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ARMYSERVICE FORCES
MANUAL M60-7
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK
AUSTRIA
SECTION 7: AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
_ __
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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M 60-7
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK
AUSTRIA
SECTION 7: AGR ICULTURE AND FOOD
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NUMBERING SYSTEM OF
ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS
The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces manual is indicated by
consecutive numbering
Ml- M99
M100-M199
M200-M299
M300-M399
M400-M499
M500-M599
M600-M699
M700-M799
M800-M899
M900-up
within the following categories:
Basic and Advanced Training.
Army Specialized Training Program and Preinduction
Training.Personnel and Morale.
Civil Affairs.
Supply and Transportation.
Fiscal.
Procurement and Production.
Administration.
Miscellaneous.
Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction.
HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES
WASHINGTON 25 , D. C., 30 June 1945
Army Service Forces Manual M360-7, Civil Affairs Handbook, Austria, Sec-
tion 7, Agriculture and Food, has been prepared under the supervision of The
Provost Marshal General, and is published for the information and guidance of
all concerned.
[SPX 300.7 (25 Jun 45) ]
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This study on Agriculture and Food in Austria was prepared in the
OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICERS USING THESE HANDBOOKS ARE REQUESTED TO MAKE
SUGGESTIONS AND CRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVISIONS OR
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INTRODUCTION
Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbooks
The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (1) to assist the commanding general
by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effec-
tively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human
suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder and (3) to create the
conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively.
The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out
these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as is possible. The handbooks do
not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon changing and unpredictable
developments). It should be clearly understood that they do not imply any given
official program of action. They are, rather, ready reference source books con-
taining the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making.
- -
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CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOKS
TOPICAL OUTLINE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Geographical and Social Background
Government and Administration
Legal Affairs
Government Finance
Money and Banking
Natural. Resources
Agriculture
Industry and Commerce
Labor
Public Works and Utilities
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CONTENTS
Page
I. GENERAL BACKGROUND.
A. Country and population ................................................. 1
B. Topography .................... .................................. 1
C. Climate............................................................. 2
1. The Middle European climate ................. .................... .22. The Alpine climate......... ....................................... 23. The Pannonian or Continental climate................................. 3
D. Soils .............................................. ................. 3
E. Land use .... ........................................... 3
1. Gen eral........................................................... 32. Natural regions ............... ...... ............................... 5
a. The Alpine Reg ion ..................................... 6b. Wald- and Muehiviertel.......................................... 6
c. Flat and hilly land ............ .... ............................. 6
F. Livestock ............... :............................................ 7
1. Cattle ................ .............................. 72. Horses ................................... ....................... 8
3. Hogs ........... ................ ................................ 94. Sheep.......................................................... . 9-5. Goats ............................................................ 9
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Page
III. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD DURING WAR YEARS ............................. 23
A. General review ........................................................... 23
B. Factors of production ........................ ........................... 24
1. Labor ............ ....... ............. ............ ............ ... .... 24
2. Draft power and machinery............................................ 24
3. Fertilizer............................................................. 24
C. Production, trade, and consumption......................................... 24
1. Production..................... ......... ............................ 24
2. Trade................................................................ 25
3. Consumption ......................................................... 25
4. Estimates of prospective food deficit 1945-46............................... 25
a. Assumptions ....................................................... 27
b. Deficits ........................................................ .. 27
APPENDIX A. AUSTRIA: ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES ..................... 28-51
'APPENDIX B. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS AND INFORMATION ................... 52-54
LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING......................... 56
MAPS ................................ ....................................... 58-60
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
I. Land us e in Austria an d Hungary (1932)...................... ..... 4...
II. Land use categories in percent of total area (1913-1936)................. ................................. 4
III. Land use by states ............. ............ ............. .. ............. ............ 5
IV. Land use by regions............................................................................... 6
V. U se of machines and installations on farms 1930 (b y states) an d 1939.....................................12
V I. Consumption of commercial fertilizer ..... .......... ................ ................. .... 14
VII. Food supplies, consum ption, and degree of self-sufficiency, average 1933-37.................................. 17
VIII . Sugar supply and consumption (1932/33--1937/38)..................................................19
IX. Consumption of milk and milk products for human nutrition .............................................. 21
X. Comparison of per capita consumption in selected countries (1933-37)...................................... 22
XI. Prewar an d wartime food balance ........................... ....... ......... ................. .... 26
XII. Food supply available fo r human consumption from domestic sources (August-July 1945-46)....................27
XIII . Calculation of food deficits fo r August-July 1945-46 .................................................... 27
APPENDIX A. ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES ............................................................. 31
1. Land use (1936)
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agricultural population by size of farms (1930)
3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (193,3-36)
4. Livestock (1934)
fo r each of the following states:
Lower Austria ......... .................. .................................. ............... 31
Upper Austria ................................ ................... ........ 33
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I. GENERAL BACKGROUND
A. Country an d Population
Austria, as defined for purposes of this handbook, isthe country that emerged, as one of the "Succession
States" of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy,
under the Peace Treaty of Saint-Germain in Sep-
tember 1919, with the so-called Burgenland added
in 1922. This definition, therefore, gives the coun-
try in its 1937 frontiers, before it was annexed by
Germany. It has a total area of 83,868 square
kilometers (32,373 square miles).1
Austria lies between 90 30' and 17° east longitude
and between 46° 30' and 49° north latitude. If
superimposed, at this latitudinal position, on the
State of Maine, the northern part of the country
would overlap into Canada, its southern part cover-
ing the north of Maine.
Austria is truly a land of the middle. Locatedin the heart of Europe, it borders on seven countries
-Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Germany,
Yugoslavia and Bulgaria (1937). The United
States in 1940 had 44 persons per square mile.
According to the 1934 census, 32 percentof the
country's working population was employed in agri-
culture and forestry. With the share of working
family members especially large among the farm
population, the percentage of the population whose
livelihood depended on agriculture and forestry, in-
cluding those employed and temporarily unemployed
as well as dependents, as a share of the total popu-
lation was only about27
percent. In 1923 it hadstill been 30 percent.
,An entirely different picture is obtained if the
urban area of Vienna with its 1.9 million inhabitants
is separated from the rest of the country. If the
oversized capital that once was the center of a
country with a population of 50 million is excluded
from the statistics, the largely rural character of the
rest of Austria becomes strikingly evident. The em-ployment in agriculture averaged 45 percent of the
total working population in Austria exclusive of
_C:~-~
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mountain massif. The mountainous partitself. alli , bridge to the Bohemian massif. Most im-
into three parts, a central zone consisting of primary"' ~r is the Danube valley with its alluvial deposits
rock paralleled both to the north and south by a
range of limestone mountains.
The archaic range has the highest elevations and
reaches 3,798 meters above sea level at the Gross-
glockner. In the Gneiss (banded granite) zone the
mountain forms are sharp, in the slate and shale
zone more rounded. Because of its abundant water
supply the archaic range forms the basis for some
of the best alpine pastures. Thus in spite of the
very high elevations, the total high mountain desert
occupies only 12 percent of this area.
The limestone Alps reaching 2,996 meters above
sea level in the northern range (Dachstein) and
2,141 meters in the southern (Hochobir) are, as
stated, lower than the central range. Mountain
forms are very sharp in both ranges. The high
plateaus are deficient in water because of the porous
nature of limestone. The valley bottoms have many
springs. The mountain desert in these ranges is
more extensive, in spite of the lesser altitude, and
amounts to about one-fifth to one-fourth of the total
area.
The open parts of Austria bordering on the moun-
tain massif consist of some plains and a larger
stretch of hilly country. The northern prealpine
country of Salzburg and Upper and Lower Austria
which forms the basis of a thriving agriculture. The
eastern part of Austria joins on the Hungarian plain.
Parts of the Burgenland must even be considered a
continuation of the Hungarian plain area.
C. Climate
The climate of Austria falls into three distinct
types: the Middle European, the Alpine, and the
Pannonian or Continental climate.
1. THE MIDDLE EUROPEAN CLIMATE. Under
the influence of the Central European climate is thewhole of the prealpine area and the Bohemian mas-
sif. It reaches into many of the alpine valleys ap-
proaching the timber line. Precipitation varies be-
tween 700- and- 2,000-mm. The number of frost
days lies between 185 and 200 in the subalpine area.
In the large longitudinal valleys and the cross can-
yons, the phenomenon of temperature reversal is
common; that is, in the winter the bottom of the
valleys is filled with cold masses of air while the
surrounding heights show a higher average tempera-
ture. This is the case in the valleys of the Puster,
Enns, and Salzach, as well as the basin of Carinthia.
The average temperatures in the different quarters
of the year at various stations is shown in the fol-
lowing tabulation.
Average temperature in C.0
Yearly
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tation is a common occurrence owing to thin soil.
The following average temperatures were recorded
in 10 alpine mountain stations:
Yearlyaverage
Altitude above Average temperature in C.o
temperature
sea level I/III IV/VI VII/IX X/XII in Co.o
2,190 meters 0.9 2.5 7.3 0.6 0.8
The highest areas of the Alps agriculturally still
usable are utilized only for mountain pastures. The
very short growing season prevents the growth of
trees, but alpine meadows and pastures can be util-
ized to different degrees even above the timber line.
3. THE PANNONIAN OR CONTINENTAL CLIMATE.
To this climatic zone belong the three great basins
to the East: the basin north of the Danube, that
situated south of Graz, and the Vienna basin south
of the Danube, which holds intermediate position.
An altitude of about 400 meters is not exceeded any-where in this area. Frost days vary between 60
and 80 days. As in the Middle European climate,
a distinctive winter is characteristic. Heat waves ap-
pear between the end of June and the beginning of
July. Average temperatures are recorded in the
following tabulation:
Average temperature in C.°
Number Meters ________ ____Yearly-average
Location of above temperatutre
stations sea level I/III IV/VI VII/IX X/XII in C.°
Vienna Basin and "oestl.
Pforte." ............ 8 258 2.0 9.1 19.5 9.6 8.9
Styrian Hill country..... 10 315 2.8 9.4 19.3 9.6 8.7
Graz ................. .. 344 2.2 9.7 19.9 10.1 9.2
Lake of Neusiedl ...... .. 225 1.4 9.9 20.4 10.5 9.6
In contrast to the Middle European and the Alpine
type of climate, crops ripen early. Winter rye, for
example, is ready for harvesting between June 24
and July 1.
A true Mediterranean climate is nonexistent
though southern Styria and Carinthia are on the
border of its zone.
In Austria's climate, winds play a considerable
role. Thus in certain seasons there appears on the
the limestone mountains tend to dry out, especially
in the eastern limestone Alps exposed to continental
winds. Many of the alluvial accumulations of the
valleys are wet if not swampy as for instance in the
valleys of the Enns, Salzach, upper Drau, and lower
Gail. Where drainage conditions are good there
appear soils of high fertility as in the Mur and
Muerz Valley, the plain of Graz, and the Klagen-
furt basin.
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(23 percent, gardens (1 percent), an d vineyards
(2 percent) occupy only about one-fourth of the
land. The remaining area (11 percent) is unpro-
ductive.
Table I, comparing Austria with its neighbor
State of Hungary, impresses th e peculiarity of the
Austrian features by strong contrast. While Aus-
tria is a mountainous country with characteristic
predominance of forest and pasture land, Hungary
is primarily an area of plowland (60 percent). In
proportion to total area Hungary has only one-third
of Austria's share in forests, with lumber deficits
in th e former and surpluses in the latter country.
The relationship among the various broad cate-
gories of land use has changed very little during
the past 25 years. The only striking change oc-
curred during World War I when th e area in
meadows an d pastures increased by about 10 per-
cent at th e expense of the plowland. By 1936, how-
ever, the relationships had returned to about th e
prewar basis. This is not surprising since, despite
the slowly modifying influences of agricultural poli-
cies and techniques, the distribution of land uses is
largely determined by invariable natural conditions.
In fact, th e natural conditions of the country ar e so
rigid as to permit only minor variations in land use.
The relationships among land uses can to any larger
extent be changed only through costly projects of
amelioration. The forests, especially in Styria and
Carinthia, might possibly be pushed back somewhat
and perhaps have been through th e years of Nazi
rule; also forests which formerly were plowland an d
some pastures might be returned to th e use fo r field
crops. These areas, however, are small. The pos-
Table I. Land use in Austria and Hungary (1932).
Arable land.......... .................................
Gardens......... ........................ ..........
Vineyards .........
Meadows and pastures.. ...... .. .....................
Total productive area............... ................
Forest......................................Reed land..... ............. .........................
Total productive area...............................
Austria
Hectares Percent
1,949,102 23.2
91,112 1.1
30,206 0.4
2,281,240 27.2
4,351,660 51.9
3,138,881 37.4
7,490,541 89.3
Hungary
Hectares Percent
5,594,917 60.1
.109,836 1.2
212,395 2.3
1,668,841 17.9
7,585,989 81.5
1,095,799 11.8
30,494 0.3
8,712,282 93.6'
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sibility of letting major areas of plowland be utilized
as pastures-a shift which has taken place in some
European countries, especially France-cannot be
expected in Austria unless there are considerably
increased possibilities of nonagricultural employ-
ment.
Land use by broad categories and years is shown
in table II, and a further breakdown of the plow-
land is given in the tables in the appendixes, by years
and for the average of the 1933-36 period. All the
grains combined occupied roughly 60 percent of the
plowland or 1.2 million hectares. The largest area
was planted to rye (381,000 ha.) followed by oats
(299,000 ha.), wheat (237,000 ha.), and barley
(166,000 ha.) ; corn occupied only 64,000 ha. Rela-
tive to each other, the grains have changed little bu t
for the period after 1933 when the wheat area began
to increase at the expense of rye, oats, and barley.
All but 6.6 percent of the wheat are fall-sown.
There is little summer rye (4.4 percent). Barley
is a spring sown crop. The area sown to barley inthe fall was 6.2 percent in 1936.
Potatoes were planted on over 10 percent of the
plowed area and sugar beets on 24 percent. These
row crops had expanded considerably since 1923
when their combined area was less than 9 percent
of the total plowland. About 1.4 percent of the
plowland are in early potatoes.
The remaining plowed area is. planted to fodder
crops: fodder beets 3.6 percent, red clover 7.3 per-
All oilseeds and fiber plants together accounted
for less than 0.4 percent of the plowland. Flax for
fiber, poppy, mustard, rape, and colza were more
important than hemp. The cultivation of tobacco
and hops was negligible.
Intensification of agriculture has led to doubleutilization of an increasing share of the plowland.
This was accomplished by the planting of stubble
crops, such as stubble red clover, water beets, buck-
wheat, fodder grain, and green manure or through
intertilling, for example, cabbages between rows of
corn and secondary utilization of crops, for example,
in letting the last cutting of a fodder crop (alfalfa,
clover, etc.) go to seed. The latter tw o forms oc-
cupy 10, the first 10 of the land in double utiliza-
tion.
In percent of total plowland the twice cropped
area increased as follows:
1913 1922 1925 1929 1931 1934 1936
Percent
4.88 5.65 8.10 9.06 9.94 9.62 11.01
2. NATURAL REGIONS. In view of the great dif-
ferences in natural conditions, land use among the
various regions of Austria varies a great deal. Abreak-down by States (Bundeslaender) (table III)
shows arable land to vary from over 50 percent of
the total area in Burgenland to 1.7 percent in Vorarl-
bei-g. The inverse relationship is found in meadows
and pastures which occupy 61 percent of the total
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Table IV. Land use by regions.
Land use
Total area ............. ..........................
Plowland .....................................................
Grassland (meadows, Hutweiden and Alps).................
Forests ............. .............. .................
Wheat area ...... ....... ........ .......
Rye area ......... ............... ................ .
Barley area .. . . ....... ...... ...... ......
Oats area ................... .............. ..........
Corn area .......................................
Grain, including corn. .............. .......................
Potato area ................... .... .................
Sugarbeet area ......................... ...........Fodder beet area................. .................. .......
Root crops together.......................... .............
Field vegetables .. . .. .......... ............... . ........
Pulses .................. .............. ....... .
Oil and fiber plants area..................................
Field fodder, excl. fodder beets ...... ........ ..........
Source: Gruenseis, F., Oesterreichs Land- und Forstwirtschaft undwirtschaft, Wi
Aside from its division by States Austria has also
been divided, for purposes of the agricultural cen-
sus, into 38 zones with more or less uniform agri-
culture. These zones lie within the boundaries of
the various States and do not overlap with the latter.
(See map of agricultural zones at end of manual.)
To simplify the description to be given here three
natural regions will be distinguished: (a) the Alpine
region, (b) the Wald- and Muehlviertel situated
Alpineregion
56.9
17.8
69.9
71.8
14.5
13.2
11.3
15.4
6.213.4
11.8
1.29.1
9.918.4
9.611.0
36.3
Wald- undMuehlviertel
8.816.0
6.48.1
7.823.8
4.4
25.0
0.217.0
20.3
1.519.8
17.9
14.3
21.7
47.3
10.4
Flat andhilly land
34.3
66.2
23.7
20.1
77.7
63.0
84.3
59.6
93.6
69.6
67.9
97.371.1
72.2
67.3
68.7
41.7
53.3
deren Interesse am Auslaendischen Agrarmarkt. Oesterreichs Land-ien 1934.
of proper soil and difficult climatic conditions. In
general, field crops have not even sufficed to supply
the farm population. An exception is only the po-
tato which in a few climatically favored valleys is
produced also for the market.
b. Wald- und Muehlviertel. In this area the two
states, Upper and Lower Austria, share in the rela-
tionship of 58:42. Forestry and livestock even in
this area are the major agricultural branches. How-
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the whole of Burgenland, parts of Lower Austria
(50 percent), Upper Austria (43 percent), the
Flachgau of Salzburg (9.3 percent), Styria (about
40 percent), Carinthia (10 percent), and Vienna.
The region shows within itself large variations with
regard to its agricultural character and land utili-
zation.
Roughly 70 percent of Austria's grain production
comes from this area. The interest in the grain mar-
ket and the prices for wheat, barley, rye and oats are
therefore almost entirely restricted to the farmers of
this region. Corn also comes almost wholly from
this section, but is consumed largely on the farm.
The Austrian sugar-beet cultivation is also centred.
here. The expansion in sugar beets and the con-
struction of processing plants in Lower Austria, the
Burgenland, and Upper Austria gradually made it
possible to supply all of the sugar needs of the coun-
try's population.
No less important is the potato of which this re-
gion, together with the Wald- und Muehlviertel, sup-plies not only the whole of the internal market
demand with the exception, of some early potatoes,
but it provides likewise quantities of seed potatoes
for export. Another portion of the crop is used for
alcohol, and a small fraction for starch manufacture.
Table IV shows only field vegetables, not, how-
ever, the garden area, whose importance on the vege-
table market is by no means to be underestimated.
Both branches of the vegetable production are closely
siderable importance. Necessary additions to the
livestock are obtained chiefly from the Alpine region
so that the farms of the flat and hilly land are large
buyers on the cattle markets of the Alpine and
Wald- und Muehlviertel regions. Hogs and poultry,
though much less tied to natural conditions and com-
mon to all areas, are relatively most important in this
region. The production of hogs of the meat type and
of eggs is rather general all over Austria.
F. Livestock
Livestock more than any other branch epitomizes the
character of Austrian agriculture. The form of ani-
mal keeping and management is both peculiar to this
area and rather unusual to persons accustomed to
animal husbandry as practiced in the United States.
In March 1934 Austria had 262,000 equine ani-
mals of which less than 1,000 were asses and mules;
2,350,000 cattle (1,210,000 cows); 2,823,000 pigs;
263,000 sheep; 326,000 goats, and 8,680,000 chick-
ens.2 For every 100 human beings there were roughly
42 hogs, 35 cattle, 128 chickens, 4 horses, 4 sheep,
and 5 goats. Hogs numbered about 65 per 100 hec-
tares of land in agricultural use; cattle 54; horses 6;
and chickens 200. As compared to the previous cen-
sus of 1923 horses, sheep, and goats had been re-
duced in number while cattle and chickens had
increased. Hogs had almost doubled in number.
The census of 1938, not quite comparable because
of a change in the census date from March to De-
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Breed"
Fleckvieh ..... .... .. ............
Pinzgauer ............ ..............
Murbodner .............................
Blondvieh . . ............... ..... ...
Graubraunes Gebirgsvieh ...................
Bergschecken ...........................
Oberinntaler ............ ............
Z illertaler ..............................
Tuxer ................ ..... . ..
Crosses of these breeds ...................
Others ...................... ...T otal ....................... .....
Population(percent)
24.1
18.3
10.7
10.4
9.8
2.5
1.6
0.2
0.1
16.0
6.3100.0
SAll of the breeds specifically named are highland cattle. The Fleckvieh in type and
Graubraunes Gebirgsvieh corresponds to the Brown Swiss.
b Country average, not strictly comparable with above sample averages by breeds.
Almost all of these breeds are triple purpose types
providing draft power in addition to milk and meat.
The emphasis on one or the other of these lines mayvary. Thus, for example, the Oberinntaler is more
specifically a milk producer while the Blondvieh of
the Waldviertel and Carinthia is better for draft and
meat production. The breeding for multiple pur-
poses is best adapted to the economic conditions o'f
Austria. Cattle are raised in the alpine regions, sold
to the milk-producing areas of the plains, are fat-
tened after one or several lactation periods, and soldfor slaughter. It is estimated that about 13 percent
of all cows and 48 percent of the oxen over 1 year of
Estimates for 1934
Average Average'.ilk production fat content
(kg year) (percent)
2,500 3.9
2,300 3.8
2,300 4.0
2,000 4.0
2,800 3.7
1,900 4.1
2,500 3.8
n.a.
2,500 3.8
n.a.
n.a..
2,100b 3.9
appearance is similar to the Simmenthal, while the
wide expanse of alps while the opposite case is com-
mon to the prealpine regions where the lower alti-
tude of the ranges restrict the area in natural moun-
tain pastures. Both cases either restrict the number
of animals that can be kept or increase the cost of
livestock production.
In the plains and hilly lands wherever field cultiva-
tion predominates, animal husbandry has a wholly
different form. Animals are sometimes raised to re-
place the farmer's own herd but more generally new
stock is brought from the alpine regions. The den-
sity of livestock is greater per hectare than in the
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3. HOGS. The number of hogs is greatest in the
plains with their large fodder production and by-
product utilization. In the alpine regions the pig is
kept more for the self-supply of the farmer. The
hogs kept are medium-heavy. The German Edel-
schwein and the improved Landschwein are the only
important breeds with a numerical relationship to
one another of 4:6. Lard hogs are supplied from the
countries to the east.
4. SHEEP. In the interwar period the sheep popu-
lation has declined considerably. Sheep are com-
mon only in the mountains where natural pastures
provide favorable conditions. The most important
sheep area has always been Carinthia. The Carin-
thian "Bergschaf" of the higher altitudes and the
Carinthian "Seelandschaf" of the plains are the best
native breeds and have spread through all alpine
valleys. Their rough wool is used for "Loden"3
and
in home industry. Wool prices have been too low to
encourage increased production, and sheep meat is
so little in demand that, in spite of the smallness of
the quantities produced, exports at times exceed im-
ports.
5. GOATS. Like the sheep population, goat num-
bers have declined, though at a much slower rate. In
fact, while goats were only two-thirds the number of
sheep in 1923, they outnumbered them by 15 percent
in 1938. Apart from the very small holdings, as for
example in the vineyard regions, theyare found in
larger numbers only in the Pinzgau of Salzburg,
where their milk is converted into cheese. The an-
the biggest problem in poultry production was en-
countered in the collection and marketing of eggs.
Before the war only few egg collection centers ex-
isted in Lower and Upper Austria, in the Burgen-
land, and .Carinthia.
G. The Farms4
Austria in 1930 has about 430,000 agricultural and
forestry holdings with a total area of roughly 7/
million hectares (18/2 million acres), including all
woodland and gardenland.5 Of this area over 4 mil-
lion hectares (10 million acres) were in agricultural
use, about 3 million hectares (7/2 million acres) in
forests. Austria is a country of family-sized, owner-
operated farms, and the small peasant farm predomi-
nates. Strip-farming is widespread, and substantial
gains in farm land and particularly in economy of
farm operations could still be made by proper con-
solidation of scattered holdings.
There are few large agricultural estates (mostly in
Burgenland and Lower Austria) ; it is estimated that
such estates-with hired managers-occupy only
about 6 percent of the total area in agricultural use.
On the other hand, of the total forest area about one-
half is in large estate holdings.
In all of Austria holdings of more than 100 hec-
tares (250 acres)6
comprised 46 percent of the total
area in farms, but only about one-third of their land
was in agricultural use (of which 90 percent in pas-
tures and meadows), the remainder being forests
arid waste land. These holdings occupied about 26
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cent of the total area in agricultural use in Burgen-
land, 542 percent in Lower Austria, and 46
percent in Upper Austria-as against an average of
40 pecent for Austria as a whole. Upper Austria is
characterized by a large share of medium to medium-
large farms, with fully 50 percent of the agriculturalland in farms of from 50 to 250 acres (average for
Austria 34 percent). Conversely, Burgenland has
fully 42 percent of its agricultural area in small
farms of from 5 to 25 acres (average for Austria 18
percent).
Austrian farmers ow n most of their land. Only
42 percent of the, total area in farms or an esti-
mated 6 to 7 percent of the area in agricultural useis rented. Some pasture land, notably in Carinthia
and Tirol, is in communal ownership. For Austria
as a whole, the largest proportions of rented land are
to be found in the holding groups of under 5 acres
(20 percent of the group's total farm area) and 5 to
25 acres (10 percent). In Lower Austria and Bur-
genland the proportions of rented land in the size
group over 25 0 acres, into which the large estates
fall, are 8 and 22 percent, respectively. It may be
assumed that much of the rented land in this size
group is not in forest but in agricultural use so that
the share of rented land in the agricultural area of
the farms is considerably larger than indicated.
1. A NOTE ON TYPES OF FARMING. The results
of farm accounting, which was carried out by the
Chambers of Agriculture (Landwirtschaftskam-
mern) of the individual States and in the Ministry
percent of the productive land was under the plow,
13 percent in meadows and pastures, and 15 percent
in forest.
On the other hand, so-called "mixed forest farms"
located at an average altitude of about twice that of
the group designated as plowland farms had fully 62
percent of their productive area in forest, 23 percent
in pastures and meadows, and only 15 percent in
plowland. The average size of the farms investigated
in this mixed forest farm group was 42 ~ hectares.
The pure "forest farms" investigated had an average
size of over 140 ha. with over 80 percent of the pro-
ductive land in forests and only 5 percent under the
plow. In the "plow-grassland farms with Alps" in-
vestigated, pastures and meadows predominated with
46 percent of the total productive area in meadows
and pastures, 35 percent in forest, and 20 percent
in plowland; the average size of the farms investi-
gated in that group was just under 20 hectares, their
average altitude 650 meters, and precipitation
1,100-mm.
The intensity of farming varied greatly as among
the various types of farms. Labor input per hectare
of productive area was highest on the small "wine
farms." Next in the survey came the "mixed wine
farms" with less than half the labor input per ha.
of productive area compared to the wine farms.
Then follow the plowland and plow-grassland farms
with about one-third of the labor input compared to
the wine farms, but still about 50 percent more input
than the "grassland farms" and four times as much
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veyed by the Chambers of Agriculture the share of
hired labor in the total work performed was only
about 7 percent on the wine farms, about 37 percent
on the plowland farms, and 53 percent on the forest
farms.3. FARM MACHINERY. Considering Austrian agri-
culture's natural environment, which in many regions
does not favor mechanization, Austria has a fair
number of agricultural machines and power equip-
ment. (See table V.) The German census of 1939
indicates that the "Ostmark" (the former Austria
plus a small part of southern Moravia and Bohemia
taken by Germany under the Munich Sudetenland
settlement) had 23.8 threshing machines per 100
farms of over / hectare, compared to 30.2 in Ger-
many, 48.9 straw cutters (52.1), 8.4 drills (22.4),
and 8.6 mowers, reapers, and binders (49.3). Aus-
trian agriculture averaged over 18 electro-motors per
100 farms, compared to over 50 in Germany. There
was only a small number of tractors: 2,150, includ-
ing motor mowers and garden tractors, or 4.3 per
1,000 farms of over /z hectare, compared to 20.6 in
Germany. Over one-half of these tractors average
more than 22 hp (belt).
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Table V. AUSTRIA: Us e of machines and installationson farms 1930 (by states) and 1939.
Loe Upe Total Austria
Type Vienna r Austria Salzburg Styria Carinthia Tirol Vorarlherg Burgenland 1930 I 19399
AustrI Ir
Numhers
Primary motors........................... 24 9,160 4,274 1,366 8,317 7,664 1,548 70 1 1,359 33,782 n.a.
including:
(a) Water wheels ..................... .. 682 718 449 3,503 4,318 954 4 41 10,669 na.
(b) Water turbines .................... .. 32 7 220 171 373. 574 383 10 6 2,064 n.a.
(c) Steam engines........................5 421 143 16 34 22 ... ... 90 731 1,503
(d) Internal combustion engines..........16 7,149 2,932 686 4,183 2,611 133 39 1,143 18,892 33,580
Electromotors ........................... : 102 17,060 14,250 2,635 7,741 4,003 3,040 857 696 50,384 88,051
Trucks .............................. 6 115 40 10 42 16 10 5 13 257 n.a.
Tractorsb..:
........... .. . . . . . . . .. . ... .10 484 73 4 21 . 33 8* 6 81 720 2,087
Threshing machinery.....................35 44,535 4,942 6,286 26,226 12,527 7,480 - 178 12,260 114,469 116,203
Seed cleaners........................... 23 4,598 2,210 984 5,143 2,092 1,579 112 1,851 18,592 n.a.
Straw cutters ............................ 147 76,557 45,590 6,344 49,273 18,381 10,740 3,804 23,034 233,870 238,152
Feed grinders............................. 55 18,666 18,836. 1,011 16,563 1,570 1,535 137 992 59,365 80,937
Drills. ............................... 126 17,717 4,053 149 598 512 200 103 3,077 26,535 40,724
Mowers, reapers, binders...................52 13,877 5,496 545 1,163 1,144 998 1,034 557 24,866 41,679
Cream separators ......................... 17 19,889 - 49,984 8,997 15,620 11,632 17,563 4,717 3,427 131,846 n.a.
Special installations:
(a) Mills ............................. 2 1,140 979 1,643 5,087 6,489 2,107 36 38 17,521 n.a.
(b) Distilleries......................... 1 4,830 4,956 1,256 4,219 2,212 1,650 1,838 183 21,145 n.a.
(c) Cheese making ................... .. 56 56 311 115 160 579 386 4 1,667 n.a.
(d) Butter making ....................... 2 2,710 1,999 927 1,963 1,109 2,391 757 87 11,945 n.a.
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Conpiled from official sources. (As per Statistisches HandbuchVol. 21, 1941.)
fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. XLV, 1933, p. 58 and Wirtschaft und Statistik,
G rom the German census of May 17, 1939, for the Ostmark which was 5.2 percent larger in area than Austria in 1930. Data not strictly comparable with 1930 figures.
b Also 33 caterpillars and 132 motor plows.
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Austria's mobile power equipment (tractors plus
trucks) in 1930 generated only 6.2 percent of the
farm-produced mechanical power. Roughly 60 per-
cent of the remainder came from electro-motors, 40
percent from water wheels and turbines, stationary
steam and internal combustion engines. No com-
parable data are available for 1939.
Austria has a relatively high degree of rural elec-
trification. Already in 1930 there were few commu-
nities which were not linked to the electric network.
Per head of the farm population 40-50 kwh were
consumed annually, including lighting and the power
used for mills, saws, etc.8 This figure compared with
about 60 kwh for Germany. 9 Much further prog-
ress has since been made.
Austria has made good progress toward increased
mechanization during the thirties; increases were
considerable in the case of electro-motors, internal
combustion engines, as well as tractors, drills, mow-
ers, reapers, and binders. With regard to other farm
equipment the most remarkable advance was made in
the case of silos which increased from 691 in 1930 to
21,384 in 1939. Apart from the machines enumer-
ated in the table, the 1939 census also showed about
3,300 manure spreaders, 11,350 hoeing machines,
6,200 potato harvesters, 2,700 beet lifters, and 3,400
straw and hay balers. Combines were unknown.
The most highly mechanized states were quite ob-
viously Lowerand Upper Austria followed by Sty-
ria, Carinthia, and Burgenland. A large share of all
Austrian water wheels and turbines are found in
per unit of area. In this size group are also the vast
majority of both primary and secondary (electro-)
motors.
Austrian industry produced a considerable share
of the country's farm machinery supply in 5 large
and about 25 smaller manuafcturing concerns. 10 Itwas important in the production and export of cer-
tain types of equipment such as threshers, plows,
harrows, rakes, scythes, etc., specializing in models
adapted for use in hilly country. No tractors were
produced. Farm machinery prices in Austria on the
whole were considerably higher than in Germany.
Trade in farm machinery was on a net import
basis. In 1936 and 1937 the major import items
were cream separators, tractors, and threshing ma-
chines. Approximately two-thirds of total exports
consisted of threshing and other seed-separating and
cleaning machines. Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia,
and Yugoslavia were the major export markets for
Austrian agricultural implements and machinery,
while Germany furnished about half of the equip-
ment imported into Austria, with Sweden, the
United States, and Czechoslovakia supplying most of
the remainder. The United States' share of the trade
consisted almost entirely of tractors, the Swedish of
cream separators, while Germany predominated as a
source of supply for all other types of farm imple-
ments and machines.
4. FERTILIZERS. The consumption of commercial
fertilizers was rather low. According to one state-
ment the following quantities were consumed per
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per hectare in Austria was only a fraction of that in
Germany.
The gap between German and Austrian fertilizer
consumption is partly explained by a difference in
price relationships. Thus, the Austrian farmer ob-
tained in exchange for one quintal of rye 1.5 quintals
of superphosphate in 1933 and 2 quintals in 1937, as
against 2 quintals and 3.3 quintals the German
farmer could buy for a quintal of rye.
Consumption in the individual states of the Aus-
trian Republic varied widely. The relatively largest
application was made in Lower Austria, Vienna, and
also in Upper Austria, followed by Vorarlberg, Bur-
genland, Tirol, Salzburg, Styria, and Carinthia.
About four-fifths of all nitrogen was imported,
one-fifth produced domestically (1,225 m. tons in
1935-37). Cyanamide was the principal source of ni-
trogen (33 percent of consumption), followed by cal-
cium nitrate to the extent of 26 percent, ammonium
sulphate (the only nitrogen combination produced in
Austria) 21 percent, sodium nitrate 12 percent, and
ammonium nitrate 8 percent. Superphosphate is pro-
duced from imported rock and sulphur. It consti-
tutes about 55 percent (7.086 m. tons in 1935-37)
of the consumption of phosphoric acid. The remain-
ing 45 percent are supplied by imported basic slag.
Natural phosphates were imported mainly from the
United States and Algeria, pyrites from Greece,
Italy, and Cyprus, and sulphur from Italy. All pot-
ash was imported. Austria's main supplier was Ger-
many, followed by Poland and France.
economic improvement, 1928 and 1929, to 107,000
tons in the year of prolonged depression, 1933.
Application of organic manure has not compen-
sated for the insufficiency of fertilizer input. The
density of the livestock population in Austria per
hectare of agricultural land, in spite of its impor-
tance in the country's agriculture, is less than in
Germany. Much manure is lost on roads and poor
pastures. Also many farms do not have proper fa-
cilities for the collection of manure, especially
liquid manure. Thus in a survey of 75,000 live-
stock farms in Styria, less than 5,000 were found to
have proper manure pits.
Field tests in a number of areas have shown con-
siderable deficiencies of the soil in phosphoric acid,
potash, as well as lime. While much of the subsoil
is rich in lime, the top-soil is often deficient, the cal-
cium having been washed out by plentiful rains.
There is ample room for agricultural improvement
if fertilizer can be supplied at a lower price and the
farmer be made more aware of its importance.
5. PESTICIDES. According to Hamscha, 11 the fight
against plant diseases made good progress in the
interwar period. The disinfection of seed grain, in
the early twenties practiced on only a few large es-
tates, is general today and has contributed much to
the increase in grain yields. Weeds which often
made it unprofitable to harvest summer grains are
now kept down through the application of chemicals.
Mice plagues reoccur every third or fourth year in
Austria. In bad years the damage done to crops is
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the more advanced farmers. Most general and best
understood by the farmers was the application of
pesticides in the vineyards.
There are no detailed statistics for either produc-
tion, trade, or consumption of pesticides in Austria.
The only exception is copper sulphate which was
consumed at the rate of 700 m. tons in the 1933-35
period. All of it was produced in Austria.
6 GROSS INCOME AND MARKET DEPENDENCE OF
FARMS.12
The bookkeeping studies made by the
Chambers of Agriculture also permit a measure of
insight into the relative importance of the major
sourcesof the income and into the market depend-
ence of Austrian farms.
Statistics of gross income of the farms sampled
indicate the overwhelming importance of livestock
products. Milk and milk products rank first, fol-
lowed by hogs and cattle. In almost all types of
farms livestock products account for between 50 and
60 percent of the gross income. The only exception
to this rule are the highly specialzed wine farms.Small, family-worked farm units are usually asso-
ciated with the concept of self-supplying subsistence
farms. This association does not apply in Austrian
agriculture with its preponderance of animal hus-
bandry. The Austrian farmer's market dependence
is very considerable. The prices of milk, cattle, and
12For statistics, see tables in appendix B.
hogs are of major concern to the peasant; grain
must be added for some types of farms, as well as
timber for grassland and forest farms and wine for
the specialized wine farms. On the farms sampled
by the Chambers of Agriculture from two-thirds to
three-fourths of the gross income was derived from
sales on the market.
Statistics compiled from the same accountancy
data to show farm expenditure and net income are
somewhat doubtful as to their results. This is mainly
due to the difficulty of an appropriate valuation of
"wages" for the farmer and his family and of the
farm household'sconsumption off the farm. Never-
theless, it seems clear that the "mountain farmers"
were infinitely worse off than the plowland and
plow-grassland farmers of the flat and hilly country,
not to mention the highly intensive wine farms in the
neighborhood of the consuming centers. This dif-
ference in economic position is at the root of the age-
old political conflict between 'the farmers of intensive
units in the flat land (Koerndlbauern) and the live-stock farmers of the mountains (Hoerndlbauern).
The Koerndlbauern are relatively well-to-do, thor-
oughly organized and politically influential. The op-
posite is true of the mountaineers; if they stay where
they are, they require state help and protection. Only
a change in the economic structure of Austria could
permit their transfer to more profitable occupations.
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II. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FOOD SUPPLIES IN PREWAR PERIOD
A. Food Self-sufficiency
In prewar years (1933-37) Austria's population con-
sumed annually 6.9 trillion calories of which 1.3 tril-
lion or about 19 percent were imported directly.
However, the foodstuffs of animal origin domesti-
cally produced depended in part on imported feed-
stuffs. If allowance is made for the food equivalent
of the feed imports (6-7 calories of feed produce
about 1 calorie of food), Austria's self-sufficiency
appears to have been about 75 percent. The country
thus was dependent on imports for 25 percent of its
food supply. (See table VII.)
In terms of energy, about two-thirds of Austria's
direct imports were cereals which is not surprising
in the case of a country in which grassland and for-
es t predominate and extensive plain areas are lack-
ing. About one-sixth of the calories imported
directly were fats and oils and about one-eighth were
meats. The calorie value of the imports of fruits,
especially citrus, dry legumes, fish, and eggs was
B. The Food Balance
Production, trade, and crop utilization for the va-
rious items that enter the food balance are shownin table XI for both the average 1933-37 and the
wartime season 1943-44. The table is partly based
on estimates in the absence of special surveys inquir-
ing into the utilization of foodstuffs. The develop-
ment of acreages, yields, and production for the
main crops, 1922 to 1937, is given in a separate table
in appendix B.
1. GRAINS. Wheat and rye are the only important
food grains produced and consumed in Austria. In
order of acreage as well as production, rye precedes
wheat and oats precedes barley to a considerable ex-
tent. Grain yields average about 16 metric quintals
per hectare or about 80 percent of those in Germany.
Aside from corn, which is grown only to a small ex-
tent (Styria, Carinthia), barley is the highest-yield-
ing grain in Austria, closely followed by wheat.Yields of oats and rye are 10 to 15 percent lower
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Table VII. AUSTRIA: Food supplies, consumption, and degree of self-sufficiency, average 1933-37.
Supl offo
Foodstuffs
Cereals (incl. rice) as flour....................... .
Potatoes .....................................
Sugar.......................................
Dry legumes.. ... ...........................
Fruits'.... ...........................
Vegetables, fresh"......................................
Fats and oils (as products).......................
Meats (incl. poultry, rabbits, offals, etc.)............... .
Fish.........................................
Eggs".......................................
Fresh milk ...................................
Skimmed milk........... ....................
Cheese................ ......... .......... ......
Subtotals:
Food of vegetable origin......... ............ .....
Food of animal origin............................
Grand totals' ... ................
Correction for produce resulting from feed imports"........
Corrected totals................. ....
Percent.. ................................
Caloriesper kg.
3,400
650
4,000
3,050
400
150
8,810
1,980
900
1,380
620
340
From domestic sources
1,000 Trillion.metric tons calories.
603 2.050
586 0.381
160 0.640
11 0.034
300 0.120
430 0.065
78 0.600
312 0.618
2.5 0.002
35 0.048
1,470 0.911
40 0.014
30 0.090
3.300
2.273
5.573
-0.400
5.173
75'
Supply of food
1,000metric tons
2534
14
40
114
28
26
70
7.5
5
-2
Trillioncalories
0.860
0.009
0.012
0.046
0.004
0.208
0.160"
0.007
0.007
-0.000
1.054
0.253
1.307
+0.400
1.707
25
Office of Foreign Relations.
0 Itwas
assumed that a share of the imports of wheat, rye, and legumes was used for feed.
b Retail weight, excluding distribution losses.CFo r fats in terms of pure fat.
" 50,000 tons pork at 2,600 calories per kg.; 20,000 tons other meat at 1,500 calories.° Whole milk: 3,080; partly skimmed: 1,670.
f Excluding alcoholic beverages.
1 Roughly estimated food equivalent of imported feedstuffa for productive livestock.
&Equivalent to about 2,800 calories per person (excl. alcoholic beverages) for 6,760,000 people.
t Percentage of true self-sufficiency.
Consumption
1,000metric tons
856
600
160
15
414
458
104
382
1040
1,470
40
28
Trillioncalories
2.910
0.390
0.640
0.046
0.166
0.069
0.808
0.778
0.009'
0.055
0.911
0.014
0.084
4.354
2.526
6.880
6.880"
100
From imports
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Rye imports (which in 1933-37 made up 15 per-
cent of the total supply) varied greatly from year to
year compensating for considerable variations in
yield, as is shown in the following tabulation:
1928-32 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937
SupplyI
1,000 metric tons
Production ........ 513 687 575 620 473 477
Net imports ....... 100 17 40 59 106 206
Total supply.... 613 704 615 679 579 683
Rye was imported mainly from Poland and Hun-
gary, to some extent also from Lithuania, Argentina,Latvia, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. Almost 80 per-
cent of the total rye supply was consumed in the
form of bread. The rest disappeared as seed, feed,
and waste. The flour extraction rate in the prewar
period was 73 percent.
Barley was used in the brewing industry (15 per-
cent) and for feed (75 percent). The domestic out-
put of brewing barley about sufficed in the middlethirties to meet the needs of the local industry whose
output owing to reduced beer consumption had been
about halved. Feed barley had to be imported (66,-
000 m. tons in 1933-37). Almost all imported barley
came from Rumania. Small quantities of barley for
human consumption were used in soups and in
roasted form as coffee substitute.
Practically all of the net supply of oats was fedto animals, with less than 1 percent consumed as
food. Imports used to come from Rumania, Yugo-
37) imports were less than 1 percent and consisted
of early potatoes from Italyand
Egyptand of seed
potatoes from Germany and Poland. Domestic pro-
duction of early potatoes, too, has been increased by
expansion of the area planted from 9,000 to 31,000
ha. More than half of the potato crop was fed to
animals, less than one-quarter entered the human
household, 3 to 4 percent were industrially processed,
mainly in distilleries, the remainder (about one-
fourth of the crop) being taken up by seed needs andwaste. Per capita consumption of potatoes is low
as compared to consumption by Austria's northern
neighbors.
3. DR Y LEGUMES. Production and consumption
of pulses is small in Austria. In 1933-37 about 30
percent of the pulses were imported while domestic
production was only 22,000 m. tons. The area
planted to pulses was 28,000 hectares in 1913, 14,000ha. in 1922, 23,000 in 1929, and 11,600 in 1936.
Thus the prewar acreage was not attained again.
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Table VIII. AUSTRIA: Sugar supply and consumption (1932/33-1937/38).
II [ Average
1932/33 1933/34 1934/35 1935/36 1936/3793667/38 1938 93/34-1937/38
Item
Metric tons of raw sugar
Production .......................... 164,899 170,458 223,159 205,870 146,473 156,984 180,589
Stocks Sept. 1 ..................... 6,999 14,332 8,946 64,473 92,237 55 652 47,128
Imports ...................... 18,715 3,607 7,289 661 586 541 2,537
Total supply .................. 190,613 188,397 239,394 271,004 239,296 213,177 230,254
Stocks Aug. 31 .................... 14,332 8,946 61,473 92,237 55,652 27,620 49,786
Deliveries .................. ....... 176,281 179,451 174,921 178,767 183,644 185,557 180,468
Export ........................... 292 224 59 5 1 ....... 58
Consumption ................. 175,989 179,227 174,862 178,762 183,643 185,557 180,410
Consumption in terms of refined sugar
(8/9 of raw) .................... 156,433 159,311 155,431 158,898 163,237 164,938 160,363
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations.
Source: F. O. Licht, 1932-38.
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level-still low as compared to countries like Eng-
land or Denmark which consumed more than double
this quantity, but high in relation to consumption in
southern and eastern Europe.
5. VEGETABLES. Out of a total supply of 568,000
m. tons of vegetables in 1933-37, only 35,000 m. tons
or 6.6 percent had to be imported. Roughly 20 per-
cent were assumed to be lost through spoilage and'
waste. The domestic vegetable supply consisted to
about one-half of cabbage, followed by pumpkin;
onions, cucumber and lettuce, tomatoes, green peas,
parsley and celery, green beans, and asparagus also
were produced and consumed in sizable quantities.
Imports consisted to one-third of early vegetables
which cannot for climatic reasons be produced do-
mestically. Major sources of import supplies were
Italy, Hungary, and Egypt.
Consumption of vegetables rose by more than 40
percent above levels existing prior to World War I,
in contrast to most other kinds of food. Production
kept pace with consumption. Both area planted to
vegetables and yields per hectare increased markedly.
6. FRUITS. The total fruit supply in 1933-37
amounted to 552,000 m. tons of which 161,000 m.
tons (29 percent) were imported. The fruit locally
produced consisted mostly of apples and pears; stone
fruit (plums, cherries, apricots, and peaches), ber-
ries and nuts (including some edible chestnuts) also
were produced. The chief sources of import supplies
were Italy, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Roughly one-
third of the imports are tropical and subtropical
9. FATS AND OILS. Considering only direct im-
ports, Austria was about 75 percent self-sufficient in
fats and oils. A substantial share of the domestic fat
output, however, was produced from imported feed,
so that the genuine self-sufficiency degree was only
about 55 percent. Over 70 percent of Austria's fatproduction were slaughter fats, chiefly lard, fat back,
and some tallow, over 28 percent butter, and only
about 1 percent vegetable oils. Roughly 14,000 tons
each of slaughter fats and vegetable oils for human
consumption were imported. The former entered in
the form of fat hogs from Poland, Rumania, Yugo-
slavia, and Hungary. The latter consisted of imports
of oilseeds as well as soybean, coconut, and palm
kernel oil. Oilseeds imported were crushed in the
country. The chief item in this group was copra,
with imports in 1933-37 at 10,700 m. tons. Roughly
half of all imported vegetable oils (including oils
from imported seeds) were utilized in industry.
With somewhat more than 10 percent of the butter
produced exported (mainly to Germany and Great
Britain), Austrian consumption of fats and oils for
food consisted of about 85 percent animal fats (19
percent butter, 66 percent slaughter fats), and 15
percent vegetable oils.
10. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS. In the 1933-37
period roughly 1.2 million milk cows with an annual
average production of 2,100 kg. per cow produced
2,538,000 metric tons of fresh milk. Of the total 58
percent was consumed as fresh whole milk, over 20
percent was used in butter manufacture, and approx-
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products for human nutritian (converted to whole milk equivalent).
Year
1924 ............. ..
1925 .................
19268 ................
1929 . .... . ....
1930 .. ..........1931 ...............
1932 .................
1933 ........ ......1934 ............ ...
1935 ...... . ....
1936 ................
Total
consumption
From domestic
sourcesa
From
importsb
Million litres of whole milk equivalent
1,819
1,884
1,964
2,012
2,050
2,035
2,091
2,114
2,111
2,200
2,150
2,120
2,067
1,675
1,747
1,829
1,923
2,021
2,035
2,126
2,126
2,119
2,2402,240
2,215
2,211
_____________________________I_________________________________--------------_________________________________________--- -----------______--_--- - --
Source: Wutz , Anton, Alpenlaendische Milchwirtschaft, Berlin 1938, p. 79.
SIncluding production of milk from imported feedstuffs.
b Excluding production of milk from imported feedstuffs.
o Production from imported feedstuffs counted as domestic.
144
137.
13 5
89
29
0.3-35-12
- 8
-40-90
-95
-144
Production and consumption of milk and milk
products increased greatly in the interwar period as
shown in table IX.
By 1929 Austria had become self-sufficient, by
1930 even an exporter of milk and milk products.
In 1933 local milk consumption was at a maximum,
owing to a drop in milk prices. Many and diverse
measures were taken to counteract the flooding of
the domestic market, with only partial success. Ex-
corded so far, 1915, 146 million liters were produced,
while the poorest year, 1927, yielded only 22.6 mil-
lion liters. The Austrian wines are almost all white
wines, and the better ones are said to compare in
quality with Rhine and Moselle wines.
The largest portion of the crop is consumed as
yearling wine. Imports of wine, mainly coming from
Italy, amounted to about 10 percent of consumption,
which increased steadily from a low of 13.3 liters per
Self-sufficiency'
Percent
92
93
93
96
99
100
102
101
100
102104
105
107
Table IX. Consumunption of mzilk and- mmilk
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Germany and Italy highlights the fact that the Aus-
trian diet is largely intermediate between the stand-
ards that prevail in these two countries. (See table
X.) In regard to cereals the low consumer is Ger-
many; in potatoes and fats andoils
itis Italy. In
regard to fruits and vegetables Austria is very simi-
lar to Italy, in sugar and meat consumption its
dietary intake is more like that of Germany. It is
particularly high in fresh milk consumption and
characteristically low in the consumption of fish.
In prewar years the average consumer had a daily
intake of 83 grams of protein, 100 grams of fat,
and 400 grams of carbohydrate or about 2,800 calo-
ries excluding alcohol. More than half (53 percent)
of the proteins consumed and about 37 percent of
the calories were of animal origin.
Table X. Comparison of per capita consumption in selected
countries (1933-37).
Foodstuffs
Cereals (including rice) as flour.
Potatoes .....................
Sugar (refined) ..............
Fruits, fresh .................
Vegetables .................
Fats and oils .................
Meat (carcass weight) ........Fish ......................
Milk, whole .................
Cheese .......................
Eggs ............ ...........
Ger-
Italy Austria many
Kilograms
170 127 108
38 89 177
7 24 22
41 61* 42
53 68 48
11 15 26
20 57 46
6 2 12
36 218 1235 4 5
7 6 7
Source: Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, partly fromofficial statistics, partly estimated.
* Including fruit for juices and cider.
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III. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD DURING WAR YEARS
A. General Review
As in Germany proper, the wartime food situation in
Austria up until the very last months of the war re-
mained reasonably satisfactory. The Nazis had made
Austria an important source of industrial supplies
for their war machine, had developed industrially a
number of important areas, and supplied them with
foreign labor to maximize the country's contribution
to the German output. As a result, Germany also
had to see to it that the Austrian area was reasonably
well supplied with food and that the area's food
standard did not fall greatly short of that in the
Reich proper.
Much the same farm and food controls were in-
troduced as in the Reich, and even though they did
not function as smoothly and effectively in Austria
as they did in Germany, they contributed greatly to
attaining a fair degree of farm deliveries, efficient
crop utilization, and a reasonably fair food distribu-
tion among the native population. There is no doubt
that the Nazi-imposed farm and food controls made
equipment on Austrian farms is believed now to be
at least no smaller than it was before the Nazis took
over.
A third, and perhaps the most important, factor in
the Nazis' policy of maintaining a reasonably ade-
quate food standard in Austria during the war was
the fact that, up to the end of the fifth war year,
they supplied the country with substantial imports
of grain (both for food and feed) and fats.
Efforts at maintaining agricultural production,
however, could not prevent a substantial decline in
total farm output compared to prewaryears. Simi-
larly as in Germany proper the total acreage under
grain to 1944 may be estimated to have declined by
about 10 percent and yields per acre by about the
same percentage as against the prewar average. The
decline in the grain acreage was only partly offset
by some expansion in other crops, such as potatoes,
sugar beets, field vegetables, and especially oilseeds
(rape). Though partly caused by unfavorableweather conditions, the considerable decline in 1943
yields per acre for both potatoes and sugar beets
I
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B. Factors of Production
1. LABOR. With a farm population of about 1.7
million in 1939, of which 1.4 million were classified
as actually employed in agriculture and forestry,
Austria still appears to have had a sufficient supply
of agricultural labor on its farms even though there
had been a significant decline in the thirties. With
the outbreak of war, the situation became more diffi-
cult. Large numbers of able-bodied men were gradu-
ally called to the colors so that the work-load for the
remaining family members was considerably in-
creased. It is true that, in Austria as well, foreign
workers and prisoners of war were drawn into agri-
cultural work, but it appears that this replacement
did. not fully offset, quantitatively or qualitatively,
the losses sustained. In some areas, notably the
mountainous regions and isolated valleys, foreign
workers, and prisoners of war could be used in agri-
culture only to a limited extent. Moreover, as the
war wore on and war industries as well as the forces
made additional demands upon the available labor
supply, Austrian agriculture suffered additional
losses of manpower.
2. DRAFT POWER AND MACHINERY. The loss in
draft animals, both horses and cattle, by 1943-44 had
not exceeded 10 percent. However, with a growing
scarcity in mechanized transport due to shortages of
rail and automotive equipment as well as fuel, horses
had to be used to an increasing extent for road
traffic.
the basically small Austrian consumption was further
reduced. Not considering the special allowances,
Reich quotas for the fertilizer year 1944-45 had
fallen to 34 percent of 1938-39 for nitrogen, 18 per-
cent for phosphoric acid, and 60 percent for potash.
C. Production, Trade, and Consumption
1. PRODUCTION. The Nazi agricultural program,
as in Germany proper, called for maximum produc-
tion. Particular emphasis was placed on an expan-
sion in the acreage of such high-yielding crops as
potatoes, sugar beets, feed beets, and vegetables, and
especially of rapeseed for the supply of much-
needed fat. These plans for expansion in acreageswere reasonably successful, particularly in the case
of oilseeds, at the expense, however, of the area
under grain. Yields per acre generally showed a de-
cline so that total agricultural production was re-
duced below prewar levels. Partly because of un-
favorable weather conditions the output of potatoes,
sugar beets, and grains in 1943 and 1944 was con-
siderably below the 1933-37 average.Both acreages and yields of grain were down
about 10 percent, reducing production by almost 20
percent. Potato and sugar-beet output in 1943
showed decline from 1933-37 by about 18 and 5 per-
cent, respectively, despite an estimated increase in
acreage by 5 and 25 percent. The considerable de-
cline in yields implied in these figures was partly due
to unfavorable weather and partly reflected the re-duction in productive capacity. There was some
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forced a reduction in hog and poultry numbers. As
in Germany proper, up to 1944, when drastic steps
were taken to restrict the keeping of small livestock,
the numbers of rabbits kept in farm and nonfarm
households had rapidly multiplied. The following
table shows the development of livestock numbers
to the end of 1943 compared to the prewar average.
It is not known what additional losses have since
been sustained.
Type
Horses
Cattle
Herds of cowsHogs
Sheep
Goats
Poultry
Rabbits
Livestock numbers (1,000's)
Prewar End of 1943
250 230
2,500 2,400
1,200 1,1802,850 1,900
300 400
350 320
9,200 6,500
500 1,500
By 1943-44 total meat and egg output had de-
clined by about 25 percent (pork alone by about 40
percent), and slaughter fats (mainly hog fat) by
over 50 percent, compared to the 1933-37 average.
Total milk production was down about 12 percent,
mostly due to a decrease in milk yields. There was,
however, a very substantial increase in the output of
butter owing to a larger and strictly controlled di-
version of milk into butter making and to the skim-
ming to 2.5 percent blutterfat content of the "stand-ard milk" supplied to the urban population (mainly
children). The total supply for food of fat from
(9,000), and 10,000 tons of fat (26,000). These
imports were particularly necessary since the resi-
dent population by 1943-44 had risen to an estimated
total of 74 million compared to 64 million for the
1933-37 average. Thus, since the outbreak of war,
large numbers of foreign workers and Germans (in-
cluding evacuees had been brought to Austria; their
number far exceeded Austria's loss of male popula-
tion to the German forces.
3. CONSUMPTION. Consumption of food up to the
sixth year of war was maintained at relatively satis-
factory levels. Total consumption, per capita of the
population, was reduced to about 2,450 calories in
the season 1943-44, compared to a prewar consump-tion of about 2,800 calories-a decline by about 12
percent. With a consumption in 1943-44 by the pop-
ulation on farms of about 3,250 calories per person
per day, the nonfarm population was reduced to an
average of about 2,200 calories (prewar about 2,600
calories-decline about 15 percent).
The drastic cut in rations which the German Gov-
ernment decreed in March and April 1945 also af-fected Austria. Food allowances (including un-
rationed and illegal consumption) were at that time
reduced to about 1,900 calories per head of the non-
farm population per day. The diet of the so-called
"normal consumer" was curtailed to under 1,600
calories compared to between 1,900 and 2,000 calo-
ries in the consumption year 1943-44. The reduc-
tions thus effected in the spring of 1945 brought thedietary standard down to almost the lowest levels of
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Table XI. AUSTRIA: Prewar and wartime food balance.'
Supply Utilization
Consumption ofManufact. Consumption food per person
Productsb Food Food or of food about 1935-36,Net Total Seedc and gross net industrial per person as per I.f.K.t
Production trade supply waste Feed d c use
Gross" Nets Gross" Net"
Metric totns Kilograms
Total cereals, incl. rice.......1933-37 1,902 +856 2,758 244 1,318 1,131 856 65 167.3 126.6 . ... 124.8
1943-44 1,536 +600 2,136 230 720 1,091 1,011 95 141.1 130.8
Potatoes ....................933-37 2,696 - 14 2,710 700 1,310 600 570 100 88.8 84.3 85
1943-44 2,200 ±400 2,600 700 600 1,200 1,130 100 155.2 146.2
Sugar-refined .............. 1933-37 160 + 2 160° 160 23.7 26
1943-44 135 + 34 169 169 21.9
Dry legumes ................ 1933-37 22 + 9 31 3 13 15 2.2 2.2
20 + 10 30 3 7 20 2.6
Fresh vegetables ........... 1933-37 533 + 35 - 568 568 458 84.0 67.8 .... 54
1943-44 650 ... 650 650 550 84.1 71.2
Fruits (in terms of fresh)...1933-37' 391 +161 552 552 414 81.7 61.2 . ... 60
1943-44 220 ... 220 220 155 28.5 20.1
Meat,, poultry, etc., incl. offals..1933-37 312 + 70 382 382 56.5 50.9 57 ..
1943-44 239 ... 239 239 30.9 27.8
Fish...................1933-371 2.5 + 7.5 10 10 1.5 1.5
1943-44 ... ... ... ...
Eggs ....................... 1933-37 39 + 6 45 45 40 6.7 5.9 5.9
1943-44 26' ... 26 26 24 3.4 3.1
Fats and oils for 1933-37 78 + 26 104 104 15.4 15.7
food (as product) 1943-44 81 + 10 91 91 11.8
Cheese... . . .............. 1933-37 30 - 2 28 28 4.1 4.6
1943-44 26 ... 26 26 3.4
Milk for fresh consumption 1933-37 1,470 1,470 1,470 217.5 209(cow's and goat's) 1943-44 800 800 . 800 103.5
Skimmed milk .... ........... 1933-37' 40 40 40 5.9
1943-44 400 400 400 51.7
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Prewar data partly based on official statistics and unofficial studies, partly estimated; 1943-44 wholly estimated.G Population prewar average, 1933-37, 6,760,000; 1943-44, 7,730,000 of which 1,850,000 farm, 5,880,000 nonfarm. The 1943-44 figure includes about 2 million intruded persons (foreign workers
and Germans), but excludes about 800,000 Austrians that served at that time in the German armed forces.b The list excludes alcoholic beverages, buttermilk, curds, cocoa, and honey.OSeed rates computed from Hamscha, H. & Deutsch, 0. "Die Aufgaben der Oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft," Wien 1937. Waste assumed at 3 percent in cereals, 10 percent in potatotes-
see Statistiaches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich, 1938, p. 386.d Wholesale weight. Cereals in terms of grain.° Retail weight. Cereals in terms of flour.
Institut fuer Konjunkturforschung, Wochenbericht, April 4, 1938.g Increase in. stocks by two deducted."Production includes all fresh fruits, berries, and nuts for 1933-36. Imports from Statistik des Aussenhandels Oesterreichs 1933-36; dried fruit was multiplied by five, figs and raisins by
four in order to arrive at their fresh weight.SFigures for fish production and imports were taken from Wochenbericht, Schriften des Instituts fuer Konjunkturforschung, Berlin, April 4, 1938, given for a period around 1935-36.
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tative evaluation of the possible deficit on the basis
of certain assumptions which, checked against back-
ground facts and experience in the recent past, ap-
pear reasonable.
a. Assumptions. (1) The population of Austria,
which before the war (1933-3'7) amounted to 6,760,-
000 people, will be 7.8 million until th e first of M ay
1945; later it will decline again owing to the return
of intruded persons to their homelands. On June
15, 1945, the population size will be 7.7 million and
by February 1, 1946, 7.15 million persons.
(2) The food supply available from domestic
sources for 1944-45 (August-July) equals approxi-
mately 5.154 trillion calories. The 1945-46 (August-
July) domestic food supply will be reduced by 5
percent compared to 1944-45 and by another 0.13
trillion calories du e to the elimination of previous
feed grain imports. It will amount to 4.761 trillion
calories. These figures would compare favorably
with the prewar calorie supply from domestic
sources of 5.200 trillion calories.
(3) The daily food intake of the farm population
will amount to 3,250 calories, that of the nonfarm
population to 2,000 calories.
(4) Regarding the effectiveness of controls, two
possibilities were considered: (i) controls unim-
paired; (ii) controls impaired. For the, latter case it
was assumed that about one-third of the food sup-
plies other than food fo r th e farm population ar e
illegally disposed of . Illegal disposition is meant to
include (a) diversion of food to th e feeding of ani-
mals, (b) sale in the black market or hoarding as
well as (c) overconsumption in some areas du e to
th e break-down of transportation.
b. Deficits. If th e population were to average
7,150,000 people, the deficit for 1945-46 would equal
1.24 trillion calories (400,000 metric tons of wheat
equivalent) under unimpaired control an d a 2,000
calorie level per nonfarm person per day. Under
impaired control this deficit would increase to 2.56
trillion calories or 800,000 tons of wheat equivalent.
If, in th e year 1945-46 (August-July), th e farm
population were to rise from an assumed 24 percent
to 26.4 percent, the deficits increase by 6 percent an d
1.5 percent under the conditions of unimpaired an d
impaired control, respectively, at th e 2,000 calorie
level.
If Austrian imports were planned fo r on a
level between the quantities given fo r unimpaired
and impaired controls, they would be placed at be-
tween 1.24 to 2.56 trillion calories (in terms of
wheat equivalents: 40 0 to 800 thousand metric
tons).15 Tables X II and XIII give th e calculations
of th e estimated deficits.
15 ossible mixture of foodstuffs to fill the deficit at midpoint between
limits: 500,000 metric tons of wheat, 24,000 m. tons of fats and oils,
and minor quantities of other foodstuffs.
Table XII. AUSTRIA: Food supply available fo r human consumption from domestic sources (August-July 1945-46).
Trillion calories
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APPENDIX A
AUSTRIA: ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES
Lower Austria is located in the northeast of the coun-
try, north and south of the river Danube, and occu-
pies one-quarter of the total national area. With
19,300 square kilometers, it is the largest Austian
state and by far the most important as far as agri-
culture is concerned. Its total population was 1,509,-
000 at a density of 78 per square kilometer in 1934,
and 41 percent of all employed persons were engaged
in agriculture and forestry.
Over 96 percent of the land is productive.
Roughly half of the productive land is under the
plow, in gardens, and vineyards. Only 14 percent
are grassland and 35 percent in forests. The agricul-
tural importance of Lower Austria is shown by the
fact that it comprised 43 percent of all Austria's
plowland, 32 percent of Austria's gardenland, and
68 percent of the area in vineyards. The State pro-
duced over one-third of all wheat, 50 percent of all
rye and potatoes, and almost three-quarters of all
sugar beets grown in Austria. Yields of grains and
potatoes are measurably above the Austrian average.
Of Austria's livestock population, the State pos-
productive area about corresponds to that for Aus-
tria as a whole.
Upper Austria has a large share of medium to
medium-large farms with fully 50 percent of the
agricultural land in farms of from 50 to 250 acres
(average for Austria, 34 percent). The State pro-
duces more than one-fifth of all rye, somewhat less
than one-third of all oats, and one-quarter of all
wheat and potatoes produced in the country. Yields
are generally average or below average, but for po-
tatoes and sugar beets. Upper Austria is the State
with the greatest density of livestock.
Salzburg is entirely an alpine state but for a small pre-
alpine hilly section. In area, 7,153 square kilometers,
it occupies 82 percent of the country's surface. It
houses less than 4 percent of Austria's population
(246,000) and has a population density of only 34 per-
sons per square kilometer. As a result of its topogra-
phy only 84 percent of its land are considered pro-
ductive, of which grassland and forests account for
nine-tenths, plow- and gardenland make up the re-
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of Austria. Its population numbers 1,015,000 at a
density of 62 persons per square kilometer; of its
employed population 47 percent are engaged in agri-
culture and forestry.
Styria is a region of forests which cover half of
the State's area. One-quarter is in grassland, more
than one-sixth in plow- and gardenland, and one-
twelfth is unproductive. Its farms are small and
their distribution over the various size groups resem-
bles closely that of Austria as a whole. Rye, oats,
and wheat occupy practically equal shares of the
plowland, while corn, which occupies less area, is
more important in this State than in any other.
Sugar beets are absent. Yields are about at the aver-
age for Austria as a whole, but for corn and pota-
toes, which are considerably higher. Styria has more
hogs and cattle per 100 hectares of agricultural area
than Austria as a whole, but less than Upper
Austria.
Carinthia. The State of Carinthia is mountainous,
with valleys and lowlands between the ranges of the
eastern mountains. Its area amounts to 9,535 square
kilometers or 11.4 percent of the total country's sur-
face. Half of the land is situated above 3,000 feet
altitude. The State's population of 405,000 has an
average density of 42 per square kilometer. Of the
total employed population 47 are engaged in agricul-
ture and forestry.
As in Styria, forests are of major importance,
occupying 432 percent of the State's total area, fol-
tria. Of its employed population, 42 percent are
engaged in agriculture and forestry.
Only three-quarters of Tirol's total area are pro-
ductive, only 42 percent are under the plow and ingardens; one-third is in forests and over one-third
in pastures and meadows. Over one-half of the agri-
cultural area of the State is in farms of over 250
acres, which, however, have only 7 percent of its
total plowland.
Tirol has the lowest livestock density of all Aus-
trian States, especially in regard to hogs in accord-
ance with the small share of plowland. With the
great prevalence of natural grassland, the proportion
of cattle to hogs is 3:1, compared to 1:2 in LowerAustria.
Vorarlberg, in the western corner of Austria, is the
smallest State of the country (not counting Vienna)
with 2,602 square kilometers and 3.1 percent of the
total area of Austria. Its population numbers 155,-000 or 60 persons per square kilometer; 31.2 percent
of all employed persons are engaged in agriculture
and forestry.
Only 1.7 percent of Vorarlberg's area is in plow-
and gardenland, which are located in the rich and
climatically favored Rhine valley. Grassland occu-
pies 61 percent of the State's surface, forest 26 per-
cent, while 11 percent are unproductive.
In 1930 over 80 percent of the 14,225 holdings
were less than 10 ha. in size. However, the farms
over 100 ha. occupied over one-half of the total area
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has almost one-quarter of all the vineyards of
Austria.
The State's farms are on the average smaller than
those in the whole of Austria, with almost one-half
of the agricultural area in holdings up to 25 acres.
At the same time Burgenland is the only AustrianState where large landed estates (latifundia) are
still in existence. Over one-third of the total area
in farms and over one-fifth of the area in agricul-
tural use are in holdings of over 250 acres.
Fully two-thirds of the total plowland of the State
is in grain, notably wheat and rye. Sugar beets are
produced in Burgenland's northern section. Crop
yields are well below the Austrian average. Burgen-land's density of livestock per acre is above the Aus-
trian average in the case of hogs and, especially,
poultry, but below in regard to other livestock.
Vienna, a member State in the republic and its capital
city, is located in the Marchfeld along the Danube.
It comprised an area of only 27,806 hectares or 0.33
percent of Austria. Its population of 1,874,000,
however, constitutes 27.7 percent of all inhabitants
of the country. Only 1.1 percent of the population
was engaged in agriculture.
The favorable location in or near the big center
of consumption permitted an intensive type of farm-
ing. This finds its expression in the high proportion
of gardenland, 14.4 percent, as against 1.2 percent
in the whole of Austria. The proportionate share of
vineyards and plowland was also high, there being
little grassland and forest. A large proportion of un-
productive area (34.7 percent) was composed mainly
of built-up land.Most of the 1,200 farms were of very small size,
73 percent being less than 2 hectares, but two-thirds
of the land was used by 74 farms over 20 ha. in size
which owned all of the forests and much of the
plowland. Yields were generally well above the aver-
age for Austria. The area had proportionately more
horses, pigs, and chickens than cattle.
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-LOWER AUSTRIA
1. Land use (1936)a.
Total Total Unpro-
plow- and Hutweiden Total productive ductive
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pastures Alps grassland Forests area area
Hectares ........................... 1,929,607 852,858 31,138 25,601 909,597 216,085 52,834 9,454 278,373 673,863 1,861,833 67,774
Percent of state area............... 100.00 44.20 1.61 1.33 47.14 11.20 2.74 0.49 14.43 34.92 96.49 3.51
Percent of category total for Austria. 23.01 43.26 32.13 67.82 43.19 22.97 15.42 0.98 12.39 21.47 24.85 7.57
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural population by size of farms ( 1 9 3 0)".
ThereofTotal Population,
Size groups Farms Area agricultural Plowland Forests employed in
Owned Rented area agriculture°
Number 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha .1,000 ha 1,000 ha Number
Less than 2 ha.......................... 47,483 44 31 12 41 29 1.6 96,142
2-10 ha ............................... 53,202 263 218 40 237 181 23.6 167,513
10-20 ha ............................ 26,541 384 357 24 323 250 57.9 124,092
20-100 ha ............................. 17,561 550 517 27 389 267 155.9 110,777
Over 100 ha............................ 957 521 472 42 112 67 393.5 37,069
Total ............................. 145,744 1,762 1,595 145 1,102 794 632.5 535,593
In percentages
Less than 2 ha ............................ 32.6 2.5 1.9 8.3 3.7 3.7 0.3 18.0
2--10 ha ...............................36.5 14.9 13.7 27.6 21.5 22.8 3.7 31.3
10-20 ha ............................. 18.2 21.8 22.4 16.5 29.3 31.5 9.2 23.1
-20-100 ha............................. 12.0 31.2 32.4 18.6 35.3 33.6 24.6 20.7.
Over 100 ha............................ 0.7 29.6 29.6 29.0 10.2 8.4 62.2 6.9
Total ............................ .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936. Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.
0 ncl. part-time and seasonal workers.
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3. Average crop area, production, an d yield pe r hectare fo r major crops (1933-36)a.
Crop area Production Yields
Crops
ha percent quintals quintals per ha
Wheat (incl. spelt) ......... 83,459 9.75 1,521,744 18.23
Rye............................... 180,097 21.03 2,944,509 16.35
Barley.......................................88,723 10.36 1,765,498 19.90
Oats ............................ . 134,176 15.67 2,015,476 15.02
Corn . .............................. 19,116 2.23 411,729 21.54
Potatoes ........................ .. . 109,138 12.75 12,196,838 111.76
Sugar beets ......................... . 31,184 3.64 8,114,222 260.20
Total pulses0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,542 0.76 87,626 13.39
Field vegetables0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,882 0.92 1,152,290 146.19
Other crops and fallow ........... 195,887 22.89
Total plowland ............... 856,204 100.00
4. Livestock (1934)'.
per 100 ha
Kind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria
Horses. .................... ... . . .100,115 8.4 6.6 38.33
Cattle................ ............. . 641,643 53.9 42.5 27.32
Cows............................... 347,089 29.2 23.0 28.69
Pigs ............... ... . .. 1,087,200 91.3 72.0 38.51
Sheep.............................. 31,663 2.7 2.1 12.02
Goats .................................... 151,509 12.7 10.0 46.40
Chickens ........................... . .3,482,257 292.5 230.8 40.23
Ducks ............................. 46,100 3.9 3.1 45.91
Geese .............................. 48,064 4.0 3.2 50.77
a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wier, 1934-37.eAlso catch crops: 1,582 ha and 13,597 quintals for pulses, 3,505 ha and 268,981 quintals for field vegetables.
f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-UPPER AUSTRIA
1. Land use (1936).
Total Total Unpro-.
plow- and Hutweiden Total productive ductive
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pastures Alps grassland Forests area area
Hectares ........................... 1,199,427 405,858 25,563 ... 431,421 232,367 22,218 7,259 261,844 409,885 1,103,150 96,277
Percent of state area. ............... 100.00 33.84 2.13 .... 35.97 19.37 1.85 0.61 21.83 34.17 91.97 8.03
Percent of category total for Austria. 14.30 20.58 26.38 .... 20.48 24.70 6.49 0.75 11.66 13.06 14.73 10.75
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms (J93o)b
ThereofTotal Population,
Size groups Farms Area agricultural Plowland Forests employed in
Owned Rented area agriculturec
Number 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha Number
Less than 2 ha.... ............... .. 22,263 21 19 2.3 20 4.5 0.9 43,997
2-10 ha .. ............... . . 27,610 132 124 6.4 111 50.9 18.9 82,955
10-20 ha ............................. 15,055 223 219 2.8 181 111.6 40.2 73,995
20-100 ha .. ..... .................. 14,998 462 455 "4.6 342 207.6 115.7 107,729
Over 100 ha......... .......... . 289 305 300 1.3 23 5.2 225.0 9,874
Total............................ 80,215 1,143 1,117 17.4 677 379.8 400.7 318,550
In percentages
Less than 2 ha........................... 27.7 1.8 1.7 11.8 3.0 1.2 0.2 13.8
2-10 ha .............................. 34.4 11.6 11.1 35.3 16.4 13.4 4.7 26.1
10-20 ha.............................. 18.8 19.5 19.6 17.6 26.7 29.4 10.0 23.2
20-100 ha.............................18.7 40.4 40.7 29.4 50.5 54.6 28.9 33.8
Over 100 ha ............................ 0.4 26.7 26.9 5.9 3.4 1.4 56.2 3.1
Total............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.
b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935,
c Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.
p. 56.
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3. Average crop area, production, and yield pe r hectare for major crops (193 3-36)d.
Crops
Wheat (incl. spelt)..............Rye...... ........ :...........Barley .........................Oats ............ .. :..... .......Corn ...........................Potatoes .......................
Sugar beets ....................
Total pulses. ....................
Field vegetables'.. .......Other crops and fallow ..........
Total plowland .............
Crop area
60,650
84,942
29,316
87,730
42
35,5434,626
1,044
5,012
97,143
406,048
percent
14.94
20.92
7.22
21.61
0.01
8.75
1.14
0.26
1.23
23.92
100.00
Production
quintals
997,428
1,329,128
430,729
1,318,183
740
5,042,194
1,243,882
11,981
755,292
Yields
quintals per ha
16.45
15.65
14.69
15.03
17.62
141.86
268.89
11.48
150.70
4. Livestock (1934) f.
per 100 haKind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria.
Horses..................57,209 8.3 6.3 21.90
Cattle................................ 555,626 80.2 61.6 23.66
Cows................................ 297,407 42.9 33.0 24.58
Pigs................................. 592,667 85.6 65.7 20.99
Sheep .. . . . . . - 18,578 2.7 2.1 7.05Goats .......................... 47,660 6.9 5.3 14.60
Chickens ... ........ ................. 1,703,835 246.0 188.8 19.68Ducks................................ 17,747 2.6 2.0 17.67
Geese.................... ........... 10,073 1.5 1.1 10.64
aStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.0 Also catch crops: 274 ha and 2,831 quintals for pulses, 517 ha and 56,323 quintals for field vegetables.tStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
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3. Average crop area, production,and yield per hectare for major crops (1 9 3 3 - 6 )d.
Crops
Wheat (inci. spelt) ..............Rye ........................
Barley ........................Oats.... ................ ...
Corn ........ ............. ....Potatoes ......................
Sugar beets.....................
Total pulsese ...................Field vegetablese................
Other crops and fallow ...........
Total plowland ............
4. Livestock (1934'.
per 100 haKind -Number of agricult. area Pe r 100 persons Percent of Austria
Horses......... ..................... 10,439 2.8 .4.2 4.00
Cattle..................127,231 34.7 51.8 5.42
Cows............................. 69,433 18.9 28.2 5.74
Pigs......... ............ ..... 41,848 11.4 17.0 1.48
Sheep ............................ 39,862 10.9 16.2 15.13Goats ..................... ..... .. 20,168 5.5 8.2 . 6.18
Chickens............................. 216,764 59.1 88.2 2.50
Ducks................................ 2,780 0.8 1.1 2.77
Geese................................ 2,199 0.6 0.9 2.32
'dStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933.36, Wien, 1934.37.eAlso catch crops: 56 ha and 606 quintals for pulses, 59 ha and 4,915 quintals for field vegetables.
fStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
Crop area
ha
7,342
10,092
1,456
7,401
1,581
169
465
35,139
63,645
percent
11.54
15.86
2.29
11.63
2.48
0.27
0.73
55.20
100.00
Production
quintals
91,520
122,122
21,312
91,841
234,955
2,562
95,327
Yields
quintals per ha
12.47
12.10
14.64
12.41
148.61
15.16
205.00
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-STYRIA
1. Land use (1936)a.
Hectares....... ..............
Percent of state area ................
Percent of category total fo r Austria.
Total area
1,638,558
100.00
19.54
Plowland
271,955
16.60
13.79
Gardens
19,808
1.21
20.44
Vineyards
2,869
0.17
7.60
Total
plow- andgardenland
294,632
17.98
13.99
Hutwei
Meadows pastur,
183,077 93,9
11.17 5.7
19.46 27.4
Total Unpro-
len Total productive ductive
es Alps grassland Forests area area
56 130,398 407,431 803,516 1,505,579 132,979
30 7.96 24.86 49.04 91.88 8.12
3 13.54 18.14 25.60 20.10 14.86
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms (1930)'.
Size groups
Less than 2 ha.................. ......
2-10 ha .........................
10-20 ha........................
20-100 ha ..........................
Over 100 ha............ ...... .
Total .........................
Farms
Number
15,954
36,645
12,711
10,722
1,361
77,393
Area
1,000 ha
15
186
181
402
729
1,513
Thereof
Owned Rented
1,000 ha 1,000 ha
13 2.2
171 11.1
171 5.9
375 13.3
691 16.3
1,421 48.8
Totalagriculturalarea
1,000 ha
14
130
112
216
188
660
Plowlaud
1,000 ha
6.4
70.1
58.4
83.7
19.2
237.8
Forests
1,000 ha
1.5
53.7
66.9
180.2
451.1
753.4
PopulationPopulation
employed inagriculture"
Number
39,870
147,482
72,967
78,385
24,470
363,174
In percentages
Less than 2 ha............. .............. 20.6 1.0 0.9 4.5 2.1 2.7 0.2 11.0
2-10 ha .............................. 47.3 12.3 12.1 22.7 19.7 29.5 7.1 40.6
10-20 ha ............................ 16.4 12.0 12.0 12.1 17.0 24.5 8.9 20.1
20-100 ha............................. 13.9 26.5 26.4 27.3 32.7 35.2 23.9 21.6
Over 100 ha............................ 1.8 48.2 48.6 33.4 28.5 8.1 59.9 6.7
Total.............................100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.
b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935,p. 56.
0 ncl. part-time and seasonal workers.
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3. Average crop area,production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1 9 3 3 -3 6 )d.
Crop area Production Yields
Crops
ha percent quintals quintals per ha
Wheat (incl. spelt) ............. 31,776 11.72 510,330 16.06
Rye ......... ..... ....... ..... 37,876 13.97 582,264 15.37
Barley ............. ............... 9,577 3.53 148,972 15.56
Oats ............................... 34,616 12.77 571,321 16.50
Corn .............................. 22,312 8.23 647,400 29.02
Potatoes ......................... . 22,398 8.26 3,304,478 147.53
Sugar beets .................. 8 .... 1,382 172.75
Total pulses .. . . . . . . . .
...... . .
.... 1,170 0.43 15,278 13.06
Field vegetablese .................... 4,693 1.73 989,476 210.84
Other crops and fallow .............. 106,614 39.36
Total plowland ............... 271,040 100.00
w
4. Livestock (1934)'.
per 100 ha
Kind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria
Horses .......... ............... . 26,859 3.9 2.6 10.28
Cattle ............................. 433,366 63.6 42.7 18.45
Cows .............................. 201,439 29.6 19.8 16.65
Pigs . .............................. 570,720 83.7 56.2 20.22
Sheep . .................. ......... 55,935 8.2 5.5 21.24
Goats ..................... ..... 27,029 4.0 2.7 8.28
Chickens ......... ................. 1,277,366 187.4 125.8 14.76
Ducks ................... ....... 11,951 1.8 1.2 11.90
Geese ........................... . 5,728 0.8 0.6 6.05
a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.e Also catch crops: 3,862 ha and 21,620 quintals for pulses, 5,018 ha and 689,203 quintals for field vegetables.
f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
L
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-CARINTHIA
1. Land use (1936) .
Total Total Unpro-
plow- and Hutweiden Total productive ductive
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pastures Alps grassland Forests area area
Hectares ............................ 953,471 127,697 5,179 .... 132,876 92,627 56,519 169,220 318,366 414,881 866,123 87,348
Percent of state area ................ 100.00 13.39 0.54 .... 13.93 9.72 5.93 17.75 33.40 43.51 90.84 9.16
Percent of category total for Austria. 11.37 6.48 5.35 6.31 9.85 16.50 17.57 14.17 13.22 11.56 9.76
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 19 30 )b*
Thereof__________________ Total Population
Size groups Farms Area agricultural Plowlasid Forests employed in
Owned Rented area agriculture"
Number 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha Number
Less than 2 ha......... ................ 5,970 5.6 3.5 1.9 4.8 2.3 0.7 13,197
2-10 ha.. ........... .............. 9,645 49.8 -39.7 6.6 31.7 14.7 17.1 31,850
10-20 ha .................. 5,671 82.5 72.5 4.6 48.2 21.0 32.8 26,614
20-100- ha............................ 8,219 323.7 282.5 9.2 184.3 56.8 133.1 52,031
Over 100 ha.......................... 1,158 415.2 385.4 11.1 163.8 15.1 202.9 15,156
Total......... ........... ........ 30,663 876.8 783.6 33.4 432.8 109.9 386.6 138,848
In percentages
Less than 2 ha ........................... 19.5 0.6 0.4 5.7 1.1 2.1 0.2 9.5
2-10 ha .............................. 31.4 5.7 5.1 19.8 7.3 13.4 4.4 22.9
10-20 ha .............................. 18.5 9.4 . 9.3 13.8 11.1 19.1 8.5 19.2
20-100 ha ..................... 26.8 36.9 36.0 27.5 42.6 51.7 34.4 37.5
Over 100 ha...................3.8 47.4 49.2 33.2 37.9 13.7 52.5 10.9
Total..................... .. ..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, .Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.
0Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.
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3. Average crop area, production, and yield pe r hectare fo r major crops (1933-36)a.
Crops
Wheat (incl. spelt).............
Rye..
Barley ..........................
Oats............ ...................
Corn..
Potatoes. ....... .......
Sugar beets .....................
Total pulsese....................
Field vegetablese ..................
Other crops and fallow............
Total plowland ...............
4. Livestock (1934)'.
Kind
Horses......:
Cattle...................
Cows..........................
Pigs ...........................
Sheep ..........................
Goats..........................
Chickens .........................
Ducks ....... ...............
Geese .......................
Number
24,718
185,251
81,318
234,815
58,00622,134
475,147
4,993
2,119
per 100 haof agricult. area
5.5
41.1
18.0
52.0
12.9
4.9
105.3
1.1
0.5
Per 100 persons
6.1
45.7
20.1
58.0
14.3 '
5.5
117.3
1.2
0.5
Percent of Austria
9.46
7.89
6.72
8.32
22.026.78
5.49
4.97
2.24
' Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.e Also catch crops: 453 ha and 3,758 quintals for pulses, 874 ha and 128,864 quintals for field vegetables.
f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
Crop area
ha
10,372
26,470
9,749
18,250
3,672
11,331
1,468
851
47,401
129,564
percent
8.00
20.43
7.52
14.09
2.83
8.75
1.13
0.66
36.59
100.00
Production
quintals
189,578
306,667
144,780
254,094
77,054
1,499,072
18,067
121,962
Yields
quintals per ha
18.28
11.59
14.85
13.92
20.98
132.30
12.31
143.32
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-TIROL
1. Land use (1936'.
Total Total Unpro-
plow- and Hutweiden Total productive ductive
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pastures Alps grassland Forests area area
Hectares .......... ............. 1,264,677 55,535 2,228 57,763 69,802 41,765 350,106 461,673 426,772 946,208 318,469
Percent of state area............ 100.00 4.39 0.18 4.57 5.52 3.30 27.68 36.50 33.75 74.82 25.18
Percent of category total fo r Austria. 15.08 2.82 2.30 .... 2.74 7.42 12.19 36.35 20.55 13.59 12.63 35.58
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agriculturalpopulation by size of f arms ( 1 9 3 o)b.
ThereofTotal Population
Size groups Farms Area - agricultural Plowland Forests employed in
Owned Rented area agriculturec
Number 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha Number
Less than 2 ha......................... 4,786 5.1 4.3 0.6 4.5 1.4 0.4 11,325
2-10 ha ............................. 12,481 63.2 57.7 4.5 49.5 13.0 12.8 44,952
10-20 ha.... . ...................... 4,172 58.9 54.6 2.9 38.1 10.8 19.9 19,143
20-100 ha............ . ....... 4,093 160.6 137.3 5.9 102.5 17.2 55.3 23,712
Over 100 ha .......................... 940 801.8 778.8 5.5 238.4 3.3 315.4 6,711
Total.... .......... 26,472 1,089.6 1,032.7 1.9.4 433.0 45.7 403.8 105,843
In percentages
Less than 2 ha........................... 18.1 0.5 0.4 3.1 1.0 3.1 0.1 10.7
2-10ha..............................:
47.15.8 5.6 23.2 11.4 28.5 3.2 42.5
10-20 ha ............................. 15.8 5.4 5.3 14.9 8.8 23.6 4.9 18.1
20-100 ha............................15.5 14.7 13.3 30.4 23.7 37.6 13.7 22.4
Over 100 ha ........................... .3.5 73.6 75.4 28.4 55.1 7.2 78.1 6.3
Total. .................. ..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
'Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.
Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.
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3. Average crop area,production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)'.
Crops
Wheat (incl. spelt) ...............
Rye .. ......... .............
Barley .... ......................
O ats ............... ..............
Corn .. .............. ............
Potatoes ..........................
Sugar beets ......................
Total pulses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Field vegetables6
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....
Other crops and fallow .............
Total plowland .............
4. Livestock (1934)'.
per 100 ha
Kind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria
H orses ............ .............. . 8,889 1.7 2.5 3.40
Cattle ............................. 201,167 38.6 57.6 8.56
Cows .............................. 103,613 19.9 29.7 8.56
Pigs . ............................. 63,780 '12.2 18.3 2.26
Sheep........ .................... 51,300 9.9 14.7 19.48
Goats .. ....... ................ 33,509 6.4 9.6 10.26
Chickens. ........ ................... 393,008 75.5 112.6 4.54
Ducks . ...... ................ . 3,533 0.7 1.0 3.52
Geese ........... ................. . 2,412 0.5 0.7 2.55
SStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.6 Also catch crops: 240 ha and 2,402 quintals for pulses, 64 ha and 10,450 quintals for field vegetables.
f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
Crop area
3,076
7,090
2,941
1,549
1,393
5,417
264
299
33,951
55,980
percent
5.49
12.67
5.25
2.77
2.49
9.68
0.47
0.53
60.65
100.00
Production
quintals
49,565
105,010
49,912
23,598
37,304
805,247
4,705
66,791
Yields
quintals per ha
16.11
14.81
16.97
15.23
26.78
148.65
17.82
223.38
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-VORARLBERG
1. Land use (1936)".
Totalplow- and
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland
Hectares .......... ......... 260,165 2,489 1,836 5 4,330
Percent of state area ............... 100.00 0.96 0.70 0.00 1.66
Percent of category total for Austria. 3.10 0.13 1.89 0.01 0.20
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 1 9 3 o)b.
Thereof
Size groups Farms Area Owned Rented
Number
4,342
ha
4,047or" ??l
ess than 2 ha...... .......... . .........
2- 0 ha ................................
10- 20 ha ........... ......... . .....
20- 10 0 ha .............................
Over 100 ha.............................
Total ............ ....... .....
Less than 2 ha................ . ...... . 30.5 1.8
2- 10 ha . ............................. 50.0 15.3
10- 20 ha .............................. 11.5 9.6
20-100 ha ........................ 5.8 14.5
Over 100 ha.. ................ .. . . .. 2.2 58.8
Total .. .... ............ .... . 100.0 100.0
/ ,1uo 35,331
1,640 22,596
828 32,773
309 133,781
14,225 228,528
ha ha
3,311 590
31,129 3,382
1,644
1,996
4,499
12,111
20,192
30,240
128,568
213,440
Totaliculturalarea
ha
3,598
28,602
16,517
23,002
80,198
151,917
In percentages
1.4
14.59.4
14.1
60.6
100.0
8.3
25.016.7
16.7
33.3
100.0
2.4
18.810.9
15.1
52.8
100.0
Plowland
ha
460
960
190
219
27
1,856
24.8
51.710.2
11.8
1.5
100.0
aStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.
b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.
e Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.
Meadows
48,610
18.69
5.17
Hutweidenpastures
18,446
7.09
5.39
Alps
91,540
35.19
9.50
Totalgrassland
158,596
60.97
7.06
Forests
67,859
26.08
2.16
Total Unpro-
Totalproductive
area
230,785
88.71
3.08
Unpro-ductive
area
29,380
11.29
3.28
Forests
ha
365
6,225
5,689
9,029
37,636
58,944
0.6
10.69.7
15.3
63.8
100.0
Populationemployed in
agriculturea
Number
8,253
22,295
7,109
4,008
1,676
43,341
19.0
51.416.4
9.3
3.9
100.0
'
I I~
I I - _
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3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)d.
Crop area Production YieldsCrops__________________
ha percent quintals quintals per ha
Wheat (inci. spelt) ... 282 11.65 6,900 24.47
Rye..................................... 51 2.11 1,024 20.08
Barley ........................ ......... 80 3.31 1,594 19.92
Oats ................................... 56 2.31 1,226 21.89
Corn........ ........................ 330 13.64. 9,972 30.22
Potatoes .... .................... 1,101 45.50 141,138 128.19
Sugar beets......... ....
Total pulses6 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 0.83 .333 16.65
Field vegetablese ...... 131 5.41 26,272 200.55
Other crops and fallow ...... 369 15.24
Total plowland ........ 2,420 100.00
4. Livestock (1934)'.
per 100 haKind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria
Horses.................................. 3,064 1.9 2.0 1.17
Cattle................................. 66,248 40.5 42.6 2.82
Cows.....................37,118 22.7 23.9 3.07
Pigs ................................... 32,705 20.0 21.0 1.16
Sheep................. .................. 5,323 3.3 3.4 2.02Goats...................................8,178 5.0 5.3 2.51
Chickens............................... 169,932 103.8 109.3 1.96
Ducks ..................... ............. 2,108 1.3 1.4 2.10
Geese................................... 643 0.4 0.4 0.68
aStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.e Also catch crops: 28 ha and 314 quintals for pulses, 84 ha and 11,067 quintals for field vegetables.fStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-BURGENLAND
1. Land use (1936)"Total
Total Unpro-
plow- and Hutweiden Total productive ductive
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pasturesAlps grassland Forests area area
He ctares.. . . .. . . . . ............. 397,719 187,036 4,754 8,853 200,643 35,816 20,124 .... 55,940 103,746 360,329 37,390
Percent of state area 100.00 47.03 1.19 2.23 50.45 9.00 5.06 .... 14.06 26.09 90.60 9.40
Percent of category total for Austria. 4.74 9.49 4.91 23.45 9.53 3.81 5.87 2.49 3.30 4.81 4.18
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agricultural population by size of farms ( 19 3 o)
ThereofToaTotal Population
Size groups Farms Area agricultural Plowland Forests employed in
Owned Rented area agriculturec
Number 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha Number
Less than 2 ha............ .............. 15,066 14 11 2.5 12 9.4 1.0 30,075
2-10 ha............................22,730 117 104 11.0 98 75.6 17.7 75,539
10-20 ha.................... ....... 4,412 59 55 2.5 47 35.0 11.1 20,940
20-100 ha ........................... 1,064 35 32 1.5 26 19.3 7.2 7,028
Over 100 ha.............. ........ 205 119 91 26.1 48 27.9 59.8 10,861
Total ......................... 43,477 344 293,- 43.6 231 167.2 96.8 144,443
In percentages
Less than 2 ha........................ 34.7 4.1 3.8 5.7 5.2 5.6 1.0 20.8
2-10 ha...............................52.3 34.0 35.5 25.2 42.4 45.2 18.3 52.3
10-20 ha.............................10.1 17.1 18.8 5.7 20.3 20.9 11.5 14.5
20-100 ha ............................. 2.4 10.2 10.9 3.5 11.3 11.6 7.4 4.9
Over 100 ha............................. 0.5 34.6 31.0 59.9 20.8 16.7 61.8 7.5
Total .............. ............... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,00.0 100.0
o Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.
b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.
0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.
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3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for rnajor crops ( 1 9 3 3 -3 6 )d.
Crops
Wheat -(ncl. spelt).............Rye............................
Barley ................ .. ... :...
Oats.............. ............Corn ..........................
Potatoes.........................
Sugar beets ......... .. .........Total pulses. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Field vegetables0 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other crops and fallow ..........
Total plowland.............
4. Livestock (1934)'.
per 100 haKind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria
Horses................................ 19,847 7.8 6.6 7.60Cattle............................... 133,651 52.4 44.6 5.69Cows................................ 68,591 26.9 22.9 5.67Pigs................................. 185,646 72.8 62.0 6.58
Sheep....................... ........ 2,629 1.0 0.9 1.00Goats.............................. 11,887 4.7 4.0 3.64Chickens ......... ......... .......... 776,357 304.5 259.3 8.97Ducks........................ ....... 6,861 2.7 2.3 6.83Geese................................. 22,208 8.7 7.4 23.46
d Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.eAlso catch crops: 4,093 ha and 19,838 quintals for pulses, 3,815 ha and 348,426 quintals for field vegetables.rStatistisches Jalirbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
Crop area
ha
35,408
33,207
22,974
14,592
16,934
17,324
8,106
1,079
1,293
35,481
186,398
percent
19.00
17.82
12.33
7.83
9.08
9.29
4.35
0.58
0.69
19.03
100.00
Production
quintals
527,197
472,377
354,958
187,530
285,862
1,358,718
1,812,551
11,898
166,059
Yields
quintals per ha
14.89
14.23
15.45
12.85
16.88
78.43
223.61
11.03
128.43
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AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-VIENNA
1. Land use (1936).
Total Total Unpro-
plow- and Hutweiden Total productive ductive
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pastures Alps grassland Forests area area
Hectares .................. . 27,806 7,275 4,007 424 11,706 2,158 659 .... 2,817 3,642 18,165 9,641
Percent of state area...............100.00 26.16 14.41 1.53 42.10 7.76 2.37 .... 10.13 13.10 65.33 34.67
Percent of category total for Austria. 0.33 0.37 4.13 1.12 .56 0.23 .19 .... 0.12 0.12 0.24 1.08
2. N umber of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agriculturalpopulation by size of farms (1 9 3 0 )b.
ThereofTotal Population
Size groups Farms Area agricultural Plowland Forests employed in
Owned Rented area agricultureo
Number ha ha ha ha ha ha Number
Less than 2 ha......................... 851 335 198 136, 323 44 1 1,972
2-10 ha............................... 180 848 486 362 830 411 0 913
10-20 ha............................... 67 988 543 445 978 822 6 362
20-100 ha.............................. 65 2,081 1,240 841 1,952 1,692 100 618
Over 100 ha............................. 9 1,948 1,392 556 881 615 1,024 339
Total.............................. 1,172 6,200 3,859 2,340 4,964 3,584 1,131 4,204
In percentages
Less than 2 ha............................ 72.6 5.4 5.1 5.8 6.5 1.2 0.1 46.9
2-10 ha ................................ 15.4 13.7 12.6 15.5 16.7 11.5 0.0 21.7
10-20ha...............................
5.7 15.914.1 19.0 19.7 22.9 0.5 8.6
20-100 ha ....................... .. 5.5 33.6 32.1 35.9 39.3 47.2 8.9 14.7
Over 100 ha............................ 0.8 31.4 36.1 23.8 17.8 17.2 90.5 8.1
Total............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
° Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.
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3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)d.
Crops
Wheat (incl. spelt)...............
Rye.....................Barley ..........................
Oats ..................... ....
Corn ...........................Potatoes ....... :................Sugar beets......................
Total pulsese................. .. .
Field vegetables e..................
Other crops and fallow .............Total plowland.............
Crop area
ha
864
1,134
1,107
286
242
715
479
163
53 4
1,802
7,326
percent
11.79
15.48
15.11
3.90
3.30
9.76
6.54
2.23
7.29
24.60
100.00
Production
quintals
16,43722,648
22,403
5,318
5,259
80,972
1'23, 108
2,094
63,565
quintals per ha
19.02
19.97.
20.24
18.59
21.73
113.25
257.01
12.85
119.04
4. Livestock (1934)'.
per 100 ha
Kind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria
H-ors es ............................ ... 10,077 69.6 0.5 3.86
Cattle...................................4,444 30.7 0.2 0.19
Cows................................... 3,866 26.7 0.2 0.32
Pigs..................................13,585 93.9 0.7 0.48Sheep .................................. 104 0.7 0.0 0.04
Goats..................................4,423 30.6 0.2 1.35
Chickens ................................ 162,111 1,120.1 8.6 1.87
Ducks ............................... 4,343 30.0 0.2 4.33
Geese....................... .......... 1,226 8.5 0.1 1.29
'a Statistik dcr Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.
Also catch crops: 62 ha and 626 quintals for pulses, 158 ha and 10,687 quintals for field vegetables.
Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
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STATISTICAL SURVEY OF AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries)
1. Land use (1936)'.
Total area
8,386,757
100.00
Hectares .......
Percent of state area.
Plowland
1,971,529
23.51
Gardens
96,905
1.16
Vineyards
37,752
0.45
Totalplow, and
gardenland
2,106,186
25.12
Hutweiden
Hutweiden
Meadows pastures
940,597 342,566
11.22 4.08
Total Unpro-
Total productive ductive
Alps grassland. Forests area area
963,260 2,246,423 3,139,080 7,491,689 895,068
11.48 26.78 37.43 89.33 10.67
2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural opulation by size of farms x(1930)
I F
Size groups
Less than 2 ha ..................... ...
2-10 ha ...........................
10-20 ha ...........................
20-100 ha .............................Over 100 ha:...... .................
Total........................
Less than 2 ha................. ....
2-10 ha ........................
10-20 ha........................20-100 ha........... ............
Over 100 ha.......... ............
Total........................
Farms
Number
118,783
174,038
73,446
61,073
6,020
433,360
Area
1,000 ha
111.
871:
1,058
2,098
3,490
7,628
Thereof
Owned Rented
1,000 ha 1,000ha
87 22
769 85
995 47
1,952 68
3,279. 119
7,082 341
Totalagricultural
area
1,000 ha
102
705
803
1,383
1,037
4,030
Plowland
1,000 ha
54
413
501
677
144
1,789
Forests
1,000 ha
6.5
153.7
243.9
686.8
1,861.1
2,952.0
In percentages
27.4
40.2
16.914.1
1.4
100.0
1.4
11.4;
13.927.5
45.8
100.0
1.2
10.9
14.0
27.6
46.3
100.0
6.5
24.9
13.8
19.9
34.9
100.0
SI I _______
6Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.
b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.
encl. part-time and seasonal workers.
2.5
17.5
19.9
34.3
25.8
100.0
3.0
23.1
28.0
37.8
8.1
100.0
0.2
5.2
8.3
23.3
63.0
100.0
Populationemployed in
agriculturec
Number
249,079
587,833
359,725
406,322
115,118
1,718,077
14.5
34.2
20.9
23.7
6.7
100.0
i
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3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)a.
Crops
Wheat (incl. spelt)..............
Rye ...........................Barley ................. ........
Oats ...........................Corn ..........................
Potatoes..................
Sugar beets.....................Total pulses. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Field vegetables. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other crops and fallow ...........
Total plowland .............
Crop area
236,814
380,960
165,924
298,655.
64,041
204,548
44,403
11,918
21,160
550,203
1,978,626
percent
11.97
19.25
8.39
15.09
3.24
10.34
2.24
0.60
1.07
27.81
100.00
Production
quintals
3,910,700
* 5,885,749
* 2,940,158
4,468,587
1,475,322
24,663,611
11,295,146
154,544
3,437,035
4. Livestock (1934).
per 100 haKind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria
Horses............................... 261,217 6.0 3.9 100.00
Cattle................................ 2,348,627 54.2 34.8 100.00
Cows........................1,209,874 27.9 17.9 100.00
Pigs ........ ............... 2,822,966 65.1 41.8 100.00Sheep .............................. 263,400 6.1 3.9 100.00
Goats................................ 326,497 7.5 4.8 100.00
Chic ke ns............................ 8,656,777 199.6 128.1 100.00
Ducks . ...................... 100,416 2.3 1.5 100.00
Geese............................... 94,672 2.2 1.4 100.00
a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.6Also catch crops: 10,650 ha and 65,594 quintals for pulses, 14,094 ha and 1,528,916 quintals for field vegetables.fStatistisches Jahirbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
Yields
quintals per ha
16.51
15.45
17.72
14.96
23.04
120.58
254.38
12.97
162.43
Number and area of farms in the Ostmark* German agriculturalcensus May 17, 1939.
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I Total IHectares I
Reic sgau ofu m s 05 1-2 2-5 5- 0 10-20 1 20-50 I 50-100 100-200 200-500 500-1,00 0 and overu b r o fa m
Vienna . ......... ...................Niederdonau... ..................
Oberdonau...... .................Salzburg .............................
Styria................................
Carinthia ............................
Tirol.................................Total ..... .................. .
Vienna...............................
Niederdonau ................. ......Oberdonau ..........................Salzburg.............................
Styria .......... ...................Carinthia ............................
Tirol ...............................
Vienna.............................Niederdonau .. ,.......................
Oberdonau ....................... ..
Salzburg .............................
Styria...............................Carinthia ................. ..........Tirol................................
Total ..........................Vienna...............................
Niederdonau .........................
Oberdonau...........................
Salzburg .............................
Styria................................Carinthia ............................Tirol ............................ ...
7,574
197,786
92,22615,245
98,047
37,404
38,839
487,121
2,025
27,221
8,287850
7,661
3,250
3,315
52,609
2,015
34,547
13,8511,271
11,244
4,220
'5,238
72,386
1,385
49,579
21,5892,401
26,266
6,778
10,903
118,901
698
34,231
13,8542,555
24,116
5,621
8,962
90,037
61 2
31,752
17,1753,533
16,116
6,949
5,627
81,764
646
17,432
16,036
3,042
9,006
7,313
2,964
56,439 1
96
1,689
1,053
679
2,193
1,896
745
8,351
45
658
190
470
837
776
456
3,432
32395
94
30 1
37 6
408
33 6
1,942
In percent
100.00 26.8 26.6 18.3 9.2 8.1 8.5 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1
100.00 13.8 17.5 25.1 17.3 16.0 8.8 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1
100.00 9.0 15.0 23.4 15.0 18.6 17.4 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1
100.00 5.6 8.3 15.7 16.8 23.2. 19.9 4.4 3.1 2.0 0.5 0.5
100.00 7.8 11.5 26.8 24.6 16.4 9.2 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1
100.00 8.7 11.3 18.1 15.0 18.6 19.5 5.1 .2.1 1.1 0.3 0.2
100.00 [ 8.5 13.5 28.1 23.1 14.5 7.6 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.4
Farm area .in hectares
94,129 1,436 2,760 4,280 4,898 8,879 19,050 6,355 6,162 10,582 6,400 23,327
2,211,121 19,833 49,985 161,430 243,978 456,023 488,578 111,684 91,912 124,715 101,834 361,149
1,348,079 6,085 20,260 70,524 98,838 253,973 458,983 66,676 25,839 28,331 26,552 292,018
675,313 616 1,865 8,069 18,679 51,809 90,487 47,535 66,846 86,962 50,842 251,603
1,636,932 5,556 16,447 89,767 171,496 224,419 270,920 147,821 116,158 113,561 86,893 393,894
11,056,593 2,378 6,056. 22,3441 40,726 102,372 222,107 129,345 107,133 121,293 72,984 229,855
11,288,238 2,425 7,743 36,372 163,864 78,349 87,457 51,468 65,0281 104,8171 87,675 703,040
8,310,405 38,329 105,1161 392,7861 642,479 1,175,824 11,637,582 560,884 479,078 1590,261 433,180 2,254,886
In percent
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
5.211.0
7.3
2.810.5
3.95.0
9.4
20.6
18.8
7.7
13.7
9.7
6.1
20.2
22.1
34.0
13.4
16.6
21.0
6.8
6.85.15.07.09.0
12.2
4.0
6.6
4.21.99.97.1
10.1
5.0
11.2
5.6
2.1
12.9
6.9
11.5
8.1
24.8
16.3
21.7
37.2
24.1
21.8
54.6
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from official sources. * The Ostmark was 5.2 percent larger than preannexation Austria.
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from official. sources. * The Ostmark was 5. 2 percent larger than preannexation Austria.
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APPENDIX B
MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS AND INFORMATION
AUSTRIA: Development of acreages, yields, and production of specified crops, average 1909-13, and 1922 to 1937
Acreage Averageyields, and tproduction 1909-13 1922 I 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 I 1936
1,000 hectaresAcreage
Wheat .........Rye...........
Barley ........
Oats .............Corn..........
Potatoes.......
Sugar beets ......
Yields
Wheat .........Rye...........
Barley .........
Oats...........Corn..........
Potatoes.......
Sugar beets......
Production
Wheat ...........Rye.... . . . .. . .
Barley .........
Oats ............
Corn..........
Potatoes.....
198
419
136
344
49
155
25
186.0
337.4
126.7
284.8
60.0
163.2
11.2
192.2
373.0
135.0
324.5
58.4
150.9
13.1
195.0
375.4
138.1
308.6
59.6
167.4
18.7
195.9
384.0
140.8
307.7
60.2
176.2
20.1
202.5
393.5
146.6
314.5
61.5
177.7
19.8
204.4
383.5
148.0
311.2
59.6
183.3
24.4
208.0
379.5
156.4
301.0
57.8
189.2
30.4
208.5 205.5
374.3 375.0
158.2 174.0
296.6 312.3
55.8 57.7
189.8 188.5
30.4 35.4
209.4
378.0
168.3
314.6
61.6
193.7
42.7
216.3
387.1
171.1
307.1
66.7
202.4
42.7
219.6
387.5
171.1
305.7
64.2
204.0
46.5
231.8
381.7
166.6
302.8
64.9
201.9
49.6
243.3
381.9
162.9
297.6
63.2
202.4
43.8
252.5
372.6
163.1
288.5
63.8
209.9
37.7
250.5
358.2
167.1
287.3
69.9
215.6
40.4
100 kilograms per hectare
13.7
13.6
12.4
11.8
15.0
83.4
241.6
10.9
10.2
9.6
9.2
14.7
85.7
154.4
12.6
10.8
12.7
11.6
15.1
94.5
184.0
11.8
11.0
11.4
10.7
15.9
98.4
231.9
14.8
14.3
14.2
12.6
19.4
117.4
244.1
12.7
12.1
13.5
13.8
15.8
73.0
242.9
15.9
13.3
16.1
14.1
21.1
145.5
295.7
16.9
13.3
18.0
15.4
18.7
131.5
239.0
15.1 15.9
13.6 14.0
17.0 15.4
15.2 j 12.8
21.0 20.9
147.6 140.7
227.6 274.7
14.3
12.7
12.9
10.6
20.6
140.3
229.0
15.3
15.9
16.0
12.7
19.8
131.7
239.0
18.1
17.7
19.5
16.4
21.3
115.5
229.6
15.6
15.1
17.7
15.4
23.9
136.2
279.9
17.3
16.2
16.6
13.1
20.2
118.2
262.6
15.1
12.7
17.0
14.8
26.8
112.8
241.7
15.2
11.9
15.5
14.6
28.1
148.0
242.3
1,000 metric tons
270
568
169
405
73
1,296
Sugar beets ....... 604
202.0
345.2
121.9
265.9
88.3
1,398.3
172.8
241.9 231.1 290.4
402.3 411.2 550.1
171.0 156.9 200.7
375.4 331.6 388.4
87.6 94.5 116.8
1,426.2 11,647.2 2,068.4
241.8 433.1 492.6
256.9 325.5
475.3 511.2
197.6 238.1
434.8 I 438.8
97.2 125.7
1,297.8 2,666.4
480.7 722.7
351.5 I506.0
282.0
462.2
107.9
2,488.3
725.4
314.6
510.5
269.4
451.0
117.3
2,803.0
691.2
326.8
524.2
267.3
400.7
120.8
2,653.1
973.3
299.6
480.9
216.6
332.1
126.7
2,716.8
977.7
331.8
615.4
274.1
389.8
132.2
2,666.1
1,020.4
397.8
687.0
332.9
502.8
136.6
2,354.9
1,067.5
362.2
574.5
294.8
466.5
155.0
2,749.4
1,388.1
422.1 382.2 400.3
620.2 472.7 476.7
270.3 278.1 288.1
390.8 427.3 474.8
127.6 170.9 206.3
2,392.5 2,368.7 3,611.7
1,150.0 912.5 1,007.6
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from official sources.t
Calculated for post-1922 area of Austria; as per statistics given in Deutsche Agrarpolitik (Friedrich-List-Gesellschaft), Berlin 1932, Ergaenzungsteil, p. 279,
1937
"
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AUSTRIA: Basic characteristics of farm types
Types
Plowland farms.....................
Wine farms............... .....
Grassland farms without alps .........
Grassland farms with alps
Forest farms....................
Mixed wine farms ..................
Plow-grassland farms without alps .....
Plow-grassland farms with alps ........
Mixed forest farms ........ .......
Forest pasture farms ..................
Farms
surveyed
Number
162
12
26
99
17
145
334
33
71
23
Averagealtitude
m
354
211
* 589
754
738
269
471
649
672
882
Averageprecipitation
mm
731
563
1,215
1,352
968
705
929
1,108
1,026
1,249
Averagefarm size
with forest
ha
21.20
5.60
37.46
40.67
141.43
15.09
24.18
18.82
42.52
53.45
Use of productive land in percentages
Plowland
71.9
44.6
12.0
13.9
5.0
71.1
39.7
19.5
14.9
8.3
Grassland Vineyards Forest
12.9
10.0
46.2
.43.1
14.2
11.8
30.6
45.9
23.0
27.9
22.6
4.4
15.2
22.8
41.8
43.0
80.8
12.7
29.7
34.6
62.1
63.8
Source: H. Schoehi, op. cit. p. 41.
Estimated value of farms, value of annual product, and labor input per productive hectare
Types
Wine farms.....................m..........
Mixed wine farms ..........................
Plow- an d grassland farms with alps ...........
Plowland farms ........... ..............
Plow- and grassland farms without alps .........
Grassland farms without alps..................
Grassland farms with alps...................
Mixed forest farms.........................
Forest pasture farms.... ........ .....
Forest farms.......................... ......
Value perproductive hectare
Schilling
8,022
4,216
3,162
3,082
2,564
2,158
1,952
1,576
1,566
98 8
Value of farm productper productive hectare
Schilling
1,715
796
603
650
510
369
314
268
241
.146
Input of work days per productive hectare by
Familymem
bers j Others Total
237.7
83.3
61.7
56.0
44.7
38.5
28.5
29.6
15.5
10.5
Source: H. Schoehl, op. cit. p. 41, 45 and 50.
18.3
30.1
27.9
32.9
39.5
25.1
24.2
20.8
25.7
12.0.
256.0
113.4
89.6
88.9
84.2
63.6
52.7
50.4
41.2
22.5
1
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AUSTRIA: Distribution of gross income by various farmbranches
Milk anS I Sheep
Types of farms milk Sale oForest and eggsPotatoe Sugar e e F
products Cattle Pigs grain beets Wi I HorsesFodder and goats
Percent
2. Wine farms ......... 9.0 2.9 10.3 3.1 .... 1.6 .... 5 35 1.3
6. Mixed wine farms............ ................. 17.8 8.4 18.9 12.3 3.3 2.2 17.9 3.5
1. Plowland farms 22.3 11.3 20.1 16.1 2.5 2.9 "... 6.1 .... .... 2.9 ....
8. Plow-grassland farms with alps .... ............ 32.2 17.7 14.6 4.3 4.8 .... 4.9 .... .... 1.9 3.9 ....7. Plow-grassland farms without alps..............21.3 16.9 21.3 10.2 5.9 3.0 .... .... .... 1.8 5.1
3. Grassland farms without alps..................33.9 13.2- 11.1 4.4 9.2 2.2 .... .... .... 2.3 4.8
4. Grassland farms with alps.................... 29.6 22.7 11.6 4.0 11.5 1.4 .... .... .... 2.6 2.3
9. Mixed forest farms.........................24.8 17.6 15.7 6.8 14.2 2.1 .... .... .... 2.5 3.4 ....
10. Forest pasture farms........................ 27.1 22.7 10.2 4.8 16.7 .0.7 .... .... 3.4 1.0
5. Forest farms ........................... 19.4 18.5 12.5 4.3 25.4 1.3 .... .... 4.4 1.2 ....
Source: H. Schoehi, op. cit. p. 46.
Market dependence
Types of farms
2. Wine farms.......... ....................................
1. Plowland farms ..................... ............................
6. Mixed wine farms........... ...............................
5. Forest farm s... . .. . . . . ....................................
10. Forest pasture farms......................................
8. Plow-grassland farms with alps...............................
3. Grassland farms without alps..................................
7. Plow-grassland farms without alps...........................
4. Grassland farms with alps...................................
9. Mixed forest farms........................................
Source: H. Schoehl, op. cit. p. 47.
*Percentages for 1930 only. Total gross income from sales equals 100.
Sales as percentage Percentage of gross income from sales of
of gross income the most important commodities*
77.7 Wine 76.1, milk 7.5, fruit 4.7, cattle 3.1.
76.4 Milk 20.0, pigs 17.0, cattle 15.3, grain 10.4.
75.2 Wine 23.8, milk 19.3, pigs 12.5, cattle 11.0.
72.0 Cattle 29.4,wood 27.9, milk 12.3, pigs 6.7.
71.7 Cattle 29.8, milk 21.7, wood 15.3, pigs 5.8.
69.7 Milk 27.5, cattle 22.2, pigs 16.2, potatoes 5.4.
69.3 Milk 38.8, cattle 21.3, wood 11.1, pigs 7.7.
68.8 Cattle 23.2, pigs 19.0, milk 15.0, milk products 6.7.
67.7 Cattle 33.9, milk 15.3, wood 13.9, pigs 9.3.
67.4 Cattle 26.3, wood 16.7, milk 16.2, pigs 10.8.
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AUSTRIAN MANUFACTURERS OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Hofherr-Schrantz-Clayton-Shuttleworth, Landwirtschaftliche Maschinenfabrik A.G., Vienna. Reorganized in 1935
with a capital of 3,000,000 Schillings by the Industrie-Kredit A.G., now owned by the German
Government. Negotiations underway to bring about a close collaboration with the German firm Hein-
rich Lanz A.G., Mannheim.
A. G. Alfa Separator, Vienna. Capital 1,500,000 Schillings, partly in Swedish hands. Manufactures chiefly
agricultural cookers, stoves, tinware, tools, andmachines, particularly chaff cutters. Plans to take over.
foundry.
Oesterreichische Epple-Buxbaum Werke, Wels A. G. Capital 1,000,000 Schillings. Manufactures various ma-
chines, chiefly threshing machines and mowers.
Reformwerke, Wels. Produces chiefly grain sowers.
Vogel&Noti A.G., Wartberg, Stelermark. Capital 1,400,000 Schillings; owns rolling
mills, manufactures
plows, etc.
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LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
General Austrian agriculture
1. Schoehl, Harald. Oesterreichs Landwirtschaft, Gestalt und Wandlung 1918-38. Berlin Reichsnaehr-
1938 stand. 126 pp .
2. Herbert, Walther. Oesterreich Kunde, Berlin, 1938.
1938
3. Weekly reports of the German Institute for Business Research, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg.
1938, March 25, No. 11/12 and supplement
1938, April 6, No. 13/14 and supplement.
4. Wochenbericht des Instituts fuer Konjunkturforschung, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg.
1938, April, No. 14/15.
5. Hamscha, Hans & Deutsch, Otto. Die Aufgaben der oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft. Agrarverlag
1937 Wien, 1937, 175 pp.
6. Oesterreichs Land und Forstwirtschaft. Wirtschaft & Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Wien.
1927 1927, 312 pp . and 1937.
1937
7. Bundesministerium fuer Land und Forstwirtschaft. Oesterreichs Landwirtschaft. Wirtschaftsver-
1934 lag und Zeitungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Baden bei Wien, 1934, 78 pp.
8. Morgan, O. S. Agricultural Systems of Middle Europe. A Symposium. MacMillan Company, New
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16. World markets for farm equipment 1938-39. U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
1938-39 Department of Commerce, p. 25 1-25 r.
17. Meyer, Konrad. Gefuege und Ordnung der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Reichsnaehrstand Verlag,
1939 Berlin.
18. Wutz, Anton. Alpenlaendische Milchwirtschaft.Reichsnaehrstandverlag Berlin 1938, 133 pp.
1938
19. International Institute of Agriculture. Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Practice. Au-
1935. gust 1935, vol. 26 , No. 8, p. 393-402.
20. L'Aviculture dans le monde, Rome, 1933, vol. 2, p. 29-43.
1933
21. Krische, Paul. Bodenkarten und andere kartographische Darstellungen der Faktoren der landwirt-
1928 schaftlichen Produktion verschiedener Laender. Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey,
Berlin, p. 56-61.
Sources of statistics
22. Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich. Bundesministerium fuer Land und Forswirtschaft
1933-36, Wien 1934-37.
23. Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich.Bundesamt fuer Statistik, Wien, up to 1937.
24 . Wirtschaftsstatistisches Jahrbuch. Kammer fuer Arbeiter und Angestellte in Wien. Wien, up to 1936.
25 . Statistik des Aussenhandels Oesterreichs. Bundesministerium fuer Handel und Verkehr, Wien.
26 . Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin 1938.
27. International Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. International Institute of Agriculture, Rome.
28. Statistisches Handbuch der Weltwirtschaft. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin 1936.
29 . Wirtschaft und Statistik. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin, 1940 and 1941.
58
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4.AUSTRIA oo
REIF NBRANG
Co stozoo
).**0 jContors i metrs b~r^'5O0 Q
47 vO 0
00~~b oJ7J
c~o U G 0.
C o se ,r 1 D 3P ' "16
U..EARMN °tIGoUTR NE. 57 FIEO OEG ARCLUA EAIN
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AUSTRIADENSITY OF POPULATION
Uninhabited
Under 20 inhabitantspe r productive square kilometer
20 to 50
50 to /00 "
/OO to 20 0 ."
Over 200Is
-- --- --
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AUSTRIAAGRICULTURAL ZONES
- - Nationci boundary- --State---------- Zone a
STATUTE MILES
25 0 25 501 11 1 11 I
1 1 .1
.25 0 25
KILOMETERS
C'
I WIENERWALD-AUSLAUFER
2 OONAU-TIEFLAND
NIEDER6STERR EICH
3 WIENER BECKEN UND STEINFELO
4 WIENERWALD
5 NIEDEROSTERREICH ALPENAUJSLAUFER
E
7 KREMSER UND TULLNER 8ECKEN
8 MARCHFELD
9 LEISERBERGE
I0 WALOVIERTEL
OBEROSTERREICH
II MACHLANO
12 MIJHLVIERTEL
13 SAU-UND GANSERWALD
14 WELSERFELD
IS SALZKAMMERGUT U. SENSENGEB.
16 HAUSRUCK
17 INNVIERTEL
29 Klagenfurt pro""
IG 0
IFLACHGAU
19 TANNENGAU
20. PIN ZGAU UND PONGAUI
21 LUNGAU
STEIERM ARK
22 OBERES ENNS-UND SALZATAL
23 OBERES MUR-.UND MURZTAL
24 MITTEL-UND WEST-STEIERMARK
25 OST-STEIERMARK
26 UNTERES MURTAL
K AR NTE N
27 SAUALPEN
v A29 KARAWANKEN UND GAILTAL
30 TAUERN
TIROL
31 OST-TIROL
32 UINTER-INN-UND WIPPTAL
33 OBER-INN-UND LECHTAL
VORARLB ERG
34 VORARLBERGER ALPEN oFA4
35 RHEINTA.
BURGENLAND
36 OSTL U N6ROL 0 NEUSIEOLER SEES
37 WESTL DES NEUSIEDLER SEES
bSUDLICH DER DONAU SALZBURG 28 DRAUTAL I 38 SLIOBURGENLANID
50 75
46K
L
A