(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 1

(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT

& FUTURE(An Overview)

Alan CarterCertification Programme Manager

Aircraft Certification Department



Slide 2

SummaryPAST…

A few notable steps Responsible Bodies Concept of ‘Type Certification’ Certification Code Development



Slide 3

Summary (cont)PRESENT…

Elements of Certification• Type Certification

• Process• Certification Basis• Codes• Example Requirements• Compliance demonstration• Compliance ‘finding’

• Organisation Approval (Design & Production)



Slide 4

Summary (cont)FUTURE…

(Likely/possible)

regulatory

developments



Slide 5

PAST…. (i)Notable steps

1783 H A Balloon de Rozier/D’Arlandes

[& Gas Balloon Charles]

1853? Glider; Cayley Cayley’s ‘assistant’

1903 Powered aeroplane; Flyer Wright

1924Gyrocopter; Cierva C6 [1936 Helicopter; Focke-Achgelis FA-61

Hanna Reitch]



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PAST… (ii)Responsible Bodies (UK)

[1909Advisory Comm. for Aeronautics] 1914 Aeronautical Insp. Dept. 1919 Air Ministry (Dept of Civil Av.)

1937 Air Registration Board (Civil)

1972 Civil Aviation Authority 1970 Joint Aviation Authorities

(1970 UK,F,D,NL only)

2003-European Aviation safety Agency



Slide 7

PAST… (iii) Concept of ‘Type Certification’

1910s Self regulation 1920s/30s Direct Air Ministry approval 1937 (ARB) intro. of ‘Approved firms’ 1945-6 First ‘type approvals’/AANs [1944 Convention on Int. Civil Aviation (Chicago):

1949 Annex 8 ‘A/w of aircraft’, Pt.II Ch. 1 ’Type Certification’]

1968 First UK TCs: (Beagle Pup & Slingsby T53)



Slide 8

PAST… (iv)Type Certification Code development

1926 AP 1208 ‘A/w Hnbk. for Civ. A/c (Air Ministry)

1945 BCAR D ‘Des. & Constr.’ (ARB) 1948- BCAR Sections• examples: D ‘Large Aeropl.’1948, C ‘Eng. & Prop’ 1949, G ‘Rotorcraft’ 1954, K, ‘Light Aeropl.’ 1966 (ARB)

1969 TSS Standards (ARB & SGAC) 1974 JAR-25 ‘Large Aeroplanes’ (JAA) 2003 EASA Certification Specifications



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PRESENT… (i)Three related, required approvals

Type Certification (type design approval)

Design Organisation approval Production Organisation approval



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PRESENT… (ii)TC: The elements of the process

APPLICATION

CERTIFICATION BASIS

SUBMISSION OF REPORTS

AA EVALUATION

RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION

COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

TYPE TYPE CERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATION

•Analyses•Structural Test•Flight Test•Flight Manual etc....

APPLICATION

CERTIFICATION BASIS

SUBMISSION OF REPORTS

Agency EVALUATION

RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION

COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

TYPE TYPE CERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATION

•Analyses•Structural Test•Flight Test•Flight Manual etc....



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PRESENT… (iii)The ‘Certification Basis’

Mandatory Requirements [applicable cert code in place at time of TC application, e.g. JAR-25 at Change 16]

• Reversions [Use of ‘older’ reqs.]• ‘Special Conditions’ (Novel design features [CCD],

Unconventional use [Steep Appr.], General experience [HIRF])• Exemptions [Non-applic. of req.]• ‘Equivalent Safety Findings’ [Not specified AMC]• Environmental Standards [Noise & emissions]

Elect to Comply Requirements



Slide 12

PRESENT… (iv)(Main) current Certification Codes

Aeroplanes: CS-25 (Large), 23 (Normal,Utility & Aerobatic/5700kg), VLA (Very Light/750kg), 22 (Sailplanes), BCAR S (Small Light/450kg)

Rotorcraft: CS-29 (Large), 27 (Small/3175kg), VLR (Very light/600kg), BCAR T (Light Gyroplanes/600kg)

Lighter than air: CS-31 (Balloons), CS-30 (Non-rigid airships)

Other: CS-E (Engines), P (Propellers), APU



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PRESENT… (v)Cert. Code layout & content

General Flight (Perf., Contr.& Manoeuv., Trim, Stab., Stalls, Gnd.Hndl.,

Misc.) Structure (Flt.Loads, Manoeuv./Gust cond.,

Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads, Emer.Lndg.Loads, Fatigue) Design & construction (Contr.Syst., Persnl.&Cargo

Accom., Pressn., Fire Prot.) Powerplant (Fuel Sys., Oil Sys., Contr.&Access.)

Equipment (Instrum., Elec.Syst., Safety Equip.)

Operating Limitations & information (AFM, ..)



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PRESENT… (vi)Example requirements:

Factor of Safety’ (for the strength of the aircraft structure)

CS-VLA.613 & 619: … “probability of material being under strength is extremely remote” (for composites, x 1.5 if not tested ‘hot & wet’ & x 1.0 to 1.55 for production variability)

CS-31HB.25(b): … “at least x 5 for envelope design (x 2 if effective rip-stoppers)



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PRESENT… (vii)Example requirements (cont)

(In-flight) Gust loads applied to aircraft

CS-23.333: …The aircraft is assumed to be subjected to symmetrical vertical gusts in level flight “… of 50 fps at Vc, 25 fps at Vd …

BCAR S.333: …No gust loads…



Slide 16

PRESENT… (viii)Example requirements (cont)

Seat & harness provision

CS-23.785(b): “… must consist of a seat, safety belt & shoulder harness, that is designed to protect the occupant … dynamic test conditions of 23.562 …”

CS-31HB.63: “… there must be handholds of adequate strength and number”



Slide 17

PRESENT… (ix)Compliance demonstration

(Your bit!)

‘Load cases’/design cases Analysis

• Aerodynamic• Airframe loading• Systems safety (FMEA/SSA)

Test• Ground (Structural, func. & reliability, GVT)• Flight (Perf., handling, flutter)



Slide 18

PRESENT… (x)Compliance demonstration (cont)

‘Compliance checklist’



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PRESENT… (xiii)Compliance ‘finding’ (or ‘our bit’)

Why?• Independent check (on whether compliance

achieved)• Legal ‘finding’ requirement

How?• Sample• Reliance (where appropriate) on organisation’s

‘approval’



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PRESENT… (xiv) Approval of Organisations

Industry has detail product knowledge/expertise

Authority/Agency has responsibility The two are satisfied by: ‘approval’

(accreditation) to design (through a DOA) or produce (with a POA)



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PRESENT… (xv)Organisation Approval (DOA/POA)

Organisation must be able to:• Demonstrate competence in chosen

fields• Comply with regulatory requirements• Carry out privileges assoc. with approval

Both initially & through continued auditing



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FUTURE… (iii)Regulatory developments

Features: EVS, SVS, smart structure/HUMS

Tilt Rotor: BA609, ‘Composite’ of CS-25/29

Civil/military programmes: A400M

Civil UAVSs: CAP 722; TC (using existing codes), DOA, POA

Environmental; Alt. fuels, blended wing-body Plus … Single ‘Worldwide’ certifications?



Slide 23

Any other questions?

Good luck!

(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)

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