operations, together with theprocesses, procedures, and linkages thatwill be used by the federal government

41

in providing support to a province orterritory or in directing an emergencyresponse.

ocipep maintains the GovernmentEmergency Operations Co-ordinationCentre (geocc) which operates 24 hours,seven days a week. During major eventsthe geocc, with the help of emergencypersonnel from other departments,serves as the focal point for federal emer-gency operations. geocc provides essentialcommunications facilities and services to the National Support Center by recei-ving information coming into theNational Support Center logging it and distributing it to National SupportCenter staff, and other departments, asappropriate.


The Canadian Forces represent a majorfederal response resource in the event of emergencies, and act in a supportingrole to civil authorities. However, it is a “resource of last resort,” i.e. a resourcethat is available only when local provin-cial and other resources are no longercapable of reacting to an emergencysituation without resorting to militaryassistance. The involvement of militaryforces takes place within the CanadianForce’s domestic role of Assistance to Civil Authorities.

4. Legal Framework

Two important pieces of Canadian legi-slation, both adopted in 1988, set out theresponsibilities of the Government of

Canada for emergency planning andresponse.

The Emergencies Act defines fourcategories of emergencies in which theGovernment may be required to act:➤ Public welfare emergencies (natural

or human induced disasters which affect the health and safety of Canadians).

➤ Public order emergencies (threats to Canada’s internal security such as insurrections or acts of terrorism).

➤ International emergencies (external threats to the sovereignty, security or territorial integrity of Canada or its allies).

➤ War.

The Emergency Preparedness Act setsout the individual ministerial responsi-bilities regarding emergency planning, as well as the responsibilities of theMinister Responsible for EmergencyPreparedness.

The Minister Responsible for Emer-gency Preparedness is responsible foradvancing civil preparedness in Canadafor emergencies of all types, by facilitatingand coordinating among governmentinstitutions and in cooperation withprovincial governments, foreign govern-ments and international organizations,the development and implementation of civil emergency plans of all types,including war and other armed conflict.

Every Minister of a government depart-ment or agency is responsible for identi-

42

fying the civil emergency contingenciesthat are within or related to the Minister’sarea of accountability and making plansfor events that may fall under his/hermandate, as well as providing servicesand expertise in order to assist othergovernments and federal departments.

For national emergency policy, theFederal Policy for Emergencies sets outbasic principles of emergency preparednessin Canada. It sets out the objectives of governmental activities related toemergency preparedness; enunciates thebasic principles upon which emergencypreparedness in Canada is based; elabo-rates upon the individual federal minis-terial responsibilities for emergencypreparedness and identifies lead roles forthe development of plans for specifiedemergencies.

Emergencies Act: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/e-4.5/48132.html

Emergency Preparedness Act: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/e-4.6/48357.html

Contact: The Office of Critical Infrastructure

Protection and Emergency

Preparedness

Director, International Relations

122 Bank Street, 2nd Floor

Ottawa, ON K1A 0W6

Canada

Telephone: +1 613 944 4857

Telefax: +1 613 996 0995


Website: www.ocipep.gc.ca

43

Croatia

Republika Hrvatska



Stjepan Mesic (2000–)


Ivica Racan (2000–)

Capital Zagreb


Area 87,609 sq. km




Council of Europe


The state authority is divided into legi-slation, executive power and jurisdiction.The Croatian political system is demo-cratic and based on the respect for humanrights, law, national equality, social justiceand multiple political parties. Croatia has a unicameral parliament (Sabor).Representatives are elected for 4-yearperiods. The Prime Minister is approvedby the Parliament and appointed by thePresident. The President is the Supreme

Adriatic sea

Slovenia

Croatia

Hungary

Bosnia & Hercegovina

Montenegro

Serbia

Italy Zagreb

44

Commander of the Armed Forces. LocalGovernment in Croatia is divided into20 municipalities (Zupanija), plus theCity of Zagreb. Municipalities are respon-sible for local issues.


Civil protection in the Republic of Croatiais defined as a means of organising,preparing and enabling citizens, parties,governmental bodies and units of localautonomies to participate, with a view to protecting and rescuing citizens andmaterial goods from the dangers andconsequences of natural, technologicaland ecological accidents.


The basic tasks of civil protection are of a humanitarian nature and relate to:➤ Removing the causes and immediate

dangers, preventing accidents and disasters, and reducing the consequences of war destruction.

➤ Organised and timely action in the event of natural disasters, accidents or extraordinary circumstances, which is realised by good organisation, equipment and trained unit members who are expected to act in such situations.

➤ Elimination of the consequences of natural, technological and ecological accidents as well as war destruction, which is achieved by good judgment and the timely procurement of materials and human potential.


Civil protection in the Republic of Croatiais an integral part of the Ministry of theInterior at all levels, from state level topolice departments, and is organisedequally throughout the country. When it fell under the jurisdiction of the Mini-stry of the Interior, civil protection be-came one of the basic guidelines for swiftreaction to every emergency situation.

The basic principle when organisingprotective and rescuing forces is theprinciple of territory. Professional civilprotection services are only organised inpolice departments, which means that no parallel civil protection services can beorganised for the needs of local autonomyunits within municipalities, cities, etc.The law does not provide for the profes-sionalism of these jobs outside policedepartments because, according to theorganisation of the Ministry of the Inte-rior, each police station is expected tohave a civil protection service that isprofessional, specialised, operational andcompetent enough to carry out thesetasks.

Civil protection headquarters havebeen formed in municipalities, cities, the City of Zagreb, the country and atgovernmental level, as governmentalcrisis headquarters.

The primary task of the civil protectionhq is to co-ordinate the work of all civilprotection and rescuing forces. The civilprotection hq is a new part of the orga-nised civil protection and rescuing forces.

Civil protection commanders: As civil

45

protection falls under the jurisdiction ofthe Ministry of the Interior, civil prote-ction commanders are the expert bodiesand organisational units of the Ministry,i.e. police departments that lead civilprotection actions. Thus, civil protectionunits, commissioners and shelter monitorsare led by civil protection command.Except for companies and other legalpersons, the function of command isimplemented by civil protection hq, aspolice departments do not form units orcivil protection services.

Civil protection commissioners form a link between the commanders and the populations in their own territories.According to regulations, the commis-sioners and their deputies are assigned by the heads of police departments, uponthe recommendation of the commanderand an acquired standpoint of the mana-ging body of residential and other objects.

The primary task of shelter monitors is to organise people in shelters and takecare of shelter equipment and devices.Beside shelter monitors and deputies, thereis also shelter staff, but only for sheltersthat hold more than 300 people.

The civil protection units are establis-hed as units for both general and specialpurposes.

Units for general purposes:These units perform less complicatedtasks in the implementation of protectionand rescue. They are established up untilcounty level. The size of the units forgeneral purpose depends on the size and

needs of the territory for which they aredetermined. Thus, it is not necessary foreach municipality to have its own unitfor general purposes if areas of two ormore municipalities can be “covered” bya company for general purpose. Theseunits “assist” the special units, as theirtraining is notably lower, and the agelimit of its members is higher than thespecial units.

Units for special purpose:The first level of establishment for specialpurpose units is the city. The establish-ment of these units for the city area andhigher levels enables their performanceeven in municipal areas, if competentservices cannot deal with the accidents.

The special purpose units are:➤ Fire protection units.➤ Water protection and rescue units.➤ Mountain rescues units.➤ Ruin protection and rescue units.➤ Chemical and biological radiation

protection units.➤ Medical and first aid units.➤ Veterinary units.➤ Protection and rescue of plants and

plants product units.➤ Terrain sanitation and other units

according to needs.

46


The Ministry of the Interior can call upon the Ministry of Defence, upon the proposal of the Civil Protection Commander, in the event of disaster. The Ministry of Defence participates in protection and rescue operations, especially forest fires and floods, whichrequire special means and forces.

4. Legal Framework

➤ The Law on Changes and Amend-ments to the Law on Interior Affairsconsists of a special chapter with 24articles that regulates the area of civilprotection (defines civil protection,establishes a basic goal, tasks and the organisational structure of civil protection).

➤ The Law on Protection Against NaturalDisasters determines the term natural disaster and provides for the basic protective measures, rights and duties of protection officers, evaluates damages and defines how to assist damaged areas.

➤ Regulations concerning the organisation,attendance, recruitment and use of units, services and bodies for management, and other forms of civil protection organisation.

➤ Regulations concerning the methodology and content of plans in relation to protection and rescue. The plans are based on the evaluation of dangers and consequences of natural, technological and ecological accidents, as well as war destruction. Furthermore, the plans are based on available human and material forces for the protection and rescue of subjects, and relate to the plans. The protection and rescue plan is designed for municipalities, cities, the City of Zagreb and the State.

Contact: Mr. Petar Vitas, Deputy Commander

Civil Protection Department

Protection and Rescue Directorate

Ministry of the Interior

Avenija Gojka Suska 1

10000 Zagreb

Croatia

Telephone: +385 1 2391 530

Telefax: +385 1 2391 491


Organisation of the Civil Protection in the

Ministry of the Interior in the Republic of Croatia

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR

PROTECTION AND RESCUE ADMINISTRATION

FIREFIGHTING

DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL FOR

FIREFIGHTING

AND CIVIL

PROTECTION

CIVIL

PROTECTION

DEPARTMENT

DIVISION FOR

PREVENTING,

PLANNING AND

SUPERVISION

DIVISION FOR

OPERATIONAL

AFFAIRS

DIVISION FOR

INTERNATIONAL

INTER-

GRATIONS

CIVIL

PROTECTION

SCHOOL

FIREFIGHTING

SCHOOL

DIVISION FOR

DEVELOPMENT

AND TESTING OF

THE TECHNIC AND

EQUIPMENT FOR

RESCUE AND FIRE

EXTINCTION

DIVISION

FOR FIRE

OPERATIVE

DIVISION FOR

THE FIRE

TECHNIQUE,

EQUIPMENT

AND SUPPORT

NATIONAL

FIRE

OPERATION

CENTER

FIRE BASE ON

THE COASTAL AREA

1.SPLIT

2.ZADAR

3.S IBENIK

4.DUBROVNIK

47

Czech Republic

Ceská Republika



Václav Klaus (2003–)


Vladimír Spidla (2002–)

Capital Prague


Area 78,900 sq. km

GDP/Capita (PPP) USD 13,991


Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU

(set to join in 2004),



The Czech Republic is a parliamentarydemocracy. Executive power is exercisedby the Cabinet, consisting of the PrimeMinister and the Ministers. The Cabinetis appointed by the President with theapproval of the Parliament. The PrimeMinister is appointed by the President.The bicameral Parliament consists of theSenate and the Chamber of Deputies.

The National Security Council is thegovernmental advisory body for the secu-rity of the Czech Republic. The Prime

˘

CzechRepublic

Austria

Poland

Slovakia

Germany

Prague

48

Minister is the chairperson and his/her deputy, the vice-chairperson, is re-sponsible for foreign affairs and securitypolicy within the Cabinet. The othermembers are appointed heads of assignedministries.

As of January 2003, following a basicreform of the public administration, the territorial administration authorities were divided into 14 regions, which arecontrolled by the Government in co-operation with central administrativeauthorities in their respective areas ofcompetence. The capital of Pragueconstitutes one region.


The Civil Emergency Planning system of the Czech Republic was transformedin January 2001.The responsibility forcivil protection was transferred from theMinistry of Defence to the Ministry ofthe Interior, except for the Civil ProtectionRescue Bases, which are still under theresponsibility of the Ministry of Defence.


The aim of Civil Emergency Planning(cep) in the Czech Republic is to ensurethe preparedness of all non-militaryadministrative bodies in the event of civil emergencies.

The main tasks are to:➤ Maintain a system of co-ordination

at national level led by the Civil Emergency Planning Committee (cepc). This committee provides

methodological guidance and supervision for the Central Administrative and Territorial Offices.

➤ Ensure and supervise civil emergencycomponents in all administrative bodies.

➤ Ensure cep activities within the structure of the Ministry of the Interior: the responsibility for cep legislation, its implementation and co-ordination at national level. For cep issues, the assigned department follows the recommen-dations and conclusions of nato’sSenior Civil Emergency Planning Committee.

➤ Participate in international cepoperations and exercises.

➤ Provide training and education for teams of experts within the civil emergency management field, including all Central Administrative and Territorial Offices.

➤ Provide training and education for the relevant authorities in order to strengthen their cep capabilities.


The National Security Council of theCzech Republic (nsc cr) was establishedon the basis of a Government decisionand has become its advisory body. To ensure its tasks, the Council establishedfour permanent working committees,which responsibilities were determined in 1998:➤ The Defence Planning Committee

(dpc).

49

➤ The Civil Emergency Planning Committee (cepc)

➤ The Foreign Security Policy Co-ordinating Committee (fspcc).

➤ The Committee for Intelligence Activities.

The dpc is responsible for the co-ordina-tion of planning and preparedness arran-gements in order to safeguard the defenceof the Czech Republic, and activities inrelation to military crisis situations. The chairman of the Committee is theMinister of Defence.

The cepc is responsible for the co-ordination and planning of arrangementsto safeguard the internal security of thestate, population and the economy; theco-ordination of civil resources, and forplanning and preparedness activities inrelation to non-military crises situations.This committee is headed by the Ministerof the Interior.

The fspcc has been established as thethird working body of the nsc cr. It isheaded by the Minister of Foreign Affairsand is responsible for the co-ordinationof foreign security policy with emphasison the international status of the CzechRepublic. Members of the above mentio-ned committees are deputy ministers ofthe central administrative offices, whichare assigned to participate in the solvingof crisis situations.

As a governmental advisory body forsolving crisis situations, a Central CrisisStaff group has been established, whichis called upon in situations of crisis and

states of emergency in the Czech Republicand/or abroad. The staff provide operati-onal co-ordination, supervision and anassessment of measures used to preventor solve crises. It also supports the crisismanagement activities carried out byterritorial authorities.

The responsibility for civil emergencypreparedness in all administrative bodieslies with the statutory representatives.Existing civil emergency departmentsoperate in both Central Administrativeand Territorial Administrative Offices.

The present structure of cep is focused on:A. Protection of the population asprovided by the Fire Rescue Corps of theCzech Republic. There are three organi-sational levels in the Fire Rescue Corps:➤ The professional Fire Rescue Corps

of the Czech Republic that operates nationally.

➤ The voluntary Fire Rescue Corps that operates locally in towns and villages.

➤ The Fire Rescue Corps deployed in the industrial sphere, consisting of both professionals and volunteers.

B. Central and Territorial Authorities,which offices are gradually achieving thecrisis preparedness level necessary formeeting predictable crisis situationswithin the limit of available resources

C. The role of the Ministry of the Interior,who co-ordinates cep at national leveland provides policy guidelines anddirections for the cep process.

50


The role of the Ministry of the Interiorduring non-military crisis situations is toco-ordinate activities at inter-ministeriallevel. The responsibilities of the Ministryof the Interior in non-military crisissituations are the same as those held bythe Ministry of Defence in an event of a military crisis.

Military forces support civil authoritiesin emergencies, i.e. when the resourcesof local and regional units are inadequate.This support is given to the Fire RescueCorps, the police and local authorities.

Assistance from the Ministry ofDefence is provided in the form of army troops, or in co-operation withCivil Protection Rescue and TrainingBases. In a military crisis, cep providesall the necessary civilian resources for the Army.

Examples of civil-military co-operationare army participation in anti-floodoperations, army support during huma-nitarian operations and army participationin international peace support operations.

4. Legal Framework

The Constitutional Law on the Securityof the Czech Republic was endorsed by Parliament in April 1998. In this law,the Parliament stipulated that the sove-reignty and integrity of the nation, theprotection of democratic principles andthe protection of human lives, healthand property are basic state duties. Thislaw also enables the Government todeclare a state of emergency and the

Parliament to declare a state of threat inthe country. A state of war can only beannounced through the Constitution ofthe Czech Republic.

The principal laws related to crisismanagement are:A. The Law on Crisis Management

B. The Law on Integrated Rescue SystemsThese two laws define the responsibi-lities of the Government, the CentralAdministrative Offices and the TerritorialAdministrative Offices, plus elements of the Integrated Rescue System. In addition, they stipulate crisis preparednessmeasures and the limitations that applyto the rights of individuals during crises.The laws came into force in January2001.

C. The Law on Securing the Defence of the Czech RepublicThis law, which came into force inDecember 1999, stipulates the tasks andresponsibilities of the Central Administra-tive Offices, the Territorial AdministrativeOffices, legal bodies and citizens in orderto meet defence requirements.

D. The Law on Economic Measures for Solving Crisis SituationsThis law sets up the preparation of eco-nomic measures for crisis situations andthe adoption of economic measures aftercrisis situations are declared. The lawcame into force in January 2001.

51

Contact: Ministry of the Interior

Mr Miroslav Stepán,

Fire Rescue Service General Director

Deputy Minister of the Interior,

Executive Vice-Chairman of the CEPC

Kloknerova 26,

148 01, Praha 414

Czech Republic

Telephone: +420 2 974 819 220

Telefax: + 420 2 974 819 960


52

Denmark

Danmark



Margrethe II (1972–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Anders

Fogh Rasmussen (2001–)

Capital Copenhagen


Area 43,094 sq. km






Denmark is a constitutional monarchyand has a single chamber parliamentarysystem, supplemented by access toreferendums. The legislative power restswith the Queen and the Parliament(Folketinget). The Parliament includes re-presentatives from the Faeroe Islands andGreenland. The executive power restswith the Queen, but is exercised throughthe ministers. Public administration iscarried out by the departments of the

North Sea

Baltic Sea

Sweden

Germany

Denmark

Copenhagen

53

ministries. Each Minister is normally incharge of a ministry. The majority of theministries have one or more subordinateagency or directorate. In some areas thereare regional or local state authorities.

At the regional level, Denmark is divi-ded into 14 counties. At the local level, it is divided into 271 municipalities. Allmunicipalities are geographically locatedwithin a county, except for two metropo-litan municipalities: the capital, Copen-hagen, and Fredriksberg, which is both acounty and a municipality. The countiesand municipalities have a strong positionboth in the number of tasks assigned tothem and the size of the public sectorthat they administrate. A characteristic ofthe Danish counties and municipalities istheir independent right to impose taxes.


Danish Civil Emergency Planning consistsof two parts: Civil Preparedness andRescue Preparedness. The EmergencyManagement Agency (Beredskabsstyrelsen)is responsible for co-ordinating nationalRescue Preparedness and advising theauthorities about cep related issues.


The overall objective of Danish CivilEmergency Planning is to prepare for thecontinuous function of society duringcrisis or war, and to support the overalldefence of the country. Civil EmergencyPlanning in Denmark consists of twoparts: Civil Preparedness and RescuePreparedness.

Danish Civil Preparedness is defined as a plan for the continual function ofsociety under extraordinary conditions.Civil Preparedness is basically a planningconcept – rather than an organisation –in regard to crisis or war. Its aim is toensure that the resources of the civilsociety are utilised in a manner that bene-fits Total Defence. Areas of responsibilityare, for example, water, food, health,electricity, and transport.

The ministries are responsible for CivilPreparedness planning within their ownrespective areas. The tasks that have beenassigned to them are to maintain thefunctions of the Government and publicadministration, producing necessarylegislation, adapting Civil Preparednessplanning into Total Defence planningand providing guidance to regional andmunicipal authorities.

Rescue Preparedness shall prevent,reduce and remedy any damage or injuryinflicted upon human life, to property orupon the environment by accidents ordisasters, including war or danger of war.The preventive tasks include warning the population and providing sheltersand evacuation. It is also responsible fornuclear preparedness.

The tasks of the Emergency ManagementAgency (Beredskabsstyrelsen) are:➤ Guidance in matters relating to

administrative preparedness.➤ Co-ordination of central civilian

authorities.

54

➤ Co-ordination of central authorities and regional/municipal authorities.

➤ Co-ordination of civilian authorities and Total Defence.

➤ Co-ordination of civilian authorities and nato.


A. Civil Preparedness at Central Level The individual ministers are responsible,within their own respective fields ofadministration, for planning and takingthe necessary measures for Civil Prepa-redness. The Minister of the Interior andHealth is responsible for the co-ordinationof Civil Preparedness planning, forimplementing any associated measuresplus attending the work that is not takencare of by other authorities.

The Emergency Management Agencyguarantees co-ordination on behalf ofthe Minister of the Interior and Health.As part of the planning at the nationallevel, the Emergency ManagementAgency co-ordinates the work of theministries in the Civil EmergencyPlanning at nato (scepc).

B. Civil Preparedness at Regional Level Civil Preparedness tasks at the regionalregional level are handled by seven civilregions. Within each civil region, a StateCounty Governor is appointed as theRegional Prefect. The Regional Prefect is responsible for the co-ordination andplanning of any Civil Preparednessmatters related to the region.

C. Civil Preparedness at County andMunicipal Level The population is dependent uponmunicipal implementation and planningof assignments. The municipalities musttherefore, according to the PreparednessAct, prepare a contingency plan for allassignments that the municipalities areresponsible for, in peacetime or periodsof crisis and war. At the county level, themost important assignment is the admi-nistration of hospitals, where both civiland military casualties shall be treated.

D. Rescue Preparedness at Central LevelThe Danish Fire Service and CivilDefence have been merged into oneagency, the Emergency ManagementAgency, which is subordinate to theMinistry of the Interior and Health.

E. Rescue Preparedness at Regional Level The regional centres for the NationalRescue Corps are subordinate to theEmergency Management Agency. Thenational regional Rescue Preparednessconsists of seven regional centres for theNational Rescue Corps. The regionalcentres (except the centre at Funen)provide peacetime assistance to theMunicipal Rescue Preparedness when-ever such assistance is necessary, depen-ding on the nature or extent of anaccident or disaster.

The national regional Rescue Prepa-redness system also provides a nationalRescue Preparedness Reserve in times ofcrisis or war. The most significant task

55

for the regional Rescue Preparednessremains therefore, the training of cons-cripts. At present 1,400 conscripts arecalled up every year for a 3–6 monthstraining programme.

F. Rescue Preparedness at Municipal LevelThe municipal Rescue Preparednesssystem shall be capable of providingproper turnout services. In addition, itshall be prepared to receive, billet andfeed evacuees and other distressed persons,including victims of floods and othernatural disasters. Some municipalitiesshall also be able to provide an instantand more extensive turnout service.

A Preparedness Commission, appointedby the municipal council, administersmunicipal Rescue Preparedness. TheChief Constable has a permanent seat inthe Commission. Municipalities shall co-ordinate their Rescue Preparednessunder a joint Preparedness Commissionand a joint administration. The munici-palities shall sub-contract fire fightingand rescue service operations to a neigh-bouring municipality’s rescue preparednessor private salvage corps.


Preparedness for war in Denmark – inboth the civil and military forces – is inaccordance with the Total Defence co-operation system. A basic feature of thisco-operation is that each part plays anautonomous role, although they co-operate and are in mutual support ofeach other.

The main aim of Total Defence is toavoid war. However, should efforts fail,the tasks of the different sectors involvedin Total Defence are to avert damage tolife and property and ensure that socialfunctions continue during and after war.The role of Total Defence has not beendefined by Danish legislation, but hasbeen generally acknowledged.

Danish Total Defence consists of: ➤ The Armed Forces.➤ Rescue Preparedness, responsible for

averting or redressing the immediate effects of hostile actions inflicted upon the civilian population.

➤ Civil Preparedness, responsible for averting or redressing the long-term effects of hostilities inflicted upon the civilian society. Although independent, the Police Force is also a part of the Civil Preparedness and has certain tasks within the Rescue Preparedness.

Within each of the seven regions, theRegional Prefect, the Military RegionalCommander, the Commander of theNational Regional Rescue Preparednessand the Regional Chief Constable of thePolice constitute the so-called RegionalEmergency Administration Board.

Total Defence co-operation is plannedto be effective in crisis or war. As theplanning is carried out in peacetime, civil-military co-operation must be frequentlyexercised to ensure that both planningand co-operation are functional.

56

4. Legal framework

The legislative framework for Danishcep is mainly based on:➤ The Constitution of the Kingdom

of Denmark Act.➤ Acts (three readings in the Parliament).➤ Orders/Administrative Directives/

Decrees (depending on legal authority).➤ Circulars.➤ Guidelines.

The Danish Civil Defence and the peace-time fire service were integrated intoRescue Preparedness on January 1, 1993.The Preparedness Act implies that therewill only be one Rescue Preparednessauthority at the municipal level, one atthe national regional level, and one agencyat the national central level. The wartimetasks are considered to be a natural addi-tion to the preparedness’ peacetime tasks.Coping with wartime tasks is regarded asa superstructure over and above peacetimeassignments. Not all areas of RescuePreparedness are included in the Prepa-redness Act. The peacetime ambulanceservice, for example, is a county task.The Preparedness Act establishes theMinister of the Interior and Health asthe supreme administrative authority.

Contact: Emergency Management Agency

(Beredskabsstyrelsen)

Mr. Jørn Devantier

16 Datavej

Postboks 189

DK-3460 Birkerød

Denmark

Telephone: +45 45 90 60 00,

ext. 6220

Telefax: +45 45 90 60 60


Website:

www.beredskabsstyrelsen.dk

57

Estonia

Eesti



Arnold Rüütel (2001–)


Siim Kallas (2002–)

Capital Tallinn


Area 45,226 sq. km




NATO), UN, EU (set to

join in 2004), OSCE,

Council of Europe


Estonia is a republic with a parliamentarysystem. The Government (cabinet) consistsof the Prime Minister and Ministers, andis the executive arm of the state. Thelegislative branch of the Estonian Govern-ment is constituted by the unicameralParliament (Riigikogu). The country’sPresident is appointed by the parliament.The President in turn appoints the headof Government with the approval of the Parliament. The President is also the Supreme Commander of NationalDefence.

Baltic Sea

Gulf of Bothnia

Russia

Latvia

Estonia

Finland

Tallinn

58

Administratively, Estonia is dividedinto 15 counties (maakond), each led by a County Governor. At the local levelthere are 247 local governments, led by local government’s councils. Localgovernments consist of 200 rural muni-cipalities and 47 towns.


Civil emergency planning in Estonia ismade up of two components: a civilprotection system based on the Emer-gency Preparedness Act, and a crisismanagement system based on the CrisisManagement Basic Principles.


The civil protection system: Estoniancivil protection is based on the measuresthat can be taken in order to protecthuman life, property and the environmentin emergencies or war.

The aims of civil protection are to:➤ Define possible emergency situations,

and the possibilities of preventing them or minimising their consequences.

➤ Develop plans of action for possible emergency situations.

➤ Prepare the forces and resourcesnecessary for solving emergency situations.

➤ Respond to crisis situations, and minimise their effects on the population and the environment.

➤ Restoring essential services in order to safeguard human life.

➤ Organise early warning and keep the public informed during emergencies.

➤ Provide training in crisis prevention,preparedness and response.

➤ Inform the public about how to behave in emergency situations.

The crisis management system: Crisismanagement is defined as a completesystem, prepared and implemented bygovernmental organisations in co-opera-tion with local governments and publicorganisations in order to guarantee publicsafety during a crisis or emergency.

Public safety is defined as the protectionand uninterrupted function of stateinstitutions and local governments, thephysical and emotional well-being of thepopulation and the continued functioningof establishments that are necessary forsustaining normal everyday life during acrisis.


Estonian cep has two dimensions:1. Functional responsibility, which impliesthat the ministry/administration incharge of a specific function directs andco-ordinates the emergency planning ofthat function at all levels (national,regional and local);2. Area responsibility, which implies that responsibilities have been allocatedto the different administrative levels(national/central, regional and local) and that emergency planning functionsaccording to the degree of competencethat exists at each different level.

59

2.2.1 Functional responsibility

The Organisation of functional (life-essential) responsibilities are distributedbetween the different ministries as follows:

Civil Management and Co-ordination:Ministry of Internal Affairs/Rescue BoardEnergy Supply and Supply of Industrial Goods:Ministry of Economic Affairs and CommunicationsFood Supply:Ministry of AgricultureFinancial System:Ministry of FinancePublic Order and Security, Civil Protectionand Rescue Services, Data Security:Ministry of Internal Affairs, Rescue Board, Police Board, Board of Border Guard, Security Police BoardHealth and Medical Services, Social Insurance and Care:Ministry of Social AffairsLabour:Ministry of Social AffairsTelecommunications and Postal Services:Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications (including Government Communications)Transport:Ministry of Economic Affairs and CommunicationsForeign Trade:Ministry of Foreign AffairsProtection of Cultural Heritage:Ministry of CulturePsychological Defence and Public Information:State Chancellery

The responsibility for other areas isdecided by the National Government.

2.2.2 Area responsibility

National level:The Ministry of Internal Affairs has theoverall responsibility for cep in Estonia.The areas of authority assigned to theMinistry of Internal Affairs include theinternal security of the state and main-tenance of public order. The Ministry is responsible for Civil Protection and the management of issues related to firefighting and rescue work. The Ministryof Internal Affairs is also responsible forlocal government and regional develop-ment, citizenship and immigration,churches and congregations, guardingand protecting the state border, and the preparation of appropriate draftlegislation.

The co-ordinating department for cepin Estonia is the National Rescue Board.In order to accomplish cep obligations,the Rescue Board shall:➤ Establish national development policy

and programs regarding cep.➤ Compile, treat and analyse data

concerning emergency situations, and presents proposals to predict, prevent and settle them.

➤ Guarantee co-ordination and control incrisis situations at national level.

➤ Support and facilitate the work of the Government Crisis Committee.

➤ Co-ordinate and accomplish the planning of crisis management at state and regional level.

60

➤ Present proposals for the developmentof communications and early warning systems.

➤ Establish cep drafts, standards and normative projects.

➤ Organise and accomplish general post-observance within civil protection.

➤ Present proposals for the supply of rescue and defence equipment to civil protection and organise the state reserves.

➤ Co-ordinate local government and state department actions.

➤ Plan and organise cep training at state and local levels.

➤ Co-ordinate co-operation between fire/ rescue services and defence forces.

➤ Plan additional cep training.➤ Co-ordinate and organise cep work

at an international level.

The Government Crisis Committee co-ordinates cep co-operation between thedifferent governmental departments.

The duties of the Committee are to:➤ Establish a national policy on Crisis

Management.➤ Make proposals to the Government.➤ Prepare, harmonise and present plans

of action to the Government for resolving crisis situations.

In addition, the Government CrisisCommittee shall present proposals to theGovernment regarding each incident,defining pre-crisis and crisis factors.Another task is the analysis of informationnecessary for the prediction and resolution

of crises, the results of which will be pre-sented to the Prime Minister. Finally, theCommittee shall attempt to resolve crisissituations in accordance with the lawand other regulations, and according tothe Government guidelines.

Within the government structure, thereis also a permanent Security Committee,chaired by the Prime Minister, whichdeals with international developments ofconcern to Estonian national security.

Regional level:At the regional level, there are 15 counti-es and the county governors are directlyresponsible to the Government. CountyGovernor is the highest cep authority atthe regional level and chairperson of theCounty Civil Protection Committee.

Local level:At the local level, there are 247 localgovernments. The local GovernmentCouncil is the highest cep authority.

3. Civil Military Co-operation

At the national level, the Ministry ofInternal Affairs and the Ministry ofDefence co-ordinate civil-militaryactivities. Practical co-operation takesplace between the Defence Forces anddifferent governmental departments.

At the regional level, civil-military co-operation takes place between countygovernments, state defence departmentsand Defence League regional units. Themain areas of civil-military co-operationare planning, training and exercises.

61

4. Legal Framework

The main regulations regulating cepwork in Estonia is contained in theEmergency Preparedness Act, the RescueAct, the State Reserves Act, the Emergen-cies Act and the State of Emergency Act.Several other laws, directives, decrees anddecisions, also regulate Estonian cep.

Some of these are:➤ The Rescue Act of 1994, which regulates

the organisation of fire and rescue operations and defines responsibilities, rights and accountability in this area.

➤ The State Reserves Act of 1994, which defines the various classifications of national reserves and how these are administered, etc.

➤ The Emergency Situation Act of 1996,which prescribes the necessary measures to be taken in the cases of natural disaster or catastrophes and for the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases.

➤ The State of Emergency Act of 1996,which defines the conditions that must be present in order to declare a state of emergency. As with the Emergency Situation Act, this Act defines the protectoral duties of the Government Crisis Committee should the constitu-tional order be exposed to threat.

➤ The Emergency Preparedness Act of2000, which defines the duties, tasks and requirements related to Civil Emergency Planning at both functional and territorial dimensions of responsibility.

➤ Government Decree No. 297 (August 15,1995) names the Government Crisis Committee’s members and the Committee’s foundations.

➤ Government Decree No. 181 (June 28,1996) states the system for announcing a state of emergency, which gives stateorganisations as well as town and city governments the responsibility of passing on information regarding emergency situations.

➤ Government Decision No. 626 (July 8,1996) lists crisis situations in which the Government Crisis Committee must be immediately summoned.

In the cep field several other laws alsoapply: Peace Time State Defence Act,Health Care Act, Public Health Act,Border Guard Act, Police Act etc., as well as several laws relating to prevention– Radiation Act, Chemicals Act etc.

The tasks of the different ministries andmunicipalities in relation to cep are regu-lated by the Emergency Preparedness Act,which was adopted in November 2000.

Contact: Estonian Rescue Board

Head of Crisis Management

Department

2 Raua Str.

EE-10124 Tallinn

Estonia

Telephone: +372 628 2005

Telefax: +372 628 2099

e-mail: [email protected]

62

Finland

Suomi



Tarja Halonen (2000–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Anneli

Jäätteenmäki (2003–)

Capital Helsinki


Area 338,145 sq. km




Council of Europe


Finland is a republic. The Governmentconsists of the Prime Minister and amaximum of 17 ministers. The unicameralParliament (Eduskunta) constitutes thelegislative branch. The President has arelatively strong position in the areas offoreign policy and national defence. ThePresident is the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces and appoints theGovernment on the approval of theParliament and senior officials.

Baltic Sea

Norwegian Sea

Finland

Gulf of Bothnia

Sweden

Norway

Estonia

Russia

Helsinki

63

At the regional level, state administra-tion consists of provinces and other stateadministrative districts. Each of the sixprovinces has a State Provincial Officemanaged by a governor and representingmulti-sectoral expertise in its area. It is ajoint regional authority of seven differentministries. Safeguarding public orderand security is an essential part of theState Provincial Offices’ tasks sinceregional command of both police andrescue services is held by them. The StateProvincial Office promotes and evaluatesthe implementation of local services inits sphere of activities. The Ministry ofthe Interior has the main responsibilityfor provincial administration. For otherbranches of state administration, thereare various district offices subordinate totheir respective ministries. RegardingCivil Emergency Planning, the StateProvincial Office’s role is to co-ordinateregional-level measures.

For local level administration, thereare 90 State Local Districts. The localtasks related to police, prosecutor, bailiffand register services are carried out in thesedistricts. State Local Districts are subor-dinated to the State Provincial Offices.

At the local level, basic administrationconsists of 446 municipalities. Themanagement of municipalities is basedon the self-government of the citizens. In each municipality, there is a localcouncil which is elected every four yearsin municipal elections, and variousboards for practical administration. The municipalities have a mandatory

responsibility for providing not onlywelfare services such as health care andnursing, social welfare, education andculture, but also rescue services. Electedby municipalities, there are 19 RegionalCouncils with their own administrativeoffices.

The Åland Islands form an autonomousregion. The Åland Council, elected bythe inhabitants of the Åland Islands, has the supreme power of decision. Forparticular state administrative and securitypurposes, Åland also has a State ProvincialOffice.



Each authority is responsible for itsstatutory functions not only in a normalpeacetime situation but also during crisessuch as serious international disturbances,a threat of an armed attack, war, post-war situations, economic crises anddisasters. To prepare for emergencies,authorities are obligated by law to takeprecautionary measures such as makingcontingency plans, acquiring specialequipment, and training personnel. Inprinciple, the same or similar emergencyplans apply to the civil administrationduring both wartime and peacetime civilemergencies.

One guiding principle of the cep isthat each authority continues with itsnormal functions also during a state ofcrisis. However, in such a case, authoritiescan assume specific additional responsi-

64

bilities related to their normal functions.Another principle is that as few newbodies as possible are introduced intocivil administration in a crisis situation.Any organisational changes are kept to aminimum. In addition to the authorities,also governmental bodies, companiesand institutions are to continue withtheir peacetime functions. Authoritiesare expected to allocate the necessaryfunds for emergency planning and otherpreparatory measures in their annualbudgets.

Crisis tolerance and preparednessencompasses all functions that arenecessary for coping with a wartimesituation or a peacetime emergency.Contingency planning should meet thedemands of preparedness for all distur-bances to ensure that the administrationis functional under all circumstances.The goal is to make society able to copewith any crisis in the best possible way.


National defence in Finland is based onthe concept of total defence. In additionto military defence, the main sectors of national defence are civil defence,economic defence, defence informationand the maintenance of public order and security.

Provisions on general preparedness fora state of emergency are laid down in theEmergency Powers Act providing thatauthorities at each administrative level,through contingency planning and otherpreparatory measures, are prepared to

continue their statutory duties evenduring a state of emergency.

At the highest administrative level,preparations for crisis management aresupervised, controlled, and co-ordinatedby the Government and the ministrieswithin their respective areas of compe-tence.

One of the ministerial committees inthe Government is the Cabinet Com-mittee on Foreign and Security Policy.Its objective is to harmonise nationaltotal defence preparations between thedifferent sectors. At the national level,the Cabinet Committee on Foreign andSecurity Policy focuses on general guide-lines and principles. The Committeeconsists of ministers of major importanceto national security. To facilitate theproceedings of the Cabinet Committeeon Foreign and Security Policy and theministries, a Committee on Security andDefence has been set up. The Committeeconsists of the Permanent Secretaries ofthe ministries that are important in thefield of crisis management and generalpreparedness. The military high commandis also involved.

To ensure co-operation between therelatively independent ministries, mini-sterial Chiefs of Readiness are appointedto take charge of contingency planningand the necessary measures for emergencypreparedness. Related to these tasks, theChiefs of Readiness organise mutualcommunication and co-operation betweenthe ministries. The Chief of Readiness isnormally the Permanent Secretary of

65

the respective ministry. The PermanentSecretary of the Prime Minister’s Officeis the chairperson for the Chiefs ofReadiness.

In some administrative sectors, thereare advisory, preparatory and co-ordina-ting committees as well as boards forcrisis management planning, such as theNational Board of Economic Defence(the Ministry of Trade and Industry),and the Planning Commission forDefence Information (the Ministry ofDefence).

At the regional level, the State Provin-cial Offices have a significant role in theorganisation of co-operation between thevarious regional administrations and thethree Military Commands.

At the local level, the duties of civilemergency planning are mainly carriedout by municipalities. The responsibleofficial is the Mayor, while the practicalplanning is often carried out by munici-pal rescue officers. Heads of differentmunicipal services are responsible forcontingency planning for their respectivepursuits.

Other main components of civilemergency planning are: ➤ Rescue services and civil defence. TheDepartment for Rescue Services in theMinistry of the Interior is the highestauthority responsible for rescue activitiesand protection of the population. Rescueservices consist of accident prevention,fire fighting and other measures relatedto rescue operations. According to legi-

slation, protection of the population isalso part of rescue services, as well asplans and preparations to maintainreadiness for action and preparedness for protection of the population. Forexample, the owner of a building isresponsible for arranging a shelter at his or her own expense.

At the regional level, rescue servicesare organised and co-ordinated by StateProvincial Offices and their rescue depart-ments. At the local level, municipalitiesare responsible for rescue services withintheir borders. In practice, rescue activitiesare carried out by municipal fire brigades,and where necessary, in co-operationwith several assisting authorities andvoluntary organisations. Voluntary firebrigades’ role in fire fighting and rescuemissions is vital, especially in smallermunicipalities.

At the beginning of 2004, the presentsystem of rescue services that are run byindividual municipalities will changeinto a regional system comprising 22regional services that are organised jointlyby municipalities in each region. Thenew system will not apply to the ÅlandIslands.

Finland has also established an organisa-tion for international rescue operations,Finn Rescue Force (frf). The organisa-tion, with a staff of 200 trained persons,is based on the fire brigades located inthe largest cities. The force has a mobili-sation time of 2–24 hours for a group ofexperts and 1–3 days for a rescue unit.

66

➤ Public Order and Security. Police autho-rities are responsible for maintainingpublic order and security both in peace-time and in emergency situations. ThePolice Department within the Ministryof the Interior is the highest police aut-hority at the national level. The StateProvincial Office is the highest policeauthority at the regional level. At thelocal level, police districts are organised inconjunction with the State Local Offices. ➤ Frontier Guard. The Frontier Guard ismilitarily organised and its duty is tomaintain peaceful and safe conditions in the border areas. Its most importanttasks are border control on land bordersand sea areas, and border checks at bordercrossing points, ports and airports. TheFrontier Guard is in charge of maritimesearch and rescue services, and contributesto other rescue services as well. The Mini-stry of the Interior acts as the SupremeCommand of the Frontier Guard. ➤ Economic Security and Security ofSupplies. The Ministry of Trade andIndustry is responsible for the develop-ment and supreme management ofsecurity of supplies. The aim is to be ableto secure the basic functions of societyfor a minimum of one year on average.The National Emergency Supply Agency,subordinate to the Ministry of Trade andIndustry, allocates available funds toprojects that are the most important forthe security of basic supplies. The Agency’sannual spending for the maintenance of security of supplies is about us$ 50million.

The National Emergency SupplyAgency organises stockpiling of materialthat is of vital importance to the societyin a crisis. Security of supply operationsare aimed to ensure that the administra-tion is functional in all circumstances.Strategic stockpiles of the State areprimarily designed to safeguard thecontinuity of energy supply, food supply,public health services and industrialproduction for the national defence.


Co-operation between civil and militaryauthorities is organised at each admini-strative level. At the highest level, mini-stries co-operate with the Ministry ofDefence and the Defence Staff. At theregional level, the Western, Eastern andNorthern Commands co-operate withthe State Provincial Offices and otherstate administrative regional offices. Atthe local level, operational defence unitsco-operate with municipalities.

When special administrative powersare applied in wartime on the basis ofthe State of Defence Act, provincial andmunicipal authorities are obliged to carryout orders from military authorities andsupport defence preparations. Thisobligation only concerns tasks in regionswhere such support measures would berequired because of a threat of an enemyattack.

On the other hand, during peacetime,the military forces must provide assistancein, for example, difficult rescue inter-ventions.

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4. Legal Framework

➤ The Constitution of Finland (11 June1999/731). The Constitution states thatpublic authorities are responsible for theprotection of fundamental and internati-onal human rights. Temporary exceptionsto the protection of fundamental rights,yet consistent with Finland’s internationalhuman rights obligations, may be prescri-bed by an Act of Parliament in case of anarmed attack on Finland, and also underother states of emergency that threatenthe nation and are lawfully comparableto an armed attack.

➤ The Emergency Powers Act (22 July1991/1080). The purpose of the Emergen-cy Powers Act is to guarantee, under astate of emergency, the nation’s livelihoodand the national economy, to maintainlaw and order, to protect the basic rightsof citizens, and to safeguard the territo-rial integrity and independence of the na-tion. A state of emergency can arise froma serious international disturbance, thethreat of an armed attack, war, economiccrisis or a disaster provided that authori-tie’s normal powers are not sufficient.

The Act states that the Government,government bodies, state authorities, stateenterprises, and municipalities mustoptimise the progress of their work inemergencies by making emergency plansand by taking other preliminary measures.Preparations for emergency situations aredirected, supervised and co-ordinated bythe Government and each ministry with-in its administrative sector.

➤ In addition to the Emergency PowersAct, the State of Defence Act (22 July 1991/1083) lays down provisions on the powerof authorities in a state of emergency.The latter applies to an armed attack orwar. In both instances, the Parliamentcan delegate provisional powers to theGovernment and its administrativeauthorities to carry out the immediatelynecessary measures in an emergency or a warlike condition.

➤ The Security of Supply Act (18 December1992/1380). The purpose of this Act is tosafeguard all economic activities that arenecessary for maintaining the population’slivelihood, the national economy, andnational defence during a crisis.

Strategic stockpiles are maintained bythe State. These include raw materialsand other products which are necessaryfor maintaining the population’s liveli-hood and the continual function of the economic sector and which areindispensable for the fulfilment ofFinland’s engagements in internationalagreements. The responsibility for thedevelopment and management of thesecurity of supply rests with the Ministryof Trade and Industry. The NationalEmergency Supply Agency is set up forthe development and maintenance of thesecurity of supply.

➤ The Act on Rescue Services (30 April1999/561). Rescue services have an extensivemeaning. The concept includes rescueactivities referring to emergency measures

68

to be taken in the event of an accidentand civil defence activities referring tothe protection of people and propertyunder a state of emergency as defined inthe Emergency Powers Act and in theState of Defence Act. The Act also laysdown provisions on measures to be takenfor civil defence preparedness. During anemergency, civil defence authorities mayneed additional powers to execute thenecessary measures. The provisions onhow the powers are granted are given inthe Emergency Powers Act.

➤ The Act on the Formation of Rescue ServiceDistricts (13 December 2001/1214). Rescueservices will be organised regionally bymunicipalities which can decide on theadministrative model and sharing ofexpenses. The administrative model canbe based either on a joint municipalboard or on an agreement according towhich, for example, one of the membermunicipalities is responsible for manage-ment.

➤ The New Rescue Services Act (January2003) will come into force at the begin-ning of 2004. The regionalisation ofrescue services is the main amendmentin the Act.


Mr. Pentti Partanen,

Director General of Rescue Services

P.O. Box 26

FIN-OOO23 GOVERNMENT

Helsinki

Finland

Telephone: +358 9 160 2960

Telefax: +358 9 160 4672

E-mail:

[email protected]

Website:

www.intermin.fi/sm/pelastus

69



Jacques Chirac (1995–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Jean-

Pierre Raffarin (2002–)

Capital Paris


Area 552,000 sq. km





France

République Française


France is a republic which comprises:➤ The metropolitan territory, divided into

22 regions and 96 departments.➤ Four overseas departments (Guadeloupe,

Martinique, French Guyana, Réunion).➤ Four overseas territories (French Polynesia,

New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, the Southern Lands and French Antarctica).

➤ Two territorial communities with special status (Mayotte and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon).

Italy

Monaco

Andorra

Spain

Switzerland

Germany

Luxembourg

Belgium

Bay of Biscay

English Channel

NetherlandsUnited Kingdom

France

Paris

70

The 1958 Constitution is the foundationfor the institutions of the Fifth Republic.These are:➤ The Constitutional Council

The Constitutional Council, consisting of nine members, ensures the regularity of elections and the constitutional nature of laws.

➤ The President of the RepublicThe President of the Republic is elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of five years. He is the Head of State and Head of the Armed Forces. The President of the Republic nominates the Prime Minister. He chairs the Council of Ministers and promulgates laws.

➤ The Government The Government is placed under the authority of the Prime Minister. The Government determines and directs national policy. It is responsible to Parliament. The Prime Minister directs Government action and guarantees that law is put into effect.

➤ The ParliamentParliament checks Government action and passes laws. It is made up of two chambers:A. The Senate – the Senators (321)are elected by indirect universal suffrage and re-elected one third at a time every three years.B. The National Assembly – the Deputies (577) are elected by direct universal suffrage for a period of five years.


Civil emergency management in Franceis shared between three levels of authority:➤ National➤ Zonal➤ Departmental

The Ministry of the Interior, within thelimits of its own powers, prepares andimplements civil defence and securitymeasures. In addition, it co-ordinates the action of the various competentministries involved in the managementof a crisis.


The general task of the Directorate of Civil Defence and Security is to protect the State, persons and propertyin response to threats of aggression byemerging dangers and against risks,disasters of all kinds and catastrophes.Finally, it takes part in environmentalprotection.

Civil emergency plans are the outcomeof four components:1. General security2. Protection and rescue of vital installations3. Population rescue4. Maintenance of public spirit and will to resist aggression

They provide for the steps to be takenand emergency resources to be employedto counter specific risks.

71


The general organisation corresponds tothe three levels of authority referred toabove.

National level:The Minister of the Interior preparesrescue measures and co-ordinates theemergency resources coming under theState, territorial communities and publicestablishments throughout the territory.He is assisted by the defence senior civilservants. He is assisted by the Interdepart-mental Crisis Management OperationsCentre (cogic) in fulfilling his task ofco-ordinating emergency resources.

Zonal level:The Zone Prefect co-ordinates theemergency resources in the defence zone.He has the Interregional Civil SecurityOperational Co-ordination Centre(circosc) at his disposal in fulfilling this task. He is assisted in the preparationof rescue measures by the GeneralSecretariat of the Defence Zone and theCivil Security Zone Headquarters Staff.

Departmental level:The departmental Prefect implementsthe public and private emergency resour-ces and co-ordinates these resources inthe department. He has the DepartmentalOperations Centre of the Fire and Emer-gency Services (codis) at his disposal.

cogic is in continuous contact withthe various ministries, the public andprivate service providers, a national

network of experts and the joint-forcesoperations centre.

If a crisis arises, three new operationalcentres are activated, one at the Ministryof the Interior and the other two at thezonal level (Zonal Defence OperationsCentre) and the departmental level(Departmental Operations Centre).


The Armed Forces may be put at thedisposal of the civil authority, in thecontext of their public service tasks, inorder to lend their assistance to thepopulation in the event of natural dis-asters or to deal with the consequencesof technological accidents. They canoffer the possibility of making use oftheir logistic resources, particularly inthe fields of transport and rapid inter-vention. In addition, they may take partin the protection of certain installations.

4. Legal Framework

The reference texts governing civil defenceand security tasks are:➤ The 1959 Ordinance and the 1965

Decree relating to civil defence.➤ The Law of 22 July 1987 as amended

by the Laws of 5 January 1988 and28 November 1990 with respect to civil security.

➤ The Order of 24 August 2000concerning the organisation and powers of the Directorate of Civil Defence and Security.

72

Contact: Monsieur le Préfet Michel Sappin

Directeur de la Défense et de la

Sécurité Civile

Haut Fonctionnaire de Défense

Ministère de l’Intérieur

1 bis, Place des Saussaies

F-75800 Paris

France

Telephone: +33 1 56 04 74 30

Telefax: +33 1 47 93 18 57

OTAN/NATO

Colonel Philippe Nardin

Chef de la Mission des Relations

Internationales

87-95 quai du docteur Dervaux

F-92600 Asnieres sur Seine

France

Telephone: +33 1 56 04 76 71

Telefax: +33 1 56 04 75 62

73

Georgia

Sakartvelo


Head of State President Eduard

Shevardnadze (1995–)

Head of Government State Minister Avtandil

Jorbenadze (2001–)

Capital Tbilisi


Area 69,700 sq. km






Georgia is a republic. The Government is constituted by the State Minister andthe Ministers. The President of Georgiais the Head of State and holds executivepower. The President represents Georgiain foreign relations, appoints the Govern-ment, guarantees the unity and integrityof the country and is the SupremeCommander of the Armed Forces. Aprinciple of “checks and balances” hasbeen implemented, i.e. the President

Black Sea

Turkey

Russia

ArmeniaAzerbaijan

Tbilisi

Georgia

74

cannot dismiss the Parliament, but theParliament has a right to impeach thePresident.

All legislative power is vested in theParliament. The Parliament is the highestrepresentative body of the State.

Local administration is divided into 53 regions (raionebi), 9 regional admini-strations (cities) and two autonomousrepublics (Abkhazia and Ajaria).


In Georgia, a presidential decree of 1996created the Department for EmergencySituations and Civil Defence. Thisdepartment also handles planning in the Civil Emergency area, and rescueactivities.


The primary task of Georgian’s CivilEmergency Planning is to establish andimplement state policy in the cep area inorder to eliminate the results of disasters,and to avoid disasters in the Civil Defencearea.

An additional task is to carry outoperational activities according to a setplan, handled by special divisions of theGeorgian National Staff (hq). The aimsare to create Crisis Management Centresthat are on stand-by at all times duringdisasters and to facilitate communication.

There are several other tasks related to medical services, such as formingemergency medical-rescue teams, trainingthem, and organising their activities indifferent disaster areas. A final task is

to construct and maintain the civilprotection system.


In 1996, a decree of the Georgian Presi-dent created a special Permanent Inter-institutional Commission on CivilDefence and Emergency Situations inthe event of natural and technologicaldisasters: the Department for EmergencySituations and Civil Defence within theGeorgian Ministry of Interior. Thecommission is chaired by the Minister of Internal Affairs.

The Department for EmergencySituations and Civil Defence consists offormer Soviet military service members,with experience from other emergenciessuch as Chernobyl and Spitak. Georgiaaims, within a short period, to createrescue groups that can co-operate withinternational rapid response forces, underthe auspices of the un or nato withinthe pfp framework, to protect and rescuepeople in emergencies.

The department is subordinate to theMinistry of the Interior, and its activitiesare supervised by a Deputy Minister. It isalso part of the Council of National Se-curity, which is chaired by the President.The department has a scientific expertcouncil made up of different academicsand scientists, and aims to co-ordinatethe actions of different services duringcrisis management.

75


Civil-military co-operation in Georgia is regulated by a preliminary plan,established jointly by civil and militarycomponents. According to the plan,structured training should be held onregional and headquarter bases.

An additional unified plan for emer-gencies has been made by the Departmentfor Emergency Situations and CivilDefence. An action document has beenput together, defining the differentresponsibilities (security, evacuation,etc.). The training promotes civil-militaryco-operation in non-military teams(formed by enterprises) and rescue teams.In special events, the Rescue Units of theNational Guard and its equipment are

used for eliminating the consequences of natural and technological disasters.The military units stationed in regionaladministrations can also be used accordingto the agreement.

4. Legal Framework

The Constitution of Georgia was adoptedin 1995. The legislative body, the Parlia-ment, comprises several committees. The Parliamentary Defence and SecurityCommittee deal with Civil Defence andother related issues. All emergency issuesare subject to discussion by the NationalSecurity Council. Each activity is basedon international law and Georgian legi-slation. Two projects on law in the fieldof Emergency Situations and Rescue

1. Civil Defence Management Department for Emergency Situations and Civil Defence

2. Public Order and Security Ministry of Internal Affairs3. Reserve Services Material Reserve Department 4. Medical Services Ministry of Health5. Communications Ministry of Postal Services and

Telecommunications6. Transport Ministry of Transport7. Food Supplies Ministry of Agriculture8. Defence Ministry of Defence9. Fuel and Energy Ministry of Energy10. Engineering Services Ministry of Construction

Function Responsibility

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Service will soon be considered by theParliament.

Georgia is currently attempting toextend its international co-operation inthe cep area. There are co-operationagreements for emergency managementwith Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan,the Russian Federation and the Ukraine.

Contact: Colonel Otar Tavelishvili

Chairman of the Department

of Emergency Situations and

Civil Defence of the Ministry

of Internal Affairs of Georgia

Mr. Pridon Sadunishvili

Deputy Head of Division

for International Relations

Tsurtaveli Str. 29

380005 Tbilisi

Georgia

Telephone: +995 32 755 388

Telefax: +995 32 982 351


77

Germany

Deutschland



Johannes Rau (1999–)

Head of Government Chancellor Gerhard

Schröder (1998–)

Capital Berlin


Area 357,000 sq. km






Germany is a federal republic. TheGovernment consists of the Chancellorand the Ministers. The Cabinet is appo-inted by the President and approved by the Chancellor. The bicameral Parlia-ment consists of the Federal Assembly(Bundestag), which is the parliamentaryassembly representing the people, andthe Federal Council (Bundesrat) represen-ting the constituent states.

Germany has 16 constituent states

LUX.

Germany

Denmark

Czech Republic

Poland

Baltic Sea

North Sea

Austria

Switzerland

France

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

Belgium

NetherlandsBerlin

78

(Länder) each with its own Parliamentand Government, and a high degree ofautonomy. Each state has its own consti-tution, enabling it to enact laws, in parti-cular those related to education, policeand local administration. Additionally,they hold extensive administrative autho-rity regarding the implementation of federal law, for example, in trade,industry and environmental protection,as well as in the implementation offederal law on behalf of the Federation inthe construction of national highways,etc. The states receive revenues fromwage and income taxes, corporation taxesand value-added tax.

Each state is divided into 3–7 admini-strative districts (Regierungsbezirke), andeach district is divided into administrativecounties (Landkreise) and county boroughs(kreisfreie Städte). Local self-governmentadministrates over local transport androad construction, electricity, water andgas supply, sewerage and town planning.


Responsibility for the management of civiland military emergencies in Germany isdistributed between the four differentgovernmental levels: the federal state, theconstituent states (Länder), towns andcounties (regional), and municipalities(local).

A distinction is made between CivilProtection as a national (federal) duty intimes of war, and peacetime emergencymanagement and planning.

This leads to two independent areas oflaw and administration:➤Emergency Planning in peacetime

– the responsibility of the Länder.➤“Extended” Emergency Planning in

case of war – the responsibility of the federal state.


The overall objective of German CivilEmergency Planning is to protect thestate and its citizens.

Operational responsibilities for theprotection of the population in times ofemergency lie with the constitutionalstates, as representatives of the FederalGovernment. Federal preparedness forthe protection of the population duringwar or imminent threat of war, is regardedas “increased” Civil Emergency Planning,and the responsibility of the federal state.


Officially, Germany is only responsiblefor one sort of emergency at the federallevel, i.e. a state of defence or tension.Federal planning for civil emergenciesconsists of taking measures to ensure thatsocial functions can continue in times ofemergency. These include: continuity ofgovernment, civil protection, supply ofgoods and services, and support to thearmed forces.

In the case of a military crisis, 13 diffe-rent ministries are responsible for CivilEmergency Planning within their ownrespective areas, and the Ministry of theInterior holds an overall co-ordinating

79

function. There is no specific crisisagency, as peacetime administrativeroutines also apply in times of crisis oremergency.

Within the Federal Office of Admini-stration (Bundesverwaltungsamt –Zentralstelle für Zivilschutz) there is aCentre for Civil Protection. The centre is primarily responsible for Civil Defenceissues in case of war. It also supports allministries dealing with civil protectionmatters, conducts international eu- andpfp-seminars as well as training of leadingpersonell.

Civil Emergency Planning is the re-sponsibility of each state. Each constitu-tional state has its own emergency lawsand the state authorities are responsiblefor emergency control. A commonprinciple in these laws is that localauthorities are responsible for medicalrescue services and technical aid.

As a result of the distinction that ismade between the responsibilities of theLänder in emergency planning in peace-time, and the responsibilities of the federalstate in “extended” emergency planningin times of war, there are two independentareas of law and administration. Co-operation between these two levels is co-ordinated by the Ministry of the Interiorin each state, and ministers work togetherin a permanent committee to carry outthis task.

At the local level, a unit in each muni-cipality is responsible for emergencyplanning. These units include represen-tatives from the police, fire protection

agencies and non-governmental organi-sations. The Mayor has a co-ordinatingfunction.

Private rescue services are also part ofmunicipal cep but they do not under-take emergency planning on their own.

Regional and local authorities maytake advantage of federal civil defenceresources during peacetime.


Civil and military defence are the twosignificant cornerstones of Germandefence.

Civil Emergency Planning and themilitary defence are interdependent.According to the constitution, cep andmilitary defence have the same status in war as in peacetime, and are each re-sponsible for their own areas. A transferor assumption of powers is therefore notpossible.

Regional and local authorities maymake use of federal civil defence resourcesfor emergency management and disastercontrol. These resources include technicalequipment, financial support, education,and training at the federal Academy for Emergency Planning and CivilProtection.

Regular meetings are held betweencivilian and military authorities withinthe framework of civil-military co-opera-tion. Measures that must be taken intimes of war or emergency have beenaccounted for in military and civilianalert plans.

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4. Legal Framework

As described above, responsibility forCivil Emergency Planning in Germanylies with the Länder. Each state has itsown emergency laws, based on the diffe-rent legal and organisational structuresof each state. Accordingly, these laws canvary from state to state.

The German constitution regulatesthe Federal Government’s role in civiliandefence. Responsibility for protection ofthe population during peacetime crisesand emergencies rests solely with thestates and is regulated by each individualstate’s legal framework.

Civil Emergency Planning responsibi-lities are distributed between the FederalGovernment and the Länder govern-ments. The Federal Government is re-sponsible for the anticipation and controlof hostile acts, and the Länder govern-ments are responsible for the anticipation,management and control of peacetimeemergencies. As a result, there are twolegislative frameworks related to theprotection of the population in times ofemergency. Preparations are currentlytaking place in an attempt to integratethese two areas.

Contact: Bundesministerium des Innern

Alt Moabit 101 D

D-10559 Berlin

Germany

Chief of Division Level

Abteilungsleiter IS Joachim Steig

Telephone: +49 1888 681 1562

Telefax: +49 1888 681 2926

E-mail:

[email protected],

[email protected]

Website: www.bundesregierung.de

www.bmi.bund.de

Bundesverwaltungsamt

– Zentralstelle für Zivilschutz

(Federal Office of Administration

– Centre for Civil Protection)

Deutschherrenstraße 93–95

D-53177 Bonn

Germany

Head of the Centre for

Civil Protection

Abteilungsleiter Wolfgang Weber

Telephone: +49 1888 358 5238

Telefax: +49 1888 358 5880

E-mail:

[email protected]

[email protected]

Website:

www.bundesverwaltungsamt.de

81

Greece

Hellas


Head of State President Konstantinos

Stefanopoulus (1995–)


Kostas Simitis (1996–)

Capital Athens


Area 131,957 sq. km






Greece is a parliamentary republic. TheGovernment is composed of the Presidentand the Ministers. The Cabinet is appoin-ted by the President on the recommenda-tion of the Prime Minister. The Presidentis the Head of State and Supreme Com-mander, but has merely representativetasks. The legislative branch consists ofthe unicameral Chamber of Deputies(Vouli ton Ellinon).

Greece is divided administratively into

Ionian Sea

AegeanSea

Black sea

Turkey

Greece

Albania

Bulgaria

The Former Yugoslav Republicof Macedonia

Athens

82

13 regions. These are led by Secretary-Generals appointed by the central Govern-ment. The regions are divided into 51prefectures (nomoi) or counties, whichinclude 900 new large municipal districtsand 133 small districts. The Constitutiongrants far-reaching autonomy.


The two main bodies of Greek CivilProtection are sdo, an inter-ministerialco-ordination body which co-ordinatesgovernmental action during major dis-asters, and the General Secretariat forCivil Protection which handles disasterprevention, management and relief. Inaddition, each region and prefecture havethe task of establishing their own emer-gency plans.


Civil Protection in Greece is organisedupon a co-ordinated resource systemwhereby national, regional, provincialand local authorities work together withlocal and public institutions and services.Each of these authorities and institutionshas developed its own part of the nationalCivil Protection plan (Xenokrates), andmakes its own contribution towardsachieving the aims of Civil Protection.

The overall objective of the GreekCivil Protection system is to ensureprotection of the population, the environ-ment and property in the event of naturalor technological disasters. Specific objec-tives are to:➤ Implement measures within a defined

Government framework for the identification and mitigation of natural and technological disasters.

➤ Plan and lead recovery operations and response in the event of major emergencies which threaten the population, infrastructure, property and national inheritance.


The Greek bodies responsible for theimplementation of Civil Protectionmeasures are:A. sdo, an inter-ministerial co-ordinati-on body.B. The General Secretariat for CivilProtection.C. Several authorities, organisations andinstitutions working together as anintegral part in planning and rescueoperations (e.g. the ministries, FireBrigade, Police, Defence Forces, Healthand Welfare, Aviation and radiationauthorities).D. The General Secretariat of the Region.E. The Prefecture.

A. SDO. This is an inter-ministerial co-ordination body, which has been establis-hed to look after exceptional needs inpeacetime and to co-ordinate govern-mental action in the event of a majordisaster. The role and objective of sdois to reinforce, within a defined govern-ment framework, the co-ordinated activi-ties of the General Secretariat for CivilProtection in the implementation of na-tional policy during emergency situations.

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sdo is chaired by the Secretary Generalof the General Secretariat for Civil Prote-ction. The General Secretariat for CivilProtection is the most competent bodyfor dealing with prevention, managementor relief from the consequences of dis-aster. Its members include the Secretary-Generals of the Ministries of the Interior,Public Administration and Decentralisati-on, Development, Public Works, Forestsand Environment, Health and Welfare,Merchandise Marine, Public Order,Transportation and Communications,Media and Public Information, and theDeputy Chief of the National DefenceGeneral Staff.

B. The General Secretariat for Civil Prote-ction. This secretariat has been establishedwithin the Ministry of the Interior, PublicAdministration and Decentralisation. Itis a new institution and deals with theprevention and mitigation of natural,technological and other disasters withinan integral political framework. TheGeneral Secretariat for Civil Protection is the most competent body for dealingwith disaster prevention, relief and con-sequence management, and for imple-menting measures for the identificationand mitigation of any type of hazard andprotection of the population, infrastru-cture, environment and property.

The General Secretariat for CivilProtection is currently establishing anemergency scientific team consisting ofseismologists, meteorologists, geologists,structural and other scientists and re-

sponsible experts for consultation in caseof disaster. They will also be presentedwith proposals on disaster-related subjects.

If a disaster occurs, the SecretaryGeneral for Civil Protection is to be in-formed of the consequences by both thePrefect and the Secretary General of theRegion. The Secretary General for CivilProtection sends orders and disposes therequired intervention forces.

C. Authorities. Each of the ministriesconcerned draws up individual generalplans for various types of disasters. Thegeneral guidelines are provided by theframework of the overall national CivilProtection plan, “Xenokrates”, which isissued by the General Secretariat for CivilProtection.

In addition to the Armed Forces, thefollowing authorities provide interventionforces:➤ Ministry of Public Works and

Environment (pe.ho.de) – responsible for floods, landslides, snowfalls and seismic prevention and protection.

➤ Ministry of Development – responsible for safety regulations and measures in the industrial sector.

➤ Ministry of Health and Welfare– provides social care.

➤ Ministry of Public Order, Fire Fighting Brigade Service and State Police – responsible for both fire fighting and rescue in urban areas and forest fire fighting.

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➤ Ministry of Merchandise Marine– responsibility for search and rescue at sea.

D. The General Secretariat of the region.The 13 regions of Greece draw up theirown respective regional plans and are re-sponsible for planning and co-ordinationwithin the prefectures or counties.

E. The Prefecture. The 54 Prefectures ofGreece draw up their own respectiveprefectural regional plans. The Prefect, as the local government representative,grants assistance if the disaster is limited.The Prefect is assisted by sno, a prefectureco-ordination body, which consists of thedirectors of the prefectural services (themilitary commandant, the head of StatePolice, directors of the interior and te-chnical services, local fire brigades, etc.)At the prefectural level, sno is the decisi-on-making body responsible for handlingemergency situations.


Since 1974, civil-military co-operationhas operated within a new institutionalframework. One of the aims of Greekcivil-military co-operation is to achieveharmonious co-operation between theArmed Forces, appropriate governmentalagencies and the population, within theframework of ad hoc laws and institutions.

Another aim is to maintain peace andprosperity by handling emergency situa-tions, war and natural and technical dis-asters successfully. For this purpose the

Armed Forces take part in a program oftraining echelons together with appropri-ate civil agencies in order to improve co-operation.

Civil-military co-operation is being de-veloped according to the model providedby nato, with consideration for the part-icular features of the region. Severalnational projects related to Civil Emer-gency Planning and civil-military co-operation have been designed to achievethe objectives of nato during times ofcrises or war, i.e. mutual support, basedon national legislation.

The Prefect can request individual and equipment support in emergencysituations.

4. Legal Framework

There are two main laws regulating Greekemergency planning. These are the Lawon Civil Protection Planning and otherProvisions (No. 2344/95) of 11 October1995, and the Act of Ministerial Councilno. 288 of 23 December 1996. These lawsregulate the planning of prevention, re-sponse and relief efforts in the case ofnatural, technological and other disasters.

Contact: Hellenic National Defence

General Staff

C Branch-CEP/CIMIC Directorate

Cdr. G. Therianos

GR-15562 Holargos – Athens

Greece

Telephone: +30 210 748 7246

Telefax: +30 210 778 2025

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Hungary

Magyar Köztársaság



Ferenc Mádl (2000–)


Péter Medgyessy (2002–)

Capital Budapest


Area 93,030 sq. km

GDP per capita (PPP) US$ 12,416






Hungary is a parliamentary republic. Thesupreme governmental and representativeorgan is the Parliament. The Parliamentis a legislative body and it enacts laws,approves the budget, concludes internati-onal agreements with outstanding impor-tance for foreign relations, and deter-minates the declaration of a state of warand the conclusion of peace treaties.

The Head of State – and simultaneousCommander-in-Chief of the ArmedForces – is the President of the Republic

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Budapest

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who is elected by the Parliament for afive-year term and cannot be re-electedmore than once. The President representsthe Hungarian State, signs internationalagreements, sets the date for parliamentaryand local elections as well as referendums.He/she initiates new laws and if he/shedoes not agree with a particular law orprovision therein, can return the adoptedlaw to the Parliament for reconsideration.If the law is considered anti-constitutional,the President can send the law to theConstitutional Court for comments be-fore signing it.

The Government consists of the PrimeMinister and the ministers. The majorityof the Members of Parliament elect thePrime Minister upon the recommendationof the President of the Republic. Theministers are appointed or relieved bythe President of the Republic upon therecommendation of the Prime Minister.

Local power is exercised by local self-governments in local public affairs affe-cting the community of the voters. Thecapital, 19 counties and local self-govern-ments of the settlements form the locallevel. There is no subordinate relations-hip between the county and the localself-governments. The local populationelects the members of the local self-governments.


In the Civil Emergency Planning system,responsibility for the different activitiesis divided between the different ministries.The Minister of the Interior has a decisive

role, and significant tasks fall upon theMinistries of Economy and Transport,Informatics and Communications,Health, Social and Family Affairs, Agri-culture and Regional Development,National Defence as well as Finance.

2.1. CEP Tasks and Objectives

The objective of Civil Emergency Plan-ning is to establish a uniform system thatcovers all possible emergencies and com-plies with domestic and internationalexpectations including the requirementsof the continuous implementation ofassociated planning, organisation andlogistics support tasks.

The main objectives of Civil EmergencyPlanning are to:➤ Establish clear statutory provisions,

norms and requirements fulfilling both nato and eu expectations;

➤ Establish the institutional, organisational and personnel conditions that are necessary to create a uniform system of requirements for protection.

➤ Prepare and continuously monitor the training of professionals taking part in the tasks.

➤ Develop prevention and response capabilities that are efficient and correspond to the vulnerability of the country and the minimum extent of mitigation for the consequences that may occur.

➤ Develop the equipment supply, the technical and economic background of protection, and establish a system

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that encourages the involvement of the economy.

➤ Offer and receive assistance in the event of a domestic or international disaster, and co-operate with the participating international forces.

The main tasks are to:➤ Pay continuous attention to the

development of legislation and the initiation of corrections, where appropriate.

➤ Establish a uniform system and logistics base for emergency planning.

➤ Maintain continuous co-operation and a co-ordinated information flowbetween organs/organisations taking part in the system.

➤ Maintain continuous co-operation with organs and organisations taking part in international assistance operations.

➤ Prepare personnel for taking part in international assistance operations.

➤ Provide participants for international disaster assistance exercises, workshops and seminars.

➤ Process the experiences gained in protection and assistance activities and elaborate upon the conclusions, proposals and methods.

2.2. CEP Organisational Structure

In the Republic of Hungary – accordingto a Government Decision adopted in1999 – the Minister of the Interior isresponsible for Civil Emergency Planningand co-ordinates the implementation ofnational tasks associated with Civil

Emergency Planning. The Ministry ofthe Interior and its Department for natocep and eu Co-ordination maintaincontacts with nato’s Civil EmergencyPlanning Directorate (cepd) and thenato Senior Civil Emergency PlanningCommittee (scepc). Within this frame-work, it co-ordinates the activities ofministries involved in cep tasks, fills inthe Civil Emergency Planning Question-naire (cepq) and forwards it to nato;co-ordinates the activities of ministriestaking part in international disasterassistance and maintains contact withthe Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Co-ordination Centre (eadrcc). Expertsdelegated by the ministries concernedrepresent Hungary in scepc’s PlanningBoards & Committees as follows:

➤ Planning Board for Inland SurfaceTransport (pbist), Civil Aviation Plan-ning Committee (capc) and PlanningBoard for Ocean Shipping (pbos),Industrial Planning Committee (ipc)– Ministry of Economy and Transport.

➤ Civil Communications PlanningCommittee (ccpc) – Ministry ofInformatics and Communications.

➤ Food and Agriculture PlanningCommittee (fapc) – Ministry ofAgriculture and Regional Development.

➤ Joint Medical Committee (jmc)– Ministry of Health, Social and FamilyAffairs.

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➤ Civil Protection Committee (cpc) –Ministry of the Interior, National Dire-ctorate General for Disaster Manage-ment. It is directly subordinated to theMinister of the Interior and has 20 regio-nal organisations, 73 branch offices and82 local offices. The co-ordination ofoperative tasks associated with populati-on protection is managed in both peaceand wartime by the National DirectorateGeneral for Disaster Management andthe subordinated professional disastermanagement organs. Responsibility forthe planning, organisation, direction and implementation of protection andassistance lies with the leaders of localgovernments (chairmen of the generalassembly of the counties and the mayors)while the disaster protection organsprepare decisions and plans and co-ordinate the implementation of tasks.The professional disaster protection organsare also responsible for the operation andmaintenance of the alarm system and forproviding material reserve stocks forcentral assistance.


Civil-military co-operation is realised inthe following main fields:A. Civil support to military operations and other military activitiesThis is ensured by the system of defencepreparation and country mobilisation. In the event of crisis or war the form andcontent of this support is described indifferent plans and based on the require-ments of the Armed Forces.

B. Co-operation of military forces in civilemergency assistanceThis co-operation can be realised in theevent of➤ Nuclear accidents.➤ Floods and inland water protection.➤ Supply and transportation tasks in

a state of emergency.➤ Delivery of radiological and chemical

measurement data.➤ Disaster assistance if food supply and

public utilities are threatened or for the elimination of emerging hazards.

Supervision and enlargement of theelements concerned takes place continu-ously. Important issues include:➤ The provision of medical support in

the event of large-scale disasters (e.g. earthquakes).

➤ Elimination of large-scale epidemics.➤ Humanitarian assistance in the event of

disasters occurring abroad.➤ Expert, logistical and technical

organisational support.

C. Host-nation supportThis includes the support of the militaryactivity of the sfor forces departing fromor passing through the area of theRepublic of Hungary (e.g. militaryfacilities, availability of shooting-grounds,transportation, communication, etc.)

4. Legal Framework

The spheres of authority in civil emer-gency planning are harmonised withinternationally accepted practices.

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The legislative background of cep is:➤ The Constitution.➤ Laws (e.g. on national defence, civil

protection, disaster management, etc.)➤ Other provisions arising from laws, such

as the Government Decision for main-taining contact with nato Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee (scepc) and the co-ordination of civil emergency planning tasks and the Government Decision defining national responsibilities arising from the nato cep Ministerial Guidance.


Department for NATO CEP

and EU Co-ordination

István Erdös, Head of Department

1903 Budapest

P.O. Box 314

Hungary

Telephone: +36 1 220 6275

Telefax: +36 1 469 2804


Operational point of contact in

the event of disaster:

National Directorate General

for Disaster Management

MG Attila Tatár, Director General

1903 Budapest

P.O. Box 314

Hungary

Telephone: +36 1 469 4152

Telefax: +36 1 469 4199


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Iceland

Ísland


Head of State President Olafur Ragnar

Grimsson (1996–)


David Oddsson (1991–)

Capital Reykjavik

Population 290,000

Area 103,000 sq. km


Military Expenditures None


Council of Europe


Iceland is a constitutional republic. ThePresident nominates the Government butthe ministers are responsible to the uni-cameral Parliament (Althing). Executivepower is shared, in theory, between thePresident and the Government but, inpractice, rests with the Government.

There are rural counties and towncounties in the local government, but no regional government. The duties andactivities of local government in Icelandare similar to those of other Nordiccountries. In the past few years, the num-ber of municipalities has fallen rapidlyfrom over 220 down to the present num-ber of 124.

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The National Civil Defence Organisationof Iceland is organised under the Mini-stry of Justice. The Civil Defence Councilis responsible for the general organisationof Civil Defence. The government agencyresponsible for Civil Defence and CivilEmergency Planning in Iceland is avrik(Almannavarnir rikisins). Voluntaryorganisations and personnel also play asignificant role in Civil Defence anddisaster relief.


The tasks of the Icelandic Civil Defenceare to: ➤ Organise and implement measures to

prevent, as far as possible, bodily harm to the public or damage to property caused by military action, natural or other types of disasters.

➤ Render relief and assistance due to any losses that have occurred, assist people during emergencies, unless the respon-sibility for this assistance rests with other authorities or organisations.

As regards economic preparedness, thePrime Minister shall appoint an EconomicPrecaution Council consisting of thesecretaries of state of the various ministries.

The tasks of the Economic Councils are to:➤ Be the consultative organ for the

Government in issues relating to economic preparedness.

➤ Compile calendars for the various ministries consisting of measures to

be taken in the event of war, threats of war or catastrophes.

➤ Plan for and see that stockpiling is carried out.

➤ Inform the Government about the need to regulate important necessities if different threats should arise.

There are two types of emergency plans:1. General plans for different types ofhazards, regardless of location or likeli-hood.2. Specific plans for highly likely events(for example a large earthquake or aplane crash).


The Icelandic Civil Defence is subordinateto the Ministry of Justice, except in issuesrelating to health and medical services.The Minister of Justice designates a CivilDefence Council, which administratesissues in that field and has a consultativerole in the implementation of the CivilDefence law.

The task of the Civil Defence Councilis to organise Civil Defence, which impliesdirecting the activities that fall under the Government’s responsibility. It shallmonitor and support research and studiesrelated to risk factors and natural cata-strophes. It shall also monitor, co-ordinateand support measures aimed at reducingrisks for bodily damage.

Each municipality has its own CivilDefence Committee. The Act on CivilDefence stipulates who is to be includedon the Committee. The task of the

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Committees is to organise and carry outrescue and protection activities, preventiveas well as of an acute nature, caused bywar, natural catastrophes or other similarincidents.

The government agency responsiblefor Civil Defence and civil emergenciesin Iceland is avrik. The day to dayfunctions of avrik include risk analysis,mitigation and co-ordination (i.e. plan-ning, training and equipment). The roleof the agency during emergency operati-ons is to control all outside assistance(national or international) in a strickenarea, as deemed necessary by the Chiefof Police.

The Chiefs of Police are in charge ofall Civil Defence operations. There are27 Chiefs of Police in Iceland. Withineach police jurisdiction there are one or more Civil Defence Committees, depending on the communities. Atpresent there are 45 Committees, how-ever many Committees within the samejurisdiction are merging to strengthentheir capacities.


Iceland has no armed forces of its own.Instead, Iceland is a member of nato andhas a bilateral agreement (since 1951) withthe United States. This agreement permitsthe us to operate an air base at Keflavík.

avrik co-operates with the air base invarious issues, such as plans and exercisesfor disasters at the international airportlocated on the base, and in Partnershipfor Peace exercises.

4. Legal Framework

In the event of an emergency, the Go-vernment is authorised to issue specialinstructions in relation to general traffic,rules and safety in official places and areasto which the public has access. In casesof imminent danger, the Chief of Policemay forbid in part, or in full, the use ofmeeting halls and other public gatheringplaces to which the public has access.

The Act on Civil Defence was createdin 1962 and has since been revised onseveral occasions. The Act includes thetasks and organisation of Civil Defence,civil services, obligations of specificenterprises, evacuation, stockpiling andother preparedness issues.

In the event of a catastrophe, the Actalso permits the Government to issuespecific directives for traffic, and rulesregarding security in public and otherplaces to which the general public hasaccess. The Act can also be put intopractice during Civil Defence exercises.

Contact: National Civil Defence of Iceland

Ms. S. Thorvaldsdottir, Director

Seljavegi 32

1010 Reykjavik

Iceland

Telephone: +354 552 55 88

Telefax: +354 562 26 65


Website: www.avrik.is

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Ireland

Éire



Mary McAleese (1997–)


Bertie Ahern (1997–)

Capital Dublin


Area 70,283 sq. km




Council of Europe


Ireland is a parliamentary democracy.The Oireachtas (national parliament)consists of the President, the Dáil andthe Seanad (the two Houses of legislators).Functions and powers of the Oireachtasderive from the Constitution. As providedin the Constitution, and subject to obli-gations of eu membership, legislativepower rests with the Dáil and the Seanad.The Taoiseach (Prime Minister) is appo-inted by the President on the nomination

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of the Dáil. Ministers are appointed bythe Taoiseach. The Government actscollectively and is responsible to the Dáil.The Dáil is elected at least once everyfive years by popular suffrage under theproportional representation system ofvoting.


Statutory responsibility for variousfunctions are allocated to Ministers bythe Oireachtas (Parliament). GovernmentDepartments take the lead role in plan-ning for emergencies in areas for whicheach has statutory responsibility. OtherGovernment Departments and StateAgencies assist the Lead Department asrequired. Emergency Plans are co-ordi-nated at agency, local and national levels.


Emergency plans cover one or more ofthe likely emergency situations. Theseinclude but are not confined to:➤ The Major Emergency PlanThis is a co-ordinating mechanism forthe local response services namely theFire, Health & Garda (Police) Serviceswhich are supported by the DefenceForces in emergencies. This plannedgrouping works on emergencies that are beyond the capacity of the normalresponse services at local level. There isan Interdepartmental Committee consis-ting of representations from the Depart-ment of the Environment & LocalGovernment, Department of Health &Children, and Department of Justice,

Equality and Law Reform and Depart-ment of Defence which meets to co-ordinate the activity of these services.

➤ National Emergency Plan for NuclearAccidentsContains the response arrangements inthe event of Ireland being contaminatedby nuclear materials. Ireland has no nu-clear power generating plants but wouldact to protect its population in the eventof accidents in other countries. The De-partment of the Environment and LocalGovernment, assisted by the RadiologicalProtection Institute of Ireland, leads theresponse in this area with the support ofGovernment Departments and StateAgencies.

➤ Plan for Biological ThreatsThe Department of Health and Childrenleads Health Service planning for biolog-ical threats, which may arise from timeto time.

➤ Major Marine EmergenciesPlans for dealing with Marine Search &Rescue and with major oil spillage fromvessels is lead by the Department of theMarine through the Coast Guard.


The Minister for Defence chairs aGovernment Task Force on EmergencyPlanning which co-ordinates Govern-ment Emergency Planning and responsesacross the State sector. An Interdepart-mental Working Group supports the

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work of the Task Force and carries outstudies and review of structures and pro-cesses. An Office of Emergency Planninghas been set up within the Departmentof Defence and has taken the lead role inemergency planning to meet new threatsfrom International terrorism. The Officeexercises an oversight role in relation toemergency planning issues, generally, inorder to ensure the best possible use ofresources and compatibility betweendifferent planning requirements. TheOffice supports the work of the TaskForce and the Interdepartmental WorkingGroup and assists with facilitation ofvarious issues throughout the emergencyplanning structures.

3. Civil-Military Co-Operation

Civil-Military co-operation in emergenciescan take two different forms. Firstly, inorder to maintain law and order themilitary authorities may provide supportand assistance to the Garda Síochána(Police Force) and, secondly, to maintainessential service in times of difficulty themilitary authorities provide aid to the civilauthorities. The Office of EmergencyPlanning is a civil branch of the Depart-ment of Defence with both military andcivil staffs.

4. Legal Framework

There is no specific emergency planninglegislation. Emergency Planning is partof general planning carried out by eachGovernment Department under itsappropriate legislation.

Contact: Mr. Ciaran Desmond,

Office of Emergency Planning

Department of Defence

Infirmary Road

Dublin 7

Ireland

Telephone: +353 1 804 2176

Telefax: +353 1 804 2255

E-mail:

[email protected]

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Italy

Italia


Head of State President Carlo

Azeglio Ciampi (1999-)


Silvio Berlusconi (2001-)

Capital Rome


Area 301,230 sq. km






Italy is a republic. A Council of Ministersis nominated by the Prime Minister andapproved by the President of the Republic.Italy has a bicameral Parliament (Parla-mento) composed of the Senate and theChamber of Deputies. The Presidentappoints the Prime Minister and is entitledto dissolve the Parliament.

Italy is divided administratively into 20 regions (regioni), 104 provinces andapproximately 8,000 municipalities.

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Every region is governed by a giunta(often a coalition between two or moreparties), which is also responsible for theRegional Council. The regions, provincesand municipalities have different levels ofadministrative autonomy and carry outlocal government. Due to the present de-volution process, local authorities are ex-pected to acquire extended administrativeand political powers in the near future.



Civil Emergency Planning in Italy com-prises both Civil Protection and CivilDefence. Civil Protection is part of thebroader concept of Civil Defence and itsrole is to protect lives, integrity, property,buildings and the environment fromdamage or possible damage caused bynatural or manmade disasters. The pri-mary aim of Civil Defence is to increasethe country’s preparedness for copingwith major emergencies and crises, in-cluding war.

The objectives of Civil Defence are to ensure the continuity of governmentaction, to maintain law and order, to mo-bilise and co-ordinate the use of nationalresources (energy, labour, productivecapability, food and agriculture, rawmaterials, telecommunications, etc.) andto co-ordinate Civil Protection activities,such as alarm and rescue systems andmedical services, which are aimed atreducing the consequences of disasters.

2.2 CEP Organisational Structure - Civil Protection

The Department for Civil Protection, un-der the auspices of the Prime Minister’s of-fice, promotes and co-ordinates the activi-ties of central and local State administrati-ons, regions, provinces, municipalities, na-tional and territorial public bodies plus allpublic and private institutions and organi-sations in the national territory.

The Department for Civil Protectionconsists of representatives from all statebodies and administrations. It preparesnational relief programs and emergencyoperation plans, under the direction of aChief of Department.

In each province, a government-appo-inted prefect supervises the implementa-tion of Civil Emergency actions. In thecase of disasters, the Prefect shall:➤ Inform the Department for Civil

Protection, the President of the regional Giunta, and the Ministry of the Interior.

➤ Direct emergency services at provincial level.

➤ Take all the necessary measures to ensure early rescue assistance.

➤ Ensure the implementation of emergency services.

The regions have a planning function.The provinces are responsible for fore-casts and prevention in accordance withnational and regional programs. Themunicipalities carry our civil protectionactivities, if the magnitude of the emer-gency does not require the Prefect’sinvolvement (provincial level).

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2.3 CEP Organisational Structure - Civil Defence

The organisational structure mirrorsCivil Protection and the Minister of theInterior is tasked with a directing role.He avails himself of a department withinthe Ministry of the Interior.


Civil-military co-operation in Italy takesplace in both Civil Protection and CivilDefence activities. A practical example isthe earthquake of September 1997, whenthe Ministries of the Interior and Defenceco-operated in order to mobilise resourcesand ensure accommodation, relief andearly assistance to the population.

Civil-military co-operation in Italy canalso be seen in the regular participationof national (e.g. Ditex) and international(e.g. cmx) exercises, and in the organisa-tion of courses (co.ci.cm), which areaimed at updating the procedures thatare necessary for co-ordination betweencivil administrations and the military inthe case of intervention.

A new legal framework should providethe military with civil support, not onlyin traditional defence of the national ter-ritory, but also in peace support operati-ons under the aegis of nato and eu.

4. Legal Framework

The Italian Constitution only providesfor emergencies caused by war. A “stateof war” must be declared by Parliament,whereby the relevant powers are thengranted to the Government. However,these measures are not intended to cope

with peacetime emergencies. A new legalframework, which accounts for bothchanges in the international situationand the growing political and admini-strative powers assigned to the local aut-horities, has been drafted and is presentlysubmitted to the various authorities forconsideration, before it is forwarded tothe Parliament for approval.

The Council of Ministers, as politicalhead of the Civil Protection structure, is responsible for co-ordinating activitiesin the case of disasters. In addition, theCouncil of Ministers can declare andrevoke a state of emergency, and definethe duration and extent of the emergency.

Contact: Prefect Francesco P. Palmeri

Head of the Italian Civil Defence

Ministry of Interior

Piazza del Viminale

I-00184 Rome

Italy

Telephone: +390 6 488 31 20

Telefax: +390 6 481 46 37

Website: www.mininterno.it

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Kazakhstan

Qazaqstan Respublikasy


Head of State President Nursultan A.

Nazarbayev (1991–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Imangali

Tasmagambetov (2002–)

Capital Astana


Area 2,717,300 sq. km





Kazakhstan is a republic. The Council ofMinisters is appointed by the President.The President appoints the Prime Ministerand the first deputy Prime Minister. Thebicameral Parliament consists of the Senateand the popularly elected bottom chamberof Parliament (Majilis). Laws come intoeffect only after being signed by thePresident and approved by the Parlia-ment. The President has extensive powers

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and only he can initiate constitutionalamendments, appoint and dismiss theGovernment, dissolve the Parliament,call referenda and appoint administrativeheads of regions and cities.

Kazakhstan is divided administrativelyinto 14 regions (oblast) and two cities(Almaty and Astana), which have specialstatus and their own budget. Each regionconsists of several districts and the centreof each districts is a small city or largesettlement. Local governments (regionsand districts) are responsible for thedistribution of the local budget andregional, social and economic develop-ment issues.


The Government of the Republic ofKazakhstan is responsible for the centralsystem of Civil Emergency Planning,through the Emergency Agency. Thisagency implements state policy and over-seas co-ordination between the differentbranches.


The objectives of Kazakh Civil EmergencyPlanning are to reduce possible damagesin the event of an emergency, whethernatural or man-made, and to protect thepopulation during both peacetime andwar.

The Emergency Agency of the KazakhGovernment is the authority responsiblefor Civil Emergency Planning. Theagency’s main tasks are to implementstate policy in the cep area and to over-

see co-ordination between the differentbranches involved in the prevention andmanagement of emergencies, includingthe field of Civil Defence.

The Emergency Agency of the Republicof Kazakhstan shall:➤ Co-ordinate the work of ministries,

departments, local executive bodies and scientific establishments in the field of natural or man-made emergencies, and Civil Defence.

➤ Co-ordinate norms, standards and rules, conduct the state account, prepare and consider Government reports on the conditions of protection of the population, environment and property in case of emergencies, and report on the state of the Civil Defence system.

➤ Supervise Civil Defence forces in their tasks of taking preventive measures, forecasting, and controlling informationand management in emergencies.

➤ Supervise a state expert appraisal and, where necessary, organise independent expert appraisal together with interna-tional expert organisations.

➤ Provide and publicise information during emergencies.

➤ Be responsible for taking financial measures including the use of means from the Government reserve fund, and for bringing in offers to the Government regarding the use of incorporated state and mobilisation reserves, such as materials, food, medical and other resources.

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➤ Organise scientific research, increase theknowledge base and train experts and the population.

➤ Supervise state inspections, carry out state control and undertake state supervision within the framework of Civil Defence measures.

➤ Issue certificates and licenses to individuals/units responsible for rescue service and reconstruction work.

➤ Supervise mobilisation preparednesswithin Civil Defence military units and non-military formations within Civil Defence, such as enterprises and organisations.

➤ Supply instructions for the prevention and management of emergencies and the fulfilment of Civil Defence force requirements to ministries, state committees, central executive bodies not included in the structure of the Government, local executive bodies, organisations and citizens.

➤ Investigate and collect facts about disasters and distribute this informationto officials, citizens and organisations concerned.

➤ Direct and manage regional and global emergencies.

➤ Mobilise all the physical resources of an organisation, irrespective of its depart-ment of origin and in accordance with current legislation, during an emergency.

➤ Develop normative legislation in this field.

➤ Develop the Civil Defence plan, and direct and manage the Civil Defence system.

➤ Participate in international co-operation,support the activities of foreign organisations and citizens, and organise humanitarian actions.


The central office of the EmergencyAgency consists of five departments:

1. The Department of Emergency Pre-vention, which handles the planning andcontrol of preventive measures to be takenduring emergencies, forecasts naturaldisasters, develops legislative and norma-tive certificates and co-ordinates scien-tific research in the field of emergenciesand international co-operation.

2. The Department of Operative Respon-se, which handles the co-ordination andcontrol of continuous functions duringemergencies, rescue services and thelicensing of their activities, communica-tion organisations, taxation and theprocessing of operative information.

3. The Department of Civil Defence andMilitary Units, which handles the plan-ning and control of measures related tothe protection of the population andmanagement of weapons of mass destru-ction, the management of military unitsand non-military formations of CivilDefence and the disposal of these units/formations during peacetime emergencies.

4. The Department for Supervision ofEmergencies and Mining, which handles

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the prevention of man-made emergenciesand the safety control of industries andtechnical facilities.

5. The Department of Fire-PreventionService, which handles the preventionand management of fires and the certifica-tion of activities related to fire safety.

The Emergency Agency has regional andlocal bodies, with whom it carries outfunctions in regional areas. There arealso scientific, educational, industrial,rescue and forecasting organisations sub-ordinate to the Agency.

Interdepartmental Commissions havebeen created by the Government to assistin decision-making processes related tothe prevention and management of pro-blems during emergencies. All ministries,departments and local executive bodieshave functions determined by the Govern-ment. The Government also determinesthe order of interaction during disasters.In this centralised system all decisionsrelated to emergency management aremade by the State System of Preventionand Management of Emergencies. Acentral part of this system is the Emer-gency Agency. The Chairperson of theAgency is also the Chairperson of theabove interdepartmental commissions.

At regional and local levels there areTerritorial Commissions on Emergencies,with representatives from local servicesand organisations, and territorial bodiesof the central ministries and depart-ments. These commissions are formed

by area and regional chiefs and worktowards the prevention and managementof emergencies of regional and localcharacter. At the centre of these territorialcommissions are the territorial bodies ofthe Emergency Agency.


Civil-Military co-operation in Kazakhstanoperates within the framework of thefollowing laws: “About Civil Defence”(1997) and “About Defence and ArmedForces of the Republic of Kazakhstan”(1993) plus a number of other parliamen-tary resolutions. In peacetime, the plansregulate military participation, of limitedstrength, in large-scale emergencies. TheEmergency Agency co-ordinates jointactions between the military and civilservices.

In times of war, the Emergency Agencyco-operates with the Ministry of Defence,and local executive bodies, directingdecision-making processes related topopulation protection. The fire and rescueservices of the Emergency Agency, plusvolunteers from Civil Defence withinprivate enterprise and other organisations,have a significant role in the fulfilmentof Civil Defence responsibilities.

The Prime Minister is responsible forthe general management of Civil Defence.All central and local executive bodiesparticipate in Civil Defence decision-making processes. All citizens andorganisations are legally obliged to takepart in Civil Defence operations inKazakhstan.

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4. Legal Framework

The legal basis for Civil EmergencyPlanning in Kazakhstan comprises thefollowing laws:➤ “About emergencies of a natural or

manmade character”.➤ “About Civil Defence” (protection of

the population and territories during war from mass defeat).

➤ “About rescue services and the status of rescuers”.

➤ “About fair safety”.➤ “About the legal mode of an extreme

situation”.

Civil Emergency Planning is alsoadjusted by Government resolutions,and reflects the following:➤ The creation of the State System

of Prevention and Management of Emergencies.

➤ The fulfilment of a long-term program for preventive measures for population protection.

➤ The function of interdepartmental commissions.

➤ The improvement of rescue formation and emergency medical services.

➤ The construction of a Civil Defence system.

According to legal documents, the re-sponsibility for cep is assigned to theChairperson of the Emergency Agency at national level, the chief of area at theregional level, the chief of the region orcity at local level and managers of otherenterprises or organisations.

The officials are responsible for pre-ventive measures, protection of the po-pulation, the environment and propertyduring emergencies, plus the prepared-ness of subordinated organisations andestablishments within Civil Defence.The Emergency Agency also considersopportunities to assist nato, the un andother countries.

Contact: Chairman, Mr. Shalbay K.

Kulmakhanov

Emergency Agency of the

Republic of Kazakhstan

300, Baizakov St.

480070 Almaty

Kazakhstan

Telephone/Telefax: +7 3272 91 93 90

Mr. Alexander V. Kravchuk

Director, Department for

Emergency Prevention

Telephone: +7 3272 91 37 79

Telefax: +7 3272 91 27 37

E-mail:

[email protected]

Mr. Nurlan K. Panzabekov

International Co-operation Office,

Head

Telephone: +7 3272 91 81 95/91 23 91

Telefax: +7 3272 91 27

E-mail:

[email protected]

[email protected]

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Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz Respublikasy



Askar Akayev (1990–)


Nicolay Tanaev (2002–)

Capital Bishkek


Area 198,500 sq. km




Contact: Mr. Satyvaldy Chyrmashev

Minister of Ecology and Emergencies

2/1 Toktonaliev Str

Bishkek 720055

Kyrgyzstan

Telephone: +996 312 541 177, 548 281

Telefax: +996 312 541 178

Brussels: Mr. Chyngyz Aitmatov

Embassy of Kyrgyz Republic

47, rue de l’Abbaye

B-1050 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 640 18 68

+32 2 640 38 83

Telefax: +32 2 640 01 31

China

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan

Bishkek

Kyrgyzstan

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Latvia

Latvija


Head of State President Vaira

Vike-Freiberga (1999–)


Einars Repse (2002–)

Capital Riga


Area 64,600 sq. km






Council of Europe


Latvia is a republic. The President iselected by the Parliament (Saeima) and is the Head of State. According to theConstitution, the President representsthe State, is the Supreme Commander of the National Armed Forces and fulfilsseveral other functions. The Government– a Cabinet of Ministers – is appointedby the President and approved by Parlia-ment. It is led by the Prime Minister.

There is no regional government levelin Latvia. The local level, consisting ofmunicipalities, is divided into 7 urban

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Belarus

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Baltic Sea

Gulf of Bothnia

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districts (cities) and 26 rural districts.The rural districts comprise a total of486 smaller municipalities (pagasts).Both types of municipalities are led by a popularly elected Municipal Council.


Extensive changes have taken place inthe Latvian system of Civil Protectionsince amendments were made to theCivil Protection Law in 1998. The mainresponsibility for Civil Emergency Plan-ning now rests with the State Fire andRescue Service (sfrs). Responsibilitiesfor municipal Civil Emergency Planningtasks lie with the local chief of Fire andRescue Services.


The structure of Latvian Civil EmergencyPlanning changed radically in the summerof 1998 when amendments were made tothe Civil Protection Law, i.e. the maintasks of cep were delegated to the StateFire and Rescue Service. This law definesCivil Protection of the Republic of Latviaas a system of technical, economic, socialand rescue measures created to fulfil theobligations of the State. It is aimed atprotecting the civilian population, eco-nomic activities and the environmentfrom possible dangers and damages causedby potential emergencies.

The main tasks of Latvian CivilProtection are:➤ To provide assistance to victims.➤ To reduce losses.

➤ To ensure economic stability in hazardous situations.

➤ To ensure that State authoritative and administrative institutions, the economy and the population are prepared for situations caused by emergencies.

The Prime Minister is responsible for thecontinuous function of the system andthe fulfilment of its obligations. CivilProtection operations are planned, co-ordinated, led and controlled by theState Fire and Rescue Service, under theMinistry of the Interior.


At the national level, responsibility forCivil Emergency Planning rests with theState Fire and Rescue Service (sfrs). Thelocal chief of Fire and Rescue Services isresponsible at the municipal level. Thelocal fire chief reports directly to thechief of sfrs.

The municipal authorities are respon-sible for a number of tasks according tothe law, such as “…to work out togetherwith local structures of the sfrs a plan of civil protection measures, as well asterritorial rescue operations plan.” Themunicipalities are also responsible forestablishing cep tasks for enterprises andorganisations within the municipality.

The State Emergency OperationsCommission (eoc) acts as a managingbody in case of emergency under theleadership of the Minister of the Interior.Organisational arrangements for workwithin the Commission are the

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responsibility of the Secretary of theCommission – the Chief of sfrs. Similareoc’s are to be organised at the munici-pal level and will be the responsibility ofthe local fire chief.

Recent experiences in Latvia and othernato and eu countries have led to aninitiative within crisis management forthe establishment of a Crisis ControlCentre. This Centre is placed within theState Chancery. Its main tasks will be toadvise the Prime Minister of potentialcrisis threats of an economical, politicalor military nature, and to provide mana-gerial solutions for crisis situations. Thelegal basis for the Crisis Control Centre’sactivities has not yet been completed.


Existing legal arrangements are concen-trated on military support to civil autho-rities in peacetime emergencies. Theorganisation of civil support to militaryactivities is at an initial stage and requiresfurther investigation in regard torespective legal acts and regulations.

The National Armed Forces consist ofthe Defence Forces (a regular army basedon a conscription system) and the HomeGuard. The duty of the Armed Forces is toparticipate in peacetime emergency opera-tions as stated in the Law on Armed Forces.

Their main tasks are:➤ To support civilian services with

manpower, vehicles, communication and life-support equipment

➤ To participate in the maintenance of public order.

➤ To participate in rescue works.➤ To fulfil specific tasks, such as blowing

up ice on rivers, clearing mines, decontamination, etc.

The Home Guard is organised accordingto the territorial principle, i.e. the locationarea of a Home Guard battalion is withinthe territory of a district or city munici-pality. As a rule, the Home Guard battali-ons have agreements concerning mutualassistance and co-operation with respecti-ve fire brigades and police departments.

The largest emergency assistance ope-rations carried out so far by the NationalArmed Forces have been the involvementin the forest fires of 1992 and the springfloods of 1996 and 1998.

4. Legal Framework

The basic legal act regulating the civilprotection system in Latvia is the CivilProtection Law, accepted by Parliamentin 1992. The two principal differencescontained in the amendments of 1998 are:A. The delegation of national civil prote-ction responsibilities to the State Fire andRescue Service as opposed to the specialCivil Emergency Planning Institution(until 1998 – Civil Defence Centre).B. The delegation of local civil protectionresponsibilities to local fire and rescueservices (which are part of the centralisedstate institution – sfrs) as opposed to themunicipalities.

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Civil Protection Law is in the processof being changed and amendments willhopefully have been accepted by theParliament by the end of 2003.

A number of governmental regulationshave already been accepted, while othersare still under preparation. One of thebasic documents is “Regulations on StateEmergency Operations Commission”,adopted in 1998. These regulations deter-mine the above commission, led by theMinister of the Interior, as a leadingdecision-making body in cases of emer-gency and define its responsibilities andduties.

A finalisation of the legal basis of theemergency management system is plan-ned for. This will ensure the complianceof both existing laws (Law on NationalSecurity, Civil Protection Law, Law onMaterial Reserves, Law on NationalDefence, Fire Safety Law, etc), and lawsstill under preparation (Law on Mobilisa-tion, etc).

Contact: The State Fire and Rescue Service

Dr. Ludis Paulins

Head of International Relations

Office

Maskavas iela 5

LV-1515 Riga

Latvia

Telephone: +371 7 075 856

Telefax: +371 7 223 542


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Lithuania

Lietuva

➽ FACTS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS


Rolandas Paksas (2003–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Algirdas

Brazauskas (2001–)

Capital Vilnius


Area 65,300 sq. km






Council of Europe


The Government consists of the PrimeMinister and the ministers. The PrimeMinister is appointed and dismissed bythe President of the Republic with theapproval of the Seimas (parliament). ThePrime Minister represents the Governmentand leads its activities. The Governmentis responsible for the protection of theconstitutional order, and inviolability ofthe borders of the Republic of Lithuania.It administers the affairs of the country,ensures the security of the State and pub-lic order, and has the right of legislative

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Estonia

Lithuania

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Belarus

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Gulf of Bothnia

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Kaliningrad(Russia)

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initiative in the Seimas. The Governmentis accountable to the Seimas for its generalactivities.

The activity of the Government isbased on the principles of collegiality,democracy, lawfulness and publicity.

The Government is responsible fororganising the county governors, mini-stries and governmental institutions inthe upper territorial administrative unitsof the Republic of Lithuania.

The Government appoints the CountyGovernor and the representatives of theGovernment for the supervision of activi-ties of the local authorities, and monitorsthe execution of the powers granted tothem.


Civil Emergency Planning is a functionof the State for ensuring the preparednessof public institutions, local authorities,all national economic entities and thepopulation for emergency situations and,should the need arise, their capability forundertaking response measures.

The Ministry of National Defence, in conjunction with other institutions, is responsible for the elaboration andimplementation of the governmentalpolicy in the field of civil protection in peacetime. It also co-ordinates theactivities of the institutions of the CivilProtection and Rescue System regardingthe implementation of tasks prescribed to their sphere of competence.

The Civil Protection Department atthe Ministry of National Defence is an

integral part of the Civil Protection andRescue System. It leads the activities ofthe Civil Protection and Rescue System,and is responsible for organising disasterprevention, co-ordinating the civil prote-ction activities of public institutions andeconomic entities, and ensuring thepreparedness implementing the plannedcivil protection measures in emergencysituations during peacetime and war.

Within their sphere of competence,the ministries and other public authoritiesare responsible for forecasting emergencysituations and evaluating the possibleconsequences; establishing the functionsto be performed in emergencies; preparingplans for executing the said functions;training the civilian population to under-take practical protection measures, anddeveloping the capabilities for executingthe functions laid down in plans foremergency situations in times of peaceand war.


The cep objective is to ensure prepared-ness; to develop capabilities at all levels ofcivil protection management that satisfythe main requirements of national securityand civil protection in emergency situati-ons, and to respond and rehabilitate afteremergency situations.


Response to emergency situations andtheir consequences is handled at threelevels: national, county and municipal(local).

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The national level accounts for theGovernment of the Republic of Lithuania,the Commission of Emergency Situations,the Emergency Management Centre, theCivil Protection Department, ministries,other governmental institutions, the FirePrevention and Rescue Departmentunder the Ministry of the Interior, Aero-nautic and Maritime Search and RescueCo-ordination Centres as well as regionalforces of civil protection.

The county level accounts for theCounty Administration, the CountyEmergency Management Centre, territo-rial warnings, information and evacuation,as well as support services.

The municipal (local) level accountsfor the executive institutions of localauthorities, the Local Emergency Mana-gement Centre, fire and rescue services,warnings, information and other civilprotection services, as well as industrialbrigades and forces of civil protection.

Fire brigades, police and emergencymedical services create response actionsplans that shall be known to everyonewho is involved in problem solving.

The primary function of local authori-ties in local emergency situations is toprovide the necessary help, continue withtheir regular tasks, help people under itsjurisdiction, utilise all available resourcesto mitigate the consequences of emergencysituations, and co-ordinate the suppliedservices of all institutions except operativeones.

Local authorities help society to returnto its initial state, and reorganise the

destructed environment after the con-sequences of an accident are mitigated.

Liquidation of the consequences ofaccidents may require resources that arenot locally available. The usual regime ofwork may be interrupted. Response toemergencies may exert a long-term influ-ence upon people and the environment.In this event, local authorities will worktogether to liquidise the consequences ofan emergency situation.

County level emergency situations,when consequences affect the territoriesof more than one municipality, may inter-rupt the function of local authorities.Local level Emergency ManagementCentres will be activated and the CountyEmergency Management Centre will beextended to co-ordinate the resources ofthe territory. If necessary, the Lithuanianarmy and industrial enterprises willprovide assistance.

The aim of involving state manage-ment structures in this work is to provideresources for local authorities and CountyEmergency Management Centres, and tohelp society return to its initial state afteran emergency due to an accident of stateproportions.

All governmental institutions areexpected to perform their functions in a manner that maintains calamity. TheState Emergency Management Centre,including all governmental institutionsofficials, is entitled to make decisionsconcerning the allocation of services andresources.

The institutions of the Civil Protection

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and Rescue System are responsible fordeveloping an organisational structure in the field of emergency and rescuepreparedness.

Civil Emergency Preparedness is a keyfunction of the State, and encompassesthe civil emergency preparedness andresponse measures undertaken by publicinstitutions, local authorities, economicentities and the population in regard toState resources used to sustain the nationaleconomy and the population, and protectthe environment and property from theeffects of emergency situations. CivilEmergency Preparedness also entailsactive participation by the population.Civil Emergency Preparedness includesall activities and measures carried out bypublic authorities and special forces, andas such, is a prioritised area of activityfor ensuring an organised and targetedutilisation of forces and resources in orderto effectively eliminate the consequencesof emergency situations and war.

Rescue Preparedness is the readiness of special rescue and relief services forproviding urgent assistance and supportto the population in emergency situationsor threats thereof.

When executing the functions and tasksassigned by the experts of the centralcivil protection authorities and supportbodies, the ministries and other publicinstitutions establish special civil prote-ction services in advance. The perform-ance of these services are based on onecommon principle: a ministry or publicauthority that performs established civil

protection tasks and functions duringpeacetime will also be responsible forexecuting these functions and tasksduring emergency situations or war.

The central authority plans themeasures to be undertaken by such aservice and designs its emergency prepa-redness plan. The support body plansthe measures that are included and, inaccordance with prepared plans, providesresources and assists the central civilprotection authority in the execution of its functions within the sphere of itscompetence.

Civil protection functions by institutions:➤ Civil Protection Department:

management and co-ordination, warning and information

➤ Ministry of Environment:hazardous substances and monitoring, construction and engineering work

➤ Ministry of Social Security and Labour:social security

➤ Ministry of Transport:transport, communications, search and rescue

➤ Ministry of Health Care:health care

➤ Ministry of Economy:supply and energy

➤ Ministry of the Interior:maintenance of public order

➤ Ministry of Agriculture:food and agriculture

➤ Fire Prevention and Rescue Department:fire extinguishing and rescue

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➤ Ministry of Culture:protection of cultural heritage and property


If the scale of disaster in an emergencysituation should accelerate beyond thecapabilities of the available civilianresources, the heads of administrativeunits may request assistance from thelocal military command to performspecific tasks. When the Armed Forcesare summoned, they operate under inter-action schemes that have been preparedin advance. Civil-military co-operationand the procedure for using militaryunits in emergency situations is regulatedby the Law on the Fundaments of Natio-nal Security of the Republic of Lithuaniaand other legal acts, the orders of theMinister for National Defence, and theLithuanian Armed Forces and CivilProtection Department’s interactionscheme for emergency situations.

4. Legal Framework

Activities in the field of civil protectionare regulated by:➤ Law on the Fundaments of National

Security of the Republic of Lithuania.➤ Law on Civil Protection of the

Republic of Lithuania.➤ Law on the Martial Law of the

Republic of Lithuania.➤ Law on Waste Management of the

Republic of Lithuania.

The Civil Protection and Rescue Systemis developed in accordance with the Pro-gramme for the Development of CivilProtection and Rescue System, which isapproved by the Seimas of the Republicof Lithuania, and the Action Plan for theProgramme, which is approved by theGovernment of Lithuania. Furthermore,and pursuant to the Government resolu-tion, Lithuania is in the process of estab-lishing a National Crisis ManagementSystem that will constitute an importantpart of the Civil Protection and RescueSystem.

Contact: Civil Protection Department at

the Ministry of National Defence

Colonel Antanas Paulikas, Director

Pamenkalnio St. 30

LT-2600 Vilnius

Lithuania

Telephone: +370 5 262 29 42

Telefax: +370 5 212 06 35


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Luxembourg

Luxembourg


Head of State The Grand Duke

Henri (2000–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Jean-

Claude Juncker (1995–)

Capital Luxembourg-Ville

Population 453,000

Area 2,586 sq. km






Luxembourg is a constitutional mo-narchy. The Ministers are appointed bythe Grand Duke and responsible to theChamber of Deputies (the Parliament).The Grand Duke has the executivepower according to the Constitution,although it is exercised by the Ministers.

The legislative power rests jointly withthe Grand Duke and the Chamber ofDeputies. The Conseil d’Etat also has asignificant role in legislative work. This

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body reviews all proposed bills and hasthe power to veto them. However, theChamber of Deputies can repeal the vetoof the Conseil d’Etat. The separation ofpowers provided for under the Constitu-tion is flexible and includes numerousrelations between the legislature and theexecutive.

Luxembourg is divided into threeadministrative districts (Diekirch,Grevenmacher and Luxembourg), twelvecounties and 118 municipalities. Thegovernmental form is central, althougheach municipality has a certain degree ofautonomy within its own area.


Created after the Second World War, theHigh Commission for National Protection(Haut-commissariat à la ProtectionNationale, HCPN) is a civil authority,directly subordinate to the Prime Mini-ster. Dormant after the end of the ColdWar, it was reactivated in the aftermathof September 11, 2001.

hcpn is responsible for co-ordinatingthe planning and training of all Govern-ment and State bodies and agencies, inall precautionary and protection mattersin the event of crisis, emergency or war.

The hcpn also represents the countryin international fora dealing with civilemergency planning, such as nato’sSenior Civil Emergency Planning Com-mittee (scepc). Participation in othermeetings is decided on a case-by-casebasis.

At present, concepts are still beingworked out by the hcpn, including: ➤ The function of the National Protection

structure, including the drafting of legal texts.

➤ National capabilities evaluation, including cbrn aspects.

➤ The continuity of governmental function.

➤ Essential infrastructure protection.➤ The elaboration of national crisis

response measures, according to the evolution of the ncrs.


Civil Protection in Luxembourg includesall the necessary measures and meansthat must be taken in order to protectand supply aid to the population and tosafeguard the national inheritance andother assets in the event of catastropheor disaster, whether or not they are ascri-bable to an international, armed conflict.


2.2.1 National Protection

Up until the present, in the event of anemerging crisis, the Government wouldhave designated a Leading Minister totake charge. A crisis unit or inter-mini-sterial committee would have been createdin order to adopt measures within themeans and measures established by lawsand other regulations.

These civil emergency tasks have nowbeen taken over by the Senior Councilfor National Protection (cspn), chairedby the High-Commission for National

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Protection, under the authority of theMinisterial Council for National Prote-ction.

Each minister of the Government isresponsible for reviewing his/her ownarea of activity and taking the necessarymeasures in order to maintain govern-mental continuity, population protection,maintenance of economic activities andcivilian support for military activities intimes of crisis.

2.2.2 Civil Protection

The Luxembourg Civil ProtectionAuthority is subordinate to the Ministryof the Interior. In the event of a cata-strophe, the Civil Protection Authorityleads rescue operations and reports to theMinister of the Interior. It also managesnational intervention funds, sets upgeneral and individual intervention plansand organises public training in first aid.

The Civil Protection Authority is qua-lified to recruit and train the instructors(volunteers) of the assistance units andsupervise the volunteers’ instructions inthe various fields of protection. In addi-tion, it manages the National School ofCivil Protection (encp), which instructsvolunteers in weekend training courses,as well as the National Civil ProtectionSupport Base, which includes trainingwith heavy intervention equipment.

Finally, the Civil Protection Authoritydevelops links with first-aid organisati-ons in neighbouring countries and helpsto implement plans and directives arisingfrom the mutual assistance agreements

made between Luxembourg and its threeneighbouring countries: Belgium,Germany and France.

The Civil Protection Authority inLuxembourg consists of 15 officials andemployees. The Emergency AssistanceCentre (csu) “112”, is served by 15 opera-tors. This brigade of first-aid volunteers,ambulance personnel and rescue workersis composed of 2,232 volunteers based in25 regional centres. The municipal firebrigade is independent of Civil Protectionand reports to the Ministry of Interior.


Civil-military co-operation operateswithout special regulations in Luxem-bourg. Ad hoc co-operation is organisedon a case-by-case basis during crisis oremergency situations. The appropriatemechanism is tested in national andinternational exercises.

4. Legal Framework

Luxembourg National Protection isbased on the following legislation:

The bodies of the National Protectionare regulated by the Grand-Ducal regula-tion of 25 October 1963 concerning thegeneral organisation of National Prote-ction.

Luxembourg Civil Protection is based onthe following legislation:➤ The Law of 18 November 1976

concerning the organisation of Civil Protection.

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➤ The Law of 8 December 1981 onrequisitioning in the event of armed conflicts, serious international crises and disasters.

➤ The Law of 11 January 1990, amending the law of 18 November 1976,concerning the organisation of Civil Protection.

➤ The Grand-Ducal regulation of 22 January 1991 concerning instructions for Art. 16 of the Law of 8 December 1981 on requisition in the event of armed conflicts, serious international crises and/or disasters.

➤ The Grand-Ducal regulation of 15 February 1995 concerning the instruction of the population and of the rescue units of the Civil Protection.

Contact: Haut-Commissariat à la

Protection Nationale

Col (ret) Guy Lenz

Ministry of State

L-2910 Luxembourg

Telephone: +352 2629 021

Fax: +352 2629 0230


The Director of Civil Protection

Mr. Léon Anen

1, rue Robert Stümper

L-2557 Luxembourg

Telephone: +352 4977 1406

Telefax: +352 4977 1771


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Moldova

Republica Moldova


Head of State President Vladimir

Voronin (2001–)


Vasile Tarlev (2001–)

Capital Chis‚nau


Area 33,700 sq. km






Moldova is a parliamentary republic. The parliament is the supreme legislativebody and elected by the population bygeneral vote. The parliament elects thePresident, who is also Commander inChief of the Armed Forces. Upon theproposal of the President, the Parliamentapproves the candidature of the PrimeMinister. The Prime Minister, in turn,proposes candidates for members of theGovernment, for the Parliament’s approval.

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Romania

MoldovaMo

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The Republic of Moldova is dividedinto 11 counties (judete), and the capitalChis‚ nau. A prefect, appointed by thePrime Minister, heads each county. Thecounties are divided into territorial sub-units: cities, towns and villages. Each city,town and village is led by a Mayor, whois elected by the people.


The National Civil Emergency Planning(cep) system is a centralized one, thegeneral management being carried out by the Government.


The basic tasks of the Moldovan CivilEmergency Planning are: ➤ To protect the population and property

in cases of civil emergencies.➤ To co-ordinatie the activities of

ministries, departments, public authorities in areas of civil protection.

➤ To train and prepare the population to cope with disasters.

➤ To execute urgent works of search and rescue in cases of emergencies.

➤ To mitigate the consequences of disasters.

cep organises the necessary forces toimplement these tasks. To ensure theprotection of the population in emergen-cies, cep provides these forces withmechanisms, materials and specialtraining, and keeps them prepared foraction.


The National Civil Emergency Planningis led by the Government, which establis-hes the character, scope and deadlines forthe execution of the tasks. The workingbody of the Government in this area isthe State Department for EmergencySituations, which implements cep mea-sures and tasks. The Prime Minister is thechairman of the National Commissionfor Emergency Situations of the Republicof Moldova. The General Director of theState Department for Emergency Situati-ons is the deputy chairman of this Com-mission, who is entitled to give orders.

cep management in the counties,cities, towns and villages is carried out bythe heads of local public administrations:In the ministries, state departments andeconomical agents it is carried out byministers, general directors and generalmanagers. The State Department forEmergency Situations is represented incounties by Directorates for EmergencySituations, as well as cep specialists whocarry out the Department’s tasks andmeasures in the territory.

The Civil Protection Directorate exe-cutes state supervision in the cep area,and is part of the State Department forEmergency Situations. The authorities of the Civil Protection Directorate aredivided into national and local authorities,and supervise the following areas: engine-ering, radioactive/chemical/medical/bio-logical protection of the population andobjects of national economy.

cep forces include the Search and

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Rescue units of the State Department forEmergency Situations, the Fire Protectionand Rescue Service, and specialisedformations of the ministries, statedepartments, institutions and enterprises.The Department’s forces are manageddirectly by the main staff of the StateDepartment for Emergency Situations.


In the Republic of Moldova, there is aPlan for Co-operation in this area betweenthe State Department for EmergencySituations and the Ministry of Defence,Ministry of the Interior and Information,and the Security Service, which has beenelaborated by the State Department forEmergency Situations according to theLaw on Civil Protection and the Decisionof the Commission for EmergencySituations. The plan is designed to co-ordinate activities in the case of emer-gencies in the territory of the Republicof Moldova.

According to cep tasks, measuresapply for the entire territory of theRepublic of Moldova and are mandatoryfor the entire population.

The activities of the public admini-stration authorities and enterprises’administration in the cep area andsecurity of the population are open tothe public.

4. Legal Framework

Several Laws and Government Decreesapply for Civil Emergency Planning.

The main ones are:➤ The Law of the Republic of Moldova,

Nr. 271-xiii “On Civil Protection”, dated November 9, 1994.

➤ The Law of the Republic of Moldova, Nr. 267-xiii “On Fire Protection”, dated November 9, 1994.

➤ The Law of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 1440-xiii “On radioprotection and nuclear security”, dated December 24,1997.

These laws concern the prevention andmitigation of the consequences of civilemergencies. They determine the respon-sibilities and tasks of the public authoritiesat different levels, in both normal andemergency situations.

The most important Government’sDecrees are:➤ The Decree of the Government of the

Republic of Moldova Nr. 477 “On the national network of monitoring and laboratory control on contamination of the environment with radioactive, poisonous, toxical and bacteriological substances”, dated May 19, 2000.

➤ The Decree of the Government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 648“On the Commission on Emergency Situations of the Republic of Moldova”, dated November 26, 1996.

Other laws and Government Decrees in-clude issues such as nuclear and chemicalsecurity, toxic waste, flood prevention,transportation of hazardous materials, etc.

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Contact: Colonel Filip Bes‚leaga

Director General

State Department for

Emergency Situations

69, Gheorghe Asachi Street

Chis‚nau, MD-2028

Moldova

Telephone: + 373 2 73 85 01

+ 373 2 73 85 16

+ 373 2 73 85 45 ( 24/24 7/7 )

Telefax: + 373 2 73 85 01

+ 373 2 73 85 69 ( 24/24 7/7 )


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Netherlands

Nederland



Beatrix (1980–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Jan Peter

Balkenende (2001–)

Capital Amsterdam (The Hague

is the seat of

government)


Area 41,526 sq. km






The Netherlands is a constitutionalmonarchy with a parliamentary demo-cracy. Executive power is exercised by theGovernment and the Council of Mini-sters. The Ministers are responsible forgovernment policy, and the Parliamentcan call the Ministers to account. TheMinisters are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the PrimeMinister of the new cabinet.

Legislative power rests with the bica-meral Parliament (Staten Generaal). TheStaten General has two chambers, the

English channel

North Sea

United Kingdom

Germany

Luxembourg

France

Belgium

Netherlands

Amsterdam

123

First and Second Chamber. The membersof the First Chamber are indirectly electedby the Provincial Councils, while themembers of the Second Chamber aredirectly elected by the people.

Local government consists of 12provinces (provincies) and 636 municipa-lities. The provinces have a limited formof self-government. They are governedby popularly elected Provincial Councils.The Queen’s Commissioners (Commissarsder koningin) are appointed by the Queen.The municipalities are governed by pop-ularly elected Municipal Councils and aMayor. The municipalities have their ownpolice forces and are responsible for,inter alia, fire services and disaster mana-gement.


In the Dutch system of Crisis Manage-ment, each Ministry is responsible forCrisis Management within its own specificarea. The Ministry of the Interior andKingdom Relations has an overall co-ordinating function. A permanentoperational National Co-ordinationCentre (ncc) has been established withinthe Ministry of the Interior.

Civil Protection in the Netherlandshas been replaced by a Disaster Relieforganisation, which is seen as a specialform of Crisis Management. The respon-sibility for Dutch Disaster Relief is placedat local level and the Mayor is the supremecommander in emergencies.


Crisis Management in the Netherlandsconsists of “the entire set of measurestaken and provisions made by the publicauthorities, in co-operation with otherorganisations in view of (acute) emergen-cies to guarantee safety in a wide sense.”Crisis Management aims to protect thecountry’s vital interests under all cir-cumstances.

The Ministry of the Interior has thefollowing tasks:➤ To develop appropriate legislation,

information guidelines and control as well as co-operation arrangements.

➤ To adopt regulations regarding safety and performance levels, norms and standards for fire services and rescue equipment that has been manu-factured, imported or marketed for use in the Netherlands.

➤ To provide financial resources, training and communications.

➤ To test the quality of emergency systems and to make specialist knowledge available.


In the Dutch system of Crisis Manage-ment, each Ministry is responsible forCrisis Management within its own specificarea. Overall responsibility rests with theDirectorate General for Public Orderand Safety within the Ministry of theInterior.

The Ministry of the Interior co-ordi-nates Crisis Management preparedness.

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The Minister of the Interior is responsiblefor public order and safety. This includes,among other things, responsibility forfire services, disaster management andthe organisation of medical assistance inthe event of disaster.

A permanent operational NationalCo-ordination Centre (ncc) has beenestablished within the Ministry of theInterior for the purpose of co-ordination.The ncc handles the dissemination ofinformation, plus the co-ordination ofadministrative measures between variousministries and provincial and municipalauthorities. The National InformationCentre, also within the Ministry of theInterior, handles public information.

If a crisis occurs, a crisis centre fordecision-making will be set up withinthe ministry concerned. Apart from theMinister concerned, the Prime Ministermay call upon other ministries to becomepart of the Prime Minister’s crisis decision-making structure. In this event, a NationalCo-ordination Centre will be set up.

Responsibility for Disaster Relief, andsafety in general, rests with the munici-palities. In the event of disaster, munici-palities co-operate regionally. If regionalassets should prove insufficient, assistancecan be requested from national level.The Minister of the Interior is responsiblefor this co-ordination.

If a disaster cannot be managed atlocal level, the Commissioner of theQueen can instruct the Mayor (orMayors) about the policy to be under-taken. In this event, the Commissioner

takes over the operational command ofdisaster management, and the Ministerof the Interior gives instructions directlyto the Commissioners.


In exceptional cases, the Queen’s Com-missioner in a province may requestmilitary assistance for the Ministerconcerned. The Minister shall approachthe Minister of Defence, who will takethe necessary measures, unless there areurgent reasons for not doing so.

In very urgent cases, the Mayor maymake a direct request for militaryassistance to the provincial militarycommander or the regional militarycommander-north. In this case, theQueen’s Commissioner in the provinceshall immediately be informed.

4. Legal Framework

The following acts provide the admini-strative and operational framework forthe physical aspects of population prote-ction in the Netherlands:The Fire Service Act (1985): The Fire Servi-ces in the Netherlands are organisationsconsisting mainly of volunteers.Professional firemen are in a minority.According to the Act, each municipalityshall have its own Fire Service, run by amunicipal fire service commander. If assi-stance from the local level should proveinadequate, the Mayor may submit arequest to the Queen’s Commissioner forassistance from other regions within theProvince. The Commissioner may also

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request that measures be taken by theMinister of Internal Affairs.

The Disasters Act: This Act describes adisaster as an event which seriouslyaffects public safety, and thereby poses aserious threat to the life and health ofmany people and/or significant financialinterests, and which requires the co-ordinated use of services and organisationswithin different disciplines. The FireService forms the core of the organisa-tional structure for disaster management.It also has a co-ordinating role in thepreparation and implementation ofdisaster management.

To ensure adequate preparedness, theDisasters Act establishes three types ofplans:➤ Disaster management plans.➤ Disaster contingency plans.➤ Provincial co-ordination plans.

The Mayor has final command in dis-aster management and in the taking ofmeasures in the event of serious threat ordisaster.

The Act on Medical Assistance in Times ofDisaster: Medical assistance in times ofdisaster is an integral part of disastermanagement and is designed to providethe best possible treatment to as manyvictims as possible. In the event of majorincidents and disasters, the director ofthe designated public health service inthe region is charged with the organisati-

on, co-ordination and management ofmedical assistance services.

All of these acts are based on theposition that responsibility for disastermanagement should rest at local (muni-cipal) level.

Contact: Crisis Management and Fire

Services Directorate

Mr. Elie van Strien, Director

Ministry of the Interior and

Kingdom Relations

Schedeldoekshaven 200

P.O. Box 20011

NL-2500 EA. The Hague

The Netherlands

Telephone: +31 70 426 7394

Telefax: +31 70 426 7424


126

Norway

Norge


Head of State His Majesty King

Harald V (1991–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Kjell

Magne Bondevik (2001–)

Capital Oslo


Area 323,878 sq. km




Council of Europe


Norway is a constitutional monarchy.The executive power rests formally withthe King, but in practice with theGovernment, and the legislative powerrests with the unicameral Parliament.The King, with the Parliament’s appro-val, appoints the Government, and boththe Prime Minister and each CabinetMinister is judicially directly responsibleto the Parliament. Each Minister is nor-mally in charge of a ministry, which is re-

Sweden

Finland

Norway

Baltic Sea

Gulf of Bothnia

NorwegianSea

North Sea

Denmark

Oslo

127

sponsible for carrying out public admini-stration in their field.

The regional level consists of 19counties, the County Governor beingthe highest representative of the centralgovernment. There are however, only 18County Governors as two counties (Oslo and Akershus) are organised with a common County Governor. At thelocal level there are 435 municipalities.The capital, Oslo, is both a county and amunicipality. The municipalities are leadby a popularly elected Municipal Board,with tax raising powers, and a broad rangeof political responsibilities in providinglocal services to the population.


Civil Protection and Civil EmergencyPlanning in Norway is part of the widerconcept of “Total Defence”. Total Defenceis based on Civil Preparedness and Mili-tary Defence, and means that civil andmilitary authorities provide mutualsupport and complement each other atcentral, regional and local levels in orderto provide maximum protection for thepeople and society against threats. Theguiding principle within this structure is that the institutions responsible for apublic function under normal circums-tances, also carry the same responsibilityfor emergency preparedness. Therefore,most government agencies at differentlevels, and to a varying extent severalprivate organisations and enterprises,have civil protection tasks and are respon-sible for preparing and implementing

contingency measures in times ofemergency.


The politically defined objectives ofNorwegian Civil Emergency Planningare:➤ To reduce the vulnerability of

infrastructure and important industries.➤ To minimize damage caused by crisis

or war, and to safeguard the life, health and welfare of the population.

➤ To attempt to meet the needs of the civil population and the military forces by the supply of important goods and services in crisis or war.

➤ To utilize emergency preparednessresources efficiently in peacetime.

In an emergency, the crisis should bemanaged at the lowest possible level. cep therefore needs to have a local basis,where locally defined risks, vulnerabilitiesand needs direct the attention and actionsof the central government. National andregional authorities support the munici-palities by: ➤ Improving the quality of the local cep.➤ Improving the local competence for

crisis management.➤ Increasing the awareness of the local

political leadership to the possible consequences of natural and technological hazards.

➤ Providing resources and co-ordinationin an acute crisis situation that is beyond the handling capabilities of each municipality.

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The Ministry of Justice has overall sectorco-ordination. This includes responsibilityfor developing new national guidelinesand ramifications, making principaldecisions regarding the Norwegian civilpreparedness system, as well as admini-strative responsibility for the Search andRescue Service (sar). Furthermore, theCouncil for Emergency Planning, as asubordinate structure to the Ministry ofJustice, is responsible for conductingdiscussions with other ministries aboutthe policies and budget sharing. TheDirectorate for Civil Defence and Emer-gency Planning (dcdep) is the executive

body of the Ministry of Justice withregard to civil emergency preparedness,and is responsible for managing CivilDefence and supervising regional cep.

The County Governors have by regu-lation the authority to co-ordinate andsupervise all civil emergency planningwithin the county. The county admini-stration promotes emergency planning at the local level and participates in theplanning of support of the militaryforces, as well as being responsible forenvironmental issues, agriculture and theinspection of municipal administrations.In a major crisis the County Governor is

A. Food supply, industry, commodity trade, Ministry of Trade and Industryconstruction and foreign shipping

B. Environmental issues Ministry of EnvironmentC. Energy issues Ministry of Petroleum and EnergyD. Transport and communication Ministry of Transport and CommunicationE. Health issues Ministry of HealthF. Availability of manpower Ministry of Labour and Government

AdministrationG. Financial issues Ministry of FinancesH. Civil defence, police and coordination Ministry of Justice and the Police


The Government has overall responsibilityfor the Total Defence and CEP. Eachministry is responsible for emergencyplanning and crisis management withintheir particular sectors.

Sector: Responsibility:

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also responsible for operation co-ordina-tion, and this authority increases greatlyin times of war.

The municipalities are required by lawto undertake civil emergency preparationswithin certain sectors, such as CivilDefence, health and resource allocation.There is however, no general law obligingthe local authorities to take an overallresponsibility for cep. The CountyGovernor and the dcdep therefore haveto supervise the local level through in-formation, motivation and providing the municipalities with methods andtools for improving their civil emergencycapabilities. Important tools in thisrespect are risk and vulnerability assess-ments and establishing local crisis mana-gement plans.

During an accident and/or crisis,representatives from the local police, firedepartment, or medical service will act ason scene commanders. Normally suchactions are co-ordinated in the policedistrict. The civil defence districts areattached to the police districts, and therole of the civil defence districts is tosupport the ordinary Rescue Services.The local authorities may be involved by handling policy decisions and in-formation to the public and the media.

Norwegian Civil Emergency Planningis currently undergoing a revision thatwill take effect as of July 2003.


Civil military co-operation in Norway is based on the Total Defence concept,

which states that there will be a “totalmobilisation of all possible civil andmilitary resources to maintain the will to defend oneself, to offer the greatestpossible resistance to aggression, toprotect life and health, to maintain anorganised society and to prevent damagecaused by peacetime crises and/or war”.The purpose of the concept is to furtherthe defence and protection of Norway,and to ensure optimal use of all civil andmilitary resources during periods of crises,tension and/or conflict. This impliesinterdependence and close co-operationbetween civil preparedness and militarydefence. Civil preparedness measuresmay be used during peacetime in effortsto avoid or limit serious accidents whensufficient aid cannot be obtained fromthe ordinary aid organisations. In addi-tion, civilian defence provides assistanceto the police, fire brigades, health servicesand other public bodies and non-govern-mental organisations. Furthermore, witha full military mobilisation the army will need substantial resources from thecivilian society, and it is therefore of vital importance that the civilian societyfunctions well in order to both supplythe military and keep everything elserunning.

4. Legal Framework

Legislation concerning Norwegian cepmay be divided into two pillars consistingof Acts, prepared delegations of powersfor lawmaking, regulations and directives.The first concerns the protection of the

130

population in times of hostile acts andwar, and the second relates to peacetimeemergencies.

The following Acts provide the mainframework for administrative operations in times of crisis/war.➤ The War Act of 15 December 1950,

which contains directives regarding the extension of the powers of the Government and other administrative authorities during war or a crisis in the political security.

➤ The Supplies Act of 14 December 1956,which is a power of attorney whereby the Government, in war or imminent threat of war, is given far-reaching possibilities for initiating supply measures. As a consequence of the oil crisis, this law was changed in 1974, which also made it valid during a peacetime crisis.

➤ The Act on Civilian Defence of 17 July 1953, which contains directives regarding the organisation, the civilian service duty and the civil defence duties of municipalities and private operators (e.g. shelter construction and to secure drinking-water supplies). This act applies both in war and during peacetime.

➤ The Act of Social and Health Preparedness of 23 June 2000, which establishes the duties of health and medical institutions in regard to taking all the necessary measures in peacetime to guarantee similar operations in times of war.

There is no overall legislation concerningcivil protection in peacetime. Manygovernment agencies and private organi-sations do however have civil protectiontasks and are responsible for civil emer-gency planning, and every part of theadministration must ensure that thenecessary detailed emergency plans areput into effect. This is mainly regulatedthrough laws and regulations concerningspecific sectors.

The following legislation is important inthis regard:➤ Police Act of 4 August 1995, which

ascribes the police authority to implement emergency measures and co-ordinate rescue efforts.

➤ Fire Protection Act of 8 December 2000, implemented as of 1 January 2001.

➤ The Planning of Building’s Act of 14 June 1985, amended 24 November 2000 withimplementation as of 1 January 2001, which obliges the municipalities to evaluate risk areas before regulating land to industrial or housing purposes.

➤ Protection Against Pollution Act of 13 March 1981, which contains directives on municipal preparedness and implementation of restraining measures against acute pollution.

➤ Regulation of 4 July 1980 on the main principles for the organisation of the Search and Rescue Services.

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➤ Regulation of 21 September 1979 withInstructions for the work of the County Governors in regard to civil emergency preparedness.

➤ Regulation of 12 December 1997 withdirectives for regional co-ordination in peacetime emergencies.

➤ Regulation of 24 November 1961regarding Civil Defence efforts to avert or limit the consequences of natural disasters or other serious accidents in cases where the ordinary rescue services are unableto provide adequate resources.

➤ Regulation of 26 June 1998 concerningnuclear emergency preparedness.

Contact: The Directorate for Civil Defence

and Emergency Planning (DSB)

Ms. Helen Bosterud, Director General

P.O. Box 8136 Dep

N-0030 Oslo

Norway

Telephone: +47 22 358 401

Telefax: +47 22 351 781


Website: www.dsb.no

132

Poland

Polska


Head of State President Alexander

Kwasniewski (1995–)


Leszek Miller (2001–)

Capital Warsaw


Area 312,683 sq. km







Poland is a republic. The Prime Ministerand the Council of Ministers constitutethe Polish Government. Executive powerrests with the President and the Councilof Ministers. The legislative bodies arethe Parliament (Sejm) and the Senate.The Council of Ministers is responsiblefor law enforcement and national security.The Council is responsible to the PrimeMinister and the Sejm.

The President has responsibility fordefence policy, and is head of the ArmedForces. The President appoints the Prime

Poland

Ukraine

Belarus

Lithuania

Czech Republic

Germany

Slovakia

Baltic Sea

Warsaw

Kaliningrad(Russia)

133

Minister and, upon the recommendationsof the Prime Minister, the other ministers.

Territorial self-government is theprimary organisational structure of thelocal government. Poland is divided into16 provinces, each with a ProvincialGovernor. The 373 administrative districts(powiat) make up the higher componentof self-government. There are 2,489municipalities (gmina) in Poland, in-cluding approximately 800 towns. Themunicipalities are responsible for areassuch as education, healthcare, housingand local transport.


A new Civil Emergency Planning/CivilPreparedness System is being prepared in Poland in order to deal with differenttypes of crisis situations. The establish-ment of an appropriate legal frameworkhas been singled out as the most necessaryrequirement for the effective manage-ment of disaster or crisis situations,including war.


The overall objective of Civil EmergencyPlanning in Poland is to ensure the secu-rity and welfare of the civil population.

The aims are:➤ To carry out crisis and disaster

prevention and management operation.➤ To ensure the proper functioning of

authorities during disaster, crisis or war.➤ To protect the population in disaster,

crisis or war.

➤ To co-operate with the military during peacetime disasters, crisis or war.

➤ To support peacekeeping operations.➤ To co-ordinate international

humanitarian, technical and expert assistance.

The main tasks of Polish CivilEmergency Planning are:➤ To prepare appropriate emergency

legislation and any other arrangements necessary for meeting emergency situations.

➤ To recognise threats and create an appropriate Civil Protection System.

➤ To develop a cep organisationalstructure that can be adopted to emergency situations.

➤ To co-ordinate efforts within the Civil Preparedness areas.

➤ To train authorities in order to increase cep capacities.

➤ To exercise elements of the Civil Preparedness System.

➤ To support research in the cep area.➤ To improve civil-military relations

in peacetime emergency operations.➤ To accumulate and maintain

appropriate stocks and resources.➤ To co-ordinate the Civil Emergency

Planning process.➤ To increase the awareness of the

population concerning threats and how to behave in emergency situations.


Central level: The Council of Ministers is responsible for the maintenance of

134

public order and the internal security ofthe State. It is empowered to declare astate of emergency. Within the Councilthere has been created a Committee forEmergency Management, chaired by theMinister of the Interior and Administra-tion. The main task of the Committee isto co-ordinate efforts aimed at mitigating,preparing for, responding to and re-covering from all types of hazards at thecentral level. Furthermore, each ministryis responsible for actions within its ownarea of competence.

Most of the emergency services are sub-ordinate to the Ministry of the Interiorand Administration. The Ministry of theInterior and Administration is responsiblefor the maintenance of public order, theprotection of the population in emergencysituations and the prevention of disastersand emergencies.

The central body of state administrationis responsible for the National CivilDefence of Poland and, in addition tomaking amendments to certain laws, isresponsible for the co-ordination of CivilEmergency Planning and educationwithin the field of Civil Protection. TheChief Commandant of the State FireService has lately been appointed to theposition of Chief of the Civil Protection.It has resulted in the unification of thefire service and civil protection structures.

Regional level: The provinces are headedby representatives of the Council of Mi-nisters (voivodes). Their main tasks are toco-ordinate the prevention of all types of

hazards, support efforts at self-govern-mental levels and assist lower govern-mental levels if their resources are in-adequate. The voivodes have EmergencyResponse Boards at their disposal.

Lower regional level (the higher self-governmental level – powiat): Responsibi-lities at this level include protection ofthe population in events that exceed thecapabilities of the local level. The Starosta(head of authority at this level) has theEmergency Response Board serving as anadvisory body.

Municipal level (lower self-governmentallevel – gmina): Responsibilities at muni-cipal level are all local public matters, in particular fire protection and themaintenance of public order. Additionalresponsibilities are the monitoring ofthreats, early warning systems, alarmsand the co-ordination of rescue operationsand evacuations. The Mayor defines thetasks of Civil Protection for all institutionsthat are operational within the munici-pality with the help of the permamentEmergency Response Board.

Finally, the heads and employers ofplants, institutions and associations areresponsible for developing and maintai-ning activities and training.


During emergency situations, theGovernment can call upon specialpreparedness forces, from both CivilDefence and the military.

135

The main areas for civil-military co-operation are:A. Peace operations➤ Separating conflicting parties.➤ Restricting migration.➤ Eliminating dangers (e.g. mines).

B. Civil Defence➤ Protecting the population in crisis

situations.➤ Participating in rescue operations.➤ Participating in early warning and

alarm systems.

C. TransportationD. CommunicationE. Material resource maintenanceF. Medical sanitary servicesG. Local infrastructure protectionH. Information services, radio and

TV stations, pressI. Law enforcement and protection servicesJ. Training (exercise)

Examples of civil-military co-operationthat has taken place:1. Army engagement in the civilian sphere:➤ Participation in the Oder anti-flood

operation of July 1997, including local anti-flood operations and the elimination of flood effects.

➤ Support for humanitarian operationsaimed at helping victims at home and abroad.

➤ Participation in disaster elimination efforts.

➤Participation in peace missions in the Middle East and the Balkans.

➤ Co-operation in areas such as danger detection, early warning and alarm systems.

2. Civilian support to the armed forces: ➤ Supply of food, fuel, energy etc.➤ Supply of transport and transport

services.➤ Provision of communication facilities.➤ Reservation of transit routes.

The organisation of co-operation bet-ween the civilian sphere and the armedforces applies to all levels of state admi-nistration and territorial self-government.

4. Legal Framework

There is at present no formal legal frame-work for Civil Emergency Planning inPoland, since this concept has not yetbeen defined by Polish law. However,preparations are under way for legislationin this area, especially as regards the nati-onal rescue system and civil protection.

Existing laws that are connected to cepare: the Constitution of the Republic ofPoland, chapter 11, “Emergency Situa-tions”; The Law on Natural Disasters, theDecree on Measures to Combat NaturalDisasters; the Law on the Police, the Lawon Fire Protection; and the Council ofMinisters Directive on Civil Defence.

136

Contact: Chief of the National Civil

Defence of Poland

Gen. Teofil Jankowski

uI. Podchorazych 38

PL-00-914 Warsaw

Poland

Telephone: +48 22 523 39 00

Telefax: +48 22 523 30 03,

523 39 27, 523 30 16


137

Portugal

República Portuguesa


Head of State President Jorge

Sampaio (1996–)

Head of Government Prime Minister José

Manuel Durão

Barroso (2002–)

Capital Lisbon


Area 92,391 sq. km






Portugal is a republic based on parliamen-tary democracy. Its sovereign organs arethe President, the Parliament, theGovernment, and the Courts. The Presi-dent (Presidente da República) is electedby universal, direct, and secret suffrage ofthe Portuguese people, and is Head ofState and Supreme Commander in Chiefof the Armed Forces. The unicameralParliament (Assembleia da República)follows the results of the legislative elec-tions and exercises the legislative power,

Bay of Biscay

Atlantic Ocean

Andorra

Spain

Portugal

Mediterranean Sea

France

Lisbon

138

together with the Government and otherfunctions. The Government (Governo da República), consisting of the PrimeMinister and the Ministers, holds theexecutive power. The President nominatesthe Prime Minister, in consideration forthe legislative election results, and appo-ints the Ministers upon the recommen-dation of the Prime Minister. The Courts(Tribunais) administrate justice on behalfof the people and are only accountable tothe law. There is a Council of State(Conselho de Estado), which serves as apolitical advisory body to the President.

Portugal is divided administratively intoeighteen districts and two autonomousregions (Região Autónoma dos Açores andRegião Autónoma da Madeira).


Portugal has a national system for civilemergency planning, consisting of:A. The National Council for cep – TheNational Civil Emergency PlanningCouncil (cnpce)B. Emergency Planning Committees foressential activities that correspond to thenato scepc Boards and Committees, asfollows:➤ Agriculture, Fishing and Food

Emergency Planning Committee➤ Communication Emergency

Planning Committee➤ Energy Emergency Planning

Committee➤ Industrial Emergency Planning

Committee➤ Health Emergency Planning Committee

➤ Civil Aviation Emergency Planning Committee

➤ Ocean Shipping Emergency Planning Committee

➤ Inland Surface Transport Emergency Planning Committee

➤ National Service for Civil Protection (with a different status)

The Civil Emergency Planning Commit-tees are entrusted with the planning ofpreparedness in their area in order toface any crisis or war situation, and toassist the respective Minister in nationaldefence matters.


At national level, the main objectives of the Portuguese Civil EmergencyPlanning are to define and update CivilEmergency Planning policies in thefollowing areas: transportation, energy,agriculture, industry, communicationsand health in order to guarantee, in bothcrisis and wartime:➤ The continuity of government action.➤ The survival capacity of the nation.➤ The support of the Armed Forces.➤ The protection of the population.➤ The safeguarding of the national

heritage.

At nato level the main objectives are:➤ To define polices and doctrines

adoptedunder the nato scepc.➤ To co-ordinate the Portuguese

representatives in the bodies subordinate to the nato scepc.

139


The Council of Ministers is the essentialpolicy-making body and has a nation-wide responsibility for all activities.

The National Council for Civil Emer-gency Planning (cnpce) is the PrimeMinister’s co-ordination and supportbody. It contributes to the definition ofnational cep policy, and creates guide-lines for fulfilling civilian and militaryneeds. It also identifies the public andprivate resources or sectors, includingexperts, which may be called upon forcep missions.

The cnpce is chaired by the Minister of National Defence, and consists of the Vice President and the followingmembers:➤ Presidents of the national Civil

Emergency Planning Committees.➤ Representative of Civil Protection.➤ Representative of the Chief of Defence.➤ Representative of the Republic Minister

for Azores Autonomous Region.➤ Representative of the Republic

Minister for Madeira Autonomous Region.

➤ Representative of Azores Regional Government.

➤ Representative of Madeira Regional Government.

The Minister of National Defence canalso invite representatives from the publicor private sectors, depending on thesubject under analysis, although they arenot entitled to vote.

In case of crisis, the staff of the CivilEmergency Planning Committees becomethe Crisis Management staff for theirown Minister, and the staff of the Natio-nal Civil Emergency Planning Counciltakes on the same role in relation to the Prime Minister. A National CrisesManagement System has been developedaccording to this model.

At present, there are Crisis ManagementCentres in the areas of energy, oceanshipping, and support to the AzoresGovernment.

Furthermore, the National System for Civil Protection has its own centresat national, regional, district, and muni-cipal levels.


Civil and military co-operation takesplace in the following areas:➤ The preparation of plans, procedures,

and regulations for mobilisation and war.➤ The determination of priorities in the

planning of national resources, as required by the Armed Forces, the public and private sectors, and the population.

➤ The support of military preparedness and military operations.

➤ The taking of measures in the field of civil defence after hostile actions or disasters.

➤ The arrangement of training, exercises, and public information.

➤ The co-ordination of nato CivilEmergency Planning and Civil-Military Co-operation.

140

4. Legal Framework

There are both administrative and legalinstruments that give Portuguese nationalauthorities the power to engage in civilemergency activities and to managecrisis, mobilisation and war, as well aspeacetime emergencies. Civil emergencylegislation regulates all civil emergencyactivities, including civil-military co-operation during peacetime emergenciesas well as wartime crises.

The most important national laws andregulations for cep are:➤ The National Defence and Armed

Forces Act.➤ The Resolution of the Council of

Ministers approving the Strategic Concept for National Defence.

➤ The Law and regulations of the cnpce.➤ The regulations of the different

national Emergency Planning Committees.

➤ The Civil Requisition Act.➤ The Mobilisation and War Act, and its

regulations.

Contact: Conselho Nacional do

Planeamento Civil de Emergencia

Mrs. Maria Figueirinhas,

Vice-Presidente do CNPCE

Palácio Bensaúde

Estrada da Luz, 151

P-1600 Lisboa

Portugal

Telephone: + 351 217 214 604

Telefax: + 351 217 270 522


Mr. Rui Carvalho

Portuguese Delegation NATO HQ

B-1110 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 707 64 22

Telefax: +32 2 707 64 27

E-mail:

[email protected]

141

Romania

România


Head of State President Ion

Iliescu (2000–)


Adrian Nãstase (2000–)

Capital Bucharest


Area 238,391 sq. km




NATO), UN, OSCE,

Council of Europe


Romania is a republic. The Governmentis composed of the Prime Minister andthe ministers who are appointed by thePrime Minister and approved by Parlia-ment. The President has a strong positionand can appoint and dismiss govern-ments, and dissolve the Parliament. ThePresident is also the Commander of theArmed Forces and Chairperson of theSupreme Council of Country Defenceand can declare a state of emergency orstate of siege. The bicameral Parliament

Ukraine

Romania

Hungary

Black Sea

Bulgaria

Turkey

Moldova

Serbia

Bucharest

142

consists of the Senate and the Chamberof Deputies (Camera Deputatilor).

Romania is divided into 41 counties(judete) and the capital of Bucharest.Each county has a County Councilconsisting of elected advisors, and theexecutive body is run by a Prefect who isalso the Government’s representative inthe county. The counties consist of anumber of cities and communes, whichare administrative territorial sub-units.There are 56 larger cities with increasedadministration, 189 smaller cities and2,700 communes. At city, municipal andcommunal levels, there are Local Councilsrun by Mayors. There is no subordinationbetween the county, city and communalunits; each unit is ruled according to theautonomy principle.


Romania has a Civil Protection systemheaded by the Prime Minister. At locallevel, Prefects and Mayors are in chargeof Civil Protection within their respectiveadministrative-territorial units.


The objectives of Romanian CivilEmergency Planning are to: ➤ Warn the public in the event of air

attacks or disasters.➤ Protect the population from mass

destruction and the use of conventional weapons, or from the consequences of a disaster.

➤ Provide protection for property and cultural values.

➤ Participate in the mitigation of enemy attacks or the consequences of a disaster.

➤ Effect mine clearing if unexploded ammunition is found within the territory.

➤ Keep the population informed in order to provide protection.

➤ Participate with forces and provide equipment to prepare the national economy and territory for defence.

Civil protection activity is planned,organised and carried out in accordancewith the specifications that are currentlystipulated in documents regarding inter-national humanitarian law and endorsedby Romania as a Party. During peacetime,Civil Protection in Romania acts as astate body whose main duty is to partici-pate in or carry out preventive measuresand deal with situations that endanger or threaten human lives and materialgoods. Organisational and preparednessmeasures for Civil Protection are estab-lished in peacetime, and intensified if astate of siege, emergency, mobilisation orwar is declared.


Romanian Civil Protection is organisedby the ministries and other specialisedauthorities of central public administra-tion at all administrative-territorial units.There is also a Civil Protection organisa-tion for public institutions, and for stateand private enterprises with more than100 employees.

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The Civil Protection structure includesthe heads of Civil Protection, CivilProtection Command, Inspectorates,commissions, units, sub-units and othergroups.

The head of Civil Protection in Roma-nia is the Prime Minister. The PrimeMinister manages Civil Protection activi-ties through the Minister of the Interior.The Minister of the Interior, in turn, hasa Civil Protection Command at his/herdisposal as a specialised body for thegeneral co-ordination of Civil Protection.

At local level, the Prefects of the coun-ties and the Mayors in the local publicadministrations are responsible for CivilProtection. They have the right and dutyto manage, guide and control all CivilProtection measures that are implementedby local and public authorities and privateenterprise within their own administra-tive-territorial area.

The managers of public institutionsand companies are responsible for CivilProtection in their own organisations.

The county Civil Protection Inspecto-rates consist of military structures andinclude public services and specialisedtechnical bodies. These are at the disposalof the Prefect, who is responsible fororganising, managing and controlling allCivil Protection activities in the county.

Civil Protection units consist ofindividuals with no military obligations.They are organised into teams, groups ordetachments with specific missions,including observing and searching,transmissions/alarm, energy, protection/

sheltering, remote area/low access arearescue, installations, roads and bridges,nuclear biological, chemical (cbrn) andenvironmental protection, medical,sanitary, veterinary, pyrotechnics, logistics,etc. These structures are not permanentand are organised periodically as trainingactivities, or for intervention in the eventof emergencies. In economic plants withincreased risk in the event of a disaster,military units and sub-units of civilprotection are set up.

At national level, the GovernmentCommission for Defence against Dis-asters, led by the Prime Minister, hasbeen established in order to organise andmanage defence activities in the event of disasters.

The specialised central committees are: 1. The Central Commission for Defencein the event of floods, dangerous weatherconditions and hydro-technical constru-ction accidents – under the Ministry ofWaters and Environment Protection

2. The Central Commission for preventionand defence in the event of an earthquakeor landslide – under the Ministry ofPublic Administration

3. The Central Commission for nuclearaccidents and the fallout of objects fromspace – under the Ministry of the Interior

4. The Central Commission for majorexplosions above and underground,chemical accidents and severe damage to

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pipelines – under the Ministry of Industryand Resources

5. The Central Commission for severecommunication accidents – under theMinistry of Public Works, Transportationand Housing

6. The Central Commission for emer-gency health assistance in the event of adisaster and/or epidemic – under theMinistry of Health and Family

7. The Central Commission for animalepidemics and the radioactive, chemicalor biological contamination of food –under the Ministry of Agriculture, Foodand Forests

8. The Central Commission for extensivefires – under the Ministry of the Interior

9. The Commission for telecommunica-tions – under the Ministry of it andCommunications

At local level, there are county, municipaland communal commissions for disasterdefence, headed by the Prefects or Mayorsof the respective administrative-territorialareas.

The Stockholm Principles can be foundin the organisation of Civil EmergencyPlanning in Romania. For example,emergency management powers are undercivil control and responsibility for the ceporganisation lies with the lowest level ofauthority.

The law gives the Prefects and Mayorsin Civil Emergency Planning authorisati-on over all forces and means within theiradministrative-territorial units, regardlessof the activity, professional subordinationor property. The upper level only inter-venes upon request or when municipal or county means prove inadequate forhandling a situation.


Romanian civil-military co-operation isgenerally based upon Civil Protectionand disaster defence plans and specificallyupon co-operation plans. In order toensure that the Civil Protection organisa-tion provides an overall and functionalframework, several orders and instructionshave been issued (e.g. 124/1995 and106/1996).

The Ministry of National Defence andthe Ministry of the Interior have prepareddetailed settlements, stipulating the forcesand means that are utilised, the conditionsof their utilisation, the methods of mana-gement, co-operation, etc.

The preservation of military structureswithin the county Civil Protection Inspe-ctorates and their subordination to thePrefect are a guarantee for Civil Protectionat county level. The assurance of civil-military co-operation is a major concernfor county Civil Protection Inspectorates,and they direct this co-operation.

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The Civil Protection Inspectorates havedouble subordination: 1. Military subordination to the CivilProtection Command and the Ministryof the Interior 2. Civil subordination to county publicadministration authorities

4. Legal Framework

Two main laws concerning CivilEmergency Planning in Romania wereissued in 1995 and 1996.1. The Civil Defence against Disasters Law(124/1995). This law regulates all preventi-on measures: the operational interventi-on and restoration of disaster situationsaimed at limiting and mitigating thesocial, economic and environmentalconsequences of disasters. The aim ofthese activities is to respond appropriatelyto a disaster – natural or manmade, inorder to prevent, intervene or rebuild.

2. The Civil Protection Law (106/96). Thislaw sets out the measures that must betaken to protect the population, equi-pment, cultural values and the environ-ment in the event of war or disaster. Thelaw provides for emergency planning inthe event of crisis or war. According tothe law, Civil Protection in Romania ispart of national defence, forms a part ofthe protection forces and is not includedin combat forces.

Other laws in this field that complete thelegal framework of Civil EmergencyPlanning are the National Defence Law,

the Law of Defence Preparedness of theNational Economy and Territory, theFireman Law and others. The Govern-ment has also adopted decisions concer-ning, for example, the evacuation ofpeople in the event of war or disaster, the preparation of reserves and thepreservation and use of intervention inthe event of a disaster.

Contact: Civil Protection Command

Col. Viorel Liviu Nemes

Commander of Civil Protection

Command

Ministry of Interior

19, Ceasornicului Street

Sector 1, Bucharest

Romania

Telephone: +40 21 232 1777

+40 21 232 9586

Telefax: +40 21 232 2008

+40 21 232 9586


Website: www.rocp.pims.org

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Russia

Rossija



Vladimir Putin (1999–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Michail

Kasianov (2000–)

Capital Moscow


Area 17,075,200 sq. km






Russia is a federation. The Presidentappoints the Government. The PrimeMinister is also appointed by the Presidentbut must be approved by the Duma (theparliament). The legislative body consistsof two houses, the Federal Council andthe State Duma.

According to the 1993 Constitution,the President holds significant powers, i.e.in a confrontation between the Presidentand the Parliament, the President has the

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final say. The President is the SupremeCommander, and lays down the guide-lines for domestic and foreign policies.

The Russian Federation consists of twotypes of entities: national and administra-tive. The national entity consists of 21autonomous republics, 10 autonomousdistricts (okrugs) and one autonomousregion (oblast). The administrative entityconsists of six territories (kraj), 49 regionsand two federal cities. At the regional level,there is a popularly elected assembly witha Governor who is head of administration.


The Russian State Disaster ManagementSystem regulates all relations betweengovernment, non-government and civiland military organisations. In this system,all administrative bodies, at all levels, have their own contingency planning for emergency activities, and these areintegrated into the State EmergencyPlan. The main co-ordinating body foremergency management activities is theMinistry for Civil Defence, Emergenciesand Elimination of Consequences ofNatural Disasters (emercom of Russia).


The overall objective of the RussianDisaster Management System is to unifythe efforts, manpower and resources offederal agencies, community administra-tions and agencies of the entities, at allthe different levels, i.e. central govern-ment, city, district, and enterprise, in the field of emergency prevention and

response. This system is aimed at decrea-sing risks and mitigating the consequencesof emergency situations.

The main co-ordinating body ofemergency management activities is the emercom of Russia. This body was established in 1994 and given thefollowing tasks:➤To draft governmental policy proposals

for Civil Protection and prevention and response in emergency situations, including nuclear disasters and accidents.

➤To provide and develop the Unified Emergency Situations Prevention and Response State System; to supervise Civil Protection, and search and rescue services.

➤To supervise activities in emergency situation prevention and response.

➤To supervise actions connected to wide-scale disasters, accidents and emergency situation response.

➤To supervise the financial resources that have been allocated by the Government for emergency situation response activities.

➤To organise training in preparedness for the population in regard to action and reaction in emergency situations.

The major tasks of the State DisasterManagement System are:➤To provide state expertise, supervision

and control in the field of protection of the population and regions in emergency situations.

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➤To prepare and implement legal and economic regulations in the field of protection of the population and regions in emergency situations.

➤To implement purpose-oriented and scientific/technical programmes in emergency situation prevention.

➤To provide stand-by provisions of forces and assets for emergency prevention and response.

➤To collect, process, exchange and distribute information in the field of protection of the population and regions in emergency situations.

➤To carry out awareness programmes for the population regarding actions in the case of emergency situations.

➤To forecast and evaluate possible socialand economic consequences and effects as a result of emergency situations.

➤To accumulate financial and material resource reserves for emergency response.

➤To carry out social protection measures and humanitarian operations in cases where the population has suffered as a result of an emergency.

➤To co-operate internationally in the field of protection of the population and regions in emergency situations.


There are five levels of management inthe system: federal, regional, territorial,local and on-site.

Every level of the Russian DisasterManagement System has its own co-ordination unit (permanent control

bodies). These units are responsible for: protection of the population andterritories in the case of an emergency,management offices, emergency responseunits and facilities, financial and materialassets, communication systems, pluswarning and information support.

The main co-ordinating bodies are:➤Federal level: The Interagency

Commission for Disaster Management (see below) and the Emergency Management Commissions in the federal agencies.

➤Regional level (including entities of the Russian Federation): emercom Regional Centres.

➤Territorial level (within the borders of the entities of the Federation):Emergency Management Commissions of the executive agencies in the respective entity.

➤Local level (district, town or municipality): Emergency Management Commission of the local community administrations.

➤On-site level (within an industrial or public facility, etc.): On-site Emergency Management Commission.

The Interagency Commission consists ofrepresentatives of the Federal ministriesand Departments in the rank of DeputyMinister (Head). Any decisions made bythe Interagency Commission, concerningthe administration and co-ordination ofdisaster prevention and response activities,are mandatory for all member agencies,at both federal and local levels.

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The operational bodies of the DisasterManagement System are:➤Federal level: emercom of Russia.➤Regional level: emercom:s regional

centres.➤Territorial and local levels: Civil Defence

and Emergency Management’s local agencies of the entities (regions and republics) and local administration.

➤On-site level: Civil Defence and Emergency Management officers or specially assigned personnel.

Emergency response is carried out byspecial units, authorised by local admini-stration and special agencies of the entitiesand commanded by the respective emer-gency commissions. If, due to the scaleof an emergency, disaster resources areinadequate, the local emergency com-mission can make a request for assistancefrom commissions at a higher level.

If necessary, the resources of the federalagencies may also be employed in a build-up. In extreme situations, a specialGovernment Commission may be set up for emergency response.


Civil-military co-operation in disastersand emergency situations in Russia is su-pervised by the State Disaster Manage-ment System.

According to contingency planning,military units that are located in disasterareas are to take an active role in disasterresponse activities, in close co-operationwith the special units of the State Disaster

Management System. Normally, militarycommanders are members of the disasterco-ordinating body located in their area.

In major disasters, military units canbe requisitioned for emergency responseactions.

4. Legal Framework

The legal basis for emergency manage-ment activities is determined by thefollowing two laws:1. The Federal Law, “Emergency and Rescue Services and the Status of the Rescuer”, 14 July 1995;2. The Federal Law, “Protection of the Po-pulation and Territories against Emer-gencies of Natural and TechnologicalOrigin”, 11 November 1994.

In addition, there are approximately 100other legal documents at the federal levelthat deal with disaster management issues.This widespread legal basis, although itcovers many aspects, has several short-comings, i.e. laws that are developed bydifferent ministries occasionally contra-dict each other. In an attempt to remedythis situation, the “Program of Develop-ment of the Legal Basis of the Functio-ning of the Russian State System ofDisaster Management” has been devel-oped by the different ministries, depart-ments and authorities that make up theInteragency Commission for DisasterManagement.

The program contains proposals for theelaboration of drafted legal documents in

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five major areas of the Disaster Manage-ment System:1. State policy in the field of CivilDefence, plus the functions and devel-opment of the Disaster ManagementSystem.2. Protection of the population and theenvironment, plus peacetime and wartimeemergency prevention and response.3. Continuity of industry in emergencies.4. Logistic and financial support, andallotment of reserve funds;5. State supervision and control of Civil Defence activities and emergencyresponse preparedness.

In accordance with the above mentionedprogram, and in addition to already exis-ting laws, new laws for Civil Defenceand Natural Disasters are being develop-ed. When these laws come into effect, avariety of existing laws and decrees willbe invalid.

Contact: Ministry of the Russian Federation

for Civil Defence,

Emergencies and Elimination of the

Consequences of

Natural Disasters

(EMERCOM of Russia)

Mr. Yuri Brajnikov

Head of International

Co-operation Department

Teatralny proezd, 3

103012 Moscow

Russia

Telephone: +7 095 923 4045

Telefax: +7 095 924 8410

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Rudolf Schuster (1999–)


Mikulás Dzurinda (1998–)

Capital Bratislava


Area 49,036 sq. km






Council of Europe


Slovakia is a parliamentary democracy.The Slovak Republic was constituted on1 January 1993, following its separationfrom the former Czechoslovakia. Legis-lative power rests with the NationalCouncil, the Parliament (Narodna Rada).Executive power is shared between thePresident and the Government. TheGovernment is appointed by the Presidentupon the recommendation of the PrimeMinister. Both the President and theGovernment have extensive powers inrelation to Parliament.

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The Slovak Republic is organised ad-ministratively into eight counties, eachwith a County Authority. At regional levelthere are 79 districts, led by a DistrictAuthority; at local level there are 2,781municipalities. The municipal authoritiesand the tax offices (part of the stateadministration) are authorised to levytaxes. In 2001, self-governmental regionswere established in each county.


The Security Council, with its fourcommittees, has been established by the Constitutional Act of the NationalCouncil of the Slovak Republic on theSecurity of the State in Times of War,Warfare and State of Emergency. Withinthe Security Council, the Committee forCivil Emergency Planning deals with theco-ordination and planning of activitiesfor the provision of national security,protection of the population and economy,co-ordination of civil resources in supportof military operations, and internationalco-operation within the field of CivilEmergency Planning. The Committee is presided over by the Minister of theInterior. The Office of Civil Protectionserves as the secretariat.


The aims of Civil Protection, as specifiedin the Act on Civil Protection of thePopulation in January 1994, are to protectthe lives, health and property of thepopulation, and create conditions forsurvival under extraordinary circumstan-

ces. The act implies a new orientation ofthe Slovak concept of Civil Protection,i.e. from protection in times of war toprotection in times of peace.

An additional objective is to co-operatewith the corresponding institutions ofother countries in order to provide mutualemergency assistance.

The Slovak Civil Protection is responsi-ble for the following tasks:➤The organisation, management and

execution of rescue, containment and elimination activities, especially those involving the rescue of persons, provision of paramedical and medical care, release of trapped persons and transportation of the wounded.

➤The organisation and provision of warning and information services.

➤The provision of emergency supplies and shelter.

➤The provision of refuge and evacuation.➤The implementation of radiation

and chemical protection measures.➤The organisation and training of the

Civil Protection Forces, and the training of citizens in self-protection and self-assistance.

➤The evaluation and location of buildings according to land-use building procedures, and the observation of the technical parameters of Civil Protection facilities.

➤The support of publishing, scientific research and development activities in Civil Protection areas.

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In addition, Civil Protection includesthe complementary activities necessaryfor performing the above tasks, such asthe planning, organisation and provisionof material and technical resources, aswell as inspections.

These Civil Protection tasks shallcontinue to apply if a state of increasedpreparedness has been declared. Thescope of the tasks is stated in the Decreeon the Classification of the Territory ofthe Slovak Republic issued by the Govern-ment of the Slovak Republic.


The responsibility for Civil Protectiontasks lies with: ➤The Government.➤The ministries, other central public

administration bodies and public authorities.

➤The county authorities, district authorities and municipalities.

➤Legal entities and individuals.

The Ministry of the Interior is the centralauthority for the Slovak Civil Protection.Its Office for Civil Protection is responsi-ble for the administration of CivilProtection in co-operation with publicauthorities and municipalities. The Officefor Civil Protection also co-operates withpublic and legal institutions and civil/humanitarian associations.

The eight County Authorities and 79District Authorities are primarily respon-sible during civil emergencies. They canmake use of employees at plants, factories

and public legal institutions within theirterritory. The head of the District Autho-rity may request to deploy the MilitaryRescue Units for Civil Protection.

When carrying out Civil Protectiontasks, the Ministry of the Interior co-ope-rates with state bodies, municipalities, legalentities and individuals as well as “publicservice institutions with a humanitarianmission” (for example the Association ofRescue Services, the Mountain RescueService, the Slovak Red Cross, etc.). Civil Protection tasks include activeinvolvement in rescue, containment andelimination activities in disasters andemergency situations.

The Civil Protection Union is a volun-tary and politically independent CivilProtection organisation that carries outuniversal Civil Protection measures inthe spirit of the Geneva Agreements. Its activities include training programmes in self-protection, mutual assistance andpopulation protection during extraordi-nary events.

The association of Rescue Services andSystems of the Slovak Republic is a specialinterest association for all rescue servicesand systems. It operates all over thecountry and co-operates with similarorganisations in other countries. Itsmajor tasks are to co-ordinate voluntaryand individual rescue services and systems,co-operate with public authorities, andsecure the conditions necessary for Slovakrescue workers to fulfil their mission.

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As enacted by law, the Ministry of Defenceguarantees the support of the Army tothe Slovak Republic in emergency re-sponse activities.

Special status is granted to the Fire andRescue Corps. These Corps carry outrescue, localisation and elimination acti-vities in emergencies. Their tasks includesearch and rescue, fire fighting operati-ons, removal of dangerous substancesafter industrial accidents, rescue activitiesduring floods, epidemics, etc.

4. Legal Framework

The legal framework for the CivilProtection activities comprises of thefollowing acts and orders:1. The Act of the National Council ofSlovak Republic No. 42/1994 Coll. onCivil Protection of the Population, as wor-ded in later amendments.

2. The Act of the National Council ofSlovak Republic No. 129/2002 Coll. onIntegrated Rescue Systems.

3. The Act of the National Council ofSlovak Republic No. 387/2002 Coll. onCrisis Management of the State in Warand Warfare.

4. The Act of the National Council ofSlovak Republic No. 261/2002 Coll.on the Prevention of Major IndustrialAccidents and on the amendments ofsome acts.

5. The Constitutional Act No. 227/2002Coll. on the Security of the State inTimes of War, Warfare and State ofEmergency.

6. Order No. 297/1994 Coll. on Constru-ctions/Technical Building Requirementsand Technical Conditions of the Faciliti-es in Terms of the Civil Protection Needs.

7. Order No. 75/1995 Coll. on the Provi-sion of Evacuation.

8. Order No. 300/1996 Coll. on theProvision of Population Protection inProduction, Transport and Handling ofDangerous Substances.

9. Order No. 303/1996 Coll. on the Pro-vision of Training for Civil Protection.

10. Order No. 314/1998 Coll. on Details in Provision of Economy of Civil Protection Material.

11. Order No. 348/1998 Coll. on the Pro-vision of the Technical and OperationalConditions of the Civil Protection Infor-mation System.

12. Order No. 557/2002 Coll. on the Sta-te Budget Expenses for the CivilProtection of Population.

13. Order No. 201/2002 Coll. on theProvision of the Organisation of theCivil Protection Units and the Rescue,Containment and Elimination Operations.

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Contact: Civil Protection Office

Mr. Milan Sisulak, Director General

Ministry of the Interior of the

Slovak Republic

Drienová Str. 22

826 04 Bratislava

Slovakia

Telephone: +421 2 43 41 11 90

Telefax: +421 2 43 41 10 95


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Slovenia

Republika Slovenija



Janez Drnovsek (2002–)


Anton Rop (2002–)

Capital Ljubljana


Area 20,256 sq. km






Council of Europe


Slovenia is a republic based on parlia-mentary democracy. The highest legislativeauthority is the unicameral NationalAssembly (Drzavni zbor). The Presidentof the Republic of Slovenia is the Headof State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. Executive power isvested in the Government, which is overseen by the Prime minister and 14other ministers. The Prime Minister ischosen by the Parliament (NationalAssembly) and appointed by the Presidentof the Republic.

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The country (State Administration) isorganised into 58 administrative units forthe purposes of territorial administration.For civil emergency planning purposes, 8 defence administrations and 13 regionaloffices of the Administration for CivilProtection and Disaster Relief representterritorial parts within the Ministry ofDefence.

Local government in Slovenia is dividedinto 192 municipalities. Municipalitiesare responsible for local issues. A Mayorrepresents a municipality and is the headof the municipal administration.


In order to insure national security, theRepublic of Slovenia (rs) is currentlydeveloping a national security systemwith three subsystems: a defence system,an interior security system and a systemfor protection from natural and otherdisasters.

The defence system includes militaryand civil defence. The defence systemcomprises a variety of mechanisms andprovides for the security of Slovenia inthe area of defence.

The military defence of the Republicof Slovenia is carried out by the SlovenianArmed Forces. Internal defence is carriedout by the police, the public prosecutor,legislative bodies, monitoring and inspe-ction bodies as well as other institutionsthat contribute to internal stability andsecurity.

Essential elements of the civil emergencyplanning structure can be found in thesystems of civil defence and protectionfrom natural disasters, taking into acco-unt that:1. Civil defence comprises the measuresand activities of state authorities, localself-government authorities, businesscorporations, institutions and otherorganisations and citizens, as well ashuman resources that supplement andsupport the national military defencethrough non-military means and met-hods, assure continuous operation of the Government as well as the supplysystem, and the protection and survival of citizens in the event of emergencies,war or crises. Civil defence includes thedefence measures of authorities, economicdefence, psychological defence and otherforms of unarmed resistance.

2. The system of protection from naturaland other disasters is compact in terms of standards, organisation, functions and monitoring. The system provides for the protection of people, animals,property, cultural heritage and the environ-ment and operates in peacetime andother situations, such as emergencies andwar. The major objectives are to preventnatural and other disasters, determineand monitor the likelihood of accidentsand notify appropriate authorities ofthese possibilities, conduct preparationsand measures for protection and rescue,and reduce or abolish the effects ofdisasters.

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2.1.1 Protection from Natural and Other Disasters

The basic tasks included in the systemfor protection from natural and otherdisasters are: to study natural and otherdata related to the probability of disastersoccurring; to notify the appropriate aut-horities and issue warnings of imminentdanger; to implement measures fordisaster prevention and, thus reduce theafter-effects; to establish and maintainpreparedness measures; to implementprotection, rescue and relief measures in the event of a disaster; to prevent se-condary effects and maintain basic livingconditions in affected areas; participatein international co-operation efforts, andprovide assistance to other countriesaffected by natural and other disasters.

2.1.2 Civil Defence

The civil defence contributes to theimplementation of national security anddefence objectives by planning measuresthat ensure the continuous functioningof authorities in the event of emergencies,war and crises. It does that by providingfor the independent action of authoritiesboth in the country and in the internati-onal community and by providing formeasures to maintain the functionalcapabilities of the Slovenian economy as well as measures for psychologicaldefence and the conduct of defence bycitizens. Since one of the basic objectivesof national defence is to maintain peaceand stability, the main portion of civildefence tasks are related to co-operation

as regards international efforts. There-fore, one of the basic tasks of nationalsecurity is to staff and support the militarydefence of the country and participatealong with the Slovenian Armed Forcesin peace support operations. Other tasksare: to provide for the continuous func-tion of the authorities; to provide for thecontinuous function of economic andother activities essential to the life andwork of the people; to ensure publicawareness in Slovenia and abroad, and to stimulate motivation for nationaldefence along with the conduct ofpsychological defence measures.

Slovenia is therefore implementing thefollowing objectives in the area of civildefence:➤ Measures of governmental and state bodies:

to provide for a continuous functioningof the authorities throughout the territory of the Republic of Slovenia and to maintain independent actions for the Republic of Slovenia in all social areas and situations, in both the country itself and the international community.

➤ Economic defence: to maintain the functional economic capacity and to provide for the continual operation of economic and other activities, in particular industry, energy, agriculture, traffic, information and communication,as well as medical care, thus effectively supporting military defence and providing regular and sufficient supplies for the population.

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➤ Psychological defence: to maintain formal and informal communication in times of war between the government and other authorities, the media and public, to strengthen defence preparednessamongst citizens.

➤ Other non-military forms of defence: tomake national citizen defence or non-violent resistance against an aggressor possible.


2.2.1 Protection from Disasters

The National Assembly of Slovenia isresponsible for: establishing directives for measures that must be introduced toprotect the population in the event ofnatural or other disasters; approvingnational programs for protection in theevent of disasters; supervising the execu-tion of protective measures; and makingdecisions regarding the financial fundingof measures that must be introduced tolessen the after-effects of major naturaldisasters.

The Government supervises the workof the various ministries in the disasterprotection sphere. The ministries areresponsible for implementing measuresto prevent natural and other disasters,and for dealing with the results of suchdisasters within their own areas of re-sponsibility. The ministries are also re-sponsible for ensuring that organisationsand activities within their own area ofresponsibility are prepared. The nationalprotection and rescue plans (approved bythe Government) define the tasks of the

Government, the ministries and govern-ment services. The Government is alsodirectly involved in protection, rescueand relief, and is responsible for mitigatingthe effects of exceptionally severe disasters.It co-ordinates assistance and relief effortsin the event of major disasters at interna-tional level.

The Ministry of Defence organises,develops and implements administrativeand professional matters related to prote-ction in the event of natural or otherdisasters. One of two subordinate agenciesresponsible for civil emergency planningis the Administration for Civil Protectionand Disaster Relief, which is responsiblefor administrative and professional dutiesrelated to the system for protection fromnatural and other disasters. The other isthe Civil Defence Agency, which carriesout tasks related to civil defence (see§2.2.2).

Administrative and professional tasksrelated to protection in the event ofnatural or other disasters at the regionallevel are performed by the Administrationfor Civil Protection and Disaster Reliefand its 13 regional offices.

State tasks at national and regionallevels also include regulating the system;planning development projects and rese-arch activities; assessing risk and nationalprotection, rescue and relief plans;organising supplies of equipment fornational forces in the field and for searchand rescue; organising and managingprotection, rescue and relief in the eventof major disasters; organising and imple-

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menting a unified system of observation,notification and warning; assessing thedamage caused by disasters; assisting localcommunities in the elimination of theconsequences of a disaster; inspecting the implementation of regulations andregulating inter-state and internationalco-operation in this area.

The Mayor is responsible for organisingprotection in the event of national andother disasters. In larger local communi-ties, administrative and professional dutiesare carried out by the local administration.In smaller local communities, these dutiesare carried out by protection and rescueadvisors. One special service may carryout these duties for several small localcommunities.

The tasks of local communities alsoinclude: monitoring possible disasterconditions in their area; notifying autho-rities and operating alarm systems;analysing risk assessments; planning and implementing protective measures;organising and developing individual and collective protection; organising Civil Protection; providing temporaryaccommodation for the population;implementing training programs withinmunicipalities; organising and managingprotection, rescue and relief in the eventof a disaster and eliminating the consequ-ences after disasters.

Rescue and relief management in theevent of a disaster is carried out by thecommanders for Civil Protection (national,regional and local), the various head-quarters for Civil Protection (national,

regional and local), other advisory bodiesand commanders of units, services andother operational systems. The comman-der may decide upon intervention inindividual cases. The commander and the leader of rescue interventions holdadditional authorizations, which enablethem to take protective action and carryout protective and rescue actions.

2.2.2. Civil Defence

Lessons learned from modern wars andcrises prove that events can be intensiveand situations change rapidly. Authoritiesmust make rapid decisions. Decision-making bodies need effective support in the form of crisis management mecha-nisms, to help analyse a situation andprepare possible responses and, at thesame time, enable the rapid transmissionof these decisions to the appropriatelevels of leadership in order to carry outcivil defence measures.

The national Assembly adopts laws,monitors the defence system and approvesthe defence budget. In relation to orga-nising and conducting civil defence tasks,it has no direct authority. Based on recom-mendations by the Government and attimes when the National Assembly cannothold meetings, the President of the Re-public declares war or a state of emergency.In this situation, the President adoptsregulations related to defence and decideson the deployment of the SlovenianArmed Forces and the introduction ofmateriel, working duties and generalmobilisation.

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The Republic of Slovenia Governmenthas standardised the organisation, prepa-ration and leadership of civil defence inorder to lead and conduct tasks in thearea of civil defence. The National Secu-rity Council and the National OperativeStaff also have important roles in civildefence by co-ordinating activities withother elements of the national securityand defence systems.

The Ministry of Defence organises,develops and implements administrativeand professional matters related to civildefence.

The Civil Defence Agency carries outtasks related to civil defence (economicdefence, defence measures of authoritiesand other bodies, psychological defenceand other non-military forms of defence).Tasks related to civil defence (standardisa-tion and preparations for implementation)at regional level are performed by theeight administrative bodies.

The Ministries conduct preparationsfor civil defence and civil defence measuresin the area of their responsibilities.Administrative units at the local level of public (state) management conductpreparations related to civil defence basedon guidelines from the appropriate mini-stries.

Local self-government bodies andagencies prepare only the necessaryamount of defence documents by deter-mining organisational and operationalmethods, which provide for the continu-ous conduct of tasks in their own area ofresponsibility.

The Republic of Slovenia Governmenthas determined eleven business corpora-tions, institutions and other organisationsthat are especially significant for nationaldefence and essential for maintainingsupplies to the Slovenian Armed Forcesand citizens, as well as the economy.Civil defence preparations are also con-ducted by business corporations, institu-tions and other organisations, whichhave all signed contracts to supply theSlovenian Armed Forces and other ele-ments responsible for the national securitysystem

In 2003, the National Crisis Manage-ment Center will start working withinthe Ministry of Defence. The centre willact as a co-ordination body for activitiesrelated to civil emergency planning andcrisis management at the national level,and will be activated in times of crises.


Civil-military co-operation is an essentialelement of preparedness within thedefence system and the system for pro-tection from natural and other disasters.The Slovenian Government (the Ministerof Defence, on a proposal from theChief Commander of Civil Protection,or the Chief of the General Staff basedon the authorisation of the Minister ofDefence) can activate the Armed Forcesin the event of a disaster. The concept of preparation includes civil defenceparticipation in international peacesupport and humanitarian operations.

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4. Legal Framework

The Law on Defence and the Law onProtection from Natural and OtherDisasters provide the legal framework for civil emergency planning in Slovenia.These laws define basic systematic solu-tions and establish the relations for otherfield-related legislation.

Contact: The Ministry of Defence

Administration for Civil Protection

and Disaster Relief

Kardeljeva ploscad 21

1000 Ljubljana

Slovenia

Telephone: +386 1 471 3322

Telefax: +386 1 431 8117


Civil Defence Agency

Kardeljeva ploscad 25

1000 Ljubljana

Slovenia

Telephone: +386 1 431 8011

Telefax: +386 1 431 8006


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Spain

España


Spain is a parliamentary monarchy. Theexecutive power rests with the Govern-ment constituted by the Prime Minister(“President of the Government”) and theCouncil of Ministers. The monarch ap-points the Prime Minister on the adviceof the Parliament, approves all legislationand commands the Armed Forces. Thereis also a Council of State functioning asthe supreme consultative organ of theGovernment. The legislative power rests

Bay of Biscay

Andorra

Portugal

Mediterranean Sea

Morocco

Atlantic Ocean

France

Spain

Madrid



Juan Carlos I (1975–)

Head of Government Prime Minister José

María Aznar (1996–)

Capital Madrid


Area 504,750 sq. km





164

with the bicameral Parliament (Cortes)composed of a Congress and a Senate.

Spain is divided into 17 autonomousregions (communidades autónomas), eachwith its own elected regional parliament,government and president. The auton-omous regions are divided into 50 provinces, headed by a provincialgovernment and a popularly electedprovincial council. Local government iscomposed of approximately 8,000 muni-cipalities, each with a municipal council.


The Spanish Civil Emergency Planningsystem consists of three main compo-nents:1. The Delegate Commission of theGovernment for Crisis Situations (the “Crisis Cabinet”)2. The National Civil EmergencyPlanning Committee (ncepc), an inter-ministerial support body 3. The Department for Civil Defence


Civil Protection in Spain is defined asthe physical protection of the populationand goods in cases of severe risk, publiccalamity, or extraordinary catastrophe inwhich the lives and physical integrity ofthe people are endangered.

cep activities concern mainly provisionor mobilisation of civil resources andservices that are needed to meet thedemands of National Defence. There arethree main areas of support: defence ofthe nation, protection of the population

and protection of specific resource sectors.The specific resource sectors work on aday to day basis, and can be mobilisedimmediately in the case of catastrophe orfor the needs of national defence.


A. The Delegate Commission of theGovernment for Crisis Situations (cdgscor the “Crisis Cabinet”) was created in1986. It consists of the Prime Ministerand the Deputy Prime Ministers (i.e. the President and Vice Presidents of theGovernment), and the Ministers ofForeign Affairs, Defence, Economy andFinance, and the Interior.

The task of the Crisis Cabinet is todirect and co-ordinate all actions relatedto the prevention, control and manage-ment of crisis situations. Decision-makingresponsibilities lie with the Prime Minister.

B. The National Civil Emergency Plan-ning Committee (ncepc), an inter-mini-sterial support body for the Crisis Cabi-net, was created in 1987. This committee(equivalent to nato:s Civil EmergencyPlanning Directorate – cepd), is mainlyconcerned with tasks related to theprovision and implementation of non-military resources in situations of crisisor emergency. The Committee is sub-ordinate to the Ministry for Govern-mental Presidency.

165

The National Civil Emergency PlanningCommittee has the following functions:➤ To issue planning directives for

different emergency plans, related to objectives, alternatives, and the determination of time limits in order to plan for the different hypothetical crisis situations that are formulated by the Delegate Commission of the Government for Crisis Situations (the Crisis Cabinet).

➤ To co-ordinate the different plans for resource contribution designed by the Sectorial Committees, and to send them to the Crisis Cabinet for approval.

➤ To inform the Crisis Cabinet periodically about the state of preparedness in relation to crisis or emergency situations.

➤ To represent Spain in nato:s Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee (scepc) and participate in their work.

Nationally, ncepc functions as an inter-mediate organisation, with the CrisisCabinet on one side, from which itreceives directives and crisis hypotheses,and the Sectorial Committees on theother, which it directs and controls.Internationally, the ncepc is Spain’srepresentative organisation in nato:sscepc.

The ncepc has a co-ordinating rolewithin Spanish cep and is situated at thetop of Civil Defence’s organisational

structure. It can meet either in plenaryor permanent sessions. The Committeeconsists of the Crisis Cabinet Secretaryas the President, the Director Generalfor Defence Policy as the First VicePresident, the Director General for CivilProtection as Second Vice President andthe Under Director for Civil Preparednessas the Secretary. Some of the othermembers are the Director of the CrisisStaff Department and the CommitteePresident’s Advisor for Defence andSecurity.

The Under-Directorate for CivilPreparedness functions as a permanentsupport body for the ncepc. The Under-Directorate was created in order to co-ordinate and manage the participation ofother ministries within Civil Defence.

C. The Department for Civil Defencemanages ministerial participation andco-ordinates the participation of otherdepartments within Civil Defence. This department is subordinate to theMinistry of Defence.


Civil-military co-operation in Spain iscarried out in cases of emergency andupon request by civil authorities. (RealOrdinances Law and Basic JudgementLaw from the National Defence). Arequest for co-operation can be made bycivil authorities through the Minister ofthe Interior. In cases of emergency, therequest can also be made verbally butshould be confirmed as soon as possible

166

in writing. Refusal to co-operate isregarded as a criminal offence (Law for Military Penal Code).

One of the tasks of the Armed Forcesis to create a national alarm network inco-ordination with the different bodieswithin the Ministry of Defence (CivilProtection Law).

The Armed Forces can be employed tocarry out support to any public service.Responsibility for the execution of suchsupport action rests with the military com-mand, although not for the preparation.

4. Legal Framework

The legal framework for Civil EmergencyPlanning in Spain is based upon thefollowing laws and decrees:

1. Decree 1125/1976:➤ Establishes civil-military co-operation

rules during emergency situations.➤ Settles procedures of request for the co-

operation of the Armed Forces during;A. a normal situation – from the Minister of the Interior to the Minister of Defence B. in an urgent situation – from the Civil Authorities (delegates or sub-delegates of the Government) to Territorial Military Authorities (regional military commanders).

➤ Specifies that the Military Authoritiesshall be informed of and participate in the emergency plans produced by the Civil Authorities (at state, regional and local levels) and that they shall have prepared response plans.

2. Organic Law 1/1980 about NationalDefence: ➤ Stipulates that the Government shall

arrange the contribution of whatever kind of resource that is necessary (human, material, etc., public or private).

➤ Defines the Civil Defence concept (Civil Preparedness), i.e. the standing availability of all human, material and non-military resources in order to manage major disasters.

➤ Establishes that the Armed Forces will co-operate at the request of civil authorities.

3. Organic Law 4/1981 about warning, exceptions and siege situations: ➤ Defines the above-mentioned situations,

establishing the procedures for declaring those situations and the measures that are to be taken in each case.

4. Law 2/1985 about Civil Protection, andthe legal arrangements derived of that law:➤ Defines the Civil Protection concept:

A. Identifies the natural and technologicalhazards for which plans should be made: nuclear and chemical hazards, war, forest blazes, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and transport of hazardous goods.B. Indicates the administrative territorial levels for which elaborate Civil Protection plans should be made: local, supra-municipal, insular, provincial, regional and state levels.

➤ Establishes guidelines for planning.

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5. Prime Minister’s National DefenceGuideline 1/1986: ➤ Creates a Crisis Management National

System and a Civil Preparedness National System, compatible and comparable with those of the Atlantic Alliance.

6. Royal Decree 2639/1986: ➤ Creates the Crisis Cabinet, its

composition and its functions. The Crisis Cabinet is the leading authority of the Crisis Management National System.

7. Royal Decree 163/1987: ➤ Creates a Crisis Management

Directorate, as working support of the system.

8. Ministers Council Agreement, dated 15 January, 1988:➤ Creates the National Civil Emergency

Planning Committee (cnpce) its composition and its functions;

➤ Creates the Sectorial Working Committees, dependent upon cnpce, for the following sectors: food and drinking water, industry and raw materials, energy, health, civil landing, shipping and aerial transports, civil communications and shelter (protection of the population).

9. Royal Decree 1883/1996:➤ Establishes the new structure of the

Ministry of Defence. This document

defines the functions of the Policy of Defence Directorate, i.e., concerning Civil Preparedness, Civil Emergency Planning and the Armed Forces co-operation in disaster relief operations.

Contact: Civil Preparedness

Div. Gen. José Antonio Beltrán Doña

Deputy Director General

DIGENPOL / Ministry of Defence

Pº de la Castellana 109

28071 Madrid

Spain

Telephone: +34 91 395 57 25

Telefax: +34 91 395 51 08

168

Sweden

Sverige



Carl XVI Gustaf (1973–)


Göran Persson (1996–)

Capital Stockholm


Area 449,964 sq. km




Council of Europe

Sweden

Finland

Norway

Baltic Sea

Gulf of Bothnia

NorwegianSea

North Sea

Denmark

Stockholm


Sweden is a constitutional monarchy anda parliamentary democracy. The politicalpower rests with the Cabinet, which iscollectively responsible for all Governmentdecisions. Administrative authorities,which are relatively independent, areconnected to the various ministries andresponsible for the implementation oflaws, although they can make independentdecisions within their own areas ofresponsibility and budgets.

169

The regional authority is organised into21 counties (län), each with a CountyGovernor and County AdministrativeBoard, and is directly subordinate to theGovernment. At local level, there are 290municipalities, each led by a MunicipalExecutive Board, which is appointed byan elected Municipal Council.

The municipalities are entitled to levyincome taxes, and they provide a widerange of essential services.


The Swedish structure for Civil Emer-gency Planning has undergone a com-prehensive change since 2002. The crisismanagement capabilities of the munici-palities and counties have been enhanced.The new structure is based on a holisticperspective, aimed at developing society’srobustness and its ability to cope withboth wartime crises and severe peacetimeemergencies.

The concept of Total Defence is stillimportant to Swedish cep, as is theconcept of Protection and Preparednessagainst Accidents and Major Emergenciesduring Peacetime.

Total Defence is defined as the range ofactivities that are required to ensure thatSweden is prepared for war. In heightenedstates of alert, Total Defence encompassesall public services that must be maintainedat such times. Total Defence consists ofmilitary operations (military defence)and civil operations (civil defence). Theconcept behind Total Defence is thatmodern warfare is total and affects all

parts of society. Co-ordination betweencivil and military resources is thereforeessential to withstanding the impact ofwar.

Civil defence encompasses all the non-military activities in society that mustcontinue to function during wartime. In peacetime, civil defence comprises all activities that enhance the ability ofsociety to resist an armed attack.

The other important concept is morerelated to peacetime, where the aim is toreduce the risks and consequences ofmajor peacetime emergencies due to actsof either nature or man. Swedish cepfocuses on Protection and Preparednessagainst Major Emergencies during Peace-time, rather than accidents that occur ina normally functioning society.

In the event of major peacetime emer-gencies, personal life, security and healthshould be safeguarded, and damage toproperty and the environment should beprevented or minimized.


The tasks and objectives of Swedish cep are to:➤ Protect the civilian population, ensure

essential supplies, safeguard the most important public services and support the Armed Force’s capacities for resisting an armed attack on Sweden or its vicinity.

➤ Reinforce overall capabilities for dealing with severe peacetime emergencies.

170

➤ Contribute to international peace-keeping and humanitarian operations.

The extended international task ofSwedish cep is to increase the capacityfor dealing with a wide spectrum ofsituations and emergencies, ranging from international confidence-buildingmeasures to co-ordinated crisis manage-ment in complex emergencies. cep shouldbe able to provide and co-ordinate a widerange of resources that extend beyondtraditional rescue services.

Three principles underlie this newstructure:1. A party that is normally responsible fora certain task/service will be responsiblefor the same task/service during a crisis.2. The crisis management organisationwill resemble the ordinary organisation asfar as possible.3. A crisis will be managed at local levelwith the support of regional and nationallevels where necessary.


The Ministry of Defence has overallpolitical responsibility for Swedish cep,but many authorities at central level areassigned specific tasks by the Govern-ment during crisis situations.

Responsibilities are delegated to thethree different levels of government –central, regional, and local. Operationalcep functions are co-ordinated by theSwedish Emergency Management Agency(central level), the County Administrative

Boards (regional level) and the MunicipalExecutive Boards (local level).

The Swedish Emergency ManagementAgency (sema or kbm [Krisberedskaps-myndigheten]) was established on July 1,2002, with the purpose of co-ordinatingsociety’s work with emergency manage-ment.

sema took over some of the tasks of thenow defunct Swedish Agency for CivilEmergency Planning (öcb), and the Boardof Psychological Defence (spf), which isstill in existence. sema’s most importanttask is to activate and support cep activitiesin other authorities, aimed at reducingsociety’s vulnerability and increasingSweden’s emergency management capacity.

The County Administrative Board isthe regional representative of centralgovernment in a county, and responsiblefor co-ordinating cep issues.

The Municipal Executive Board is thehighest cep authority at local level.

Swedish municipalities have a largedegree of autonomy in civil defence and civil emergency planning. They areresponsible for planning preparednesswork at local level. During crises and war,the Municipal Executive Board is thehighest civilian authority within municipalborders, and responsible for civiliancommand and crisis management at locallevel. However, the Municipal ExecutiveBoard has the possibility to delegate thisresponsibility to other authorities.

Many of society’s activities are highlyinterdependent. For example, societywould not continue to function effectively

171

without electricity, telecommunicationsand it. To ensure that emergency mana-gement work accounts for this inter-dependence, the planning and resourceallocation for peacetime emergencypreparedness and civil defence is organisedinto six “co-ordination areas”:➤ Technical infrastructure.➤ Transport.➤ Spreading of dangerous infectious

substances, toxic chemicals, and radioactive fallout.

➤ Economic security.➤ Overall co-ordination, interaction

and information.➤ Protection, rescue and care.

A number of public authorities are repre-sented in each co-ordination area. Theirtask is to co-ordinate activities, thus re-ducing the vulnerability and enhancingthe emergency management capabilitiesof their own areas. They are also expectedto ensure co-ordination with the businesssector, the Municipal Executive Boardsand the County Administrative Boards.sema is responsible for the overall integra-tion of this planning and resource allocati-on process, and ensures that co-ordinationareas interact in an organised manner.

All Swedish authorities are obliged tocarry out risk and vulnerability analysisin their own areas, however, in an effortto strengthen their own, and Sweden’s,emergency management capacity.


Civil-military co-operation is carried out

at all administrative levels and includesplanning, training and exercises. Militaryand civilian command as well as mana-gement bodies can be deployed jointly ina crisis. This facilitates close co-operationas well as a mutual exchange of informa-tion. Due to the changes currently takingplace within civil defence, civil-militaryco-operation at all levels is also underreview.

At national level, sema and the SwedishArmed Forces Headquarters co-ordinatecivil-military activities. Military resourceswill support civilian authorities duringsevere peacetime emergencies, whichmeans that the joint utilisation ofresourcesmust be effective. Civil-military co-ope-ration in long-term planning, exercises,international activities and joint reportsto the Government is prioritised in thisfield.

At regional level, civilian and militaryco-operation includes planning for regio-nal crises as well as local training andexercises.

Some 23 voluntary defence organisa-tions are involved in both the civil andmilitary aspects of cep (e.g. the HomeGuard, Civil Defence League, etc). They are all independent and non-profitassociations. In co-operation with theauthorities, these voluntary defenceorganisations inform, recruit and trainvolunteers for emergency preparednessand war situations.

4. Legal Framework

The Swedish Constitution of 1975 states

that Riksdagen (the Parliament) is theforemost representative of the people.The Parliament passes laws, determinestaxes and state expenditures, and super-vises and controls the Government andits authorities. In addition, the Parlia-ment reviews the Government and theadministration of the country. In mostcases, the Government provides a propo-sal for decisions made by the Parliamentin the form of draft bills.

In Parliament, 16 standing committeesdeal with draft bills. The ParliamentaryStanding Committee on Defence is re-sponsible for all defence issues that are tobe decided by the Parliament.

The Government rules the countryand is responsible for the managementof national affairs. The Governmenttogether with the Parliament makedecisions about foreign policy.

In the event of war or imminent threatof war, a War Delegation supersedes theParliament. This delegation is appointedby the Parliament and consists speciallyelected Members of Parliament. Duringwar or the imminent threat of war, go-vernmental tasks may also be delegatedto subordinate authorities, such as theCounty Administrative Boards.

The Act on Increased EmergencyPreparedness (1992:1403) and the newOrdinance on Measures for PeacetimeCrisis Management and HeightenedStates of Alert (2002:472) stipulate waysin which increased civil emergencypreparedness should take place. Thelatter replaced the Emergency Prepared-

ness Ordinance (1993:242) due to thenew goals for civil defence, security andpreparedness in society. At local andregional level, the Act on ExtraordinaryEvents during Peacetime in Municipalitiesand County Councils (2002:833) wasrecently approved to enhance the crisismanagement capabilities of MunicipalExecutive Boards and County Admini-strative Boards.

Contact: The Swedish Emergency

Management Agency

Ms. Johanna Enberg,

Co-ordinator International Relations

P.O. Box 599

SE-101 31 Stockholm

Sweden

Telephone: +46 8 593 710 00

Telefax: +46 8 593 710 01

E-mail: johanna.enberg@

krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se

Website: www.

krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se

172

173

Switzerland

Schweiz

Suisse

Svizzera


Head of State Kasper Villiger (2003)

Capital Bern


Area 41,290 sq. km




Council of Europe


Switzerland has been a federal state since1848. There are three levels of govern-ment: federal, cantonal (26 cantons) andmunicipal (about 3,000 municipalities).The federal government, the FederalCouncil, is a collegial body consisting of seven members (federal councillors/ministers). The President of the Swiss

Austria

Switzerland

Germany

Italy

Liechtenstein

France

Bern

174

Confederation is appointed each year byParliament for a period of one year; theposition rotates within the seven membersof government on the basis of seniority.The President functions as ‘primus interpares’. The seven councillors/ministers arecollectively responsible for the decisionsof the government. Each councillor/minister heads one of the seven ministries,known as federal Departments.

Switzerland is a combination of directand parliamentary democracy (“semi-direct democracy”) with far-reachingpopular voting rights (elections, popularballots, people’s initiatives, referenda andpetitions). The Parliament (or UnitedFederal Assembly) comprises two cham-bers with equal status: the Council ofStates, representing the 26 cantons, andthe National Council, representing thepeople. The Parliament adopts laws, elects the members of the Federal Council,the Supreme Court judges, and, in caseof war, a Supreme Commander of theArmy.

The cantons of Switzerland have alarge degree of autonomy. Each has itsown constitution, government andparliament. The municipalities enjoyself-government to an extent determinedby the canton.



The tasks and objectives of cep aredefined in the constitution, in laws andby-laws. The main objective is to protect

the civilian population and the suppliesof basic resources. The main task is toprevent and to be prepared for majorcrises.


In case of an emergency, a structure is setup in a flexible and co-operative mannerin order to meet the needs of the prev-ailing situation, depending on the scale,intensity, potential danger or geographicalarea affected. cep can involve co-operationamong all three administrative levels,different governmental services, and theprivate sector.

During emergencies which overwhelmthe capacities of the cantons, the federalstate will take action. There is no perma-nent federal operational cep structure,but the state will be able to use resourcesthat have been appointed and trained for deployment in extraordinary events,both inside and outside the country. For the federal government, internationalbilateral and multilateral co-operation isconsidered to be crucial.

Because of the autonomy enjoyed byboth the cantons and the municipalities,cep structures differ at each administrativelevel. There, and at regional levels, themain parties involved are police, firebrigade, and civil protection units.Cantons and municipalities are alsoauthorised to conclude agreements withone or several counterparts at equivalentlevels to ensure cep co-operation. Thesecounterparts may be located withinSwitzerland or in neighbouring countries.

175

Structure of CEP at Federal Level,Operations inside Switzerland:

➤ Civil ProtectionThe Civil Protection system comprisesthree legal obligations: to organise, tobuild shelters and to take part in CivilProtection service. The aim is to protectthe population from the adverse effectsof catastrophes, emergencies and armedconflicts, and to help deal with suchsituations. All males between the ages of 20 and 40 who hold full civil rightsare obliged to take part in Civil Protec-tion service, provided they are fit forwork and not under any obligation to do military service, or employed in acivilian activity which performs a cep-auxiliary service such as police, fireservice, etc.

The body in charge at federal level isthe Federal Office for Civil Protection.The tasks of Civil Protection at this levelcomprise drafting legislation, controland management, research and develop-ment, and the training of top staff. CivilProtection at cantonal level involvesimplementing federal regulations andcomplying with the regulations of neigh-bourly and regional assistance. Thecantons have a management staff (cpCommand) that stands prepared foremergencies. This unit includes a coregroup of high-ranking civil servants fromconcerned sectors and module-like cellsof experts. Finally, Civil Protection atmunicipal and regional level is responsiblefor implementing federal and cantonal

measures, ensuring the protection of thepopulation and establishing a CivilProtection organisation. The bulk ofoperational Civil Protection resourcesand other means for dealing with arelocated at this level.

➤ Army/Air ForceAccording to both law and practice, ifcivilian means are insufficient, the Swissarmy and the air force can be deployedto assist civilian authorities (at all levels)during emergency situations in Switzer-land and abroad. Typical situationsrequiring army/air force support includelarge-scale natural disasters or disasterscaused by technical failure. Such deploy-ment is based on the principle of subsi-diarity. The number of troops deployeddepends on the scale of the disaster. Tro-op organisation and formation are usual-ly ad hoc and involve rescue troops, logi-stics and medical units. They are usuallymade up of persons serving as conscriptsin the roughly 140.000-strong army andair force. Rescue troops are ready for de-ployment inside and outside Switzerlandwithin a few hours, all year round.

➤ National Emergency Operations Centre (neoc)The National Emergency OperationsCentre (neoc) is the federal agencyresponsible for dealing with emergenciessuch as radioactivity, large-scale chemicalaccidents, dam breaks and overspills, and the threat of satellite re-entry. neoc is on permanent 24-hour duty.

176

It alerts the authorities and can proposeappropriate countermeasures.

➤ Federal Office for National Economic Supply

Measures for ensuring the supply ofbasic goods and services (stockpiling,rationing, allocation systems, transportmanagement etc.) are only adopted if theprivate sector is no longer able to meetnational needs. Such situations could bepolitical or economic crisis, technicalfailure, natural disasters or terroristattacks. These measures are the task ofthe Federal Office of National EconomicSupply, which co-operates closely withthe private sector and with cantonal andmunicipal authorities.

The office has a permanent staff of 35.It is headed by a delegate from the privatesector who is appointed by the FederalCouncil and who reports directly to theFederal Department of Economic Affairs.Cantonal and municipal authorities areresponsible for implementing nationaleconomic supply measures.

Structure of CEP at Cantonal, Regionaland Municipal Level, Operations insideSwitzerland:Fire departments provide support unitswith rapid-response capacities. If necessa-ry, these units can be reinforced by neigh-bouring fire departments and by rescueplatoons of Civil Protection personnel.Local technical services provide the neces-sary infrastructure such as water, sewage,electricity, gas, etc. Health and medical

services also include special rescue servicessuch as air transport, civil protection re-sources and volunteers. Inter-cantonalpolice support is regulated and ensuredby special agreements.

Structure of CEP for Operations Abroad:➤ Department for Humanitarian Aid The Department for Humanitarian Aidand the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit(sha) of the Swiss Agency for Develop-ment and Co-operation (sdc) carries outthe humanitarian aid tasks of the SwissConfederation. These include prevention,rescue, help for survivors, reconstructionand advocacy. Federal humanitarian aidis only provided outside of Switzerland.The Head of the Department – theDelegate for Humanitarian Aid andHead of sha – has a large degree ofdecision-making autonomy in order toensure rapid response.

➤Civil Protection and Army/Air Force Units; Cantonal and Municipal Level

The federal government, the bordercantons and border municipalities are allable to mobilise Civil Protection unitsfor cross border operations to supporttheir counterparts in neighbouring coun-tries. The army and the air force, uponthe decision of the Federal Government,can be deployed in civil emergenciesoutside of Switzerland with the above-mentioned types of military units.


In this context, the term civil-military

177

co-operation refers to subsidiary supportfrom civil protection or army units tocivilian organisations, in situations wherecivilian means for coping with a disasterare exhausted. This can apply bothwithin Switzerland and abroad.

When operating in Switzerland, CivilProtection and army units will be underthe direction of the responsible municipal,cantonal or federal authority. Whendeployed in other countries, units will beunder the overall direction of the com-petent authorities of the state concernedor an international organisation such asthe un.

4. Legal Framework

The legal basis for cep is set out in theSwiss constitution. The constitution inforce until the end of 1999 was replacedon January 1, 2000, by a new constitutionaccepted by the Swiss population andthe cantons in a referendum held onApril 18, 1999. The new constitution didnot change cep substantially, even if lawsand by-laws gradually must be adapted.The table below shows the main articlesof the new constitution that serve as abasis for the different elements of cep.

cep in General Article 2, 57Civil Protection 61Army 58 ff. Humanitarian Aid and SHA 54Federal Office for National Economic Supply 102

Constitution

➤Law of October 4, 2002 on Civil Protection; By-laws;➤Law of February 3, 1995 on Army and Military Administration; By-laws;➤By-law of December 3, 1990 on the National Emergency Operations Centre;➤Law of March 19, 1976 on International Development Co-operation and

Humanitarian Aid; By-laws;➤Law of October 8, 1982 on National Economic Supply; By-laws.

Federal Laws and By-laws:

178

Contact: Federal Department of Foreign

Affairs

Swiss Agency for Development

and Co-operation

Department Humanitarian Aid

Sägestrasse 77 (Köniz)

CH-3003 Bern

Switzerland

Telephone: +41 31 322 31 24

Telefax: +41 31 324 16 94


Websites:

➤www.eda.admin.ch

(Federal Department of Foreign Affairs)

➤www.vbs.admin.ch

(Federal Department of Defence,

Civil Protection and Sports)

➤www.sdc.admin.ch

(Swiss Agency for Development

and co-operation)

➤www.skh.ch

(Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit)

➤www.civilprotection.admin.ch

(Federal Office for Civil Protection)

➤www.naz.ch

(National Emergency Operations Centre)

➤www.bwl.admin.ch

(Federal Office for National Economic Supply)

179


The Republic of Tadjikistan is a sovere-ign, democratic, secular, constitutionalstate based on the rule of law. The Headof State is the President of the Republicof Tadjikistan, who also holds the post ofChairman of the Government.

All national, economic and legal issuesare handled by the Government of theRepublic of Tadjikistan, headed by thePrime Minister. The Government com-

Tajikistan

Jumhurii Tojikiston


Head of State President Emomali

Rahmonov (1994–)


Akil Akilov (1999–)

Capital Dusjanbe


Area 143,100 sq. km




Kyrgyzstan

China

Afghanistan

Pakistan

Uzbekistan

TajikstanDusjanbe

180

prises the heads of all Ministries of theRepublic, and the chairmen of committeesthat hold equal status with the Ministries.

The highest body of the Republic ofTadjikistan is Madjlisi Oli, consisting oftwo chambers: Madjlisi Namoyandagon,and Madjlisi Milli.

The Madjlisi Oli ratifies all legislativeand normative acts that are passed in theRepublic of Tadjikistan.

Regional bodies of state power in theRepublic of Tadjikistan are khoukoumats,which deal with all administrative andeconomic issues.

There are regional, city and districtkhoukoumats. The chairmen of khouko-umats are also chairmen of their respecti-ve regions, cities or districts.

In the lower territorial entities of theRepublic of Tadjikistan, power is concen-trated in the hands of djamoats, headedby their chairmen. Djamoats resolve alllocal issues, i.e. those issues that affectthe lower administrative territorial entities.


The Ministry for Emergencies and CivilDefence of the Republic of Tadjikistan(emercom) is responsible for civil defen-ce, and all activities aimed at protectingthe population, economic entities andterritory of the Republic of Tadjikistanfrom various emergencies and their con-sequences, by Decree of the President ofthe Republic of Tadjikistan No 1239-a,July 2, 1999.


The principal objectives of emercom are:to organise preparedness, training andprotection of the population, economicentities and territory of the Republic ofTadjikistan from the effects of peacetimeemergencies and war; to supervise thecapabilities and training of personnel in civil defence; to receive, deliver, anddistribute humanitarian aid to peopleaffected by emergencies and their con-sequences.

emercom has the following main tasks:➤ To develop proposals for state policy in

the spheres of civil defence and protectionof the population, economic entities andterritory of the Republic of Tadjikistan from natural, environmental and tech-nological emergencies and their con-sequences, and the prevention, contain-ment and elimination of such events.

➤ To organise medical assistance and preventive measures for people affected by various emergencies and supervise the implementation of these measures.

➤ To organise, develop and implement activities aimed at preparing and protecting the population, economic entities and territory from possible emergencies, and to prevent, contain and eliminate such emergencies.

➤ To lead and control rescue and relief operations in the event of large-scale industrial accidents, disasters and other emergencies, as well as operations to eliminate the consequences of such emergencies.

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➤ To organise the development of scientific and technical programmes aimed at preventing, containing and eliminating the consequences of emergencies.

➤ To protect the population, economic entities and territories, and to ensure the continued function of economic entities in the event of various emergencies and to implement the above measures.

➤ To set up and secure the preparedness of civil defence capabilities aimed at eliminating the consequences of peace-time emergencies and war.

➤ To organise comprehensive education of the population, and train civil servants and civilian civil defence units for action in emergencies.

➤ To draft and implement plans for creating, developing and improving the military civil defence units and other structural elements of emercom.

➤ To ensure that the structural elements of emercom maintain a constant state of preparedness for rescue and relief operations, and to provide for their logistical, financial and legal support, as well as the social security of their members.

➤ To set up an alarm system to warn the population of various emergencies.

➤ To organise, develop and submit to the Government of the Republic of Tadjikistan draft legislation and other normative acts concerning civil defence, prevention and containment of emergencies and elimination of their

consequences, as well as protection of the population, economic entities and territory of the Republic from various emergencies and their consequences.

➤ Within the limits of its authority, to organise and implement international co-operation and conclude internationalagreements on emergency prevention and response.

➤ To co-ordinate and supervise civil defence and emergency prevention activities in the regions, cities and districts, as well as the ministries and economic entities, irrespective of their administrative affiliation, form of ownership or economic status.

➤ To organise and co-ordinate efforts for evaluating the probability of emergencies and their simulation, and for demarcation of the Republic’s territory with respect to potentially dangerous industries and facilities.

➤ To participate in the development of measures aimed at preventing major accidents and disasters and reducing their effects.

➤ To provide methodological guidance for work aimed at strengthening the functional stability of industries and economic entities during peacetime emergencies and war.

➤ To identify priorities in work aimed at preventing and eliminating emergencies and their consequences, and to organise the development, co-ordination and implementation of specific scientific and technical programmes that address these issues.

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➤ To plan the deployment and action of civil defence military units in emergencies, and to organise their interaction with non-military civil defence units in emergency response operations.

➤ With respect to the scale of an emergency, to co-ordinate or lead disaster response operations, and determine the capabilities required for rescue work.

➤ To co-ordinate the activities of all state bodies in the elimination of the consequences of emergencies, protection of the population, economic entities and territories, and civil defence.


1. Central staff elements:➤ emercom leadership.➤ Private office of the Minister.➤ Directorate of military personnel.➤ General Headquarters.➤ Directorate of troops, forces and

population preparedness.➤ Directorate for emergency prevention

and protection of population an territories.

➤ Department of international co-operation.

➤ Legal Department.➤ Directorate of organisation and

mobilisation.➤ Personnel Directorate.➤ Financial and economic Directorate.➤ Department for special missions.

2. Representative office of Tadjikistan’semercom at emercom of the RussianFederation.

3. Control centre for emergencies andcivil defence.

4. Medical Directorate.

5. Republican chemical and radiometriclaboratory.

6. Training centre.

7. Training and methodological centrefor emergencies and civil defence.

8. Directorate for construction, accommo-dation of troops, and operation of facilities.

9. emercom logistics.

10. Dushanbe city headquarters foremergencies and civil defence.

11. Headquarters for emergencies andcivil defence in the Sugodsky region.

12. Headquarters for emergencies andcivil defence in the Khatlonsky region.

13. Headquarters for emergencies and civildefence in the Gorno-Badakhshanskyautonomous region.

14. Zonal Headquarters for emergenciesand civil defence in the Gissarsky valley.

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15. Zonal Headquarters for emergenciesand civil defence in the Karateginskyvalley.

16. “Centrospas” Directorate.

17. Agency for implementation of theSarezsky Lake project.

18. Directorate for operation of the”usoi” system.

19. Military civil defence units for rescueoperations within the emergencyresponse framework.

20. Air unit.

21. Rapid deployment rescue unit for thecity of Khudjand.

22. Rapid deployment rescue unit for thecity of Kurgan-Tube.

All the above emercom elements, exceptfor the “Centrospas” Directorate and themilitary civil defence units, are aimed toorganise, lead and support the measurescarried out in the Republic for preven-ting emergencies and eliminating theirconsequences, and to safeguard protecti-on of the population, economic entitiesand territories of the Republic of Tadjik-istan from the consequences of emergen-cies, while the “Centrospas” Directorateand the civil defence military units carryout practical measures aimed at prote-cting the population, economic entities

and territories, and performing rescueoperations.


emercom organises the following civil-military co-operation:➤ Co-operation with the military

and law-enforcement bodies of the Republic of Tadjikistan in the areas of mutual notification of natural, technological and environmental emergencies, assignment of military personnel, technical and special equipment for transport and eliminating the consequences of emergencies in the economic entities and territories of the Republic of Tadjikistan, during peacetime and war.

➤ Guidance for foreign rescue workers arriving in the Republic of Tadjikistan to assist in emergency response.

➤ In compliance with the Law and within the scope of its field, the implementation of international co-operation in civil defence, emergency prevention and response, and the provision of aid to the population, as well as gathering, studying and disseminating foreign experience in this field.

➤ Interaction with the ministries and agencies in the event of an emergency, and civil defence of the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States and other nations, securing performance of obligations under international treaties and agreements.

➤ In compliance with the established

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order, participation in the development of draft international treaties and in external economic co-operation in matters within emercom’s sphere of competence, including civil defence, mutual notification and emergency relief.

4. Legal Framework

The legal basis for emercom activities isprovided by the Constitution of the Re-public of Tadjikistan and the Law of theRepublic of Tadjikistan “On Civil Defen-ce”, as well as international agreementsand other valid legislative acts of theRepublic of Tadjikistan, decisions ofMadjlisi Oli of the Republic of Tadjikistan,edicts and decrees by the President andGovernment of the Republic of Tadjikistanconcerning civil defence, preparednessand protection of the population,economic entities and territories of theRepublic of Tadjikistan against peacetimeemergencies and war, as well as preventi-on and containment of natural, environ-mental and technological emergenciesand elimination of their consequences atthe territory of the Republic, and finallyby the special Regulation ”On the Mini-stry for Emergencies and Civil Defenceof the Republic of Tadjikistan”.

Contact: Mr. Z. Ashurov

Telefax: +0787 232 964 /227 051

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Bulgaria

Greece

Adriatic Sea

The FormerYugoslav Republicof Macedonia

Albania

Montenegro Serbia

Skopje

AegeanSea

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1

Republika Makedonija



Boris Trajkovski (1999–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Branko

Crvenkovski (2002–)

Capital Skopje


Area 25,713 sq. km




Council of Europe

Contact Mr. Djordji Hristovski

Under-Secretary Ministry of Defence

“Orce Nikolov” b.b.

91000 Skopje

The Former Yugoslav Republic

of Macedonia

Telephone: +389 91 102 582

Telefax: +389 91 113 639

Brussels: Lt. Col. Andreja Naumovski

Mission of the Former Yugoslav

Republic of Macedonia

Manfred Worner Building NATO HQ

B-1110 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 707 27 63

Telefax: +32 2 707 27 57

1Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name.

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Turkey

Türkiye


Head of State President Ahmet

Necdet Sezer (2000–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Recep

Tayyip Erdogan (2003–)

Capital Ankara


Area 780,580 sq. km




Council of Europe


Turkey is a republic based on parliamen-tary democracy. The executive power isvested in the President and the Councilof Ministers. The Council of Ministers isappointed by the President on the nomi-nation of the Prime Minister. There isalso a National Security Council, whichserves as an advisory body to the Presidentand the cabinet. The President is theChairperson of the National SecurityCouncil. The Council is, inter alia,responsible for Turkey’s security policy.

SyriaIraq

Iran

Armenia

GeorgiaBlack Sea

Bulgaria

Aegean Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Greece

Turkey

Ankara

Cyprus

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The legislative power rests with thesingle-chamber Parliament, the GrandNational Assembly (Türkiye Büyük MilletMeclisi). The President can veto proposedbills, although the veto can be reversedby the Parliament. The Government isresponsible to Parliament and can bedismissed by a vote of no confidence.

Turkish administration is based upon acentral and local government concept.The Country is divided into 81 provinces.A Governor, nominated by the CentralGovernment, leads each province. TheGovernor also has a popularly electedProvincial Assembly in the province. Thereis a popularly elected mayor in each townof more than 2,000 inhabitants.


Turkey has a central organisation thathandles Civil Emergency Planning. Thisorganisation includes the Council ofMinisters, the National Security Counciland its Secretariat, and other ministers,most notably the Minister of Defence. In order to co-ordinate civil emergencymatters in cases of natural and techno-logical disasters, as well as populationmovements, the General Directorate ofEmergency Management was establishedin late 1999.


The main objectives of Turkish CivilEmergency Planning are: ➤ To maintain government functions in

times of crisis and war.

➤ To support the military sector duringcrisis and war.

➤ To maintain social and economic life during peacetime crisis and war.

➤ To provide protection of the population against threat and risks emanating from war and disasters.

➤ To facilitate post-attack recovery.➤To make contributions to nato/eapc

efforts at international level.➤ To assure rehabilitation in disaster areas.


The Council of Ministers is the essentialpolicy-making body, and has a nation-wide responsibility for all activities carriedout during emergencies, mobilisationand war preparedness.

The National Security Council (nsc)is the main advisory unit for consultationin matters related to Turkish nationalsecurity. The Council, chaired by thePresident or Prime Minister, consists ofthe Deputy Prime Ministers, the Mini-ster of Defence, the Minister of Interior,the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Mini-ster of Justice and other related ministerswhen the need arises as well as responsiblemilitary authorities and the SecretaryGeneral of the National Security Council.

The nsc has established a forumconsisting of senior civilian and militaryauthorities, which advises the Govern-ment. This forum is responsible forconsultation in matters of Civil Emer-gency Planning and civil-military co-operation. Furthermore, it is responsiblefor establishing the principles and proce-

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dures pertaining to civil plans that are to be executed in cases of emergency,mobilisation and war, including post-war conditions.

The General Secretariat of the nsccarries out the secretariat duties of theCouncil. The Department of TotalDefence Civil Services, a sub-unit of theGeneral Secretariat conducts the dutiesand responsibilities of Civil EmergencyPlanning.

The Ministry of Defence is responsiblefor the co-ordination and execution ofissues relating to the Turkish ArmedForces. The Duties and responsibilities of the ministry are; ➤ To provide information to the Turkish

Armed Forces about resources and means.➤ To set the requirements of procurement

for the Turkish Armed Forces and Gendarmery, and to inform the responsible ministries of the needs of the Armed Forces.

➤ To identify and allocate the requirements of the Main Forces according to the principles and prioritiesof the Turkish Armed Forces.

➤ To implement the National DefenceCompulsory Contribution Law, and to support the military sector in times of mobilisation and war.

➤ To oversee co-ordination between the Turkish General Staff and civil authorities in order to meet military requirements.

➤ To participate in manpower planning activities for military needs.

With regard to other ministries and theLaw of Mobilisation and War, each mini-stry must establish a responsible depart-ment for the execution of duties relatedto mobilisation and war preparedness.This department is responsible foridentifying all resources that are underthe control of the Ministries, includingthe private sector.

National plans, to be used in times ofmobilisation and wartime, are preparedand updated by the responsible ministriesin consultation with the related authori-ties, such as the General Secretariat of the National Security Council and otherbodies.

Each respective ministry is responsiblefor Civil Emergency Planning matterswithin their own field. Activities arecarried out by the General Directoratesof the ministries.

There are several Technical PlanningCommittees responsible for the prepa-ration of the plans. After the plans havebeen scrutinised by the Technical Com-mittees, they are evaluated and approvedby the planning Co-ordination Board.The Planning Co-ordination Boardconsists of high level representatives fromrelated ministries, including the TurkishGeneral Staff and the General Secretariatof the National Security Council repres-entatives, and is under the chairmanshipof the Under Secretary of the ministry.

At provincial level, the Governors areresponsible for the preparation of localcivil plans and their implementation.They are also responsible for preparing

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and updating these plans in line withnational plans, and harmonising theplans according to the requirements oflocal public and private institutions. This includes the implementation of theNational Defence Compulsory Law andother regulations in provincial matters.


Civil and Military co-operation takesplace in the following areas in Turkey:➤ The preparation of plans, procedures

and regulations for mobilisation and war.

➤ The determination of priorities in the planning of national resources for the requirements of the Armed Forces, public and private sectors and the population.

➤ The use of both military and civil resources and services such as food, agriculture, industry, energy, transportation, health and manpower.

➤ The support of military preparedness and military operations.

➤ The taking of measures in the field of civil defence, such as population protection, population movement, rescue and medical services, temporary protection including warning, detection and alert subjects, the distribution of food requirements and accommodation materials, infrastructureservices and emergency aid.

➤ The identification of key point sites or installations that may be exposed to enemy threat including military restricted zones and security areas.

➤ The implementation of measuresnecessary for meeting security needs and civil domestic disturbances.

➤ The arrangement of training, exercises and public information.

➤ The co-ordination of nato CivilEmergency Planning and civil-military co-ordination activities.

4. Legal Framework

There are a variety of administrative andlegal instruments that give Turkishnational authorities the power to engagein civil emergency activities and tomanage crisis, mobilisation and war, aswell as peacetime emergencies. Civilemergency legislation regulates all civilemergency activities, including civil-military co-operation that are carried out during peacetime emergencies andwartime crises.

The main laws and regulations for crisis,mobilisation and war are:➤ The Law for Mobilisation and War and

its regulations.➤ The Directive for Mobilisation and

War Preparedness.➤ The National Protection Law.➤ The National Defence Compulsory

Contribution Law.➤ The Emergency Law and its regulations

and guidelines.➤ The Law and regulations of the National

Security Council and its General Secretariat.

➤ The Civil Defence Law.

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➤ The Law on the Regulation of Transport and Communication in Wartime.

➤ The regulation for the National Alert System.

➤ The regulation for the establishment of a crisis management centre.

➤ Measures and assistance to be put into affect regarding natural disasters that affect the life of the general public, and related regulations and guidelines.

➤ The Law on Provincial Management.➤ Martial Law.➤ The Law on Protection against Floods.➤ The regulations for emergency aid

organisations and principles for planning regarding disasters.

Contact: General Secretariat of

Turkish National Security Council

Maj.Gen. Emin Ünal

Assistant Secretary General

Eskis‚ehir Yolu 9 km

Ankara

Turkey

Telephone : +90 312 285 74 76

Telefax: +90 312 285 74 81

+90 312 285 74 88


Website: www.mgk.gov.tr

191

Turkmenistan

Türkmenistan Jumhuiyäti


Head of State President Saparmyrat

Niyazov (1991–)

Head of Government President Saparmyrat

Niyazov (1991–)

Capital Ashgabat


Area 488,100 sq. km


Military Expenditures 3.8% of GDP (est.)



Turkmenistan is a republic based ondemocracy and law. The state is based on the principle of division of the auto-nomous authorities: legislative, executiveand judicial.

The highest representative agency ofstate power is the Halk Maslahaty(People’s Council) of Turkmenistan.

The highest state power and admini-stration in Turkmenistan is implemented

Uzbekistan

Iran

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Caspian Sea

Ashgabat

Turkmenistan

192

by the President, Medjlis (SupremeCouncil), Supreme Kazyet (Court), theHighest Economic Kazyet (Court) andthe Cabinet Ministers of Turkmenistan.

Turkmenistan consists of administrativeterritorial entities, velayares (regions),etraps (districts), schahers (cities), equatingwith etraps, where agencies of state admi-nistration are established, as well as oftowns and villages, where agencies oflocal self-government are established.


State government is carried out by thePresident of Turkmenistan. The perma-nent agency of the President of Turkme-nistan for prevention and elimination ofemergency situations is Turkmenistan’sState Commission for Emergency.

The Commission:➤ Organises and monitors the activities of

ministries, departments, enterprises, hakimliks (executive committees) of velayats (regions), etraps (districts),and cities in the scientific and metho-dological resolution of problems in the sphere of population security.

➤ Improves the reliability of industrial sites,transport, power, engineering and communication.

➤ Controls the work of ministries, departments, enterprises, hakimliks(executive committees) of velayats (regions), etraps (districts) and cities in the sphere of development and implementation of activities aimed at early warnings and the prevention

of accidents, catastrophes and natural calamities, as well as the reduction of damage and loss during emergency situations with the help of corresponding specialists.

➤ Organises the forecast of emergency aftereffects and the division of the state into districts due to the presence of potentially hazardous productions and the increased risk of disaster, evaluates the danger of extreme events and rates damage according to its possible consequences.

➤ Considers and co-ordinates matters in connection with preparing legislative proposals, issues of international co-operation in the sphere of civil defence, emergency prevention and elimination.

➤ Directs the establishment and functionof a state information system and governmental communication in the sphere of emergency situations, implements interaction with the corresponding systems of neighbouring states and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

➤ Collects and analyses information in relation to accidents, catastrophes, ecological and natural disasters.

➤ Develops, specifies and corrects all situations of extraordinary and natural disasters.

The commission forms and submits to the President for rectification a specialreserve for financial, logistical and otherresources in order to fulfil new or un-

193

foreseen work on the prevention andelimination of the consequences ofnatural disasters.


The cep tasks and objectives ofTurkmenistan include:➤ Ensuring the protection of the

population and territory during natural disasters and technical accidents by providing shelter, evacuation, dispersion, equipment and medial aid.

➤ Increasing the stability of essential industries and objects during natural disasters, by planning to reduce possible losses and distractions from various influences, creating conditions for the restoration of distracted objects and communications in the shortest possible time, and creating a vital system of management in all economic activities. The creation, during peace-time, of mobile reserves of industrial outputs, the supply of provisions and timely refreshments, and the protection of agricultural animals, plants, provisions, raw materials, water sources and water supply systems from pollution and chemical infection.

➤ Preparing and performing rescue and urgent emergency-restoration work in centres of destruction and catastrophic flood zones, and rendering help to the affected population. Civil defence forces are always prepared to render immediate help in the area of destruction,particularly forest and steppe fires, liquidating the consequences of natural

disasters, catastrophes, major accidents, including accidents related to poison, gas or air pollution (chlorine, ammonia).

➤ Maintaining a civil defence management system (strong points-governments, ministries, departments, hakimliks (executive committees), communication and early warning systems, systems for warning the population of emerging threats.

➤ Gathering and analysing information about emergencies in the territory of Turkmenistan and presenting this information to the Cabinet Ministries and Minister of Defence.

➤ Conducting chemical and radiometric analyses of the environment, armaments and equipment, and foodstuffs aimed at finding radioactive and poisonous materials.


Turkmenistan’s Civil Defence consists ofthe Civil Defence Directorate. The CivilDefence Directorate is subordinate to theFirst Deputy Minister of Defence inTurkmenistan – the Chief of the GeneralStaff of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan.

The following units are subordinate tothe Directorate:➤ 7 defence staffs in each velayat (region)

and the cities of Turkmenbashy and Ashgabar.

➤ 1 separate mechanised search and rescue regiment.

➤ 3 separate mechanised search and rescue teams.

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➤ Central chemical-radiometric laboratory.➤ Unarmed civil defence territorial

and objective formations, among the high preparedness formations.

➤ Specialised organic departmental formations, which can be recruited for specific tasks in civil defence:

A. anti-oil gusher service (gas and oilpipeline accidents)B. spasop (flights search and rescueprocurement service)C. Formations within industry and pow-er engineeringD. Formations within national parksE. Paramilitary fire guard service in theMinistry of DefenceF. Fire service trains (special trains,designed for fire control)G. Restorative trains (special trains,equipped for restoration work and usedin major accidents).


The State Commission for Emergencyconsists of the representative of theMinistry of Defence, by which thespecial military formations are recruitedwith the purpose of carrying out civildefence tasks.

4. Legal Framework

The civil defence agencies are guided by:➤ The military doctrine of the President of Turkmenistan.➤ The President’s Decree No. 2020 –“Turkmenistan’s State Commission for Emergency” dated December 19, 1994.

➤ The Law of Turkmenistan – “EmergencyPrevention and Elimination” dated September 15, 1998.

➤ The Decrees and Edicts of the President and other directing documents.

➤ The international agreements of Turkmenistan.

➤ The decisions of the State Commission for Emergency.

Contact: Mr. Aynazarow

Civil Defence and Emergency

Directorate

Ministry of Defence

Galkynysh str. 4

Ashgabat

Turkmenistan

Telephone: +993 12 40 24 31

+993 12 40 25 17

+993 12 35 49 42

Brussels: Col. Kakadjan Mommadov

Mission of Turkmenistan to NATO

Ave. Franklin D. Roosevelt 106

B-1050 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 648 18 74

Telefax: +32 2 648 19 06

195

Ukraine

Ukraina



Leonid Kuchma (1994–)

Head of Government Prime Minister Victor

Yanukovich (2002–)

Capital Kyiv


Area 603,700 sq. km






Ukraine consists of 24 regions (oblast),the Crimean Autonomous Republic andtwo cities with special status (Kyiv andSevastopol).

The territorial structure is based on the principles of indivisibility and unityof the country, the unity of centralisationand decentralisation of power, thebalance of social-economic developmentof regions, historical, economic, geograp-hical and demographic peculiarities, aswell as ethnical and cultural traditions.

The Constitution of Ukraine stipulates

Poland

Ukraine

Belarus

RomaniaHungary

Russia

Black Sea

Moldova

Slovakia

Kiev

196

that the President is the Head of State.He guarantees sovereignty, territorial unity,leadership of the Constitution, and therights and freedom of the people and the citizens. Ukrainian citizens elect thePresident for 5 years on equity of the vote.The President cannot be elected for morethan two terms without a break.

The only Legislative Body of Ukraineis the Verkhovna Rada (the Parliament).The people of Ukraine, on equity of thevote, elect People’s Deputies in a mixedsystem (majority – proportion one). 450People’s Deputies are elected. 225 of themare elected in one-mandate districts. Theother 225 are elected by parties’ lists inthe multi-mandate, whole-Ukraine districton equity of proportional representation.The Ukrainian Constitution and laws setout the rights of the People’s Deputies.

The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine(the Ukrainian Government) is the HighBody of Executive Power of Ukraine. Itacts according to the Constitution, thelaws of Ukraine and the President’s Decre-es. The Government is amenable to thePresident of Ukraine, controlled by theVerkhovna Rada. The President appointsand dismisses the Prime Minister on theagreement of Verkhovna Rada. The Presi-dent appoints and dismisses ministers onthe proposal of the Prime Minister.


According to the Decree of the Presidentof Ukraine from October 28, 1996, theUkrainian Ministry of Emergency wasspecified as the central institution of

administrative authority, and carries outstate policy in the field of civil defence,protection of the population and territoriesin emergencies, prevention and responseto these emergencies, liquidation of theirconsequences and the consequences ofthe Chernobyl catastrophe. The Ministryalso governs the entrusted managementsphere and is responsible for its state anddevelopment.


The main tasks of the Ministry are to:➤ Develop and conduct activities in the

sphere of protection of the population from the consequences of emergencies and the Chernobyl catastrophe.

➤ Supervise the managing bodies, head-quarters, civil defence forces and subordinated specialised formations.

➤ Co-ordinate the ministries and other central bodies of the executive power, the Council of Ministers of the Auto-nomic Republic of Crimea, local state administrations, enterprises, institutionsand organisations of all forms of power in the sphere of protection of the population and the territories in emergencies and emergency response.

➤ Define the main directions of work with protection of the population and the territories in emergencies, social protection of the population, and rehabilitation of the territories that have been contaminated by the Chernobyl catastrophe.

➤ Supervise and monitor civil defenceand technological safety, emergency

197

preparedness and emergency prevention measures.

➤ Arrange and co-ordinate the activitiesin the territories of the exclusive zone and zone of the mandatory resettlement,solve their financing problems, protect public safety and the health of staff within this territory, protect the scientificand economical interests of Ukraine.

➤ Co-ordinate activities in the sphere of a unified scientific-technical policy when creating and implementing modern information technologies, a civil defence database, and protection of the population and the territories from the consequences of emergencies and the Chernobyl catastrophe.

➤ Train and retrain civil defence staff in the problems of protection of the population and the territories from the consequences of emergencies and the Chernobyl catastrophe, and train the population in emergencies.


The Act on the Civil Defence of Ukrainestates that the Civil Defence system willinclude:➤ Organs of executive power at all levels,

whose authorities apply to all functions associated with safety and protection of the population, and to early warning and response in emergencies.

➤ Organs of central and local government,plus the administration of enterprises, institutions and organisations that are independent in form of ownership and management.

➤ Forces and equipment that have been built up to carry out Civil Defence tasks.

➤ Financial, medical, material andtechnical resources that are reserved for emergencies.

➤ Systems of communication, information and notification.

The President of Ukraine issued a Decreeon joining the State Fire Protection De-partment with the Ministry of Ukraineof Emergencies and Affairs of PopulationProtection from the Consequences ofChernobyl Catastrophe of Ukraine,dated January 27, 2003. In accordancewith this Act, a new cep organisationalstructure will be introduced.


Responsibility for co-operation withinthe different areas of the Ukrainian civil-military defence (organisation, structureand activities) lies with both national andlocal authorities. In order to train govern-ment organs, key personnel, duty anddispatch personnel, key officials ofpotentially dangerous operations and the staff of specialised and non-militarytrained formations in actions that mustbe taken in emergencies, the State hasorganised the following:➤ National, state, territorial and

local training.➤ A network of teaching institutions

in the Ministry of Emergencies.➤ Training for students and school

children.

198

➤ Training for the general public who are not already involved in protection and service provision.

The most stable and developed elementof the above-mentioned systems is thenetwork of Civil Defence teaching insti-tutions. The network of Civil Defencetraining courses all over Ukraine is met-hodologically supported and managed bythe Institute of State Management in theSphere of Civil Defence.

According to its status, the Institute ofState Management in the Sphere of CivilDefence is defined as the main establish-ment in the Ministry of Ukraine ofEmergencies and Affairs of PopulationProtection from the Consequences ofChernobyl Catastrophe system, whichco-ordinates, organises, administrates,plans and controls professional educationand advanced training for officials, andcertifies scientific and pedagogical stafffrom higher educational establishmentsas specialists in civil defence and safety.The Institute provides English classes forrescuers according to nato standards.

The training is run by the Chairs,science and methodology structural sub-divisions, and the Department of Educa-tion for international projects. Doctorsof Philosophy and Candidates of Scienceare among the pedagogical staff. The spe-cialists of the Institute take part in diffe-rent international programs in techno-en-vironmental safety.

The Institute has developed and appliedthe state standards of higher education

for the training of junior specialists andBachelors of Civil Defence and Safety.

Safety is studied at higher educationlevel by examining the elements that createand form a personality. These includepsychology, philosophy, logic, sociology,cultural studies, fitness and jurisprudence.

The Institute continues to extend therange of licensed activities.

4. Legal Framework

The Ministry of Emergencies was estab-lished by a Presidential Decree on October28, 1996.

Laws currently in force are:➤ The Act on Civil Defence in Ukraine.➤ The Act on Protection of the Natural

Environment.➤ The Act on Anti-Fire Safety.➤ The Act on Anti-Radiation Protection.➤ The Act on State of Emergency.➤ The Act on Rescue Services.➤ The Act on Civil Defence Forces.➤ The Act on Natural Emergency

Situations.➤ The Act on State Mining Rescue Servi-ces.

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Contact: Ministry of the Ukraine

of Emergencies and Affairs

of Population Protection from

the Consequences of the

Chernobyl Catastrophe

Lt.-General of Internal Service,

Minister Grygoriy Reva

55A O. Gonchara Str.

01030 Kyiv

Ukraine

24 hours duty service:

Telephone: +38 044 2473050

+38 044 247 3054

Telefax: +38 044 247 3211

International Co-operation

and European Integration

Department

Telephone: +38 044 247 3013

+38 044 247 3079

Telefax: +38 044 226 2085

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United Kingdom

United Kingdom



Elizabeth II (1952–)


Tony Blair (1997–)

Capital London


Area 244,110 sq. km






The United Kingdom is a constitutionalmonarchy. The Prime Minister appointsa cabinet of approximately 20 ministers.In addition, each government depart-ment has junior ministers, also appointedby the Prime Minister.

Parliament is the highest legislativeauthority. The two-chamber Parliamentconsists of the House of Lords and theHouse of Commons. The members ofthe House of Commons are elected by

United Kingdom

English Channel

North Sea

Ireland

North AtlanticOcean

London

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popular vote, while the House of Lordsis made up of appointed members andsenior religious figures. The House ofLords only has limited political power.The uk has no written constitution, butuses statute law and common law.

The United Kingdom comprisesEngland, Wales, Scotland and NorthernIreland. Responsibility for a number ofmatters was devolved to the ScottishParliament and the Welsh Assemblyfollowing elections in May 1999.

Local Government has tax raisingpowers but is organised slightly differentlywithin the four areas. It holds responsibi-lity for the full range of local servicesincluding education, social services,housing, planning and environmentalhealth. Strategic policy on these issues is determined by Central Governmentbut delivered locally. “All Purpose” or“Unitary” Authorities provide all localservices to the population of Scotland,which has 32 Authorities and Wales,which has 22. Northern Ireland, whichhas six County Areas, has similar servicesbut these are delivered centrally.

Local Government in England, whichhas recently been reorganised, consists of7 major metropolitan areas, which aredivided into 36 Metropolitan Districtsand 33 London Boroughs, all of whichare “All Purpose”. Each area has a Fireand Civil Defence Authority (fcda).There are also 33 County Councils,primarily focussed in rural areas, providingeducation and welfare services. WithinCounties, there are 239 District Councils,

which provide local planning, housingand environmental services. In additionthere are 46 English “All Purpose”Councils which are concentrated in themain, non-metropolitan, populated areas.


The Cabinet Office has overall responsi-bility for Civil Emergency Planning inEngland and Wales. In Scotland andNorthern Ireland this is a devolved issue.The basic rule for handling civil emer-gencies in the United Kingdom is thatprime responsibility, including the firstresponse to any incident, should remainat the local level.


There are five planning stages that areassociated with emergency planning in the UK:1. Assessment. An assessment must be ma-de of the hazards facing an organisationand/or community. This is to be agreedupon by all managers.

2. Prevention. Following an assessment of probable hazards, measures must beadopted to prevent emergencies occurringor to reduce their severity.

3. Preparedness. The preparation of plansmust be in response to recognisedhazards and unforeseen events. It includes,for example, arrangements for callingout key personnel and the preparation of resource registers. There must be clearownership of the plans, and their

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effectiveness should be tested in regularexercises. Lessons that are learned mustbe incorporated back into the plans.

4. Response. The initial response to anincident should normally be provided bystatutory emergency services and, wherenecessary, by the appropriate local authori-ties and possibly voluntary organisations.

5. Recovery. This phase will encompass allthe activities that are necessary to providea rapid return to normality for both thecommunity and those involved in theresponse.

The current priority for the uk is todevelop greater resilience to disruptivecivil incidents, especially for ‘catastrophic’events that may involve an accidental ordeliberate release of chemical, biological,radiological or nuclear material. The ukhas developed a programme designed tosignificantly enhance capabilities in 11key areas: an effective central (Govern-ment) response; maintenance of essentialservices during a crisis; an effective localresponse; decontamination; post-incidentsite clearance, including of contaminatedwaste; capability to treat infectiousdiseases; capability to deal with masscasualties; mass evacuation; capability to detect and identify threat; capabilityto warn and inform; and the capabilityfor handling mass fatalities. This is asignificant programme of work, invol-ving many Government Departments. It is a programme managed by the Civil

Contingencies Secretariat in the CabinetOffice, which provides regular progressreports to the Prime Minister.


The Cabinet Office, Civil ContingenciesSecretariat (ccs), has responsibility forCivil Emergency Planning in Englandand Wales. This is a devolved responsibi-lity in Scotland and Northern Ireland.The ccs has a key role in helping tomaintain and improve the quality ofpreparedness for disasters at the locallevel and across Central Government. A guiding principle is that the primeresponsibility for handling disastersshould remain at the local level.

In the event of a disaster, where imme-diate reactions are concerned, reliance isplaced upon emergency plans made byemergency services (police, fire, ambu-lance and coastguard), local authorities,public health services, those responsiblefor industrial installations and others,including the voluntary sector. Thepreparation of these plans, based ongovernmental guidance and instructions,is often co-ordinated by local authorities.The local police force is usually responsi-ble for co-ordinating the initial response:the local authority would usually leadduring the recovery phase.

If the scale of a disaster overwhelmsavailable local resources, supplementaryresources may be called in from neigh-bouring authorities and organisations aswell as from Central Government. Onlymassive disasters justify co-ordination at

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Central Government level by the ccs orthe relevant lead Department nominatedby the Civil Contingencies Secretariat orthe Civil Contingencies Committee.

The Lead Government Department(lgd) must ensure that the CentralGovernment response is co-ordinated. Itmay also, for example, provide specialistadvice, assistance and information andkeep Parliament, the public and the mediaupdated. There are also arrangements for interdepartmental discussions atofficial or ministerial level to assist in themanagement of emergencies. The CivilContingencies Committee is a group ofministers and officials which meets whennecessary under the chairmanship of theHome Secretary.


Military Aid to the Civil Authorities (maca) has three components. These are:1. macc – Military Aid to the CivilCommunity. This provides assistance inemergencies, assistance to projects ofvalue to the community and attachmentof volunteers to social services or similarorganisations.2. macp – Military Aid to the CivilPower. Aids the maintenance of law and order.3. macm – Military Aid to the CivilMinistries. Aids the maintenance ofessential services.

In broad terms, there are three categoriesof Military Aid to the Civil Community(macc):➤ Category a: Assistance in times of

emergency, such as natural disasters or major accidents.

➤ Category b: Short-term, routine assistance on special projects.

➤ Category c: The full-time attachment of volunteers to social service (or similar) organisations for specific periods.

4. Legal Framework

Currently, Emergency Planning Regula-tion is rooted in Civil Defence legislation,primarily the Civil Defence Act 1948.Civil Defence is defined as measures,short of armed intervention, to be takento overcome the effect of an attack froma hostile source.

The response to a major incident islikely to be led, at least initially, by oneof the Emergency Services with localauthority providing support and identi-fying additional resources. Legislationregulating the functions of local authori-ties was introduced in 1993 and requiresCounty Councils, Metropolitan Districts,London Boroughs and Unitary Authori-ties to “ …make, keep under review andrevise plans for their area and to carryout exercises based on such plans.”

Other pieces of legislation that have animpact upon the role and responsibilitiesof local authority Emergency Planners are:1. Local Government Act 1972 (Section

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138): This allows a local authority toincur whatever expenses considerednecessary if disaster is imminent or hastaken place.2. Civil Protection in Peacetime Act1986: The local authority may use, orplan to use, its Civil Defence resourcesto mitigate the effects of peacetime dis-asters.

The uk Government is committed tomodernising the uk’s emergency plan-ning legislative framework. The CabinetOffice is working on drawing-up newlegislation, in consultation with keystakeholders. Policy proposals will bepublished in Summer 2003. A Bill willbe introduced into Parliament whenParliamentary time allows.

Local authorities may also be subjectto technical safety legislation such as theControl of Major Accident HazardsRegulations (comah) 1999. There is alsolegislation that covers the operation ofpipelines and nuclear facilities, togetherwith a requirement for adequate publicinformation in the event of releases underthe Public Information for RadiationEmergencies Regulations (pirer). Theseregulations are a result of Europeandirectives.

Contact: Neil Massingham

Civil Contingencies Secretariat

10 Great George Street

London SW1A 2AE

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 20 7276 0126

Telefax: +44 20 7276 5113

E-mail:

[email protected]

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United States

United States



George W. Bush (2001–)

Head of Government President

George W. Bush (2001–)

Capital Washington, DC


Area 9,629,091 sq. km

(includes only the 50

States and District of

Colombia)




Council of Europe

(observer)

Atlantic Ocean

Gulf of Mexico

Pacific Ocean

United States

Washington

Mexico

Canada


The United States of America is a federalrepublic. It comprises 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia. It also includesseveral dependencies, such as Puerto Ricoand the Virgin Islands. The United StatesGovernment consists of the legislative,executive and judicial branches.

The bicameral Congress, consisting ofthe United States Senate and the U.S.House of Representatives, is the legislativebranch. The President and Vice Presidentof the United States head the executivebranch. The President is both the Chiefof State and the Head of Government.The executive branch consists of the

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Executive Office of the President, 15 De-partments, and 56 Independent Establis-hments and Government Corporations.

Each of the 50 States is a sovereign Sta-te with its own legislative, executive andjudicial branch. An elected governor le-ads each State‚s executive branch. Localgovernments include counties, cities,towns, villages, and in some States in-dependent special districts for school,water, sewage, etc.


Due to the reorganization of variousFederal entities into the Department ofHomeland Security (dhs), the area ofemergency management in the u.s. iscurrently subject to changes.

Under the Homeland Security Act of2002, dhs has the responsibility for thefollowing areas: Border and TransportationSecurity, Information Analysis and Infra-structure Protection, Science and Tech-nology, and Emergency Preparedness andResponse (ep&r). The ep&r Directoratecontains the Federal Emergency Manage-ment Agency (fema), the StrategicNational Stockpile, the National DisasterMedical System, and response teams fornuclear and domestic energy support.

The primary mission of the Departmentis to:➤Prevent terrorist attacks within the

United States.➤Reduce the vulnerability of the

United States to terrorism.➤Minimize the damage and assist in

the recovery from terrorist attacks that occur within the United States.

➤Carry out all functions of entities transferred to the Department and be the coordinator of natural and manmade crises and emergency planning.

➤Ensure that the functions of the agencies and subdivisions within the Department that are not related directly to securing the homeland are not diminished or neglected except by a specific explicit Act of Congress.

➤Ensure that the overall economic security of the United States is not diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing the homeland.

➤Monitor connections between illegal drug trafficking and terrorism, co-ordinate efforts to sever such connections, and otherwise contribute to efforts to interdict illegal drug trafficking.

By order of the President, Federal depart-ments and agencies are assigned emer-gency responsibilities based on regularmissions. Also by order of the President,Federal department and agencies are di-rected to support nato’s civil emergencyplanning as follows:➤Department of Transportation – Civil

Aviation Planning Committee (capc)➤Department of Defense – Planning

Board for Inland Surface Transport (pbist)

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➤Maritime Administration – Planning Board for Ocean Shipping (pbos)(u.s chairs)

➤Department of Commerce – Industrial Planning Committee (ipc)

➤Department of Agriculture – Food and Agriculture Planning Committee (fapc)

➤Department of Energy – Petroleum Planning Committee ([ppc] dormant)

➤National Communication System – Civil Communications Planning Committee (ccpc)

➤Departments of Defense and of Health and Human Services – Joint Medical Committee (jmc)

➤fema – Civil Protection Committee (cpc)


The overall objective of civil emergencyplanning in the United States is to havesufficient capabilities at all levels of go-vernment to meet essential civilian andemergency management needs in anyemergency, including natural disasters,military attacks, technological disastersand emergencies, or any other natural orman-made event that could seriouslydegrade or threaten the country.

The responsibility for emergencyplanning lies within dhs. In dhs, theep&r Directorate is responsible for:➤Coordinating Federal efforts to reduce

the loss of life and property through a comprehensive risk-based, all-hazards emergency management program of

preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation.

➤Coordinating plans for continuity of Federal government during national security emergencies.

➤Coordinating the Federal response to the consequences of major terrorist incidents.

➤Assuring the effectiveness and availability of all-hazard systems and resources in coping with man-made and natural disasters, including training and exercises.

➤Coordinating and planning for the emergency deployment of resources by Federal agencies.

➤Consolidating programs aimed at preventing and mitigating the effects of potential disasters, including floodplain management, hazardous materials transportation, dam safety, and earthquake preparedness.

➤Coordinating preparedness programs with State and local governments, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations, including off-site planning for emergencies at commercialnuclear power plants and for military chemical stockpile sites.

➤Providing a Federal focus on fire prevention and public fire safety education.


Civil Emergency Planning in the UnitedStates is based on the fundamental as-sumption that a significant disaster oremergency will exceed the State and local

governments‚ capacities for carrying outthe extensive emergency operations ne-cessary to save lives and protect property.The basic organizational structure of theFederal government‚s program for re-sponding to civil emergencies and assis-ting States and local governments is out-lined in the Federal Response Plan.

The Federal Response Plan assignsprimary and secondary responsibilities to the appropriate Federal agencies fortwelve Emergency Support Functions:➤Transportation➤Communications➤Public Works and Engineering➤Fire Fighting➤Information and Planning➤Mass Care➤Resource Support➤Health and Medical Services➤Urban Search and Rescue➤Hazardous Materials➤Food➤Energy

The Federal Response Plan also providesa basic organizational structure for re-sponding to emergencies that are thefundamental responsibility of the FederalGovernment, e.g., management of theconsequences of terrorist incidents, re-sponse to radiological emissions fromnuclear power plants and other sources,oil spills and other hazardous materialreleases.

dhs administers the Federal ResponsePlan and related cep programs. Workingclosely with State and local governments,

dhs funds emergency management pro-grams, offers technical guidance and trai-ning, and defines tasks for other Federalagencies in the deployment of resourcesin times of major disasters and emergen-cies as declared by the President.

State Responsibilities: Under the u.s.Constitution and the constitution of eachState, the Governor executes the laws ofthe State and commands the State’sNational Guard when it serves in Statestatus. While in non-Federal or Statestatus, the National Guard has primaryresponsibility for providing militaryassistance to State and local governments.When a disaster occurs, the Governorassesses the scope of the disaster anddetermines whether to provide the Stateassistance that local governments request.

The Governor has the power to declarea State of emergency, activate the Stateresponse plan and call in the NationalGuard. All States have specific agenciesthat coordinate emergency preparednessplanning, conduct training and exercises,and serve as the Governor‚s coordinatingagency in an emergency. Unless federali-sed by the President, only the Governorhas the authority to activate the NationalGuard.

If a disaster is of such severity andmagnitude that effective response is bey-ond the capabilities of the State and theaffected local governments, the Govern-or may ask the President to declare a“major disaster” or “emergency” underthe Robert T. Stafford Disaster Reliefand Emergency Assistance Act. A “major

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disaster” and an “emergency” differprincipally in duration, extent of damage,and the amount of Federal assistanceneeded and provided. Local Responsibilities: Within their com-munities, mayors, city managers, policeand fire officials, county executives, she-riffs, prosecuting attorneys, and publichealth officials are responsible daily forlaw enforcement, safety, health, and fireprotection. They are responsible fordeveloping emergency response andoperations plans and for providing thefirst response to emergencies within theirjurisdiction. Many local jurisdictionshave mutual aid agreements with neigh-bouring jurisdictions, which allow forfire fighting, police, ambulance andother emergency services across com-munity boundaries.


Congress has passed several laws relatedto domestic military support, giving theNational Guard primary responsibilityfor providing initial support when militaryassistance is needed. Emergency manage-ment is always under civilian commandand the military is equipped to assistcivil authorities in a number of missions,including disaster assistance and lawenforcement support.

Disaster assistance includes those hu-manitarian and civil emergency manage-ment activities, functions, and missionsthat are authorised by law. Civil authori-ties may request help from the military,usually for natural disasters such as

hurricanes, tornadoes, floods or earth-quakes, or man-made disasters such asmassive explosions or acts of terrorism.

Under the Federal Response Plan, theDepartment of Defense has the primaryresponsibility for Public Works and is asupporting agency for the remaining 11Emergency Support Functions. Use ofthe military for law enforcement is allow-ed only where specifically authorised bylaw. By Federal law, military support oflaw enforcement includes operationsagainst illegal drug activities, assistanceduring civil disturbances, special securityoperations, combating terrorism, explo-sive ordnance disposal and other similaractivities.

4. Legal Framework

All States, the Federal government, andmost local governments have laws or or-dinances governing Civil EmergencyPlanning, preparedness and crisis mana-gement. Some laws are designed to meetparticular emergency needs – oil spills,earthquakes etc., while in most instancesvarious governmental agencies will usetheir normal legal authorities for re-sponding to and recovering from dis-asters and emergencies. Listed below aresome of the major specialised u.s. Federallaws for civil emergency management:➤Homeland Security Act of 2002 (PublicLaw 107–296). Establishes the Depart-ment of Homeland Security, which isresponsible for a wide-variety of home-land-security activities to be undertakenthrough its four directorates:

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1. Border and Transportation Security.2.Emergency Preparedness and Response.3.Information Analysis and InfrastructureProtection. 4. Science and Technology, and Manage-ment.➤Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief andEmergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. 5121 etseq. Governs the co-ordination and deli-very of Federal disaster relief for naturaland man-made disasters. Title VI of thisAct contains Civil Emergency Planningauthorities previously found in the FederalCivil Defense Act of 1950.➤Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. 2011et seq. Is the fundamental u.s. law onboth the civilian and the military uses ofnuclear materials.➤Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C.151 et seq. Makes provision for certaincommunications in times of war and du-ring other national emergencies.➤Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980(CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq. Gave thefederal government broad authority toregulate hazardous substances, to re-spond to hazardous substance emergen-cies, and to develop long-term solutionsfor the Nation's most serious hazardouswaste problems.➤Co-operative Forestry Assistance Act of1978, 16 U.S.C. 2101 et seq. Authorises theSecretary of Agriculture to undertakeactivities for the prevention and controlof rural fires.➤Defense Production Act of 1950, 42 U.S.C.2061 et seq. Authorizes the President to

require the priority performance of con-tracts and orders necessary or appropriateto promote the national defense overother contracts or orders.➤Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of1977, 42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq. Provides for-research, planning and coordination forthe reduction of risk to life and propertyfrom earthquakes.➤National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S.C.401 et seq. Created the Department ofDefense, the United States Air Force, theCentral Intelligence Agency, and theNational Security Council.➤National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 andFlood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, 42U.S.C. 4001 et seq. A Federal flood insu-rance programme for buildings locatedin identified special flood hazard areas.Stipulates the purchase of flood insurancefor floodprone buildings financed byFederally assisted funding. Stipulatesfloodplain management measures to betaken by local communities participatingin the programme to prevent or reduceflood losses.

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Contact: Department of Homeland Security

Mr. Michael D. Brown

Undersecretary for Emergency

Preparedness and Response

500 C Street S.W.

Washington, DC 20472

USA

Telephone: +1 202 646 3900

Telefax: +1 202 646 3052


Department of Homeland Security

Mr. Joshua C. Batkin

Emergency Preparedness

and Response Directorate

Director, International Affairs

500 C Street S.W.

Washington, DC 20472

USA

Telephone: +1 202 646 4563

Telefax: +1 202 646 3397


Mr. Mike Austin

USNATO/CEP

Box 200

NATO HQ

B-1110 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 724 3137

Telefax: +32 2 724 3439

E-mail: austinm@

natosabxl.brussels.army.mil

Website: www.fema.gov

211


The Constitution of the Republic ofUzbekistan was adopted on December 8, 1992. The principle of power dividedbetween the legislative, executive andjudicial authorities underlies the systemof state authority in the Republic ofUzbekistan.

The President is head of state and theexecutive authority of the Republic ofUzbekistan.

The President is elected for a 7-year

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Uzbekistan

Ozbekistan Respublikasi



Islam Karimov (1991–)


Otkir Sultanov (1995–)

Capital Tasjkent


Area 447,400 sq. km



(est. in 1999)


Turkmenistan

Tajikistan

Afghanistan

Kyrgyzstan

Kazakhstan

UzbekistanTasjkent

term by direct election. (On January 27,2002, a National Referendum was heldand in accordance with the results, theterm was extended from 5 to 7 years).The highest state representative body isthe Oliy Majlis (the Parliament). Thisbody exercises the legislative power. TheOliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistanconsists of 150 deputies, elected by terri-torial constituencies on a multi-partybasis for a term of five years (as a resultof the above-mentioned Referendum, itwas also decided to reform the legislativebody, and transform it into a two-chamberparliament).

The Cabinet of Ministers is formed bythe President and approved by the OilyMajlis. The President simultaneouslyserves as Chairman of the Cabinet ofMinisters. The judicial authority in therepublic of Uzbekistan functions inde-pendently of the legislative and executivebranches, political parties and publicorganisations.

The Councils of the People’s Deputies,led by khokims (the heads of administra-tion), are the representative bodies ofauthorities in the regions, districts, citiesand towns, except for towns that aresubordinate to district centres and citydistricts. They act upon all matters withintheir jurisdiction, in accordance with theinterests of the state and the citizens.

The responsibilities of the local autho-rities are to: ensure the observance of laws;maintain law and order and guaranteethe security of citizens; direct the econo-mic, social and cultural development of

their territories; propose and implementthe local budget; determine local taxesand fees and propose non-budget funds;direct the municipal economy; protectthe environment; ensure the registrationof civil status acts; pass normative actsand exercise other powers that conformwith the Constitution and the legislationof the Republic of Uzbekistan.


The civil protection concept defines the organisation and implementation of a range of state activities aimed atanticipating and preventing emergencysituations and protecting the populationand territory from their consequences;minimising losses resulting from them,and resolving issues concerning thesurvival of people suffering their effects.

2.1 CEP tasks and Objectives

➤ Define a single concept for the protection of the population and territory in emergencies, and develop and implement laws and regulations in this area.

➤ Predict potential emergency situationsinside the Republic, both natural and manmade, and assess their socio-economic consequences.

➤ Ensure that control agencies and systems and the capabilities designated for the prevention and relief of emergencies are in permanent readiness.

➤ Gather, process, exchange and issue information about the protection

213

of the population and territory in emergency situations.

➤ Provide state expertise, inspections and monitoring in relation to protection of the population and territory in emergencies.

➤ Take measures to ensure the social protection of people suffering from the effects of emergencies.

➤ Implement the rights and obligationsof the population concerning protection in emergency situations, including individuals who play a direct part in emergency relief.

➤ Organise international co-operation in emergency prevention and relief.

Operations for the relief of socio-politicalconflicts and mass disturbances are notincluded in the plans for utilising civilianservices in emergencies.


Civil protection of the Republic is based on the “territorial production” principle.Responsibility for the protection of thepopulation and territory is as follows:➤ In the Republic of Uzbekistan – the

Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

➤ In the Republic of Karakalpakstan, towns and regions – the President of the Council of Ministers of the Republicof Karakalpakstan and khokims (theMayors) of towns and regions.

➤ In ministries, state committees, departments, associations, corporations,enterprises, institutions and

organisations – ministers, heads of state committees, departments, associations, corporations, directors and heads of enterprises, institutions and organisations.

A Ministry of Emergencies in the Re-public of Uzbekistan has been set up inorder to create an effective system forprotecting the population and territoryfrom the consequences of severe disasters,and preventing and providing relief fromemergencies, both natural and manmade,in the Republic.

In order to co-ordinate the activities ofthe khokimiats (city administrations) ofthe different regions, the city of Tashkentas well as towns and and other regionaladministrative structures, administrationshave been set up for emergency situationsin the Republic of Karakalpalstan and intowns and regions, which are territorialsubdivisions of the Ministry of Emergen-cies. They conduct their work as admini-strations of the Council of Ministers ofthe Republic of Karakalpakstan andkhokimiats of regions and towns.

In order to organise and carry outmeasures to prevent and provide relieffrom emergencies, to ensure the safety of the population when emergenciesarise, protect the environment and mini-mise damage to the state economy inpeace or wartime, the Republic ofUzbekistan State System for Preventionof and Response to Emergency Situationshas been created. It brings together theadministrative agencies and capabilities

214

of national and local state agencies,enterprises, institutions and organisations,whose competencies include resolvingissues that concern the protection of thepopulation and the territory in emergencysituations.

The Ministry of Emergencies supervisesthe organisation and function of theplanning system for using civilian servicesin emergencies. Ravshan KhaidarovichKhaidarov is Minister of Emergencies inthe Republic of Uzbekistan.

The Minister of Emergencies in theRepublic of Uzbekistan:➤ Oversees the activities of the Ministry

and enterprises, institutions and sub-ordinate organisations; represents the Ministry in state and other agencies and organisations of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as international organisations.

➤ Issues orders, directives and gives instructions.

➤ Sends Ministry and civil protectionsystem staff on official missions, according to established procedures, which may also lie outside the Republic of Uzbekistan.

➤ Is responsible for credits allocatedto the finances of the Ministry of Emergencies.

➤ Approves assignments for the designof new types of armaments, equipment and technical facilities for emergency rescue formations, as well as technical characteristics in research and development.

Within the Ministry of Emergencies ofthe Republic of Uzbekistan, there is aboard consisting of the Minister, hisdeputies, senior staff of the Ministry andenterprises, institutions and subordinateorganisations, as well as other ministries,state committees and departments.

A scientific and technical council hasbeen set up within the Ministry ofEmergencies to examine and developrecommendations concerning importantproblems that lie within the field ofexpertise of the Ministry of Emergencies.It consists of representatives of relevantstate executive agencies as well as scientificand public organisations.

The Institute of Civil Protection hasbeen established to train senior staff forworking in the system for planning andusing civilian services in emergencies.The Ministry of Emergencies has sub-divisions of emergency rescue forces, as well as operationally subordinateforces in ministries, state committeesand departments.

215

216

Public order, road and fire safety Ministry of Internal Affairs

Public technical utilities Uzbek agency (Uzkommunkhizmat)

Emergency medical assistance and Ministry of Public Healthsanitary/epidemiological inspection

Participation in the relief of emergency Ministry of Defencesituations, despatch of capabilities to regions suffering from emergencies

Notification and communications Uzbek post and telecommunicationsservice agency

Service for the protection of animals Ministry of Agriculture andand plants and for veterinary Water Managementand agrochemical inspection

State Inspectorate for the technical State joint-stock company condition of electric power stations, (Uzbekenergo)electrical networks and power supplyinstallations

Finance Ministry of Finance

Creating supplies of material resources Chief Directorate for State Material ReservesCabinet of Ministers

Conservation of the natural State Committee for the Environmentenvironment and ecological safety

Monitoring service for dangerous State Committee for Geology geological processes and Mineral Resources


The following services have been set up to deal with the specific tasks includedin the prevention and mitigation of emergencies in the Republic:

217


Inspection of the conditions and safety Sanoatkontekhnazorat inspectionof work carried out in the mining, agency for the safety of work carriedchemical, oil and gas production and out in industry and in miningprocessing industries

Engineering service for the protection State Committee for Architecture and of towns and villages Construction

Seismic services Academy of Sciences

Trade and food services Joint-stock company (Uzbeksavdo), State joint-stock company (Ozikovkattaminot),Joint-stock company (Uzbekbirlashuv)

Monitoring service for Chief Directorate for Hydrometeorology hydrometeorological phenomena of the Cabinet of Minister

Fuel provision Joint-stock company (Uzbeknefteprodukt)

Motor transport Uzbek agency for road and river transport

Highway services Uzbek State joint-stock concern for the construction and maintenance of highways

Inspectorate for the condition and State joint-stock company conduction of works on chemical (Uzkimyosanoat)industry installations

Search and emergency rescue service National airline (Uzbekiston khavo iullar)for aircraft disasters

Inspectorate for transportation of State joint-stock railway companydangerous freight by rail Uzbekiston temir iullari

Insurance State joint-stock insurance companies Uzagrosugurta and Kafolat

Humanitarian assistance National Council of the Red Crescent Society

218

3. Civil-military co-operation

The Ministry of Emergencies co-operateswith the Ministry of Defence of theRepublic of Uzbekistan in the followingissues:➤ Organising the work of military units in

the relief of emergencies and ensuring its safe implementation.

➤ Monitoring radiation, chemical and bacteriological levels in regions where Ministry of Defence installations are located.

➤ Arranging for the use of military transport aviation to convey emergency rescue service capabilities, specialised equipment and material resources to regions suffering from emergencies.

Military units of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Uzbekistanare called upon to carry out emergencyrescue operations in the event of a large-scale emergency in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

4. Legal framework

Draft laws concerning the preventionand relief of emergencies, the protectionof the population and territory fromnatural disasters, accidents and catastrop-hes, emergency relief management andother areas are prepared by the Ministryof Emergencies in the Republic ofUzbekistan together with the relevantministries, state committees and depart-ments, and are forwarded to the Govern-ment of the Republic of Uzbekistan fordiscussion. The Government adopts a

resolution (decree) or submits the draftlaws to the Oliy Majlis (Parliament) of the Republic of Uzbekistan forconsideration.

The main legislative acts that regulateState Emergency Planning are as follows:1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan: “Protection of the population and terri-tory from natural or man-made emer-gency situations” dated August 20 1999.2. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “Civil protection” dated May 25 2000.

Contact: Mr. I. Djurabekov

Ministry of Emergency

Mustakillik Maidoni 6

Tashkent

Uzbekistan

Telephone: +998 71 133 09 55

Telefax: +998 71 139 82 81

Brussels: Mr. Ulugbek Ishankhodjaev

Mission of Uzbekistan to NATO

M. Worner Building

NATO HQ

B-1110 Brussels

Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 707 27 92

Telefax: +32 2 707 27 94

219

The Swedish Emergency ManagementAgency (sema) was established on 1 July2002, with the purpose of co-ordinatingwork on the preparedness of society tomanage serious crises. When it was for-med, sema took over some of the tasks ofthe Swedish Agency for Civil EmergencyPlanning (öcb) as well as the Board ofPsychological Defence (spf).

Modern society is vulnerable. To im-prove security, it is essential that all actorsin society work together towards the sa-me end: To reduce vulnerabilities and in-crease the capacity to deal with emergen-cies when they occur. This is what emer-gency management is all about.

Local Emergency Management Capability is

Fundamental

Emergencies nearly always arise at locallevel, in municipalities. Consequently,thepreparedness and ability of society to ma-nage emergency situations must be builtwith a bottom up perspective. Onlywhen major difficulties are encounteredin dealing with an emergency at local le-vel, may regional and central levels take

charge of certain aspects. Otherwise, theyshould primarily be supportive.

If an enhanced capability to manageemergencies is built into day-to-day ope-rations at local level, the ability of societyto manage serious crises will increase.The municipal authorities therefore havea key role to play in the work of emer-gency preparedness.

At regional level, the county admini-strative boards have overall responsibilityfor major peacetime emergencies and he-ightened alert. The county administrativeboards have the task of conducting riskand vulnerabilityanalyses, focusing on allcircumstances that are potential causes ofserious emergency situations in the county.

Co-ordination Increases Security

Many activities in society are highly in-terdependent. For example, without ele-ctricity, telecommunications and IT, fewthings in society would function.

In order to ensure that emergency ma-nagement work takes this interdependen-ce into account, planning and resourceallocation for peacetime emergency pre-

220

About the Swedish Emergency

Management Agency (SEMA)

paredness and civil defence are organisedin six “co-ordination areas”:➤ Technical infrastructure.➤ Transport.➤ Spreading of dangerous infectious

substances, toxic chemicals, and radioactive fallout.

➤ Economic security.➤ Overall co-ordination, interaction

and information.➤ Protection, rescue and care.

In each co-ordination area, a number ofpublic authorities are represented. Theirtask is to co-ordinate their activities so asto reduce vulnerability and enhanceemergency management capabilities inthe area. They are also expected to makeefforts to ensure co-ordination with thebusiness sector, as well as with municipa-lities and county administrative boards.sema is responsible for the overall inte-gration of the planning and resource allo-cation process and is required to ensurethat the co-ordination areas interact in anorganised manner.

The Tasks of SEMA

sema has a number of tasks in Sweden’semergency management system.

sema analyses the development of soci-ety and the interdependency of impor-tant societal functions. The agency alsoco-ordinates research and development inthe emergency management area and hasoverall governmental responsibility forinformation security in Sweden.

sema presents proposals to the Govern-

ment on the allocation of resources andthen distributes funds to the authoritiesactive in the emergency managementarea. This includes directing, co-ordina-ting and evaluating measures taken.

sema supports municipalities, countycouncils, county administrative boardsand other authorities in their emergencymanagement work. This support includesenhancing crisis communications capacity.

sema promotes interaction between thepublic sector and the business sector, andworks to ensure that the expertise posses-sed by ngos and religious communities istaken into account in emergency mana-gement.

sema co-operates internationally withsimilar agencies in other countries andsupports the Government Offices in itsparticipation in the emergency manage-ment co-operation pursued by the euand, in tandem with nato, within theframework of the Partnership for Peace(pfp).

Contact Information

The Swedish Emergency Management Agency

P.O. Box 599

101 31 Stockholm

Sweden

Visiting addresses:

Kungsgatan 53,

Stockholm and Hågesta, Sollefteå

Telephone:+46 (0)8 593 710 00

Telefax: +46 (0)8 593 710 01


Website: www.krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se

221

Member Countries of the

Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council

33

36

14

21

16

44

20

3729

11

19

13

30

12

24

25

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338

43

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39

Member Countries of the

Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council

33

36

14

21

16

44

20

3729

11

19

13

30

12

24

25

10

338

43

5

34

18 32935

28

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27

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Intern

ational CEP

Han

dbook 20

03 SEM

A's Ed

uca

tional Se

ries

SEMA's Ed

uca

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ries

2003:2

2003:2





Tel +46 (0) 8 593 710 00Tel +46 (0) 8 593 710 00

Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01





1. Albania

2. Armenia

3. Austria

4. Azerbaijan

5. Belarus

6. Belgium

7. Bulgaria

8. Canada

9. Croatia

10. Czech Republic

11. Denmark

12. Estonia

13. Finland

14. France

15. Georgia

16. Germany

17. Greece

18. Hungary

19. Iceland

20. Ireland

21. Italy

22. Kazakhstan

23. Kyrgyzstan

24. Latvia

25. Lithuania

26. Luxembourg

27. Moldova

28. Netherlands

29. Norway

30. Poland

31. Portugal

32. Romania

33. Russia

34. Slovakia

35. Slovenia

36. Spain

37. Sweden

38. Switzerland

39. Tajikistan

41. Turkey

42. Turkmenistan

43. Ukraine

44. United Kingdom

45. United States

46. Uzbekistan





ISBN 91-85053-10-4ISBN 91-85053-10-4




Intern

ational CEP

Han

dbook 20

03 SEM

A's Ed

uca

tional Se

ries

SEMA's Ed

uca

tional Se

ries

2003:2

2003:2





Tel +46 (0) 8 593 710 00Tel +46 (0) 8 593 710 00

Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01





1. Albania

2. Armenia

3. Austria

4. Azerbaijan

5. Belarus

6. Belgium

7. Bulgaria

8. Canada

9. Croatia

10. Czech Republic

11. Denmark

12. Estonia

13. Finland

14. France

15. Georgia

16. Germany

17. Greece

18. Hungary

19. Iceland

20. Ireland

21. Italy

22. Kazakhstan

23. Kyrgyzstan

24. Latvia

25. Lithuania

26. Luxembourg

27. Moldova

28. Netherlands

29. Norway

30. Poland

31. Portugal

32. Romania

33. Russia

34. Slovakia

35. Slovenia

36. Spain

37. Sweden

38. Switzerland

39. Tajikistan

41. Turkey

42. Turkmenistan

43. Ukraine

44. United Kingdom

45. United States

46. Uzbekistan





ISBN 91-85053-10-4ISBN 91-85053-10-4




Civil Emergency Planning in the NATOEAPC Countries

Documents