Civic Participation Terminology · Foreword This Glossary was developed by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) as part of the Citizen Lebanon:Civic Education

A Guide to Frequently Used Terms and Phrases

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NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

دلـيـل الـمـصـطـلحــات والـعـبــارات الشـائــعــة

مـصـطـلحـات

صـطـلحــات والـعـبــارات الشـائــعــةاملشـاركـة املـدنـيـة

ed Terms and PhrasesTerminology

ParticipationCivic

The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strength-en and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practicalassistance to civic and political party leaders advancing democratic values, practices, and institutions. NDI workswith democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, to safeguard elections, and topromote citizen participation, openness, and accountability in government.

Copyright © National Democratic Institute (NDI) 2009. All rights reserved. Portions of this work may be repro-duced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materi-al and is sent copies of any translation.

National Democratic Institutefor International Affairs 2030 M Street, NW, 5th FloorWashington, DC 20036-3306tel: (202) 728-5500fax: (202) 728-5520website: www.ndi.org

Translated by Nathalie Sleimane, Designed by Marc Rechdane.

For any comments or suggestions please contact: [email protected]

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á«ŸÉY áμÑ°ûH kÉæ«©à°ùe ,á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh äÉ°SQÉªŸGh º«≤dG ôjƒ£J πLCG øe Ú«°SÉ«°ùdGh Ú«f~ŸG IOÉ≤∏d á«∏ª©dG I~YÉ°ùŸG »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG

,äÉHÉîàf’G ágGõf ¿ƒ°Uh ,á«f~ŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉª¶æŸG AÉæH ±~¡H ⁄É©dG AÉëfCG πc ‘ Ú«WGô≤Á~dG ™e kÉ° jCG ~¡©ŸG ¿hÉ©àjh .ÚYƒ£àŸG AGÈÿG øe

.ºμ◊G ‘ ádAÉ°ùŸGh ìÉàØf’G õjõ©Jh ,ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«é°ûJ ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH

©~¡©ª∏d ™Ñ£dG ¥ƒ≤M Oƒ©JÜÉàμdG Gòg øe AGõLCG êÉàfEG IOÉYEG øμÁ .¬d áXƒØfi ¥ƒ≤◊G ™«ªL .2009 á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG

.~¡©ŸG ¤EG áªLÎdG øY áî°ùf ∫É°SQEGh IQƒ°ûæŸG IOÉª∏d kGQ~°üe »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ôcP •ô°T ájQÉŒ ÒZ mäÉjÉ¨d É¡àªLôJ hCG/h

.¿G~°TQ ∑QÉe »YÉÑW º«ª°üJ ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf áªLôJ

:ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ¤EG ÜÉàμdG Gòg áªLôJ ∫ƒM ∫GDƒ°S hCG ≥«∏©J …CG ∫É°SQEG AÉLô[email protected]

Foreword

This Glossary was developed by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) aspart of the Citizen Lebanon: Civic Education and Advocacy Program. Building on decades of experienceworking with citizens and civil society organizations, NDI has developed numerous tools and approach-es to enhance the quality and consistency of citizen input in political processes. Citizen Lebanon worksto increase citizens’ understanding of democratic principles, facilitate their identification and conceptu-alization of issues that most affect them, and then support direct interaction between citizens and pub-lic officials to address these issues. The guiding principle of Citizen Lebanon is a spirit of partnership and

respectful dialogue - in order to achieve this, a common set of terms and agreement about their meaning is essential.

This Glossary is part of NDI’s growing library of publications which form the basis for the Institute’s efforts to cre-ate a new and precise lexicon to convey the concepts central to democracy and governance. Putting some of theseprinciples into practice, the Glossary was developed through a consultative process with NDI’s staff in Lebanon,other field offices throughout the Middle East as well as the Institute’s Citizen Participation team. Special thanksalso to NDI’s civic partners in the Citizen Lebanon program, who served as the inspiration for this project and alsooffered valuable feedback throughout the process of development.

While efforts to develop this Glossary have been exhaustive, it is by no means an authoritative resource. Userfeedback is essential - comments and thoughts on terms, definition, usage and regional application are desiredand actively encouraged. To make this process as simple as possible, please feel free to email any commentsto [email protected].


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äÉª¶æeh ÚæWGƒŸG ™e ÜhDh~dG ¬∏ªY øe Oƒ≤©dG qôe ≈∏Y ~¡©ŸG É¡Ñ°ùàcG »àdG á∏jƒ£dG IÈÿG π° ØÑa .á©aG~ŸG ¿hDƒ°Th á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG

.É¡JÉÑKh É¡à«Yƒf á¡÷ ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe õjõ©J ¤EG »eôJ äÉHQÉ≤eh äGhOCG I~Y ôjƒ£J øe øqμ“ ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG

èeÉfôH ≈©°ùjhøWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑdôKDƒJ »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ~j~– ‘ º¡J~YÉ°ùeh ,á«WGô≤Á~dG ÇOÉÑŸÉH ÚæWGƒŸG áaô©e ™«°SƒJ ¤EG ¤hCG á∏Môe ‘

ÚæWGƒŸG ÚH ô°TÉÑŸG πYÉØàdG øe ´ƒf ≥∏N √ÉŒÉH ™a~dG ¤EG á≤M’ á∏Môe ‘h ,É¡æY áë°VGh Iôμa øjƒμJh ÒKCÉJ q~°TCG º¡JÉ«M ≈∏Y

èeÉfôH πª©j »àdG á«¡«LƒàdG ÇOÉÑŸG ÉeCG .ÉjÉ° ≤dG √òg á÷É©Ÿ ΩÉ©dG π≤◊G ‘ ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGhøWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑdìhQ ‘ ≈∏éààa É¡æe m »MƒH

.ájÉ¨dG √ò¡d kÉ≤«≤– ,É¡«fÉ©e ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàdGh äÉë∏£°üŸG øe áeÉY áYƒª› ™°Vh øe q~H ’ ¿Éc ,∂dòd .ΩGÎM’G ≈∏Y ºFÉ≤dG QGƒ◊Gh ácGô°ûdG

πμ°ûjhäÉë∏£°üŸG π«dOπ«Ñ°S ‘ ~¡©ŸG É¡dòÑj »àdG Oƒ¡÷G É¡«∏Y õμJÎa ,»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG i~d á«eÉæàŸG äGQƒ°ûæŸG áÑàμe øe kGAõL Gòg

Gòg AÉL ~bh .ºμ◊G IQGOEGh á«WGô≤Á~dG r»ndÉ› ‘ ájQƒfi º«gÉØe π≤f ‘ ~«ØJ á≤«bO äGOôØe çG~ëà°SGπ«d~dG»ØXƒe ™e IOƒ≤©ŸG äGQhÉ°ûŸG øe mQÉ°ùe IôªK

º¡©«ªL Gƒ©°Vh ¿CG ~©H ,á«f~ŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG ¿hDƒ°ûH »æ©ŸG ~¡©ŸG ≥jôa ™e ∂dòch ,§°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG á≤£æe ‘ á∏eÉY iôNCG á«fG~«e ÖJÉμeh ¿ÉæÑd ‘ ~¡©ŸG

èeÉfôH ‘ ~¡©ŸG AÉcô°T ¤EG ¢UÉN ôμ°T ¬«LƒJ øe kÉ° jCG ~H ’ ,QÉWE’G Gòg ‘h .≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ÇOÉÑŸG ∂∏J øe kÉ° ©HøWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øª°V

.kÉHÉéjEG hCG kÉÑ∏°S ¬«∏Y ≥«∏©àdG ¢Vô©e ‘ èeÉfÈdG πMGôe OG~àeG ≈∏Y áªq«b äÉeƒ∏©e Gƒe~bh ´hô°ûŸG Gò¡d »Mh Q~°üe Gƒ∏μ°T º¡fC’

OG~YE’ ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G ¿CG ™ehäÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO¿CG Éæ qª¡j ,∂dòd .kÉ«FÉ¡fh kÉ«ª°SQ kGQ~°üe πμ°T q…CÉH ônÑà©oj ’ ƒ¡a ,´ƒ°VƒŸG Gòg ÖfGƒL qπμH §«– ¿CG âdhÉM

,É¡dÉª©à°SG á≤jôWh ,É¡JÉØjô©Jh ,äÉë∏£°üŸG øY º¡FGQBG hCG º¡JÉ≤«∏©J AG~HEG ¤EG ìÉ◊EÉH º¡qãëfh ,¬æY äÉYÉÑ£fG øe º¡j~d ¿ qƒμàj ÉÃ π«d~dG ƒe~îà°ùe ÉfOhõj

:‹ÉàdG ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ÈY OOôJ ¿hO Éæà∏°SGôe AÉLôdG ,ºμJÉ≤«∏©J ∫É°üjE’ kÓ«¡°ùJh .≥WÉæŸG ‘ É¡dÉª©à°SG á«°Uƒ°ü[email protected].


The relationship between governmentand citizens. Acknowledgement andassumption of responsibility for deci-sions, actions, and policies, in light ofagreed expectations, such as an agree-ment between an elected official andhis/her consituents.

A person who believes in or participatesin direct action to make changes in gov-ernment or social conditions by cam-paigning in public or working for anorganization. An activist is described assomeone who pursues vigorous actionsto pursue a political or social end.

Committee which may be formed toaddress a particular issue or event, butdoes not have standing responsibilities.

A process of influencing discussion,procedures and policies of government.This process, usually guided by civil soci-ety and citizens, is a set of organized,strategic actions over a period of timedirected at bringing about changethrough political participation to addressissues. Advocacy campaigns could beorganized to encourage change such asdemanding access to information, exert-ing pressure to ensure accountability andtransparency, and drawing public offi-cial’s attention to problems in democrat-ic institutions.

Accountability

Activist

áÑ°SÉfi/ádAÉ°ùee

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Gòg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh ,ô°TÉÑŸG ∑ôëàdÉH øeDƒj ¢üî°T qπc

ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGÒ«¨J çG~MEG á«¨H ,∑ôëàdG

º˘«˘¶˘æ˘J ∫Ó˘N ø˘e ∂dPh ,á˘«˘YÉ˘ª˘à˘L’G ±hô˘˘¶˘˘dG hCG

.áæq«©e áª¶æe ìÉæL â– πª©dG hCG á«æ∏Y äÓªM

‘ áã«ãM »YÉ°ùe ∫òÑj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG kÉ° jCG ƒgh

.á«YÉªàLG hCG á«°SÉ«°S äÉjÉZ ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S

Advocacy äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh äGAGôLE’Gh ä’hG~ŸG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«∏ªY

»àdG á«∏ª©dG √òg πqãªàJh .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒÃ á≤∏©àŸG

á˘˘∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°ùH ¿ƒ˘˘æ˘˘WGƒŸGh Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG kIOÉ˘˘Y É˘˘gOƒ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘j

áæq«©e á«æeR IÎa ≈∏Y º s¶æoJ á«é«JGÎ°SG äGƒ£N

ácQÉ°ûŸG ∫ÓN øe Üƒ∏£ŸG Ò«¨àdG çG~MEG ¤EG ±~¡Jh

äÓªM º q¶æoJh .áMhô£ŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG á÷É©Ÿ á«°SÉ«°ùdG

πμ°T kÓãe òNCÉj …òdG Ò«¨àdG √ÉŒÉH ™a~∏d á©aG~ŸG

á˘˘°SQÉ‡h ,äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘˘©ŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘˘°Uƒ˘˘˘dG ≥˘˘˘ë˘˘˘H á˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dÉ˘˘˘£ŸG

,á«aÉØ°ûdGh ádAÉ°ùŸG …CG~Ñe ¿ƒ°U πLCG øe •ƒ¨° dG

»àdG πcÉ°ûŸG ¤EG Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG √ÉÑàfG âØdh

.á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG É¡æe ÊÉ©J

á©aG~e

A,øWGƒŸGh áeƒμ◊G ÚH CÉ°ûæJ »àdG ábÓ©dÉH ≈q∏éàJ

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π qªëàJh ,É¡æY Q~°üJ »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ∫ÉªYC’Gh

øe ±ôW qπc ¬©bƒàj Ée Aƒ°V ≈∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùŸG √òg

∫hDƒ˘˘˘°ùŸG ÚH Oƒ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘©ŸG ¥É˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘J’G ¬˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘°ûj ÉÃh ,ô˘˘˘NB’G

.¬«ÑNÉfh Ö nîàæŸG

1

Ad Hoc Committee ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûææe áæ÷

ç~◊ hCG áæq«©e á«° b á÷É©Ÿ CÉ°ûæJ »àdG áæé∏dG

äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’G ‘ ôªà°ùJ ’ É¡æμdh øq«©e

.É¡àª¡e AÉ¡àfÉH É¡∏ªY »¡àæj PEG É¡«dEG án∏ ncƒŸG


Individuals living in a country who arenot legal citizens of the nation or of thestate in which they reside, and thereforedo not have access to the same rightsand responsibilities as citizens.

An association of groups, people, ornations who agree to cooperate toachieve a common goal. An alliance isusually a formal agreement.

A decision-making process to changepolicies that exist wholly outside theofficial procedures stated by law ordocumented organizational policy.

Group of individuals who organizearound a common idea or cause, witheither formal or informal status in apolitical system. Associations are con-sidered civil society organizations andcan include non-governmental organi-zations or labor unions.

A fundraising technique in which objectsor services are donated to be sold andpeople bid against each other for a partic-ular sale item. The person who bids thehighest amount purchases that item. Themoney raised, less expenses for theevent, is the sponsoring group’s profit.

A person or people to whom informa-tion is conveyed or messages aredirected.

áØ°U πªëj ¿CG ÒZ øe øq«©e ~∏H ‘ ¢û«©j Oôa

áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG ÉjÉYôd I~FÉ©dG »Yô°ûdG øWGƒŸG

¥ƒ˘≤◊É˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘dG ¬˘d qƒ˘î˘j ’ É‡ ,É˘¡˘«˘a º˘«˘≤˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG

.É¡«æWGƒe ¤EG IOƒ¡©ŸG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’Gh

Alien/Non-Citizen

»ÑæLCG

≈∏Y ≥aGƒàJ k’hO hCG kÉ°UÉî°TCG hCG äÉYƒª› qº° j ™ qªŒ

.∑Î°ûe ±~g ≥«≤– πLCG øe É¡æ«H Ée ‘ ¿hÉ©àdG

.»ª°SQ ¥ÉØJG πμ°T kIOÉY ∞dÉëàdG òîàjh

Alliance

∞∏M/∞dÉ–

Alternative Process

πj~H QÉ°ùee/á∏j~H á«∏ªY

Ò«¨J ¤EG »eôjh äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U ¬μ∏°ùj …òdG QÉ°ùŸG

QÉ˘˘WEG êQÉ˘˘N π˘˘eÉ˘˘μ˘˘dÉ˘˘H É˘˘¡˘˘H ∫ƒ˘˘ª˘˘©ŸG äÉ˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG

hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«ª°SôdG äGAGôLE’G

.á≤KƒŸG á«ª«¶æàdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ÉgO~– »àdG

Association

á£HGQ/á«©ªL

kÉYÉaO º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª q¶æj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe áYƒª›

¿ƒ∏ªëj GƒfÉcCG AGƒ°S ,ácÎ°ûe á«° b hCG Iôμa øY

.»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædG πNGO á«ª°SQ ÒZ hCG á«ª°SQ áØ°U

™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ΩÉ≤Ã Èà©oJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷G √ògh

hCG á˘˘«˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ÒZ äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG qº˘˘° J ¿CG ø˘˘˘μÁ Ê~ŸG

.á«dÉª©dG äGOÉ–’G

ìôW ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ á«æ≤J

‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G ºMGõàj ,™«Ñ∏d áæq«©e äÉe~N hCG OGƒe

áMhô£ŸG IOÉŸÉH RƒØjh .É¡«∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d º¡æ«H Ée

‘ ¢Vô˘Y π˘˘° aCÉ˘˘H Ω q~˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘j …ò˘˘dG o¢üî˘˘°ûdG ™˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘∏˘˘d

kÉ°übÉf ,ç~◊G Gòg øe á∏ q°üÙG ìÉHQC’G ÉeCG .I~jGõŸG

¤EG É¡©jQ Oƒ©˘«˘a ,¬˘æ˘Y á˘Ä˘°TÉ˘æ˘dG ∞˘«˘dÉ˘μ˘à˘dG É˘¡˘æ˘e

.¬ª«¶æJ âYQ »àdG áYƒªÛG

Auction »æ∏Y OGõe

hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¿ƒ q≤∏àj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ¿ qƒμàj

.πFÉ°SôdG º¡«dEG ¬sLƒoJ

Audience

Qƒ¡ªL

2 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

Quality that leads the judgments, deci-sions, recommendations, and orders ofcertain individuals and institutions to beaccepted voluntarily as right and there-fore to be implemented by othersthrough obedience and cooperation.Authority is a main source of politicalpower, but it is not identical to it. Forexample, the State may be the mainholder of authority, and therefore bethe target of advocacy.

Political independence and self-govern-ment, the ability to operate withoutoutside control. The capacity to makean informed, uncoerced decision.

AπÃ Gƒ∏Ñ≤àj ¿CG ≈∏Y øjôNB’G πª– »àdG áØ°üdG

ô˘eGhC’Gh äÉ˘«˘°Uƒ˘à˘dGh äGQGô˘≤˘dGh ΩÉ˘μ˘MC’G º˘¡˘JOGQEG

ÉgQÉÑàYÉH äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG OGôaC’G ¢ ©H øY IQOÉ°üdG

∫ÓN øe Égƒ≤˘Ñ˘£˘j ¿CG ≈˘∏˘Yh ,á˘ë˘«˘ë˘°Uh á˘ª˘«˘∏˘°S

lí«ë°U .É¡©e ¿hÉ©àdG hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG √ò¡d ´É«°üf’G

øe ∫hC’G É¡Jƒb Q~°üe q~ªà°ùJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG q¿CG

á¡éc á£∏°ùdG Ωƒ¡Øe qøμdh ,É¡d áMƒæªŸG á£∏°ùdG

á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e ø˘Y ™˘Ñ˘£˘˘dÉ˘˘H ∞˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘î˘˘j á˘˘dhDƒ˘˘°ùe

á©aG~ŸG oäÓªM ±~¡à°ùJ kÓãe Éæg øe .á«MÓ°üc

»àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G á¡÷G kÓãe ¿ƒμJ ~b É¡qfCG ÉÃ nádh~dG

.á£∏°ùdG É¡«dEG π ncƒoJ

Authorityá£∏°S

,»JGòdG ºμ◊Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«©ÑàdG Ω~©H ≈q∏éàJ

IôFGO øY kG~«©H πª©dG á°SQÉ‡ ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH ∂dòch

äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG ≈∏Yh êQÉÿG ¬°SQÉÁ …òdG PƒØædG

.™°SGh ´ÓWG øY qºæJ »àdG Iô◊G

Autonomyá«dÓ≤à°SG

3NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

4

A leaning in favor of or against some-thing or someone; partiality or prejudice.

In government, bicameralism is thepractice of having two legislative or par-liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameralparliament or bicameral legislature is aparliament or legislature which consistsof two chambers or houses.

Proposed act not yet passed byParliament.

Consisting of, or supported by, mem-bers of two parties, especially two majorpolitical parties.

Group with a shared interest/purpose;group of voters or politicians who sharecommon goals, an alliance.

A governing body of a civil societyorganization, which is elected and volun-tary, consisting of individuals who arecommitted to the mission of the organi-zation. Board members responsibilitiesmay include guiding the strategic plan ofthe organization, by involvement instrategic decisions about fundraising,staffing, and advocacy approaches.

Ω~Yh ôNBG ¿hO ±ôW hCG á«° ≤d Ö°ü©àdG hCG ÜõëàdG

.ájOÉ«◊G

BiasRÉ«ëfG/õq«–

¿CG ¤EG ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡ QÉª° e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

Ú°ù∏› øe ¿Éf qƒμàj ¿ÉŸÈdG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG

.ÚàæKG ÚàaôZ hCG ÚæKG

Bicameral Parliament Ú°ù∏∏› hP ¿ÉŸôH

.~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √ qô≤j ⁄ ì nÎ≤e ¿ƒfÉbBill ¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûee

¿GÈà˘© oj Ú«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S ÚHõ˘M AÉ˘° YCÉ˘H ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e qπ˘˘c

ø˘e qπ˘c hCG ,á˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G Rô˘˘HCG ø˘˘e ká˘˘°UÉ˘˘N

.º¡ªY~H ≈¶ëj

Bipartisan ÚHõM øe ~sjDƒe/ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe

äÉjÉZ hCG ídÉ°üe º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›

øjòdG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG ÚÑNÉædG øe áYƒª› hCG ;ácÎ°ûe

.∞dÉëàdG øe l´ƒf ƒg .ácÎ°ûe ±G~gCG º¡©ªŒ

Blocá∏àc/πàμJ

™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ IQGOE’G ¿hDƒ°T ¤ƒàJ »àdG áÄ«¡dG

AÉ° YCG ø˘e á˘Ñ˘ nî˘à˘æŸG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ¿ qƒ˘μ˘à˘Jh .Ê~ŸG

á˘Wƒ˘æŸG á˘ª˘¡ŸG ò˘«˘Ø˘˘æ˘˘à˘˘H º˘˘¡˘˘JOGQEG AπÃ ¿ƒ˘˘eõ˘˘à˘˘∏˘˘j

AÉ° YCG É¡H ™∏£° j »àdG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG ÉeCG .áª¶æŸÉH

á«é«JGÎ°S’G á£ÿG ¬«LƒJ πª°ûàa IQGOE’G ¢ù∏›

∫ÓN øe í«ë°üdG √ÉŒ’G ‘ áª¶æŸG É¡©° J »àdG

á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘é˘«˘JGÎ°S’G äGQGô˘≤˘dG ‘ º˘¡˘à˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûe

.á©aG~ŸG äÉHQÉ≤eh ∞«XƒàdGh äÉYÈàdG ™ªéH

Board of Directors IQGOE’G ¢ù∏∏›

BNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

Briefing ≥Ñ°ùee ¢üî∏e

A short and clear summary of a situa-tion or an event. A briefing can be ameeting or a set of written materials.

“A relatively new initiative wherebycivil society activists or organizationsmonitor the government budgetingprocess - considered as a means tostrengthen government accountabilityand curb corruption in public financemanagement.”

A law or rule governing the internalaffairs of an organization; or a second-ary law.

ƒgh .ç~M hCG ™°Vh q…CG øY í°VGhh õLƒe ¢üî∏e

πμ°T ≈∏Y ´ sRƒoj ¿CG hCG ´ÉªàLG πμ°T òîàj ¿CG øμÁ

.áYƒÑ£e OGƒe

¿ƒ£°TÉædG É¡ÑLƒÃ Ωƒ≤j kÉ«Ñ°ùf ~¡©dG áãj~M IQOÉÑe

áeƒμ◊G πªY áÑbGôÃ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ‘ äÉª¶æŸG hCG

á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e π˘qμ˘°ûJh .É˘˘gQGô˘˘bEGh á˘˘fRGƒŸG OG~˘˘YEG ∫É› ‘

§Ñ°Vh áeƒμ◊G ádAÉ°ùe õjõ©J ¤EG kÓ«Ñ°S áfRGƒŸG

.áeÉ©dG á«dÉŸG IQGOEG ‘ OÉ°ùØdG

Budget Monitoring áfRGƒŸG áÑbGôe

¿hDƒ˘°ûdG ≈˘Yô˘J á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘b ΩÉ˘μ˘MCG á˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG ¿ƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘b

á«fÉãdG áÑJôŸG qπàëj ¿ƒfÉb hCG ;áª¶æª∏d á«∏NG~dG

.¬à«ªgCG å«M øe

By-Law »∏NGO ΩÉ¶f


C6

Political activity, including meetings, ral-lies, speeches, demonstrations, parades,other events, and the use of the media,intended to inform citizens or govern-ment about the platform of a particularcivic organization, coalition, or group ofcitizens to gather support.

A contribution of money to fund a polit-ical or civic campaign. There are twotypes of campaign donations: ‘hardmoney,’ which is regulated by campaignfinance laws, and ‘soft money’ which isnot subject to campaign finance laws,but cannot be used to diretly support acandidate in federal office.

The written document bringing togetherthe important research, the targeting, themessage, and the strategy of the advoca-cy campaign. This should be drafted atthe beginning of the campaign and pro-vide a step-by-step outline of how thecampaign will achieve its goal.

This is the person running for a particularelected position. The role of the candi-date is to meet voters and potentialdonors to the campaign and persuadethem to support the candidate. The can-didate cannot be the campaign manager,responsible for the strategic developmentand day to day running of the campaign.

Campaigná∏ªM

á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πjƒªàd Ω s~≤oJ »àdG á«dÉŸG áªgÉ°ùŸG

:äÉYÈàdG øe ÚYƒæH äÓª◊G ≈¶–h .á«f~e hCG

πjƒªàH á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ¬ª q¶æJ …òdG ''~q«≤ŸG ∫ÉŸG''

ÚfGƒ≤∏d ™° îj ’ …òdG ''~q«≤ŸG ÒZ ∫ÉŸG''h ,á∏ª◊G

í˘°Tô˘e …CG º˘Y~˘d ¬˘dÉ˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG Q qò˘˘©˘˘à˘˘j É‰EG IQƒ˘˘còŸG

. kGô°TÉÑe kÉªYO ‹GQ~a Ö°üæŸ

Campaign Donation á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ

Campaign Plan á∏ª◊G á£N

á˘eÉ˘¡˘dG çÉ˘ë˘HC’G ™˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘Hƒ˘˘à˘˘μŸG á˘˘≤˘˘«˘˘Kƒ˘˘dG

á«é˘«˘JGÎ°S’Gh á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘dGh á˘ na~˘¡˘à˘°ùŸG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛGh

á£ÿG √òg áZÉ«°U Q~Œh .á©aG~ŸG á∏ªM ‘ á©ÑqàŸG

á«Ø«c Iƒ£N kIƒ£N ¢Vô©à°ùàa ,á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘

.á∏ª◊G √òg ±G~gCG ≥«≤–

Candidateí°Tôe

Ö°üæÃ Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¢Vƒ˘î˘j …ò˘dG ¢üî˘°ûdG

™∏£° j …òdG Qh~dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í°TôŸG ~ª©jh .øq«©e

øjòdG ÚëfÉŸGh ÚÑNÉædG ™e äGAÉ≤d ~≤Y ¤EG ,¬H

º¡YÉæbEG π«Ñ°S ‘ á∏ª◊G πjƒªàH GƒYÈàj ¿CG π nªàëoj

≈∏Y Q qò©àj ,πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ ,øμdh .¬d ºY~dG Ë~≤àH

øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG á∏ª◊G ôj~e Qh~H ™∏£° j ¿CG í°TôŸG

.á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T ÒH~Jh É¡à«é«JGÎ°SG º°SQ


äÉYÉªàL’G πª°ûJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£°ûfC’G øe lá∏ªL

äÉ˘°VGô˘©˘à˘˘°S’Gh äGÒ°ùŸGh Ö˘˘ n£oÿGh äÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh

.áª q¶æŸG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG øe ÉgÒZh IQÉq«°ùdG ÖcGƒŸGh

ΩÓYEG áq«æH ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SG É¡«dEG ±É° oj

áª¶æe Ég q~p©oJ »àdG èeGÈdÉH áeƒμ◊G hCG ÚæWGƒŸG

hCG ∞dÉ– hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe øe áæq«©e

.ºY~∏d kG~°ûM ÚæWGƒŸG øe ≥jôa

This is a type of citizen contact in whichcampaign organizers or volunteers gofrom one house or apartment to anoth-er, talking directly to citizens. This canbe one of the most persuasive methodsof gaining credibility and support,though it is time and labor intensive.

A meeting of party leaders or civicorganizers, the purpose of which maybe to show unity for a particular issue(usually held privately) or to select acandidate for office.

A campaign message must be concise,truthful and credible, persuasive, easyto remember, and be important to citi-zens. A good message speaks to theheart, is targeted, and is repeated.

A person or group of people who areable to garner influence and shift pub-lic opinion through charisma, argu-mentation, or other methods forencouraging change in a community orpolitical process.

Guiding principles and statement ofpolicies on the nature of work within acivil society organization, association,or coalition.

An individual who is a naturalized ornative-born resident of a state, displaysallegiance to that state’s political andlegal authority, and who is thereforeentitled to the rights and protections ofits laws, including the right to politicalparticipation.

π q≤æàj å«M ,ÚæWGƒŸÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T

ç q~ëà∏d QGO ¤EG QGO øe ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG hCG á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe

πFÉ°Sh ÌcCG »g á∏«°SƒdG √òg qπ©dh .º¡©e Iô°TÉÑe

ºY~dGh á«bG~°üŸG Ö°ùc ≈∏Y kIQ~bh kÉYÉæbEG ∫É°üJ’G

.¬qÑ∏£àJ …òdG å«ã◊G ~¡÷Gh âbƒdG ºZQ

Canvass (QGO ¤EG QGO øe) ±GƒW

Caucus /Úª¶æŸG hCG äGOÉ«≤dG ´ÉªàLG

»HõM ô“Dƒe

á˘«˘f~˘e á˘∏˘ª˘M »˘ª˘¶˘æŸ hCG Üõ◊G IOÉ˘≤˘d ´É˘ª˘˘à˘˘LG

á˘æ q«˘©˘e á˘«˘° b ø˘e ~˘ qMƒ˘˘e ∞˘˘bƒ˘˘e AG~˘˘HEG ±~˘˘¡˘˘H

QÉ«˘à˘NG ±~˘¡˘H hCG (á˘≤˘∏˘¨˘e IQƒ˘°üH kIOÉ˘Y ~˘≤˘©˘æ˘j)

.øq«©e Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe

Characteristicsof Message

ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e

»MƒJ ¿CGh ábOÉ°Uh IõLƒe á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ¿ƒμJ ¿CG Öéj

kÉ° jCG Öéjh ;´ÉæbE’G ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH õq«ªàJh á«bG~°üŸÉH

ô¶f ‘ á«ªgCG qπà– ¿CGh ádƒ¡°ùH ¿ÉgPC’G ‘ ≥∏©J ¿CG

∑ qô– »àdG ádÉ°SôdG »g áëLÉædG ádÉ°SôdÉa .ÚæWGƒŸG

.ÉgOGOôJ Ìμjh ±~¡dG ≈∏Y õ qcôJh ôYÉ°ûŸG

Change Agent Ò«¨àdG iƒb

øe ¿ƒæqμªàj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°ûdG

º˘¡˘cÓ˘à˘eÉ˘H √Ò«˘¨˘˘J hCG ΩÉ˘˘©˘˘dG …CGô˘˘dG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ÒKCÉ˘˘à˘˘dG

πFÉ°Sh hCG á©æ≤e áéM hCG (ÉeõjQÉc) I qòa á«°üî°T

‘ hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ‘ ä’ƒ– çG~MEÉH á∏«Øc iôNCG

.á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG

CharteráYô°T/¥Éã«e

äÉ˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ø˘˘Y ¿Ó˘˘YE’G hCG á˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘Lƒ˘˘à˘˘dG ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG

äÉª¶æe É¡jODƒJ »˘à˘dG ∫É˘ª˘YC’G á˘©˘«˘Ñ˘£˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG

.äÉØdÉëàdG hCG äÉ«©ª÷G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG

CitizenøWGƒe

hCG kÉ°ùqæ› ¿ÉcCG ,¿G~∏ÑdG øe m~∏H ‘ º«≤j …òdG øWGƒŸG

á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG √ÉŒ A’ƒdÉH ô©°ûjh ,√~«dGƒe øe

¥ƒ≤◊ÉH ‹ÉàdÉH ™qàªàj ƒgh .¬ªμ– »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dGh

≥M ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ) ~∏ÑdG Gòg ÚfGƒb É¡«∏Y q¢üæJ »àdG

.É¡àjÉªëH qπ¶à°ùjh (á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG


The act of non-professionals partici-pating in the collecting, reporting,analysis, and dissemination of newsand information. Citizen journalismincorportes a variety of mediums,including blogging, SMS or text mes-saging, twitter, photography, video,and traditonal news pieces. Majorbroadcasting networks, such as Al-Jazeera, BBC, and CNN, havelaunched citizen journalism projects.

A form of deliberative democracy inwhich small groups of people arebrought together to hear evidenceabout a policy or legislative issue,debate and determine a judgementbased on the evidence received. Theyare used to inform issue-based advoca-cy campaigns or public official's deci-sion making on complex policy mat-ters. Also see Deliberative Democracyand Advocacy.

Right of national identity bestowed by astate to individual members of that sys-tem by birth or application, whichrequests citizen allegiance.

Programs which introduce the basicrules and institutional features of ademocratic political system, and pro-vide knowledge about democraticrights and practices, such as under-standing constitutional rights, genderequity and collective action. By betterunderstanding their constitutionalrights and community organizing tech-niques, citizens are able to more effectively

ºÄà∏J å«M ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T

¤EG ´É˘ª˘à˘°S’G á˘«˘¨˘H ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘°U á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

πFÉ°ùe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°S ∫ƒM É¡«∏Y á°Vhô©ŸG äÉæq«ÑdG

É¡«a π°üØdGh É¡fCÉ°ûH ∫hG~àdG ºK ,áæ«©e á«©jô°ûJ

¢UÉî°TC’G A’Dƒg QhO Ωƒ≤jh .äÉæq«ÑdG ∂∏J ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG

ÉjÉ° b ∫ƒM º s¶æoJ »àdG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ~jhõJ ≈∏Y

¿ƒ«ª°SôdG ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG Égòîàj »àdG äGQGô≤dG hCG áæq«©e

.áeRÓdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉH áμFÉ°ûdG á°SÉ«°ùdG ¿hDƒ°T ∫ƒM

.á©aG~ŸGh ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG »JQÉÑY kÉ° jCG ™LGQ

Citizen Jury ÚæWGƒŸG øe ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g

Citizen Journalism /áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U

ÚaÎfi ÒZ Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U

≈∏Y áaÉë°üdG Úæ¡àªŸG ÒZ Ú«f~ŸG ΩG~bEÉH πqãªàJ

á˘ZÉ˘«˘°Uh ,äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh QÉ˘Ñ˘NC’G ™˘˘ª˘˘L ‘ á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG

π˘ª˘°ûJh .É˘gô˘°ûfh ,É˘¡˘∏˘«˘∏–h ,É˘˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘M ô˘˘jQÉ˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘dG

π˘FÉ˘°Sh ø˘e á˘Y qƒ˘æ˘˘à˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG á˘˘aÉ˘˘ë˘˘°üdG

áe~Nh ,âfÎfE’G ÈY äÉfh~ŸG ΩÉ¶f É¡«a ÉÃ ∫É°üJ’G

ÈY π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘dGh äÉ˘fh~ŸG ΩÉ˘¶˘fh ,IÒ°ü≤˘dG π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘˘dG

,(''ÎjƒJ'' ™bƒeh áe~N ΩG~îà°SÉH) ∫É≤ædG ∞JÉ¡dG

ájQÉÑNE’G ä’É≤ŸGh ƒj~«ØdG ~gÉ°ûeh Qƒ°üdG ô°ûfh

,ájQÉÑNE’G ∫É°SQE’G äÉμÑ°T á«Ñ˘dÉ˘¨˘a .á˘j~˘«˘∏˘≤˘à˘dG

''»˘°S »˘H »˘H'' á˘«˘fÉ˘£˘jÈdG á˘YGPE’G á˘Ä˘«˘gh Iô˘jõ÷É˘c

‘ ™jQÉ°ûe â≤∏WCG ~b á«cÒeC’G ''¿G ¿G »°S'' áμÑ°Th

.áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ∫É›

8

Citizenshipá«æWGƒe/á«°ùææL

ádh~dG É¡ëæ“ »àdG á«°ùæ÷G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ‘ ≥◊G

ÖLƒÃ hCG IO’ƒdG ºμëH É¡eÉ¶æd Ú©°VÉÿG OGôaC’G ¤EG

É¡d A’ƒdG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ º¡æe »° à≤j É‡ ,á«°ùæ÷G Ö∏W

.ÚæWGƒŸG A’h

Civic Education á«f~e á«HôJ

á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘dÉ˘H ± qô˘©˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG è˘˘eGÈdG ´ƒ˘˘ª›

»˘˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘dG ‘ äÉ˘˘˘˘°ù°SDƒŸG äÉ˘˘˘˘eƒ˘˘˘˘≤˘˘˘˘eh

¥ƒ˘˘≤◊É˘˘H á˘˘˘aô˘˘˘©ŸG ™˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ûJ »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dGh ,»˘˘˘WGô˘˘˘≤Á~˘˘˘dG

,ájQƒà°S~dG ¥ƒ≤◊G º¡Øc á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQÉªŸGh

‘h .»˘˘˘YÉ˘˘˘ª÷G π˘˘˘˘ª˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘dGh ,Ú°ùæ÷G ÚH IGhÉ˘˘˘˘°ùŸGh

º¡àaô©e ™«°SƒJ π° ØH ,¿ƒæWGƒŸG øqμªàj ,πHÉ≤ŸG

º«¶æJ ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«æ≤àdGh ájQƒà°S~dG º¡bƒ≤ëH

πªY ‘ á«∏©a kácQÉ°ûe ácQÉ°ûŸG øe ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG


participate in their government. Civiceducation programs aim to impart thenecessary knowledge and skills neededto effectively participate in the commu-nity, government, and politics.

Involvement in or commitment of citi-zens and citizen’s organizations into thepolitical or community process as theyfulfill their rights and responsibilities.

Professional media that has focuses onputting the interest of citizens abovethat of politicians and journalists. It isbased on the understanding that jour-nalists have a fundamental responsibili-ty for strengthening civic culture anddemocracy. Civic journalism seeks tolisten to how citizens frame their prob-lems and what citizens see as solutionsto those problems. The civic journalismmovement began in the 1988 U.S. elec-tions when journalists and scholarsbegan looking for a better way to coverpolitics. Today, it is practiced by news-papers, radio, and television stations inmany parts of the world.

Protections from the power of govern-ments. Examples include freedom ofspeech, freedom of assembly, and trialby jury. Civil liberties are usually pro-tected by a constitution.

A list of all national citizens maintainedby the government. Civil registries aresometimes used as the basis of a voter list,however, they may not contain all infor-mation relevant to the voting process.

‘ Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG á˘˘cQÉ˘˘˘°ûe

øY »YÉª÷G πª©dG QÉ°ùe hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG

.º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùÃ ´Ó£°V’Gh º¡bƒ≤ëH ™àªàdG ≥jôW

Civic Engagement á«f~e ácQÉ°ûee

,ºμ◊G äÉ£∏°S É¡æqeDƒJ »àdG ájÉª◊G ∫Éμ°TCÉH πqãªàJ

ájôMh ,ÒÑ©àdG ájôM ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y É¡æe ôcòfh

.ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g ΩÉeCG áªcÉëª∏d ´ƒ° ÿGh ,™ qªéàdG

.kIOÉY Qƒà°S~dG É¡«ªëj läÉjôM »g á«f~ŸG äÉjô◊Gh

Civil Liberties á«f~e äÉjôM

I~˘¡˘Y ‘ ß˘ nØ˘˘ë˘ oJh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L qº˘˘° J á˘˘ª˘˘FÉ˘˘b

Gòg ≈∏Y kIOÉY ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ~æà°ùJh .áeƒμ◊G

á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc ø qª° àj ’ ~b ¬fCG ™e πé°ùdG

.´GÎb’G á«∏ª©H

Civil Registry /¢SƒØædG πé°°S/Ê~e πé°°S

~«≤dG πé°°S

º˘˘˘˘°SQ ‘h º˘˘˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘˘˘eh »˘˘˘˘˘∏ÙG ™˘˘˘˘˘ª˘˘˘˘˘àÛG

.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG

Civic Journalism /áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U

ÚaÎfi Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U

≈∏Y √Oƒ¡L qÖ°üj …òdG ±ÎÙG ΩÓYE’ÉH πqãªàJ

Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üe ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe Ö«∏¨J

Ú«aÉë°üdG ø q≤«J ≈∏Y õμJôJ »gh .Ú«aÉë°üdGh

áaÉ≤ãdG õjõ©J ∫É› ‘ á«°SÉ°SCG á«dhDƒ°ùe øe º¡d Éª pd

á«f~ŸG á˘aÉ˘ë˘°üdÉ˘a .á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG º˘«˘Y~˘Jh á˘«˘f~ŸG

É¡«a ¢Vô©à°ùj »àdG á≤jô£dG ¤EG »¨°üJ áaÎÙG

á≤aGƒe É¡fhôj »àdG ∫ƒ∏◊G ¤EGh º¡∏cÉ°ûe ¿ƒæWGƒŸG

~≤a á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ácôM ÉeCG .πcÉ°ûŸG ∂∏J qπ◊

ΩÉ©dG ‘ á«cÒeC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ÉHEG QƒædG äô°üHCG

øY ¿ƒãëÑj ¿ƒ°SQG~dGh ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG ìGQ ÚM 1988

∞ë°üdG âJÉHh .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG á«£¨àd ™‚CG πFÉ°Sh

øe ≥WÉæe I~Y ‘ á«fƒjõØ∏àdGh á«YGPE’G äÉ£ÙGh

.áaÉë°üdG øe ´ƒædG Gòg Ωƒ«dG ¢SQÉ“ ⁄É©dG


Refers to all sorts of voluntary collectiveactivities organized around shared inter-ests, values, and objectives. These civilsociety activities can be very diverse andmay include providing services, sup-porting independent education, oraffecting public policy. In the last exam-ple, citizens may come together outsideof government to inform, bring pres-sure to bear on, or reinforce policies(punish or reward policymakers).

Comprised of people who form associ-ations to work for a common cause.This includes Non-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs) and Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) both ofwhich are specific types of CSOs.Although extremely diverse, the onecommonality between all forms ofCSOs is their autonomy, in principle atleast, from government and private sec-tor. It is this independence that allowsfor such organizations to exist and playan important role in a democracy. Seealso Non-Governmental Organizationand Community-Based Organization.

An alliance, temporary or permanent,of different persons or organizationsthat unify for a common cause or toengage in a joint activity, usuallyfocused on advocating to governmentfor change.

A set of general rules of civil societyorganizations, their members, and sup-porters relating to their participation inthe organization or its activities, to whichparties ideally will voluntarily agree andwhich may, subsequent to that agree-ment be incorporated in law. Proclaimsguidelines of behavior and standards thatare difficult to embody in a statute.

É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á«Yƒ£àdG á£°ûfC’G ´GƒfCG qπc ¤EG Ò°ûj

πª°ûJh .ácÎ°ûe ±G~gCGh º«bh ídÉ°üe ∫ƒM áYÉª÷G

É˘¡˘«˘a •ô˘î˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘jÉ˘¨˘∏˘d á˘Yƒ˘æ˘àŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G √ò˘˘g

º˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘à˘˘dG º˘˘YO hCG ,äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘˘˘J Ê~ŸG ™˘˘˘ª˘˘˘àÛG

QÉWEG »Øa .áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG hCG ,π≤à°ùŸG

¿ƒæWGƒe ™ªàéj ¿CG Rƒéj ,kÓãe ÒNC’G •É°ûædG Gòg

∫ƒM äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûæd »eƒμ◊G πª©dG IôFGO êQÉN

Égõjõ©J hCG ,É¡fCÉ°ûH •ƒ¨° dG á°SQÉ‡ hCG ,äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG

.(º¡JCÉaÉμe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG »©fÉ°U áÑbÉ©e)

Civil Society Ê~e ™ªà›

Iô˘°üæ˘d π˘ª˘©˘J äÉ˘«˘©˘ª˘L ¿hDƒ˘°ûæ˘oj kÉ˘°UÉ˘î˘°TCG qº˘˘° J

ÒZ äÉ˘˘˘ª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æŸG π˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ûJ »˘˘˘gh .á˘˘˘cÎ°ûe á˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘° b

É¡æe wπc õeôj »àdG á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G

™˘ª˘àÛG ‘ äÉ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG ∫É˘˘μ˘˘°TCG ø˘˘e O~fi π˘˘μ˘˘°T ¤EG

äÉª¶æe ÚH ™ªŒ »àdG ácÎ°ûŸG Iõ«ŸG ÉeCG .Ê~ŸG

πãªàJ »¡a ,É¡Y qƒæJ I~°T ≈∏Y , káaÉc Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG

øe ¬∏bCG ¢UÉÿG ´É£≤dGh áeƒμ◊G øY É¡dÓ≤à°SÉH

Ée ƒg ‹Ó≤à°S’G ™HÉ£dG Gòg qπ©dh .CG~ÑŸG å«M

¢VQC’G ≈˘∏˘Y π˘ª˘˘©˘˘J ¿CÉ˘˘H äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG √ò˘˘¡˘˘d í˘˘ª˘˘°ùj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»WGô≤ÁO ΩÉ¶f …CG ‘ ΩÉg Qh~H ™∏£° Jh

.á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG

Civil SocietyOrganization

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

áYƒæàe áYƒª› ,áªFGO hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ,qº° j l∞dÉ–

º˘gOƒ˘¡˘L ¿h~˘Mƒ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G hCG äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æŸG ø˘e

•É˘°ûf ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG hCG á˘ ˘cÎ°ûe á˘ ˘«˘ ˘° b ø˘ ˘Y ´É˘ ˘a~˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d

™a~J »àdG á©aG~ŸG ∫ÉªYCG ≈∏Y kIOÉY ¿hõ qcôjh ,»æeÉ° J

.Ò«¨àdG ƒëf áeƒμ◊ÉH

Coalition±ÓàFG

äÉª¶æe ÉgÉYôJ »àdG áeÉ©dG ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›

≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e ‘ ,ø˘jô˘°UÉ˘æ˘eh kAÉ˘° YCG ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG

≥aGƒj »àdGh ,É¡à£°ûfCG ‘ hCG áª¶æŸG ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûÃ

»gh ,∫GƒMC’G ø°ùMCG ‘ º¡JOGQEG AπÃ ±GôWC’G É¡«∏Y

áfh~ŸG √òg ø∏©Jh .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ‘ ∂dP ~©H ê nQ~oJ ~b

äÉ«cƒ˘∏˘°ùdÉ˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG ÇOÉ˘ÑŸG kÉ˘° jCG

.ÚfGƒ≤dG ‘ É¡LGQOEG Ö©°üj »àdG ÒjÉ©ŸGh

Code of Ethics πª©dG ÜGOBG/äÉ«bÓNCG


A formal group of experts broughttogether on a regular or ad hoc basis todebate matters within that sphere ofexpertise, and with regulatory or quasi-judicial powers such as the ability tolicense activity or to subpoena witness-es. Commissions usually also have advi-sory powers to the government. Theorganizational form of a commission isoften resorted to by governments toexhaustively investigate a matter ofnational concern, and is often known asa “commission of inquiry.” This legalstructure can be contrasted with acouncil, the latter not enjoying quasi-judicial or regulatory powers.

State of being shared or held in com-mon. With regard to participation, com-munity can apply to spatial communities(a body of people living and/or workingin the same area), which can cometogether at any spatial scale for the localto the global.

Organization made up of individuals ina self-defined community at the locallevel, who have organized around com-mon interests. Examples include sports,youth and student clubs, women’sgroups, cooperative and farmers associ-ations. CBOs can be either informalassociations of individuals or have for-malized rules, policies, and procedures.

A social network assessment tool used todetermine stakeholders and power bro-kers in a particular community. This tech-nique for collecting information is oftenused by civic organizations in order todetermine community needs, identifycommunity assets or resources, identifystakeholders, and design appropriateresponses, including advocacy campaigns.

¿ƒ˘©˘ª˘à˘é˘j ø˘jò˘dG Ú«˘ª˘˘°Sô˘˘dG AGÈÿG ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG ΩÉ¶àfÉH

√òg ™àªàJh .º¡°UÉ°üàNG IôFGO øª°V ™≤J »àdG

πãe á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH áÄ«¡dG

hCG ø˘ q«˘˘©˘˘e π˘˘ª˘˘Y á˘˘dhGõÃ ¿PE’G í˘˘æ˘˘e ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y IQ~˘˘≤˘˘dG

øY kÓ° a .áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ∫ƒãª∏d ~gÉ°T AÉY~à°SG

äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘˘J á˘˘«˘˘MÓ˘˘°üH kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘ qà˘˘˘ª˘˘˘à˘˘˘J ,∂dP

¤EG äÉeƒμ◊G CÉé∏J Ée kÉÑdÉZ .áeƒμë∏d ájQÉ°ûà°S’G

AGôLEG πLCG øe πμ°ûdG Gòg ≈∏Y äÉÄ«¡dG º«¶æJ

∑GòfBG ± nô˘© oà˘a ,á˘«˘æ˘Wh á˘dCÉ˘°ùe ∫ƒ˘M π˘eÉ˘°T ≥˘«˘≤–

á«∏μ«¡dG √òg áfQÉ≤e øμÁh .''≥«≤ëàdG áæé∏H''

™˘à˘ª˘à˘j ’ …ò˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘g ™˘e á˘«˘fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘˘dG

.á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH

Commissionáæ÷/á«°VƒØe

.áYƒª› ÚH kÉcÎ°ûe ¿ƒμj hCG ™ªéj Ée qπc ádÉM

≈∏Y ácQÉ°ûŸG Ωƒ¡Øe å«M øe áØ°üdG √òg ≥Ñ£æJh

áYƒª› …CG) áæ«©e áMÉ°ùe º°SÉ≤àJ »àdG äÉYÉª÷G

(¬JGP ¿ÉμŸG ‘ πª©J hCG/h ¢û«©J »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G

»∏ÙG ¥É£ædG øe q~àÁ ⁄É©dG øe m¿Éμe q…CG ‘ ™ªàŒh

.»ŸÉ©dG ¥É£ædG ¤EG

Community »∏fi ™ªà›/áYÉªL

áYÉªL øª°V ¿ƒ°û«©j OGôaCG øe ¿ qƒμàJ läÉª¶æe

É¡°ùØf º q¶æJh ,»∏ÙG ~«©°üdG ≈∏Y ⁄É©ŸG IO~fi

∂dP ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y k’É˘˘ã˘˘e ô˘˘cò˘˘fh .á˘˘cÎ°ûe í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üe ∫ƒ˘˘˘M

,á˘˘«˘˘HÓ˘˘£˘˘dGh á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘˘°ûdGh á˘˘˘«˘˘˘°VÉ˘˘˘jô˘˘˘dG …OGƒ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG

äÉ«©ªLh ,äÉ«fhÉ˘©˘à˘dGh ,á˘«˘FÉ˘°ùæ˘dG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛGh

™ qªŒ øe á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸG ¿ qƒμàJ ~bh .ÚYQGõŸG

ÚfGƒb ™ÑqàJ ~b hCG kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW πªëj ’ mOGôaCG

.kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW É¡«∏Y »Ø° J äGAGôLEGh äÉ°SÉ«°Sh

Community BasedOrganization

á«∏gCG äÉª¶æe

~j~ëàd í∏°üJ á«YÉªàL’G áμÑ°ûdG º««≤àd IGOCG

.ø q«˘©˘e »˘∏fi ™˘ª˘à› ‘ Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dGh í˘dÉ˘°üŸG ÜÉ˘ë˘˘°UCG

á«æ≤àdG √òg á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸG Ω~îà°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ

äÉLÉ«àMG ~j~– ¢Vô¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ á°ü°üıG

‘ Iƒ˘˘≤˘˘dG QOÉ˘˘°üe ¤EG ±ô˘˘©˘˘à˘˘dGh ,»˘˘˘∏ÙG ™˘˘˘ª˘˘˘àÛG

ÜÉë°UCG ájƒg ~j~–h ,√OQGƒe hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG

á˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘d á˘˘Ñ˘˘°SÉ˘˘æŸG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG PÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘JGh ,í˘˘˘dÉ˘˘˘°üŸG

.á©aG~ŸG äÓªM É¡«a ÉÃ ,äÉLÉ«àM’G

Community Mapping äÉLÉ«àMG/äÉeƒ≤e ~j~–

»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG


The key priorities or concerns of agroup of citizens in a specific geograph-ic, demographic, or other classifiedgroup. These needs can be collectedthrough a community mapping exerciseto determine possible policy reformplatforms.

Method to gather community resourcesand efforts around a common issue orcause that a significant number of peo-ple care enough about to take action,with the long term goal of building sus-tained citizen-based movements toimprove the quality of life and enhancethe democratic environment.

The process of different groups orinterests engaging with one another.Competition is legitimized throughdemocratic practice (one of the bestexamples being elections), and can gen-erate higher quality solutions and poli-cy platforms which respond to com-munity needs.

A situation in which someone in a posi-tion of trust or authority, has competingprofessional or personal interests, whichcan make it difficult to fulfill duties impar-tially. A conflict of interest exists even ifno unethical or improper act results fromit and can create an appearance of impro-priety that can undermine confidence inthe person/position/office. For example,if a board of directors or staff of a civicorganization or campaign take actionsin the name of the organization orcoalition for personal interest of theinterests of a third party. Clear guide-lines spelled out in bylaws and memo-randa of understandings serve to pre-vent actual, potential, or perceived con-flicts of interest.

øe m ≥jôa äÉeÉªàgGh äÉjƒdhCG º∏°S ‘ êQ~æj Ée ∫hCG

hCG á˘˘«˘˘aGô˘˘¨˘˘L á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› ø˘˘ª˘˘°V ¿ƒ˘˘Y qRƒ˘˘à˘˘j Úæ˘˘˘WGƒŸG

áØæ°üŸG äÉÄØdG øe áÄa …CG øª°V hCG IO~fi á«aGôZƒÁO

∫Ó˘N ø˘e äÉ˘˘LÉ˘˘«˘˘à˘˘M’G √ò˘˘g ~˘˘°UQ ø˘˘μÁh .iô˘˘NC’G

èeGÈdG QGôbEG ¤EG kÉ«©°S »q∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉeƒ≤e ~j~–

.äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ìÓ°UEG ∫É› ‘ É¡≤«Ñ£J øμÁ »àdG

Community Needs »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG

√Oƒ¡L ¬«LƒJh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG OQGƒe ™ª÷ á∏«°Sh

O~Y ΩÉªàgG π¨°ûJ ácÎ°ûe á«° b hCG ádCÉ°ùe ƒëf

∑ô˘ë˘à˘dG ¤EG º˘¡˘©˘a~˘j m π˘μ˘°ûH ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e ÒÑ˘˘c

AÉæH ‘ ~«©ÑdG i~ŸG ≈∏Y º¡æe kÉ©ªW ,É¡à÷É©Ÿ

Oƒ¡L ≈∏Y ~æà°ùJ »àdG áeG~à°ùŸG äÉcô◊G äGQ~b

º˘FÉ˘YO ï˘«˘°Sô˘Jh ¢û«˘©˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘˘°ùe ™˘˘aô˘˘d Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG

.á«WGô≤Á~dG áÄ«ÑdG

CommunityOrganizing

»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ

Competitioná°ùaaÉæe/¢ùaaÉæJ

‘h á≤K n™°Vƒe ¿Éc øe ÊÉ©j ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJ

á«æ¡ŸG ¬◊É°üe ÚH Ée mÜQÉ° J øe á£∏°ùdG ™bƒe

πμH ¬JÉÑLGh AGOCG ¬«∏Y Ö©°üj å«ëH ,á«°üî°ûdGh

‘ ≈˘˘à˘˘M kÉ˘˘° jCG í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üŸG ‘ lÜQÉ˘˘° J RÈjh .á˘˘jOÉ˘˘«˘˘M

hCG ¥ÓNCÓd m±Éæe π©a …CG É¡æY CÉ°ûæj ’ »àdG ä’É◊G

~ p≤ØoJh π©ØdG Gòg áë°U ‘ ∂qμ°ûoJ ~b É‰EG ,∫ƒ°UCÓd

~ª©j ¿CÉc ,øjôNB’G á≤K Ö°üæŸG hCG ™bƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG

áª¶æe i~d ¿ƒ∏eÉ©dG ¿ƒØXƒŸG hCG IQGOE’G ¢ù∏› kÓãe

ÒHG~àdG ¢ ©H PÉîJG ¤EG äÓª◊G QÉWEG ‘ hCG á«f~e

hCG á«°üî°T ídÉ°üŸ káe~N ±ÓàF’G hCG áª¶æŸG º°SÉH

ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG í˘˘∏˘˘˘°üJ ∂dò˘˘˘d .ådÉ˘˘˘K ±ô˘˘˘W …CG á˘˘˘ë˘˘˘∏˘˘˘°üŸ

á«∏NG~dG áª¶fC’G ‘ O pônJ »àdG áë°VGƒdG á«¡«LƒàdG

‘ ÜQÉ° J q…CG ´ƒbh ¿hO ∫hDƒë∏d ºgÉØàdG äGôcòeh

.πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ kÉ©bƒàe hCG kÓªàfi hCG kÉægGQ ¿EG ,ídÉ°üŸG

Conflict of Interest ídÉ°üŸG ÜQÉ° J

hCG í˘dÉ˘°üŸG ÜÉ˘ë˘°UCG É˘¡˘«˘a π˘N~˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG

~°V má¡LGƒe ‘ ,º¡aÉ«WCG ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,äÉYƒªÛG

q~˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘°ùj …ò˘˘dG ,¢ùaÉ˘˘æ˘˘˘à˘˘˘dGh .¢ ©˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG º˘˘˘¡˘˘˘° ©˘˘˘H

IQÉ°TE’G ™e) á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQÉªŸG øe ¬à«Yhô°ûe

√ò˘˘g ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ∫É˘˘ã˘˘e ™˘˘£˘˘°SCG »˘˘g äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G q¿CG ¤EG

π° aCG èeGôHh ∫ƒ∏M ¤EG »° Øj ¿CG øμÁ ,(äÉ°SQÉªŸG

.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG »Ñ∏J äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ¿CÉ°ûH


General agreement that involves seek-ing and taking into account the view ofall parties concerned, and reconcilingany conflicting arguments. Consensusdoes not imply unanimity. Consensusis a way of making decisions whichaims to include everyone in the processand resolve any objections.

The consolidation of democracy is theprocess by which democracy becomesso broadly and profoundly legitimatizedamong its citizens that it is very unlike-ly to break down. When democracy isconsolidated, it has been accepted bymost citizens as the only game in town.The consolidation of democracyinvolves behavioral and institutionalchanges that normalize democratic pol-itics and narrow its uncertainty. Thisnormalization requires the expansion ofcitizen access, development of demo-cratic citizenship and culture, broaden-ing of leadership recruitment of amature civil society, and more impor-tantly, political institutionalization.Consolidation requires that habituationto the norms and procedures of demo-cratic conflict regulation be developed.A high degree of institutional routiniza-tion is key to such process.

A portion of the population represent-ed by a particular elected leader ororganization.

A citizen who lives in a legislator’s areaof representation. A CSO constituentmay be physically located in the organi-zation's area of work, or share commoninterests which the organization advo-cates towards.

Consensus≥aGƒJ

±GôWC’G qπc AGQBG ‘ åMÉÑàdG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G ¥ÉØJG

ÚH ≥«aƒàdG ∂dòch ,QÉÑàY’G Ú©H ÉgòNCGh Ú«æ©ŸG

»æ©j ’ ¥ÉØJ’G Gòg qøμdh .áHQÉ° àŸG ô¶ædG äÉ¡Lh

π«Ñ°ùdG ƒg πH ,~MGh …CGQ ≈∏Y ´ÉªLE’G IQhô° dÉH

‘ ™«ª÷G ∑Gô°TEÉH íª°ùj mƒëf ≈∏Y äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’

.Ú©fÉªŸG I~≤Y qπMh ºFÉ≤dG QÉ°ùŸG

™°ShCG ká«Yhô°ûe »WGô≤Á~dG ΩÉ¶ædG Ö p°ùμoJ lá«∏ªY

≈∏Y π q¡°ùj ’ mƒëf ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ≥ªYCGh

≈∏Y q∫~j É‰EG á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SÎa .¬∏«£©J íLQC’G

¿hO áÑ©∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG º¶©e á≤aGƒe

äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG »° à≤j ƒgh ,ÉgGƒ°S

á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™«Ñ£J πLCG øe äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh

É˘˘eCG .É˘˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘M Ωƒ˘˘ë˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ∂°ûdG ¢ûeÉ˘˘g ¢ü«˘˘∏˘˘≤˘˘Jh

á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG ´É˘°ùJG Ö∏˘£˘à˘à˘a √ò˘g ™˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘˘Y

á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh á˘˘«˘˘æ˘˘WGƒŸG º˘˘«˘˘gÉ˘˘Ø˘˘e ô˘˘jƒ˘˘£˘˘Jh ,á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG

õ˘˘cGôŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘dG ¢Uô˘˘a Ú°ù–h ,á˘˘«˘˘˘WGô˘˘˘≤Á~˘˘˘dG

,∂dP øe ºgC’Gh ,m ´Gh Ê~e ™ªà› øª°V ájOÉ«≤dG

.»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y »˘JÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e ™˘HÉ˘˘W AÉ˘˘Ø˘˘°VEG

ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ¢S qôªàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG oï«°SôJ Ö∏£àj ∂dòch

π˘FÉ˘°Sƒ˘dÉ˘H äÉ˘YGõ˘æ˘dG qπ˘M ≈˘Yô˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG äGAGô˘˘LE’Gh

ìÉ‚ qô°S q¿EG ∫ƒ≤dG øY w»æZh .Égôjƒ£Jh á«WGô≤Á~dG

ÒÑc x~M ¤EG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG OÉ«àYG ‘ øªμj á«∏ª©dG √òg

.äÉ°SQÉªŸG øe §ªædG Gòg ≈∏Y

Consolidation of Democracy

á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ

Constituency ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL

hCG Ö nîàæe øq«©e ∫hDƒ°ùÃ πsã‡ ¿Éμ°ùdG øe AõL

.äÉª¶æŸG i~MEÉH


Constituent hCG ¿ƒÑNÉf

äÉª¶æŸG øe á∏ã‡ äÉÄa

~˘MCÉ˘H π˘ã˘ª˘à˘J á˘≤˘£˘æ˘e ø˘ª˘°V ¿ƒ˘°û«˘©˘j ¿ƒ˘æ˘˘WGƒ˘˘e

º¡∏qã“ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G ÉeCG .ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG

kÉ«∏ªY Gh~LGƒàj ¿CG Rƒé«a Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

hCG É¡dÉªYCG áª¶æŸG É¡«a ¢SQÉ“ »àdG IôFG~dG øª°V

.É¡æY á©aG~ŸG ¤ƒàJ ácÎ°ûe ídÉ°üe É¡H º¡©ªŒ

Set of basic rules by which the govern-ment of a state is organized, regulatingthe relationships between the legisla-ture, the executive, and the judiciary.

A percentage of a budget that is unas-signed and can be used for unexpectedexpenses or increases in costs that werenot considered in the original budget.

Someone who is of equal standing asanother person in a group and who hasa similar funciton.

A branch of government establishedto adminster the civil and criminal law.This is also a session of an officialbody that has the authority to trycases, resolve disputes, or make otherlegal decisions.

The positive or negative view citizenshave of a civic organization or cam-paign. Credibility may be generated ina number of ways, including a trackrecord of proven action, prestige in acommunity as a result of familial orethnic ties, or other types of senioritysuch as age or gender. By creatingcontrast through outreach and effec-tive message development, campaignscan use the message to raise theircredibility, lower their opponents’credibility, or both.

ConstitutionQƒà°SO

πªY º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª›

ÚH äÉ˘˘bÓ˘˘©˘˘dG ∂dò˘˘ch ∫h~˘˘dG ‘ º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e

.á«FÉ° ≤dGh ájò«ØæàdGh á«©jô°ûàdG äÉ£∏°ùdG

Contingency ÇQGƒ£dG »WÉ«àMG hCG ¢ü°üfl

‘ ¢VôZ …C’ ¢ü n°üîJ ’ »àdG ∫GƒeC’G øe áÑ°ùf

á©bƒàŸG ÒZ äÉ≤Øæ∏d É¡dÉª©à°SG øμÁh ,áfRGƒŸG

á˘fRGƒŸG É˘gò˘NCÉ˘J ’ »˘à˘˘dG I~˘˘FGõ˘˘dG ∞˘˘«˘˘dÉ˘˘μ˘˘à˘˘dG hCG

.¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘ á«∏°UC’G

Counterpart, peerÒ¶f

ôNBG ¢üî°T ¬∏¨°ûj …òdG ¬JGP ΩÉ≤ŸG π¨°ûj l¢üî°T

.É¡JGP ΩÉ¡ŸÉH ™∏£° j ƒgh ,áYƒªÛG øª°V

Courtá°ù∏∏L/áªμfi

≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG º˘μ◊G äÉ˘£˘˘∏˘˘°S i~˘˘MEG

kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg O pôjh .á«FÉæ÷Gh á«f~ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG

π ncƒJ á«ª˘°SQ á˘Ä˘«˘g É˘g~˘≤˘©˘J »˘à˘dG á˘°ù∏÷G ≈˘æ˘©Ã

‘ π˘°üØ˘dG hCG ,ihÉ˘Y~˘dG ‘ ô˘¶˘æ˘dG á˘«˘MÓ˘°U É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘dEG

.iôNC’G á«fƒfÉ≤dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG hCG ,äÉaÓÿG

Credibilityá«bG~°üe

É˘¡˘«˘a ô˘¶˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘Ñ˘∏˘°ùdG hCG á˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘é˘˘jE’G Iô˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘dG

¿CG øμÁh .á«f~ŸG äÓª◊G hCG äÉª¶æŸG ¤EG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG

‘ ÉÃ ,πFÉ°Sh I~©H É¡à«bG~°üe IÒNC’G √òg Ö°ùàμJ

,É¡d Oƒ¡°ûŸG äGRÉ‚E’G øe πaÉM ïjQÉàH »∏ëàdG ∂dP

»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG •É°ShCG ÚH á©«aQ áfÉμÃ ™àªàdG hCG

hCG ,É¡ª«≤J »àdG á«æKE’G hCG á«∏FÉ©dG §HGhôdG áé«àf

øY ≈JCÉàJ »àdG á«≤Ñ°SC’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG π° ØH

øe ,äÓª◊G ™«£à°ùJh .»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG hCG ôª©dG

∫É˘°üJ’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh ÈY É˘¡˘ª˘«˘≤˘J »˘à˘dG äÉ˘fQÉ˘˘≤ŸG ∫Ó˘˘N

‘ IÒNC’G √òg ∞ qXƒJ ¿CG ,á«∏©ØdG ádÉ°SôdG ôjƒ£Jh

á˘«˘bG~˘°üe º˘«˘£– hCG É˘¡˘à˘˘«˘˘bG~˘˘°üe õ˘˘jõ˘˘©˘˘J π˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘°S

.kÉ©e Úa~¡dG øjòg ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ hCG ,É¡eƒ°üN


15

DFace-to-face discussion between oramong citizens, candidates, and/orelected officials on issues of concernwhere different sides of an argumentare presented and defended. Debatescan occur at all levels of government ora community, and serve as one tactic ofadvocacy campaigns.

Degree to which formation and stew-ardship of rules are undertaken with-out harm or humiliation to people.The concept is often applied whenlegislators consider reform or newpolicy initiatives.

A person who has the authority to cre-ate or change communal, organiza-tional, or governmental policies, pro-grams or laws.

An individual authorized to act as arepresentative for another, as a deputyor an agent, or as a representative to aconference or convention;

A representative, usually choseneither in state caucuses or presidentialprimaries, who will be responsible forchoosing presidential and vice presiden-tial nominees at the national party con-ventions every four years. Most delegates

Debate IôXÉæe/¢TÉ≤f á°ù∏∏L

±ƒØ°U øª°V hCG ÚH ¬Lƒd kÉ¡Lh Qh~j …òdG ¢TÉ≤ædG

ÚÑîàæŸG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG hCG/h ,Úë°TôŸG hCG/h ,ÚæWGƒŸG

≈qæ°ùàj å«Mh ,º¡eÉªàgG ÒãJ »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ∫ƒM

á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘e ô˘¶˘f äÉ˘¡˘Lh Gƒ˘˘°Vô˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°ùj ¿CG ±Gô˘˘WCÓ˘˘d

á˘aÉ˘c ≈˘∏˘Y äÉ˘°TÉ˘≤˘æ˘dG ~˘ n≤˘©˘˘oJ .É˘˘¡˘˘æ˘˘Y Gƒ˘˘©˘˘aG~˘˘«˘˘a

,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG hCG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äÉjƒà°ùŸG

.á«μ«àμJ á∏«°Sƒc á©aG~ŸG äÓªM Ég~ªà©Jh

Decency ∫ƒ°UC’G hCG ÜGOB’G IÉYGôe

≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùdGh ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘˘dG ™˘˘°Vh ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y IQ~˘˘≤˘˘dG i~˘˘e

.¢UÉî°TC’ÉH ádòŸG hCG iPC’G ¥É◊EG ¿hO øe É¡≤«Ñ£J

áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ô¶æj ÚM CG~ÑŸG Gòg ≥sÑ£oj Ée kÉÑdÉZ

I~˘˘j~÷G äGQOÉ˘˘ÑŸG hCG äÉ˘˘MÓ˘˘°UE’G ‘ á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG

.äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉH á≤∏©àŸG

Decision-Maker QGô≤dG ™fÉ°U

hCG çG~˘ë˘à˘°SG á˘£˘∏˘°S ¬˘«˘˘dEG ~˘˘ n¡˘˘©˘ oJ …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG

á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG hCG èeGÈdG hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG πj~©J

.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe hCG äÉª¶æŸG hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛÉH

DelegateÜh~æe


‘) ÖFÉædÉc ,ôNBG ¢üî°T π«ã“ ¢V sƒØŸG ¢üî°ûdG

ô“Dƒe ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG çƒ©ÑŸG hCG ,π«cƒdG hCG (¿ÉŸÈdG

.áæq«©e á¡L hCG áÄa øY πãªªc »ª°SQ ´ÉªàLG hCG

äGô“DƒŸG QÉWEG ‘ ÉeEG kIOÉY √QÉ«àNG ºàj …òdG πãªŸG

äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G hCG äÉ˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘˘°ùe ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y á˘˘˘«˘˘˘Hõ◊G

QÉ«àNG øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒ˘μ˘«˘a ,á˘j~˘«˘¡˘ª˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘Fô˘dG

ô“DƒŸG ‘ ¢ù«FôdG ÖFÉfh ¢ù«FôdG r»nÑ°üæŸ ¬ë°Tôe

º¶©e ~¡©àjh .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG πc Üõë∏d »æWƒdG

16

are pledged to support a specific candi-date. A majority of the delegates’ votesat the convention is needed for a presi-dential candidate to receive the party’snomination. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.

When public decisions are transferredto lower levels of government, civilsociety organizations, or any authorityoutside the regular political administra-tive structure to implement programson behalf of the government.

Based on the principle that legitimatedemocracy arises from the public delib-eration of citizens. Activities associatedwith this process include citizen juries,town hall meetings, public debates, andcitizen forums.

Political system in which the peopleshare in directing the activities of thestate, as distinct from governmentscontrolled by a single class, selectgroup, or autocrat. The definition ofdemocracy has been expanded todescribe a philosophy that insists onthe right and the capacity of a people,acting either directly or through repre-sentatives, to control their institutionsfor their own purposes.

The release, transfer, provision ofaccess to, or divulging in any othermanner of information outside the enti-ty holding the information.

Explicit or implicit revocation of, orfailure to grant, the right to vote to aperson or a group of people.

Delegation¢ jƒØJ

äÉÄ«g ¤EG áeÉ©dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG á«MÓ°U ádÉMEG ƒg

hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe hCG , káÑJôe ≈fOC’G ºμ◊G

á˘jQGOE’G á˘«˘∏˘˘μ˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG êQÉ˘˘N ø˘˘e iô˘˘NCG á˘˘£˘˘∏˘˘°S …CG

èeGÈdG ≥«Ñ£J ÉgQh~H ¤ƒààd ,IOƒ¡©ŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdGh

.áeƒμ◊G º°SÉH

DeliberativeDemocracy

ájQhÉ°ûJJ á«WGô≤ÁO

Democracyá«WGô≤ÁO

á£°ûfCG ¬«LƒàH Ö©°ûdG ¬«a º¡°ùj »°SÉ«°S lΩÉ¶f

É¡«∏Y ô£«°ùJ »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fC’ kÉaÓN ,ádh~dG

.§q∏°ùàe ºcÉM hCG áæq«©e áYƒª› hCG I~MGh á≤ÑW

á«Ø°ù∏a º«gÉØe πª°û«d ™ q°SƒJ ∞jô©àdG Gòg q¿CG ÒZ

º˘ qμ˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG á˘˘«˘˘˘∏˘˘˘gCGh ≥˘˘˘M ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y O q~˘˘˘°ûJ

¬˘«˘∏˘ã‡ á˘£˘°SGƒ˘H hCG ô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘e m π˘μ˘°ûH É˘eEG ,¬˘JÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒÃ

.á°UÉÿG ¬aG~gC’ kÉ≤«≤–

Disclosure øY ∞°ûcc

hCG ,É¡H øjôNB’G ~jhõJ hCG ,É¡∏≤f hCG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûf

¥É£f êQÉN âfÉc á∏«°Sh áqjCÉH ∫hG~àdG ‘ É¡©°Vh

.É¡H ßØà– »àdG áÄ«¡dG

Disenfranchise(ment) âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe ¿ÉeôM/~jôŒ

≥◊G Gòg íæe øY ´Éæàe’G hCG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M AÉ¨dEG

á«æ∏Y á≤jô£H ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°T ¤EG

.á«æª°V hCG

q~ªà°ùJ á«WGô≤Á~dG q¿CÉH πFÉ≤dG CG~ÑŸG ≈∏Y õμJôJ

ÚH á˘jQÉ÷G á˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘˘dG äGQhÉ˘˘°ûŸG ø˘˘e É˘˘¡˘˘à˘˘«˘˘Yhô˘˘°ûe

á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG √ò˘¡˘H á˘£˘Ñ˘JôŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G É˘˘eCG .Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG

,Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG qº˘˘° J »˘˘à˘˘dG ÚØ˘˘∏ÙG á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘g π˘˘ª˘˘°ûà˘˘a

,™˘˘«˘˘ª÷G ΩÉ˘˘eCG á˘˘Mƒ˘˘à˘˘ØŸG á˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘˘dG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘L’Gh

.á«f~ŸG äÉj~àæŸGh ,áeÉ©dG ¢TÉ≤ædG äÉ°ù∏Lh


»°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG q¿CG kÉª∏Y øq«©e í°Tôe ºY~H ÚHh~æŸG

äGƒ°UCG ájÌcCÉH RÉa GPEG ’EG Üõ◊G í«°TÎH ≈¶ëj ’

.ô“DƒŸG ‘ ÚHh~æŸGí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj

.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V kG~j~–

17

Districting á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤≤J

Generally, the process of marking off ordividing into districts - for example, intoelectoral districts for the purposes ofelecting representatives to a legislature.

Situation in which a multiplicity ofperspectives exist - possibly basedon religious, political, racial, or otherdifferences.

≈∏Y É¡©jRƒJ hCG ≥WÉæŸG ~j~– á«∏ªY ,ΩÉY m¬LƒH

»˘∏˘ã‡ ÜÉ˘î˘à˘fG ±~˘¡˘H á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dÉ˘˘c ô˘˘FGhO

á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘∏˘d Oƒ˘©˘j ~˘bh .á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG

.á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J ≥M É¡JGP ~ëH á«©jô°ûàdG

Diversity´ qƒæJ

¿CG øμÁ »àdG AGQB’G ájO~©àH íª°ùJ mádÉM øY qºæj

hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG á˘«˘æ˘j~˘dG äÉ˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J

.É¡«dEG Ée hCG á«bô©dG


E18

Efficiencyá«∏YÉa

Characteristic of participation whichgives maximum positive outcomes forimproving citizen's quality of life, for aminimum level of effort, time, orresources.

Decision-making process throughwhich citizens of a State who are eligi-ble to vote choose an individual orgroup of individuals to hold publicoffice and work on their behalf.

The day on which the voters come tothe polls and cast their votes to electtheir leaders.

Gathering of information regarding anelectoral process by an organizationwhich is not inherently authorized tointervene in the process. Unbiasedaccredited persons, domestic or inter-national, participate to detect any fraudor cheating in the electoral process.

Accredited person participating in elec-tion observation. Can be domestic orinternational.

á«HÉéjE’G èFÉàædG ≈°übCG ≥ q≤– »àdG ácQÉ°ûŸG Iõ«e

∫òH AÉ≤d ÚæWGƒŸG i~d ¢û«©dG iƒà°ùe Ú°ù– á¡÷

.OQGƒŸG hCG âbƒdG hCG Oƒ¡÷G øe Q~b qπbCG

ElectionÜÉîàfG

Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG ∫ qƒîJ »àdG QGô≤dG PÉîJG á«∏ªY

¢üî°T QÉ«àNG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G âjƒ°üà∏d

á˘eÉ˘©˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG π˘¨˘°ûd ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG

.º¡ª°SÉH πª©dGh

Election Day/Polling Day

´GÎb’G Ωƒj/ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj

´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ¬Lƒàj …òdG Ωƒ«dG

.º¡JOÉb ÜÉîàfGh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd

Election Monitoring/Observation

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe

á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øY mäÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©˘e ™˘ª˘é˘H π˘ã˘ª˘à˘J

√òg ‘ π qN~àdÉH kÉ«F~Ñe É¡d í nª°ùoj ’ máª¶æe ~j ≈∏Y

,¿h~jÉfi l¢UÉî°TCG áª¡ŸG √òg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .á«∏ª©dG

q…CG øY ∞°ûμ∏d ‹h~dGh »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º¡H~àæj

.á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ ¢ûZ hCG ôjhõJ

Election Monitor/Observer

äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

.äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe á«∏ªY ‘ ácQÉ°ûª∏d Ü n~àæoj ¢üî°T

.‹h~dG hCG »∏ÙG ÖbGôŸG áØ°U πªëj ¿CG øμÁh


19

Person who is eligible and registered tovote.

Authority responsible for the conductor supervision of the electoral process.

The individual responsible for ensuringthe fair and impartial conduct of elec-tions described under the electoral law,managing the operations of the elec-toral commission to achieve objectivesand meet all legislative and reportingresponsibilities; maintaining accurateelectoral rolls; promoting public aware-ness of electoral practices through edu-cation and information programs; con-ducting research on electoral matters;and providing advice on electoral mat-ters to members of the legislature, polit-ical parties, and others.

The law or body of law and regulationsgoverning the electoral process.

A list of names and other relevantdetails of persons who meet the eligibil-ity requirements to vote. This list isused as a control document during thevoting process.

The ratio or percentage of voters cast-ing their votes to eligible voters in aspecific election.

Elector/VoterÖNÉf/´Î≤e

áëF’ ‘ ¬ª°SG ê nQ~ŸGh âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒŸG ¢üî°ûdG

.ÚÑNÉædG

Electoral/ElectionCommission

á«°VƒØe/á«HÉîàfG áæ÷

äÉHÉîàf’G

á«∏ª©dG Ò°S ≈∏Y ô¡°ùJ »àdG á∏≤à°ùŸG á£∏°ùdG

.É¡«∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàJ hCG á«HÉîàf’G

ElectoralCommissioner

/á«HÉîàf’G áæé∏∏dG ƒ° Y

äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒØe

á¡jõf má≤jô£H äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ÚeCÉJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG

;ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ¬˘«˘∏˘Y q¢üæ˘j É˘e ≥˘ah á˘jOÉ˘˘«˘˘Mh

±G~˘gC’G ≥˘«˘≤– π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ‘ á˘æ˘é˘∏˘dG ∫É˘˘ª˘˘YCG IQGOEGh

IÉYGôe á¡÷ äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG qπμH ´Ó£°V’Gh IOƒ°ûæŸG

¢Uô◊Gh ;ôjQÉ˘≤˘à˘dG Ë~˘≤˘J äÉ˘eõ˘∏˘à˘°ùeh ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG

»˘Yƒ˘dG á˘YÉ˘°TEGh ;ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ∫hG~˘L ‘ á˘b~˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y

èeGôH ∫ÓN øe á«HÉîàf’G äÉ°SQÉªŸG √ÉŒ ΩÉ©dG

∫ƒM çÉëHC’G AGôLEGh ;äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ÒaƒJh á«YƒàdG

√òg ∫ƒM í°üædG AG~°SEG kGÒNCGh ;á«HÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûdG

ÜGõMC’Gh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ¤EG ¿hDƒ°ûdG

.ºgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdG

Electoral Law ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb

≈YôJ »àdG áª¶fC’Gh ÚfGƒ≤dG áYƒª› hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG

.ÜÉîàf’G á«∏ªY

Electoral List/Electoral Roll/Voter's List

/ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

/ÚÑNÉædG qπé°°S

Ö£°ûddG íFGƒd

º¡«a ôaGƒàJ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G nAÉª°SCG qº° J íFGƒd

á≤∏©àŸG nπ«˘°UÉ˘Ø˘à˘dGh âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d á˘«˘∏˘gC’G •hô˘°T

§˘Ñ˘° d á˘≤˘«˘Kƒ˘c í˘FGƒ˘∏˘dG √ò˘g π˘ nª˘©˘à˘°ù˘oJh .º˘˘¡˘˘H

.´GÎb’G á«∏ªY

Electoral Participation äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûee

‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘˘°UCÉ˘˘H ¿ƒ˘˘d~˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ÚYÎ≤ŸG á˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùf O~–

.áæq«©e mäÉHÉîàfG


20

Steps involved in the preparation andcarrying out of an election. It usuallystarts with the announcement of theelection and includes the enactment ofthe electoral law, the registration of vot-ers and candidates, the campaign, thevoting, and the tabulation of votes untilthe announcement of results.

Combination of formulas and mecha-nisms which provides for the electorateto cast the votes and to translate thesevotes into seats in the parliament or thelegislature.

This is the portion of the populationable to vote in a given election.

Individual who satisfies the legalrequirements to participate in the elec-tion. Those requirements are usuallyrelated to nationality, age, soundness ofmind, and absence of a criminal record.

Practice by which an influential individ-ual or group legitimizes a candidate orpolicy.

To grant the privilege of voting to aperson who meets requirements set bythe state for voter eligibility. Morebroadly, enfranchisement can refer tothe process by which an individual orgroup receives the right for some sortof action or voice.

Electoral Process á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY

AGô˘˘LE’ Ò° ë˘˘à˘˘dG QÉ˘˘WEG ‘ ò˘˘î˘˘à˘˘oJ »˘˘à˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG

~˘Yƒ˘e ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YE’É˘H kIOÉ˘Y CG~˘Ñ˘J »˘gh ,äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

πª°ûJh (áÑNÉædG äÉÄ«¡dG IƒY~H) äÉHÉîàf’G AGôLEG

ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJh ,»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG QGôbEG kÉ° jCG

,´GÎb’G á«∏ªYh ,á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊Gh ,Úë°TôŸGh

‘ É¡LGQOEGh äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàMG) äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh

.èFÉàædG ¿ÓYEÉH »¡àæJh ,(∫hG~L

Electoral System »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

A’OE’G ø˘˘e ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ø˘˘ qμ“ mäÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘dBGh m ≠˘˘˘«˘˘˘°U è˘˘˘eO

»àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG ‘ äGƒ°UC’G √òg πqãªààa º¡JGƒ°UCÉH

.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG πNGO É¡H RƒØJ

Electorate/ÚÑNÉædGQƒ¡ªL

áÑNÉf äÉÄ«g

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ´GÎbÓd á∏gDƒŸG á«fÉμ°ùdG áëjô°ûdG

.ÖNÉf ™LGQ

Eligible Voter (âjƒ°üà∏d) π qgDƒe ÖNÉf

á˘˘«˘˘fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘˘dG •hô˘˘°ûdG ¬˘˘«˘˘a ô˘˘aGƒ˘˘à˘˘˘J …ò˘˘˘dG Oô˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘dG

•hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g §˘Ñ˘Jô˘Jh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘d

,π≤©˘dG á˘eÓ˘°Sh ,ô˘ª˘©˘dGh ,á˘«˘°ùæ÷G π˘eGƒ˘©˘H kIOÉ˘Y

.ΩôL …CG øe ‹~©dG ¬∏é°S qƒ∏Nh

Endorsement ºY~dG hCG ~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG

,äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª› hCG Gƒ˘fÉ˘c kGOGô˘aCG ,Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dG ÜÉ˘ë˘°UCG ΩÉ˘˘«˘˘b

.á°SÉ«°S hCG ÖNÉf …CG ≈∏Y á«Yhô°ûŸG AÉØ°VEÉH

Enfranchise(ment) âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe

¢üî°ûdG ¤EG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe í∏£°üŸG Gòg »æ©j

Éªc ,âjƒ°üà∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T ¬«a ôaGƒàJ …òdG

ƒ¡a ,™°ShC’Gh πª°TC’G √Éæ©e ‘ ÉeCG .ádh~dG ÉgO~–

øq«©e ≥jôa hCG OôØd íª°ùJ »àdG á«∏ª©dG ¤EG Ò°ûj

.¬jCGôH A’OE’G hCG Ée ∑ôëàH ΩÉ«≤dG ≥M ∫Éæj ¿CÉH


21

Equal Opportunity/Rights

¥ƒ≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee/¢UôØdG DƒaÉμJ

An equal entitlement to something(despite race, gender, ethnicity, creed,etc). Access to concepts like justiceand due process, or to ownership ofproperty or some interest in property,real or personal. These rights includevarious freedoms, protection againstinterference with enjoyment of life andproperty, civil rights enjoyed by citi-zens such as voting and access to thecourts, natural rights accepted by civi-lized societies, human rights to protectpeople throughout the world from ter-ror, torture, barbaric practices, anddeprivation of civil rights and profitfrom their labor.

Principle according to which every per-son is entitled to one vote (one person,one vote).

Demands that voting operations offerequal opportunities for participation toall eligible voters and political partici-pants. Encompasses aspects of accessi-bility and transparency.

The label given to powerful, elite indi-viduals or groups who can make impor-tant social, political, and economic pol-icy decisions for society.

Equal Suffrage ´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee

~MGh äƒ°üH A’OE’G Oôa qπμd √É° à≤Ã q≥ëj CG~Ñe

.(~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh äƒ°U)

Equity (Electoral)±É°üfEG

áÄaÉμàe kÉ°Uôa ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ô qaƒJ ¿CÉH áÑdÉ£ŸG

âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘∏˘˘d Ú∏˘˘ qgDƒŸG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸ

Gò˘g ø˘° à˘ë˘jh .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘˘dG ‘ ÚWô˘˘î˘˘æŸGh

.ádAÉ°ùŸGh á«aÉØ°ûdG ôgÉ¶e ¢ ©H Ωƒ¡ØŸG

Establishment PƒØædG ÜÉë°UCG

äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e má˘Ñ˘î˘æ˘d ≈˘£˘© oj lÖ≤˘˘d

I~©°UC’G ≈∏Y áeÉg mäGQGôb òîàJ ¿CG É¡©°ùj »àdG

≈∏Y ∂dòch ,ájOÉ°üàb’Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«YÉªàL’G

.™ªàéª∏d áeƒ°SôŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ~«©°U

áæq«©e ¢Uôa hCG ¥ƒ≤ëH IGhÉ°ùŸG Ω~b ≈∏Y ™àªàdG

hCG »YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG hCG ¥ô©dG øY ô¶ædG q¢ ¨H)

øe É¡«dEG Ée hCG ,á«æj~dG I~«≤©dG hCG »æKE’G AÉªàfE’G

kÓãe á≤∏©àŸG º«gÉØŸG ¢ ©H øe IOÉaE’Éc ,(πeGƒY

AÉ˘æ˘à˘bG hCG ,á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG ∫ƒ˘°UC’G IÉ˘YGô˘eh á˘dG~˘˘©˘˘dÉ˘˘H

ÒZ hCG ájQÉ≤Y ∑ÓeCG øe ´ÉØàf’G hCG äÉμ∏àªŸG

,É¡YƒæJ ≈∏Y ,äÉjô◊G πª°ûJ ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡a .ájQÉ≤Y

≥M ‘ πN~àdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG q~°V ø q°üëàdGh

¥ƒ˘≤◊G kÉ˘° jCG π˘ª˘°ûJh ,á˘«˘μ˘∏ŸGh IÉ˘«◊É˘H ™˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG

Aƒé∏dGh ´GÎb’G ≥ëc ÚæWGƒª∏d áMƒæªŸG á«f~ŸG

É˘¡˘H qô˘≤˘J »˘à˘dG á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘£˘˘dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤◊Gh ,º˘˘cÉÙG ¤EG

»ª– »àdG ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤Mh ,áf~ªàŸG äÉ©ªàÛG

äÉ˘°SQÉ˘ªŸGh Öjò˘©˘à˘dGh ÜÉ˘gQE’G ø˘e ⁄É˘©˘dG Üƒ˘©˘˘°T

á«f~ŸG ¥ƒ≤◊G √òg øe É¡fÉeôM ¿hO ∫ƒ–h ájôHÈdG

.É¡dÉªYCG øe ìÉHQC’G Ö°ùc øeh


22

FFacilitator§ q°ûææe/ô q°ù««e

Someone who helps a group of peopleunderstand their common objectivesand assists them to plan and achievethem without taking a particular posi-tion in the discussion.

Creating opportunities for learning byfocusing activities and promoting par-ticipation and reflection. Facilitation isgoal oriented and guides participantsbut does not drive them. Civic groupsoften use facilitation techniques to rep-resent citizen interests in politicalprocesses.

The degree to which laws and policesapply equally to all citizens in a socie-ty, regardless of status. While difficultto measure or quantify, the principle isoften the focus of civic organizationswho engage in government monitor-ing activities.

Of or describing a constitutionallydelineated union of states having a cen-tral government. In the American sys-tem, a federal union is ultimately basedupon national supremacy but is also apolitical arrangement that reservespowers for the states.

á˘aô˘©˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª› ~˘YÉ˘°ùj ø˘ne

á˘£˘N OG~˘YEG ‘ º˘¡˘æ˘˘«˘˘©˘˘«˘˘a ,á˘˘cÎ°ûŸG º˘˘¡˘˘aG~˘˘gCG

‘ kÉ˘æ q«˘©˘e kÉ˘Ø˘bƒ˘e ò˘î˘à˘j ¿CG ¿hO ø˘e É˘¡˘≤˘«˘≤˘ë˘à˘˘d

.¢TÉ≤ædG ¢Vô©e

Facilitation§«°ûææJ/Ò°ù««J

õjõ©Jh Iõ qcôŸG á£°ûfC’G ∫ÓN øe ºq∏©à∏d m ¢Uôa ≥∏N

.á˘Mhô˘£ŸG π˘FÉ˘°ùŸG ‘ ≥˘«˘ª˘©˘dG Òμ˘Ø˘à˘ dGh á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG

±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf á¡LƒŸG §«°ûæàdG á«∏ªY ~«ØJh

.øq«©e √ÉŒÉH º¡©a~J ¿CG ÒZ øe ÚcQÉ°ûŸG OÉ°TQEG ‘

Ò°ù«àdG äÉ«æ≤àH á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG Ú©à°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ

.á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe πqãªàd

Fairness∫~Y

É˘˘gOh~˘˘M º˘˘°Sô˘˘j äÉ˘˘j’h OÉ–G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ≥˘ n∏˘˘£˘˘oJ á˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘°U

OÉ–’G ÉeCG .ájõcôe áeƒμM IQGOE’ ™° îJh Qƒà°S~dG

≈∏Y kGÒNCGh k’hCG õμJÒa »cÒeC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ ‹GQ~ØdG

áÑ«cÎdG Ö°ùëH ,¬qfCG q’EG á«æWƒdG áeƒμ◊G IOÉ«°S

kÉ° jCG äÉ˘j’ƒ˘dG í˘æÁ ,É˘¡˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG

.äÉ«MÓ°üdG ¢ ©H

Federal…OÉ–G/‹GQ~a

ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ≥˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘£˘˘J ‘ IGhÉ˘˘°ùŸG CG~˘˘Ñ˘˘e IÉ˘˘YGô˘˘e i~˘˘e

q¢ ¨H ™ªàÛG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ™«ªL ≈∏Y äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh

¢SÉ«b áHƒ©°U ºZQh .º¡eÉ≤e hCG º¡©bƒe øY ô¶ædG

πqμ°ûj Ée kÉÑdÉZ ƒ¡a ,á«ªc hCG ¢SÉ«≤Ã CG~ÑŸG Gòg

‘ ∑QÉ°ûJ »àdG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ΩÉªàgG õcôe

.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πªY áÑbGôÃ á≤∏©àŸG á£°ûfC’G


23

Federalismá«dGQ~a

National or international political sys-tem in which two levels of governmentcontrol the same territory and citizens.Countries with federal political systemshave both a central government andgovernments based in smaller politicalunits, usually called states, provinces, orterritories. These smaller political unitssurrender some political power to thecentral government, relying on it to actfor the common good.

A method of sociological research inwhich a small group of people isbrought together and asked a series ofquestions. The aim is to receive qualita-tive information about public attitudesand test reactions to various messagesand information.

One tactic used to further an advocacycampaign or raise awareness on an issue- electoral processes for example. Aforum gathers members of a communi-ty, possibly including citizens, politi-cians, government officials, etc.

The definition of a free and fair electionis about more than just a smooth tech-nical process, but also includes therespect for basic civil and politicalrights, such as freedom of expression,of movement, of association, andassembly; as well as the absence of bar-riers to the full participation of all citi-zens, without any form of discrimina-tion; the absence of any form of intim-idation; and the compliance overallwith the rule of law.

øe Újƒà°ùe ¢SQÉÁ ‹hO hCG »æWh »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f

.º˘¡˘°ùØ˘fCG Úæ˘WGƒŸGh É˘˘¡˘˘JGP »˘˘°VGQC’G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y º˘˘μ◊G

‹GQ~˘Ø˘dG »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ™˘Ñ˘qà˘J »˘à˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dÉ˘a

äÉeƒμ◊Gh ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d ~MGh m¿BG ‘ ™° îJ

kIOÉY ± nô©oJ kÉªéM ô¨°UCG á«°SÉ«°S äG~Mh ‘ áªFÉ≤dG

√òg ∫RÉæàJh .äÉ©WÉ≤ŸG hCG º«dÉbC’G hCG äÉj’ƒdÉH

á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG É˘˘¡˘˘JÉ˘˘«˘˘MÓ˘˘°U ¢ ©˘˘H ø˘˘Y äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘˘μ◊G

πª©à°S IÒNC’G √òg ¿CÉH É¡à≤ãd ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d

.ΩÉ©dG ÒÿG Ω~îj ÉÃ

Focus Group õ«cÎdG áYƒª›

¤EG ≈˘˘Y~˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘°U á˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘ª›

±~¡j .á∏Ä°SC’G øe á∏°ù∏°S É¡«∏Y ìô£«d ´ÉªàL’G

∫ƒ°ü◊G á«YÉªàL’G çÉëHC’G ‘ ~ªà©ŸG è¡æŸG Gòg

áYƒªÛG AÉ° YCG ∞bƒe øY á«Yƒf äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y

äGOQ QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘NGh á˘Yƒ˘æ˘àŸG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘dG ø˘e

.É¡gÉŒ º¡∏©a

Forumi~àæe

»YƒdG áYÉ°TEG hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM º«Y~àd ∂«àμJ

á«HÉî˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ∫ƒ˘M hCG á˘æ q«˘©˘e á˘«˘° b ∫ƒ˘M

™ªà› hCG áYÉªL øe AÉ° YCG ™ªéj i~àæŸGh .kÓãe

Ú«˘˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdGh Úæ˘˘˘WGƒŸG qº˘˘˘° j ¿CG ø˘˘˘μÁ ø˘˘˘q«˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘e

.¢UÉî°TC’G øe ºgGƒ°Sh Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGh

Free and FairElections

á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG

å«˘M ø˘e ,á˘¡˘jõ˘æ˘dGh Iô◊G äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘°üà˘˘≤˘˘J ’

,á°SÓ°ùH …ôŒ á«æ≤J á«∏ªY Oô› ≈∏Y ,∞jô©àdG

ΩGÎMG CG~˘˘Ñ˘˘e »˘˘YGô˘˘J á˘˘˘«˘˘˘∏˘˘˘ª˘˘˘Y ¤EG kÉ˘˘˘° jCG Ò°ûJ É‰EG

á˘jô˘ë˘c á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘°SC’G á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdGh á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG äÉ˘˘jô◊G

;äÉ«©ª÷G ¢ù«°SCÉ˘Jh ™˘ qª˘é˘à˘dGh π˘≤˘æ˘à˘dGh ÒÑ˘©˘à˘dG

≥FGƒY …CG ÜÉ«Z ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G √òg q∫~J ∂dòch

á˘∏˘eÉ˘c á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûe Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG qπ˘˘c á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûe ¿hO ∫ƒ–

Ω~Y ≈∏Yh ;õ««ªàdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T q…CG øY kG~«©H

≈∏˘Yh ;Ö«˘gÎdG ô˘gÉ˘¶˘e ø˘e ô˘¡˘¶˘e …C’ º˘¡˘°V qô˘©˘J

.¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCÉH k’ÉªLEG ºg~q«≤J


24

FreedomájôM

Political condition that permits free-dom of choice of action for individualsand also for individuals and groups toparticipate in the decisions and opera-tions of the society and political system.

The concept of being able to speakfreely without censorship. The right tofreedom of speech is guaranteed underinternational law through numeroushuman rights instruments notablyunder article 19 of the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights, and isalso often encoded in state’s constitu-tions or other foundational documents.

An event planned with the goal of rais-ing money for a campaign cause ororganization. May also refer to the per-son who raises the funds for the cam-paign by any method.

Any method used to raise money forthe campaign, or resources required tosuccessfully implement it.

∑ôëàdG QÉ«àNG OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ±hô¶dG

í˘ ˘ ˘ª˘ ˘ ˘°ùJh ,•ô˘ ˘ ˘°T hCG ~˘ ˘ ˘«˘ ˘ ˘b ¿hO ø˘ ˘ ˘e ¿h~˘ ˘ ˘jô˘ ˘ ˘j …ò˘ ˘ ˘ dG

äGQGô≤dG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH kÉ° jCG OGôaC’G A’Dƒ¡dh äÉYƒªéª∏d

.»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædGh ™ªàÛÉH á£ÑJôŸG ∫ÉªYC’Gh

Freedom of Speech ÒÑ©àdG hCG ΩÓμdG ájôM

ÒZ øe ájôëH ΩÓμdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG ¤EG Ò°ûj lΩƒ¡Øe

ájôM ≥M ‹h~dG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG øª° jh .áHÉbô∏d ´ƒ° ÿG

¥ qô£àJ »àdG IO~©àŸG ∑ƒμ°üdG ∫ÓN øe ΩÓμdG

¿ÓYE’G øe 19 IOÉŸG Éª«°S ’ ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M ¤EG

hCG ∫h~dG ÒJÉ°SO q¿CG kÉª∏Y ,¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊ »ŸÉ©dG

√ôcP ≈∏Y kÉ° jCG »JCÉJ iôNC’G á«°ù«°SCÉàdG ≥FÉKƒdG

.¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘

Fundraiser /äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ πØM

äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™eÉL

hCG á˘∏˘ª◊ kÉ˘ª˘YO ,∫Gƒ˘eC’G ™˘ª˘L ±~˘¡˘H º˘ s¶˘æ˘˘oj ç~˘˘M

í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ~bh .áæq«©e áª¶æe hCG á«° b

ájCÉH á∏ªë∏d mäÉYÈJ ™ªéj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG

.âfÉc á∏«°Sh

Fundraising äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL

áeRÓdG ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL ±~¡H Ω n~îà°ùoJ »àdG á∏«°SƒdG

.ìÉéæH Égò«ØæJ ¿Éª° d áHƒ∏£ŸG OQGƒŸG hCG á∏ªë∏d


25

GGeneral Assembly

á«eƒªY hCG áeÉY á«©ªL

Delegates selected (through election orappointment) to participate in gover-nance of a civil society organization orassociation. Terms of membership andscope of decision-making of the generalassembly should be laid out in the char-ter or by-laws.

Process of ensuring that the prioritiesof men and women in policies and pro-grams are given adequate consideration;that men and women have equal rightsand access to participate in civic, politi-cal, and other social environments.

The subject of an advocacy effort.

“Get Out The Vote” or GOTV is theterm used to remind voters to go to thepolls and vote for your candidate.Often a campaign will expend a consid-erable amount of effort just before elec-tion day to make sure that your sup-porters turn out and vote.

Gender Mainstreaming /»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG IÉYGôe º«ª©J

‘ Ú°ùææ÷G ÉjÉ° b êÉÉeOEG

IQ~æL/èeeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùddG

ICGôŸGh πLôdG äÉjƒdhCG ≈¶– ¿CG ≈∏Y ¢Uô– lá«∏ªY

øª° Jh ;èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ ΩRÓdG ΩÉªàg’ÉH

≥˘˘˘˘˘M ‘h ICGôŸGh π˘˘˘˘˘Lô˘˘˘˘˘˘dG ÚH ¥ƒ˘˘˘˘˘˘≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ˘˘˘˘˘˘°ùŸG

ÉgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG áÄ«ÑdG ‘ Éª¡àcQÉ°ûe

.á«YÉªàL’G äÉÄ«ÑdG øe

Goal (ΩÉY) ±~g

.á©aG~ŸG Oƒ¡L ¬dƒM QƒëªàJ …òdG ´ƒ°VƒŸG

GOTV - Get OutThe Vote

âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°°ûJJ

¬qLƒàdÉH ÚÑNÉædG Òcòàd Ω~îà°ùoj …òdG í∏£°üŸG

º˘˘˘¡˘˘˘JGƒ˘˘˘°UCÉ˘˘˘H A’OE’G π˘˘˘LCG ø˘˘˘e ´GÎb’G õ˘˘˘cGô˘˘˘˘e ¤EG

Ωƒj πÑb kGÒÑc kG~¡L á∏ª◊G ∫òÑJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .í°Tôª∏d

‘ ¿ƒcQÉ°û«°S øjô°UÉæŸG q¿CG øe ~cCÉà∏d ÜÉîàf’G

.º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~ojh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY

ÜÉîàf’G ≥jôW øY) ºgQÉ«àNG ºàj øjòdG ¿ƒHh~æŸG

äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e i~˘MEG IQGOEG ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘˘d (Ú«˘˘©˘˘à˘˘dG hCG

‘ ájƒ° ©dG •hô°T ÉeCG .äÉ«©ª÷G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG

PÉ˘î˘JG á˘¡÷ É˘¡˘°UÉ˘°üà˘NG ä’É›h á˘eÉ˘©˘dG á˘«˘©˘˘ª÷G

hCG áª¶æŸG ΩÉ¶f øª°V O~ëàJ ¿CG Öé«a äQGô≤dG

.»∏NG~dG É¡eÉ¶f øª°V hCG »°SÉ°SC’G á«©ª÷G


26

Governance /ºμM/ºμ◊G IQGOEG

áªcƒM hCG á«ªcÉM

The act of affecting government andmonitoring (through policy) the long-term strategy and direction of an organ-ization. In general, governance com-prises the traditions, institutions, andprocesses that determine how power isexercised, how citizens are given avoice, and how decisions are made onissues of public concern.

System of social control under whichthe right to make laws, and the right toenforce them, is vested in a particulargroup in society. There are many classi-fications of government. According tothe classical formula, governments aredistinguished by whether power is heldby one person, a few, or a majority.

Broad coalition governments includingall major parties in the legislature.Some countries with numerous diver-gent politial parties or religious andethnic groups use governments ofnational unity as the preferred form ofgovernment to build consensus

Grassroots activism is activity conductedby a group of like-minded people whohave come together for a cause theybelieve in. Activities include holdingpublic events, letter writing campaigns,information dissemination, engaging themedia, etc.

á˘Ñ˘bGô˘eh º˘μ◊G äÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ÒKCÉ˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Y

πjƒ£dG i~ŸG ≈∏Y É¡JÉ¡LƒJh äÉª¶æŸG á«é«JGÎ°SG

ΩÉ¶f πª°ûjh .(É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ÓN øe)

äGAGôLE’Gh äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh ~«dÉ≤àdG ΩÉY m¬LƒH ºμ◊G

»à˘dG π˘Ñ˘°ùdGh ,á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG á˘°SQÉ‡ á˘«˘Ø˘«˘c O q~– »˘à˘dG

PÉîJG á≤jôWh ,º¡FGQBG øY ÒÑ©àdG ÚæWGƒª∏d í«àJ

.ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG ÉjÉ° ≤H á≤∏©àŸG äGQGô≤dG

Government ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°°SDƒe/áeƒμM

qø˘°S ≥˘M ~˘ n¡˘©˘ oj å«˘˘M ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG ¿hDƒ˘˘°T IQGOE’ lΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

I~Y ≥n∏£oJh .øq«©e ≥jôØd É¡≤«Ñ£J ≥Mh ÚfGƒ≤dG

,É¡à«ª°ùJ ∞∏àîJ »àdG áeƒμ◊G ≈∏Y äÉØ«æ°üJ

±ÓàNÉH ,~ nªà©ŸG …~«∏≤àdG ∞«æ°üàdG ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG

hCG kGOôØæe kÉ°üî°T ¿ÉcCG á£∏°ùdG ¢SQÉÁ …òdG ±ô£dG

.ájÌcC’G hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe á∏b

Government ofNational Unity

á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM

á«°SÉ°SC’G ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL qº° j ™°SGh ∞dÉ– øY qºæJ

‘ πqμ°ûàJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ á∏ãªàŸG

¢ ©H CÉé∏jh .áFQÉW m±hôX qπX ‘ hCG Üô◊G äGÎa

hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ¬HGõMCG O~©àH õq«ªàj …òdG ¿G~∏ÑdG

¤EG AGQB’G á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘àŸG á˘«˘æ˘KE’Gh á˘«˘æ˘j~˘dG ¬˘˘JÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘˘L

áÑ«côJ π° aCG É¡àØ°üH ,áeƒμ◊G √òg πãe π«μ°ûJ

.≥aGƒàdG AÉæH ‘ º¡°ùJ á«eƒμM

Grassroots Activism á«Ñ©°ûddG ~YGƒ≤∏d §°TÉf πªY

¢UÉî°TCG áYƒª› É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á£°ûfC’ÉH ≈q∏éàj

´Éa~∏d É¡j~jDƒe ±ƒØ°U q¢UôJh É¡JGP ájDhôdG ∑QÉ°ûàJ

AÉ«MEG á£°ûfC’G √òg πª°ûJh .É¡H øeDƒJ á«° b øY

,ádÉ°SôdG áZÉ«°üd mäÓªM º«¶æJh áeÉ©dG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG

.ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûfh


27

HHuman Resources

ájô°ûHH OQGƒe

Staff and volunteers working for a civicorganization or campaign. Their individ-ual and cumulative experience and skillsenhance the potential for success of cam-paigns. One of three interlinked resources,including material resources and time.

The rights people are entitled to simplybecause they are human beings, irrespec-tive of their citizenship, nationality, race,ethnicity, language, sex, sexuality, or abili-ty. Human rights become enforceablewhen they are codified as conventions,covenants, or treaties, or as they becomerecognized as customary international law.

á˘˘e~˘˘N ‘ ¿ƒ˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘Yƒ˘˘£˘˘àŸGh ¿ƒ˘˘Ø˘˘˘XƒŸG

º˘¡˘JGÈN q¿CG QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YÉ˘H á˘«˘f~ŸG äÓ˘˘ª◊G hCG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG

ìÉ‚ á˘«˘fÉ˘μ˘eEG R qõ˘©˘J , ká˘©˘ª˘à›h á˘jOô˘a ,º˘¡˘JGQÉ˘¡˘˘eh

á£HGÎŸG áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG i~MEG ¿ƒ∏μ°ûj ºgh .äÓª◊G

.âbƒdG πeÉYh ájOÉŸG OQGƒŸG ÖfÉL ¤EG É¡æ«H Ée ‘

Human Rights ¿É°ùffE’G ¥ƒ≤M

,kÉfÉ°ùfEG ¬fƒc OôÛ OôØdG É¡H ™àªàj »àdG ¥ƒ≤◊G

,¬bôY hCG ,¬à«°ùæL hCG ¬æWƒe øY ô¶ædG ±ô°üH ∂dPh

¬˘dƒ˘«˘e hCG ,¬˘°ùæ˘L hCG ,¬˘à˘¨˘d hCG ,»˘æ˘KE’G ¬˘˘FÉ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘fG hCG

ÚM ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡H πª©dG …ô°ùjh .¬JGQ~b hCG ,á«°ùæ÷G

ÚM hCG äG~gÉ©ŸG hCG Oƒ¡©dG hCG äÉ«bÉØJE’G É¡Y qô°ûJ

.á«dh~dG ÚfGƒ≤dG áeƒ¶æe ‘ kÉaôY ê nQ~oJ


IImpartiality/Nonpartisanship/O qôŒ

RÉ«ëf’G hCG õq«ëàdG Ω~Y

Independents¿ƒ∏≤à°ùee

Index ofDisproportionality

/ähÉØàdG áÑ°ùff

Ö°SÉæàdG Ω~Y ô°TDƒe

Dealing with matters in a fair and unbi-ased manner. It is the operationalexpression of neutrality.

Candidates for, or members of, the leg-islature, who do not belong to a politi-cal party.

A figure which illustrates the collectivedisparity between the votes cast for par-ties in an election and the seats in thelegislature the parties win.

A donation of time, expertise, space, orgoods. These might include officespace or lunch for a meeting, officesupplies, technical assistance, or occas-sional secretarial work.

Groups characterized by the will toinfluence political decision-making, inorder to successfully implement certainpolitical goals or values. They tend tobe integrated into the political process.

¤EG QÉ°ûoj .á«Yƒ°Vƒeh ∫~Y qπμH QƒeC’G ™e »WÉ©àdG

.OÉ« p◊G áª∏μd ÊÓª©dG ÒÑ©àdG ƒg í∏£°üŸG Gòg q¿CG

’ øjòdG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG hCG ¿ƒë°TôŸG

.»°SÉ«°S ÜõM ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf ÚH ¥ôØdG ´ƒª› RÈj lºbQ

»àdG ~YÉ≤ŸGh ,á¡L øe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Üõ◊G É¡dÉæj

.iôNCG á¡L øe ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ É¡H RƒØj

In-kind contribution á«æ«Y äÉªgÉ°ùee

Interest Groups ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›

äGÈÿG hCG âbƒdG :á«dÉàdG ∫Éμ°TC’G ~MCG òNCÉJ äÉÑg

äÉÑ¡dG √òg πª°ûJ ¿CG Rƒéjh .OGƒŸG hCG ¿ÉμŸG hCG

áe~≤ŸG AG~¨dG áÑLh hCG Öàμªc áe~îà°ùŸG áMÉ°ùŸG

I~˘YÉ˘°ùŸG hCG ,á˘«˘Ñ˘à˘μŸG ΩRGƒ˘∏˘dG hCG ,´É˘ª˘à˘LG AÉ˘˘æ˘˘KCG

.ô°ùdG áfÉeCG ∫ÉªYCÉH kÉàbDƒe ΩÉ«≤dG hCG ,á«æ≤àdG

™æ°U ≈∏Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘dG ‘ É˘¡˘à˘Ñ˘Zô˘H õ q«˘ª˘à˘J läÉ˘Yƒ˘ª›

¢ ©H ≥«Ñ£J ‘ ìÉéædG ±~¡H á«°SÉ«°ùdG äGQGô≤dG

•Gôîf’G ƒëf ´õæJh ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG º«≤dG hCG ±G~gC’G

.á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘


Practice of decision-making within civilsociety organizations which emulatesdemocratic principles. Specific focuscould include organizing policy debatesand issue forums with citizens andparty representatives; providing pollingand surveying services; and providingtraining to staff and members of a CSOto increase the skills of leaders (negoti-ations, communications, management).

A subject or interest for advocates ordecision-makers.

Internal Democracy á«∏NGO á«WGô≤ÁO

kÉ≤ÑW Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe πNGO äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG

.á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG ÇOÉ˘ÑŸG É˘gô˘gƒ˘L ‘ »˘cÉ– äÉ˘°SQÉ˘ªŸ

~≤Y ≈∏Y ká°UÉN ΩÉªàg’G õ qcÎj ,¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Yh

º˘«˘¶˘æ˘Jh á˘Yƒ˘°VƒŸG äÉ˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ∫ƒ˘M ¢TÉ˘≤˘f äÉ˘°ù∏˘L

ÚæWGƒŸG Qƒ° ëH áæq«©e ÉjÉ° b ìô£J »àdG äÉj~àæŸG

∫É› ‘ äÉ˘ ˘ ˘e~ÿG Ë~˘ ˘ ˘≤˘ ˘ ˘Jh ;ÜGõ˘ ˘ ˘MC’G ø˘ ˘ ˘Y Ú∏˘ ˘ ˘ã‡h

äÉª¶æe »ØXƒŸ ÖjQ~àdG ÒaƒJh ;…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG

ájOÉ«≤dG äGQÉ¡ŸG õjõ©J ±~¡H É¡FÉ° YCGh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG

.(IQGOE’Gh π°UGƒàdGh ¢VhÉØàdG äGQÉ¡e) º¡j~d

IssueádCÉ°ùee/á«° b

»˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ΩÉ˘ª˘à˘gG π˘¨˘˘°ûj …ò˘˘dG ´ƒ˘˘°VƒŸG hCG ¿CÉ˘˘°ûdG

.äGQGô≤dG »©fÉ°U hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM


JJargon

á«MÓ£°UG á¨d

The specialized language of a particularprofession, trade, or industry.

The power of the judiciary branch ofgovernment to annul the acts of theother branches when these branches arenot in accordance with a higher norm.

The geographical area over which acourt or government body has thepower and right to exercise authority.

áYÉæ°U hCG IQÉŒ hCG áæ¡e ‘ ádhG~àŸG ¢UÉ°üàN’G á¨d

.áæq«©e

Judicial Power á«FÉ° b á£∏°S

∫É£HEÉH á«FÉ° ≤dG áÄ«¡dG ¤EG π ncƒJ »àdG á£∏°ùdG

Újô˘NC’G Úà˘£˘∏˘°ùdG ø˘Y IQOÉ˘°üdG ∫É˘ª˘YC’G ∫ƒ˘©˘Ø˘e

.É¡«∏Y ± nQÉ©àŸG É«∏©dG ÒjÉ©ŸG ™e ≥aGƒàJ ’ ÚM

Jurisdiction /¢UÉ°üàNG hCG á«MÓ°U

/á£∏°ùddG ¥É£f

ºμ◊G hCG PƒØædG á≤£æe

hCG áªμÙG É¡«∏Y §°ùÑJ »àdG á«aGô¨÷G áMÉ°ùŸG

¿CG É¡d ≥ëjh ÉgPƒØf ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe øe á°ù°SDƒe …CG

.ÉgOh~M øª°V É¡à£∏°S ¢SQÉ“


L31

An organization of workers in a partic-ular field formed to serve members’-collective interests with regard towages and working conditions.

A general body of rules and regulationsofficiated by authority. Laws are gener-ally found in constitutions, legislation,and judicial opinions.

The strict enforcement of the law andthe consequent social stability thatcomes from the enforcement of lawwithin a givin society.

Someone who rules, guides, or inspiresothers. A leader can be someone incharge of others or someone membersof a community follow.

The ability to lead, and therefore theability to gain followers. This is alsothe ability to influence and direct fol-lowers towards the achievement ofpolitical goals.

The particular traits people are lookingfor in those who represent them.

Labor Union á«dÉªY äÉHÉ≤f/äGOÉ–G

ájÉ¨dG ¿ƒμJh ,øq«©e ∫É› ‘ Ú∏eÉ©dG qº° J láÄ«g

á¡÷ á«YÉª÷G AÉ° YC’G ídÉ°üe áe~N É¡FÉ°ûfEG øe

.πª©dG ±hôXh QƒLC’G

Law¿ƒfÉb

i~MEG É¡°SôμJ »àdG áª¶fC’Gh ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›

ÒJÉ°S~dG ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG êQ~æJ ,ΩÉY m¬LƒHh .äÉ£∏°ùdG

.á«FÉ° ≤dG äGOÉ¡àL’Gh äÉ©jô°ûàdGh

Law and Order kGõjõ©J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J

ΩÉ¶ædGh øeCÓd

¤EG …ODƒj mƒëf ≈∏Y kÉeQÉ°U kÉ≤«Ñ£J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J

PÉ˘Ø˘fEG ø˘Y œÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG »˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘L’G QGô˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘°S’G AÉ˘˘°SQEG

.øq«©e ™ªà› ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG

Leaderº«YR/~FÉb

hCG ,ø˘jô˘NB’G ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘à˘£˘∏˘°S §˘°ùÑ˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG

kÉ˘° jCG ƒ˘gh .º˘¡˘d ΩÉ˘¡˘dEG Q~˘°üe ¿ƒ˘μ˘j hCG ,º˘˘¡˘˘¡˘˘Lƒ˘˘j

hCG øjôNB’G ¿hDƒ°T ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

.áYÉª÷G AÉ° YCG ¬©Ñàj …òdG

LeadershipIOÉ«b

≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘«˘dÉ˘Jh …OÉ˘jQ Qh~˘H ´Ó˘£˘°V’G ≈˘∏˘˘Y IQ~˘˘≤˘˘dG

ÒKCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG kÉ° jCG »gh .´ÉÑJC’G ádÉªà°SG

±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf º¡¡«LƒJh ´ÉÑJC’G A’Dƒg ≈∏Y

.IOƒ°ûæŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG

Leadership Qualities ájOÉ«b äGõ«e/äÉØ°U

øe ¢üî°T ‘ OôØdG É¡æY åëÑj »àdG á°UÉÿG íeÓŸG

.¬∏qãÁ


32

Legal Framework ÊƒfÉb QÉWEG

Structure of political processes includ-ing elections consisting of the constitu-tional rules, laws, complementary regu-lations, and explicit or implicit codes ofconduct.

An officially elected or otherwiseselected body of people vested withthe responsibility and power to makelaws for a political unit, such as a stateor nation.

All free and legitimate government isbased on governing the interactionsbetween sovereign individuals throughmutually accepted contracts.

The act of giving equal opportunitiesto different participants or players.

To use personal or institutional influ-ence or position to gain support and/orfinancial backing of other people and/orinstitutions in a mutual endeavor.

People who support some commoncause, business, principle, or sectionalinterest; a group of people who tryactively to influence legislation.

An election held in a particular localityto choose between candidates or tovote on ballot measures.

πª°ûJ »àdG á«°SÉ«˘°ùdG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘«˘æ˘H ‘ ≈ q∏˘é˘à˘j

Éeh ,ÚfGƒ≤dGh ,~YGƒ≤dG ≈∏Y …ƒ£æJh äÉHÉîàf’G

∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~˘YGƒ˘b äÉ˘fh~˘eh á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ø˘e É˘¡˘∏˘ª˘μ˘à˘°ùj

.Qƒà°S~dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«æª° dG hCG á«æ∏©dG

Legislature /á«©jô°ûJJ á£∏°S hCG áÄ«g

»©jô°ûJJ ¢ù∏∏›

ÉgQÉ«àNG hCG É¡HÉîàfG …ôéj »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª›

á£∏°Sh á«dhDƒ°ùe É¡«dEG ~ n¡©oJ »àdGh ,iôNCG á≤jô£H

á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S I~˘Mh ø˘ª˘°V …ô˘°ùJ »˘à˘˘dG ÚfGƒ˘˘≤˘˘dG qø˘˘°S

.áeC’G hCG áj’ƒdÉc áæq«©e

Legitimate Government

á«Yô°T áeƒμM

õ˘μ˘Jô˘jh kÉ˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘b kÉ˘©˘HÉ˘W π˘ª– »˘à˘dG Iô◊G á˘eƒ˘μ◊G

OÉ«°SCG ºg mOGôaCG ÚH á«∏YÉØJ äÉbÓY ájÉYQ ≈∏Y É¡ªμM

.Úaô£dG Óc á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶ëj m~≤Y ÖLƒÃ ∂dPh ,ºgQGôb

Level Playing Field ¢UôØdG DƒaÉμJ

∞∏àı áMÉàŸG ¢UôØdG ‘ IGhÉ°ùŸG ≈Yôj …òdG CG~ÑŸG

.AÉbôaC’G hCG ÚcQÉ°ûŸG

LeveragePƒØf

¢üî°ûdG Éª¡H ™àªàj …òdG ™bƒŸG hCG ÒKCÉàdG ∫Ó¨à°SG

‹ÉŸG ºY~dG hCG/h ~«jCÉàdG Ö°ùc πLCG øe á°ù°SDƒŸG hCG

.iôNC’G äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG/h ¢UÉî°TC’G øe

Lobby /§¨° dG äÉYƒª›

á£ZÉ°V iƒb

hCG k’ÉªYCG hCG á«° b ¿h~jDƒj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’ÉH πãªàJ

;øq«©e ´É£≤H á∏°U äGP ídÉ°üe hCG ácÎ°ûe ÇOÉÑe

ÒKCÉàdG ¤EG x~éH ≈©°ùJ ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒªÛG √ògh

.äÉ©jô°ûàdG ≈∏Y

Local Election á«∏fi äÉHÉîàfG

π˘LCG ø˘e ø q«˘©˘e ¿É˘μ˘e ‘ …ôŒ »˘à˘dG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

.ìGÎbG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG hCG Úë°TôŸG ÚH QÉ«àN’G


M33

Majority á≤∏£e ájÌcCG

Fifty percent of the votes cast plus onevote. This as opposed to a plurality ofthe vote or the most votes cast. SeePlurality.

An electoral formula in which the win-ning candidate must receive more thanhalf (50% + 1) of the votes cast.

A command or an authorization givenby a political electorate to its represen-tative. The period of time that this rep-resentative stays in office is also calledmandate.

Any independent press that has a largeaudience.

Tangible assets such as money, equip-ment, modes of communication, andtransportation. One of three interlinkedresources (including human resourcesand time) essential to consider in anyplanning of an advocacy campaign orother civic action.

Chief official of a city can be elected orappointed.

~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe áÄŸG ‘ Ú°ùªN »æ©J

»æ©J »àdG ájOÉ©dG ájÌcC’ÉH káfQÉ≤e ,~MGh äƒ°U

™˘˘LGQ .á˘˘˘Yp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G á˘˘˘jÌcCG ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘˘°ü◊G

.á«Ñ°ùædG ájÌcC’G

Majority System á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f

ÌcCG õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ∫Éæj ¿CG »° à≤J á«HÉîàfG á¨«°U

á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ŸG Ö°ùëH áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ∞°üf øe

.(1+%50)

Mandate áj’ƒdG I~e/¢ jƒØJ

º¡∏ãªŸ ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬ëæÁ …òdG ∞«∏μàdG hCG π«cƒàdG

»àdG IÎØdG ÉeCG .º¡ª°SÉH ºμ◊G ¢SQÉÁ ¿CG ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG

I~Ã kÉ° jCG ± nô©oàa ¬Ñ°üæe ‘ ÒNC’G Gòg É¡«° ≤j

.ºμ◊G ‘ ¬àj’h

Mass Media ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

.™°SGh Qƒ¡ªéH ≈¶ëj π≤à°ùe »eÓYEG Èæe …CG

Material Resources ájOÉe OQGƒe

πFÉ˘°Shh äG~˘©ŸGh ∫Gƒ˘eC’É˘c á˘°Sƒ˘ª˘∏ŸG äGOƒ˘LƒŸG

i~MEG äGOƒLƒŸG √òg πqμ°ûJh .π≤æàdGh ∫É°üJ’G

ÖfÉ˘L ¤EG) É˘¡˘æ˘«˘H É˘e ‘ á˘£˘HGÎŸG á˘˘KÓ˘˘ã˘˘dG OQGƒŸG

ò nNDƒJ ¿CG Öéj »àdG (âbƒdG πeÉYh ájô°ûÑdG OQGƒŸG

q…CG hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM º«¶æJ ~æY ¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘

.ôNBG Ê~e ∑ô–

Mayor áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù««FQ

Rƒ˘é˘j .á˘æ˘j~ŸG ¿hDƒ˘°T ô˘j~˘j ≈˘∏˘YCG »˘˘ª˘˘°SQ l∫hDƒ˘˘°ùe

.¬æ««©J hCG ¬HÉîàfG


Media Access ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG/ΩG~îà°SG ≥M

ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

The purpose of this policy is to ensurethat privacy, security and legal issuesconcerning the Internet and otherforms of electronic communication,including e-mail, voice-mail, electronicfax, bulletin boards, television accesschannels, electronic subscription serv-ices, and any other electronic commu-nication forms are addressed, and that apolicy is formally established to defineappropriate use of these tools.

The process of a person or group serv-ing as a neutral facilitator between twoor more parties. Civil society organiza-tions and media can play this role indemocratic societies to bridge the inter-ests of citizens and government.

Person who voluntarily joins an organiza-tion or campaign, and has certain rightsand responsibilities within the decision-making structure. Members of CSOs playvarious roles, includng Volunteer recruit-ment, participation in General Assemblysessions, and public relations.

A limited body of truthful informationthat is consistently conveyed by a candi-date, party, or civic campaign to providepersuasive reasons for an audience tochoose, and act on behalf of that choice.

A written statement explaining themain purpose of the civic organization,coalition, or advocacy campain andwhat it aims to accomplish.

¿hDƒ°T á÷É©e ≈∏Y ¢Uô◊G ¤EG á°SÉ«°ùdG √òg ±~¡J

á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG π˘FÉ˘°ùŸGh á˘eÓ˘°ùdGh á˘«˘°Uƒ˘°üÿG

»àdG á«fhÎμdE’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe ÉgGƒ°Sh âfÎfE’ÉH

,á˘ ˘«˘ ˘Jƒ˘ ˘°üdG π˘ ˘FÉ˘ ˘°Sô˘ ˘dGh ,ÊhÎμ˘ ˘dE’G ~˘ ˘jÈdG π˘ ˘ª˘ ˘ °ûJ

äÉ˘£fih ,äGô˘°ûæ˘dG äÉ˘Mƒ˘dh ,ÊhÎμ˘dE’G ¢ùcÉ˘ ˘Ø˘ ˘dGh

‘ ∑GÎ°T’G á˘e~˘Nh ,∫hÉ˘æ˘àŸG ‘ á˘Yƒ˘°VƒŸG Iõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘ dG

∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh …CGh ,á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG

q¿CG ø˘e ~˘cCÉ˘à˘ dG ¤EG kÉ˘ ° jCG ±~˘¡˘J »˘gh .á˘ ˘«˘ ˘fhÎμ˘ ˘dE’G

¤EG »eôJ É‰EG á«ª°SôdG äÉÄ«¡dG É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG

.áªFÓŸG ¥ô£dÉH äGhOC’G √òg ∫Éª©à°SG á¡Lh ~j~–

Mediation §«°SƒdG QhO AGOCG/áWÉ°Sh

ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ªÛ hCG ¢üî˘°ûd í˘ª˘˘°ùJ »˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG

qπμH ÌcCG hCG ÚaôW ÚH äÉbÓ©dG Ò°ù«àH ¢UÉî°TC’G

πFÉ°Shh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æŸ ≈qæ°ùàjh .ájOÉ«M

äÉ˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘ª˘˘˘˘àÛG ‘ Qh~˘˘˘˘dG Gò˘˘˘˘g …ODƒ˘˘˘˘J ¿CÉ˘˘˘˘˘H ΩÓ˘˘˘˘˘YE’G

ídÉ°üe ÚH Öjô≤àdG ¤EG É¡æe kÉ«©°S ,á«WGô≤Á~dG

.áeƒμ◊Gh ÚæWGƒŸG

Memberƒ° Y

hCG á˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG ¤EG ¬˘˘JOGQEG AπÃ qº˘˘° æ˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG

¢ ©ÑH ™∏£˘° jh ¥ƒ˘≤◊G ¢ ©˘Ñ˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘«˘a ,á˘∏˘ª◊G

Ö©˘˘∏˘˘jh .QGô˘˘≤˘˘dG PÉ˘˘î˘˘JG Iô˘˘FGO π˘˘NGO äÉ˘˘«˘˘dhDƒ˘˘°ùŸG

ô ncòoj ,QGhOCG I~Y Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ AÉ° YC’G

‘ ácQÉ°ûŸGh ,ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG ‘ ºgQhO É¡æe

.áeÉ©dG äÉbÓ©dG ~«WƒJh ,áeÉ©dG á«©ª÷G äÉ°ù∏L

Message (á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ

,É¡H ¥ƒKƒe mäÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y ô°üà≤j »°ù«FQ ¢üf

≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á∏ª◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ÖXGƒjh

¬©a~J á©æ≤e kÉHÉÑ°SCG Qƒ¡ª÷G AÉ£YEG ±~¡H ÉgOGOôJ

.QÉ«ÿG ∑GP øe m »MƒH πª©dGh √QÉ«N øY ÜGôYE’G ¤EG

Mission Statement áª¡ŸG ¿É«H

øe Oƒ°ûæŸG »°SÉ°SC’G ¢Vô¨dG ìô°ûj Üƒàμe ¿É«H

á˘©˘aG~ŸG á˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘M hCG ±Ó˘˘à˘˘F’G hCG á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG á˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG

.¬≤«≤– ¤EG äÉÄ«¡dG √òg ƒÑ°üJ …òdG ±~¡dGh


Mobilization∂jô–/áÄÑ©J/~°ûMM

ÚæWGƒŸG

Process of organizing and motivatingcitizens to take part in civic organizing,including public advocacy campaigns,elections, or community activities.

Refers to a society that recognizes val-ues and promotes the contributions ofthe various cultural heritages and ances-tries of all. A policy of inclusion of allcultures and ethnicities in a society orcivilization.

System in which more than two partiescompete for control of government.Most of the world’s democracies aremulti-party systems.

‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ƒëf º¡©aOh ÚæWGƒŸG º«¶æJ á«∏ªY

á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ∫ÓN øe Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ¿hDƒ°T ÒH~J

.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG á£°ûfCG hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G hCG ,áeÉ©dG

Multi-Culturalism hCG á«aÉ≤K ájO~©J

äÉaÉ≤ãdG ájO~©J

kÉ˘fRh º˘«˘≤˘j …ò˘˘dG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG ¤EG Iô˘˘gÉ˘˘¶˘˘dG √ò˘˘g Ò°ûJ

OG~LC’G çGôJh ‘É≤ãdG çQE’G ¬e q~≤j Ée » qªæjh º«≤∏d

‘ kÉ˘° jCG ≈˘q∏˘é˘à˘J »˘gh .äÉ˘eÉ˘¡˘°SEG ø˘e ø˘˘r«˘˘ nYƒ˘˘æ˘˘àŸG

äÉ˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dG ™˘«˘ª˘L êÉ˘eOEG ¤EG »˘eô˘J »˘à˘dG á˘°SÉ˘«˘˘°ùdG

.IQÉ° ◊G hCG ™ªàÛG ‘ á«æKE’G ¢üFÉ°üÿGh

Multi-Party System á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG ΩÉ¶f

~«dÉ≤e ‹ƒJ ≈∏Y ÚHõM øe ÌcCG ¬«a ¢ùaÉæàj ΩÉ¶f

‘ á«WGô≤Á~dG áª¶fC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG q¿CG ¤EG QÉ°ûoj .ºμ◊G

.á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdÉH õq«ªàJ ⁄É©dG


NNegotiation¢VhÉØJ/á°VhÉØe

Problem solving methodology whichstrives to meet the needs of both (or all)parties involved in a dispute. While it isnot always possible to meet the needsof all, the process is goal oriented. Thispractice is one of the cornerstones ofdemocratic practice and civic organiz-ing to achieve policy reform.

Communication structure within whichindividuals or groups share values oradvocate policy changes.

Process by which new relationships arebuilt to raise awareness about an organiza-tion, issue, or process. Networking is anessential component of an advocacy cam-paign, to build momentum and encouragebroader participation in the process.

A political environment aiming at hav-ing and supporting free, fair, and credi-ble elections.

A system or environment that does notfavor any particular alternative or out-come.

äÉLÉ«àMG á«Ñ∏J ¤EG kI~gÉL ≈©°ùJ πcÉ°ûŸG qπ◊ á«dBG

q¿CG q’EG ,´GõædG r» naôW ,(ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL hCG) ÚHõ◊G Óc

kGô¶f áæq«©e ±G~gCG ≥«≤– ƒëf ¬éàJ á«∏ª©dG √òg

πqμ°ûjh .ΩGh~dG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G äÉLÉ«àMG á«Ñ∏J Q qò©àd

á˘˘«˘˘WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dG á˘˘°SQÉ˘˘ªŸG õ˘˘FÉ˘˘cQ ~˘˘MCG Qh~˘˘˘dG Gò˘˘˘g AGOCG

.äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ìÓ°UEG ¤EG Ú«YÉ°ùdG Ê~ŸG πª©dG º«¶æJh

NetworkáμÑ°T

äÉYƒªÛG hCG OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG ä’É°üJ’G á«æH

¤EG kÉ˘«˘©˘°S á˘©˘aG~ŸG Oƒ˘¡˘é˘H ΩÉ˘«˘≤˘dG hCG º˘«˘≤˘dG ∫OÉ˘Ñ˘J

.äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG

Networking äÉμÑ°ûddG AÉ°ûffEG/è°°ùff

øe I~j~L äÉbÓY áeÉbEG ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J »àdG á«∏ª©dG

hCG á«° b hCG áª¶æe q…CG ∫ƒM »YƒdG áYÉ°TEG πLCG

äÉ˘eƒ˘≤ŸG i~˘MEG π˘qμ˘°ûj äÉ˘μ˘Ñ˘°ûdG è˘˘°ùæ˘˘a .QÉ˘˘°ùe

ºNõdG AÉ£YEG ¤EG »eôjh ,á©aG~ŸG äÓª◊ á«°SÉ°SC’G

.™°ShCG kácQÉ°ûe ¬«a ácQÉ°ûŸG ™«é°ûJh QÉ°ùe …C’

Neutral Political Environment

…OÉ«M »°SÉ«°S §«fi

q…CG ºYOh AGôLEG ¤EG ±~¡j …òdG »°SÉ«°ùdG §«ÙG

.á¡jõfh ádOÉYh IôM äÉHÉîàfG

NeutralityájOÉ«M/OÉ« pM

ôNBG ≈∏Y kÓj~H kÓM π q° ØJ ’ áÄ«H hCG ΩÉ¶f qπc CG~Ñe

.iôNCG ≈∏Y áæq«©e áé«àf ’h


An organization that is not developedor directed by government bodies,often having non-profit status, whosework focuses on strengthening politi-cal processes and institutions. Theywork to create more political spaceand increase the potential and qualityif citizen participation. NGOs arelegally registered CSOs with formalrights and responsibilities, and a bind-ing formal governance structure. Seealso Non-Profit Organization andCivil Society Organization.

When something relates to all politicalparties or no particular political parties.A non-partisan election is one in whichcandidates are not affiliated with partic-ular parties and their party is not listedon the ballot. A non-partisan organiza-tion is one that associates with either nopolitical parties or many different polit-ical parties, avoiding the associationwith one particular party.

A domestic organization that, on thebasis of political impartiality, monitorselection processes to promote electoralintegrity and ensure that the rights ofvoters are respected in the electoralprocess. Such an organization is com-prised of nationals of the countrywhere the voting is taking place anddoes not support or detract from anycompetitor in an election.

A national of a country who monitorselection processes, including observingprocedures inside polling places, as partof a nonpartisan domestic electionmonitoring organization.

Non-GovernmentOrganization (NGO)

á«eƒμM ÒZ äÉª¶æe

hCG ÉgAÉ°ûfEG á«eƒμ◊G äÉÄ«¡dG ¤ƒàJ ’ »àdG äÉª¶æŸG

ÒZ äÉ˘°ù°SDƒŸG π˘μ˘°T ò˘î˘à˘J É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Z »˘gh ,É˘¡˘JQGOEG

á«∏ª©dG õjõ©J ≈∏Y É¡∏ªY ¥É£f ‘ õ qcôJh á«ëHôdG

¤EG ≈©°ùJ »¡a .äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG ºFÉYO â«ÑãJh á«°SÉ«°ùdG

ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe IOÉjRh »°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG á©bQ ™«°SƒJ

ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG πsé°ùoJh .á«YƒædGh äÉ«fÉμeE’G å«M øe

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe áfÉN â– kÉ«fƒfÉb á«eƒμ◊G

,á˘«˘ª˘°SQ äÉ˘«˘dhDƒ˘°ùÃ ™˘∏˘£˘° Jh ¥ƒ˘≤˘ë˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘J »˘à˘dG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡∏ªY IQGOEG ∫É› ‘ á«ª°SQ á«æÑH Ωõà∏Jh

.Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe hCG á«ëHôdG ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG

Non-Partisan /»HõM ÒZ

RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe ÒZ

§ÑJôj ’ hCG ÜGõMC’G ™«ªéH §ÑJôj Ée ≈∏Y q∫~J áØ°U

kÉ«HõM kÉ©HÉW òîàJ ’ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’Éa .Ú©e ÜõëH

ÜGõMCG ¤EG É¡«a Úë°TôŸG »ªàæj ’ mäÉHÉîàfG ¤EG Ò°ûJ

ÉeCG .ÜGõMC’G ôcP ≈∏Y ´GÎb’G ábQh »JCÉJ ’h áæ«©e

•ÉÑJQG ¿hO ∫ƒ– »àdG ∂∏J »¡a IRÉëæŸG ÒZ áª¶æŸG

,ÜGõMCG I~Y ™e ≈WÉ©àJ »àdG hCG øq«©e mÜõëH É¡ª°SG

.øq«©e ÜõëH É¡£Hôd kÉjOÉØJ

Non-PartisanDomestic ElectionMonitoringOrganization (orGroup)

á«∏fi (äÉYƒª› hCG) äÉª¶æe

áÑbGôÃ án∏ ncƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ

äÉHÉîàf’G

ájOÉ«◊ÉH É¡˘aÉ˘°üJG º˘μ˘ë˘H »˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æŸG

,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e ¤ƒ˘à˘J á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG

ΩGÎMG ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘°Uô˘Mh äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘gGõ˘æ˘d kGõ˘˘jõ˘˘©˘˘J

√ò˘g qº˘° Jh .á˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG √ò˘˘g ‘ ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤˘˘M

¬«a …ôŒ …òdG ~∏ÑdG ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj ÚæWGƒe äÉª¶æŸG

Úë°TôŸG øe …CG ¿h~jDƒj ’ º¡æμdh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY

.º¡fCÉ°T øe ¿ƒ°ü≤àæj ’h äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Ú°ùaÉæàŸG

Non-PartisanDomestic ElectionMonitor (orObserver)

»∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

RÉëæŸG ÒZ

πª°ûàa ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ÖbGôj …òdG øWGƒŸG

õ˘cGô˘e π˘NGO á˘˘«˘˘YôŸG äGAGô˘˘LE’G á˘˘Ñ˘˘bGô˘˘e ¬˘˘eÉ˘˘¡˘˘e

IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi áª¶æe ‘ kGƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ´GÎb’G

.äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ ≈æ©oJ


Non-ProfitOrganization

á«ëHQ ÒZ äÉª¶æe

A specific classification of civil societyorganization, noting a tax-exempt sta-tus as determined by the state’s legisla-tion. In order to maintain such status,organizations must comply with adiverse array of legal and regulatoryrequirements and have a sound systemfor finanial reporting.

Approach of gaining political powerthrough means which do not involvedirect or indirect physical harm to per-sons. A driving philosophy in many polit-ical movements and advocacy campaigns.

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ≈∏Y …ô°ùj O~fi ∞«æ°üJ

q¢üæJ Ée ≥ah ÖFGô° dG øe á«Ø©e É¡fCG ≈∏Y ád’~∏d

√òg ≈∏Y øq«©àjh .áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG äÉ©jô°ûJ ¬«∏Y

~q«≤àJ ¿CG ,áØ°üdG √òg ≈∏Y É¡æe kÉXÉØM ,äÉª¶æŸG

á«ª«¶æàdGh á«fƒfÉ≤dG •hô°ûdG øe á©°SGh áMhôÃ

.á«dÉŸG ôjQÉ≤àdG Ë~≤àd kÉª«∏°S kÉeÉ¶f ™ÑqàJ ¿CGh

Non-Violence ∞æYÓdG/∞æ©dG òÑf

πFÉ°SƒdÉH á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdÉH RƒØdG í«àJ »àdG áHQÉ≤ŸG

ô°TÉÑe ÒZ hCG ô°TÉÑe πμ°ûH ¢UÉî°TC’G ¢V qô©J ’ »àdG

Òãμ∏d kÉjƒb kÉªNR »£©J áØ°ù∏a »gh .áj~°ùL ájPCG ¤EG

.á©aG~ŸG äÓªMh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉcô◊G øe


OObjective

¢UÉN/O~fi ±~g hCG ¢VôZ

(ΩÉY ÒZ)

A defined, incremental step toward agoal. An advocacy objective aims tochange the policies, programs, or posi-tions of governments, institutions, ororganizations relative to that goal ortoward achieving that goal.

A survey conducted between andbefore elections to get a projection onthe outcome of the elections. Suchpolls can also be a tool of a CSO, polit-ical party, or government official/officeto gauge public opinion on public poli-cies or reform efforts.

A political party or an organized groupopposed to the group, party, or govern-ment in power.

In most basic terms, an organization isa group of people who work togetherand are purposely organized to accom-plish an overall, common goal or set ofgoals. Members of an organization usu-ally have a vision, or image, about howthe organization should be workingand how it should appear when thingsare going well. In addition, each organ-ization has a specific mission, or over-all purpose.

≥«≤– ƒëf Oƒ≤J »àdG á≤MÓàŸGh IO~ÙG äGƒ£ÿG

Ò«˘¨˘J ƒ˘g á˘©˘aG~ŸG ø˘˘e ¢Vô˘˘¨˘˘dÉ˘˘a .ΩÉ˘˘©˘˘dG ±~˘˘¡˘˘dG

É˘gò˘î˘à˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG ∞˘˘bGƒŸG hCG è˘˘eGÈdG hCG äÉ˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG

±~¡dG ∂dP øe äÉª¶æŸG hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG äÉeƒμ◊G

.¬≤«≤– √ÉŒÉH hCG

Opinion Poll ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG

iôNCGh äÉHÉîàfG ÚH Ée …ôéj ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d AÉàØà°SG

äÉ©bƒJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G πLCG øe äÉHÉîàf’G πÑb Éeh

…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG í∏°üJh .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ∫ƒM

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe É¡e~îà°ùJ IGOCÉc kÉ° jCG √òg

¿ƒ˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸG É˘¡˘H Ú©˘à˘°ùj hCG á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G hCG

ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d kG~°UQ á«eƒμ◊G ôFGh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«eƒμ◊G

.ìÓ°UE’G Oƒ¡L hCG áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ƒM

Oppositioná°VQÉ©e

¢VQÉ©J »àdG áª q¶æŸG áYƒªÛG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G

.á£∏°ùdG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG áeƒμ◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG ≥jôØdG

Organizationáª¶æe

áYƒª› ¤EG ,»°SÉ°SC’G ÉgÉæ©Ã ,áª¶æŸG áª∏c Ò°ûJ

º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª¶æjh kÉ©e ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe

±G~˘˘gCG á˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘ª› hCG ∑Î°ûe ±~˘˘˘g ≥˘˘˘«˘˘˘≤– ~˘˘˘°ü≤˘˘˘H

kGQ qƒ°üJ kIOÉY áª¶æŸG AÉ° YCG ™° jh .k’ÉªLEG ácÎ°ûe

πμ°ûdG øYh áª¶æŸG πªY á≤jôW øY áeÉY Iôμa hCG

.ΩGô˘j É˘e ≈˘∏˘˘Y É˘˘¡˘˘dÉ˘˘ª˘˘YCG Ò°ùJ ÚM √ò˘˘î˘˘à˘˘J …ò˘˘dG

áª¡e AGOCÉH áª¶æe qπc ~¡©àJ ,∂dP ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH

.ΩÉY ±~g ≥«≤ëàH hCG áæq«©e


Outreach ∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡L

Effort by individuals in an organizationor group to connect its ideas or prac-tices to the efforts of other organiza-tions, groups, specific audiences, or thegeneral public. Outreach is a funda-mental component of any successfuladvocacy campaign.

The fixed operating expenses of anorganization that are added to a budgetto enable that organization to do busi-ness. Overhead costs may include rent,utilities, equipment, supplies, and com-munication.

á˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG á˘ª˘¶˘æŸG AÉ˘° YCG É˘¡˘dò˘Ñ˘j »˘à˘dG Oƒ˘¡÷G

hCG äÉª¶æe ¤EG º¡JÉ°SQÉ‡ hCG ºgQÉμaCG π≤f ¤EG kÉ«©°S

Ö©˘°ûdG ¤EG hCG ø˘q«˘©˘e Qƒ˘˘¡˘˘ª˘˘L hCG iô˘˘NCG äÉ˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

õFÉcôdG i~MEG πqμ°ûJ √òg ∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡éa . káeÉY

.á©aG~ŸG äÓªM É¡«dEG ~æà°ùJ »àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G

Overhead (Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ) áeÉY ∞jQÉ°üe

…CG É˘g~˘Ñ˘μ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG á˘à˘HÉ˘ã˘dG π˘«˘¨˘°ûà˘dG ∞˘jQÉ˘˘°üe

á°SQÉ‡ øe É¡æqμÁ ÉÃ É¡àfRGƒe ¤EG É¡Ø«° Jh áª¶æe

áeÉ©dG ∞«dÉμàdG √òg πª°ûJ ¿CG øμÁh .É¡dÉªYCG

,äGõ«¡éàdGh ,äBÉ°ûæŸGh ,äGQÉéjE’G (Iô°TÉÑŸG ÒZ)

.ä’É°üJ’Gh ,ΩRGƒ∏dGh


PParallel VoteTabulation (PVT)

ájRGƒàŸG âjƒ°üàdG ∫hG~L OG~YEG

Provides an independent verification ofelection results. To conduct a soundPVT, a random statistical-based sampleof polling stations are drawn. Trainedvolunteers from civil society aredeployed to polling stations to observeand record all aspects of the voting andcounting process. This information,including the official polling stationsvote count results, is then sent to a cen-tral collection point where the data isused to evaluate the overall quality of theelection day proceedings and to project,or verify, official results based on preciseanalysis of polling center data.

The political assembly in which electedrepresentatives debate and vote upon pro-posed laws. The word ‘parliament’ comesfrom 15th century English, and from aFrench word meaning ‘talking place’.

The act of sharing in the actvities of acivil society organization, politicalparty, or political process; the condi-tion of sharing in common with oth-ers. Participation is a right and respon-sibility of citizens in a democracy,through issue-oriented civil societyorganizations and/or political parties.

è˘FÉ˘à˘f ø˘e á˘˘∏˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘°ùe á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘g ~˘˘j ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ≥˘˘≤˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘dG

á˘æ q«˘Y QÉ˘«˘à˘NG qº˘à˘j ,QÉ˘WE’G Gò˘g ‘h .äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

¤EG OÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘à˘˘˘°S’É˘˘˘H ´GÎb’G õ˘˘˘cGô˘˘˘e ø˘˘˘e á˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘FGƒ˘˘˘˘°ûY

∫hG~˘˘L OG~˘˘YEG π˘˘˘LCG ø˘˘˘e Iô˘˘˘aGƒ˘˘˘àŸG äÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘FÉ˘˘˘°üME’G

‘ ÚHQ~ŸG ÚYƒ£àŸG ô°ûf qºàj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .áª«∏°S

∫ƒM º¡JÉ¶MÓe Gƒ∏é°ùjh GƒÑbGÒd ´GÎb’G õcGôe

.Éª¡ÑfGƒL qπμH ,äGƒ°UC’G Rôah ´GÎb’G »à«∏ªY

èFÉàædG É¡«a ÉÃ ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg ∫É°SQEG ¤EG QÉ°üoj ºK

õcôe ¤EG ´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ äGƒ°UC’G RôØd á«ª°SôdG

äÉfÉ«ÑdG Ω n~îà°ùoJ å«M äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ ¢ü°üfl

äÉHÉîàf’G Ωƒj á≤Ñ£ŸG äGAGôLE’G á«Yƒf º««≤àd

è˘˘FÉ˘˘à˘˘æ˘˘dG ¿CÉ˘˘°ûH äÉ˘˘©˘˘bƒ˘˘à˘˘dG QG~˘˘°UE’h ,∫É˘˘ª˘˘LE’É˘˘H

π˘«˘∏– ¤EG kGOÉ˘æ˘à˘°SG ,É˘¡˘æ˘e ≥˘≤˘ë˘à˘dG hCG ,á˘«˘ª˘˘°Sô˘˘dG

.kÉ≤«bO kÓ«∏– ´GÎb’G õcGôe øY áŒÉædG äÉfÉ«ÑdG

Parliament ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏∏›

¿ƒ˘∏˘ã˘ªŸG É˘¡˘«˘a ¢ûbÉ˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘˘°ùdG á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘ª÷G

≈bôJh .É¡«∏Y ¿ƒJƒ°üjh áMÎ≤ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ¿ƒÑînàæŸG

øe q≥à°ûJ »gh ô°ûY ¢ùeÉÿG ¿ô≤dG ¤EG ''¿ÉŸôH'' á¶Ød

.''QhÉ°ûàdG hCG ∫hG~à∏d ¿Éμe'' »æ©J á«°ùfôa IQÉÑY

ParticipationácQÉ°ûee

É¡ª¶æJ »àdG á£°ûfC’G ‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G •GôîfG ≈∏Y q∫~J

‘ hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

É¡fƒ°û«©j mádÉM ≈∏Y kÉ° jCG q∫~Jh ;á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG

øWGƒª∏d w≥M »g ácQÉ°ûŸGh .øjôNB’G ™e ∑QÉ°ûàdÉH

•ôîæj å«M á«WGô≤Á~dG áª¶fC’G ‘ ¬«∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùeh

≈∏Y ÉgOƒ¡L qÖ°üJ »àdG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘

.á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ‘ hCG/h ÉjÉ° ≤dG á÷É©e


Participatory Budgeting

á«cQÉ°ûààdG áfRGƒŸG OG~YEG

Process through which a portion ofthe budget is set aside for citizens todetermine how to use it. This processworks to increase citizen’s participa-tion in decision-making while improv-ing accountability, community cohe-sion, and furthering the delivery ofcost-effective services.

Anything relating to a political party.When an election is partisan, it meansthat party affiliation is a component ofthe contest and may be listed on theballot.

Formal or informal, involving two ormore parties, including CSOs, govern-ment, and/or other actors; to developa shared understanding of problemsand mutually-agreeable steps toaddress them.

A group of people who join togetherbecause they share many ideas aboutwhat the government should do.

A request to an authority, most com-monly a government official or publicentity. Petitions are one type of tacticused by civic groups in advocacy cam-paigns to gather signatures of like-minded citizens on a particular issue.

The program, often written, that thepolitical party or candidate will address(including political, social, and econom-ic pillars) if and when they are elected.This is not a campaign message.

kÉÑfÉL áfRGƒŸG øe º°ùb ™°Vh á«∏ª©dG √òg »° à≤J

á˘˘¡˘˘Lh GhO~˘˘ë˘˘j ¿CG Úæ˘˘WGƒ˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘˘d ≈˘˘˘æ˘˘˘°ùà˘˘˘j ≈˘˘˘à˘˘˘M

¤EG äÉ˘fRGƒŸG ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘g ≈˘©˘°ùjh .¬˘dÉ˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG

QGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«°SƒJ

»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ~jõjh ,ádAÉ°ùŸG kÉ° jCG R qõ©j Éª«a

äGP äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘˘J iƒ˘˘à˘˘°ùe ø˘˘ q°ùë˘˘˘jh ,kÉ˘˘˘μ˘˘˘°SÉ“

.É¡à©Øæe ¤EG kGô¶f ádƒÑ≤ŸG áØ∏μàdG

Partisan RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe/»HõM

Úë˘a .á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ¤EG á˘˘∏˘˘°üH qâÁ É˘˘e π˘˘c

≈∏Y Gòg q∫~j É‰EG ,kÉ«HõM kÉ©HÉW äÉHÉîàf’G πª–

‘ √ôcP O pônj ~b …òdG »Hõ◊G Úë°TôŸG AÉªàfG á«ªgCG

.´GÎb’G ábQh

PartnershipácGô°T

,»ª°SôdG ÒZ hCG »ª°SôdG É¡eƒ¡ØÃ ,ácGô°ûdG qº° J

,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ÌcCG hCG ÚaôW

;iôNC’G á∏YÉØdG iƒ≤dG hCG/h ,ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe hCG/h

πcÉ°ûŸG ∫É«M ∑Î°ûe »Yh áYÉ°TEG ¤EG ≈©°ùJ »gh

É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y ≥˘Ø˘à˘j »˘à˘dG äGƒ˘£ÿG ~˘j~– ¤EGh á˘Mhô˘£ŸG

.πcÉ°ûŸG √òg á÷É©Ÿ ¿Éaô£dG

PartyÜõM

á˘jGQ â– ¿hƒ˘° æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

á˘≤˘jô˘W ∫ƒ˘M QÉ˘μ˘aCG I~˘Y ¿hô˘WÉ˘°ûà˘j º˘¡˘˘fC’ I~˘˘MGh

.ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡

Petitioná° jôY

áæq«©e á£∏°S ¤EG ¢UÉî°TCG ¬H Ω q~≤àj …òdG Ö∏£dG

äÉÄ«¡dG hCG Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ‘ ΩÉY m¬LƒH πqãªàJ

äGƒ£ÿG ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T »g ¢ FGô©dGh .áeÉ©dG

‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG É¡«dEG CÉé∏J »àdG á«μ«àμàdG

ÚæWGƒŸG ™«bGƒJ ™ªL ±~¡H ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM QÉWEG

.áæq«©e á«° b ∫ƒM É¡JGP AGQB’G ¿hôWÉ°ûàj øjòdG

Ωõà∏j …òdG ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ÜƒàμŸG ,èeÉfÈdG

¬æª° àj ÉÃ) ¬≤«Ñ£àH í°TôŸG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G

≈àeh GPEG (ájOÉ°üàbGh á«YÉªàLGh á«°SÉ«°S õFÉcQ øe

è˘˘eÉ˘˘fÈdG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ˘˘°TE’G Q~Œ ø˘˘μ˘˘dh .¬˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG q”

.á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ øY ∞∏àîj »HÉîàf’G

Platform »HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH


Pledge~¡©J

A solemn promise or undertaking tocommit to something, like making con-tributions to an organization. A formalcommitment.

The most votes cast in a given election.This differs from a majority of thevotes cast or 50% plus one vote.

They are the winner-take-all systems wemost often use to elect officials to ourlocal, state, and federal legislatures.These systems all require the winningcandidate to garner either a plurality ora majority of the votes.

The steps taken to address a problemby changing or reinforcing a policy.

The sum of attitudes, beliefs, andexpectations that constitute particularorientations toward society in generaland politics in particular.

The environment in which the cam-paign will be waged, particularly in ref-erence to the various people involved inpolitics in the area.

Right of all adults of either gender tovote; the right to form or participate inactivities of political parties; and theright to free, fair, and regular electionsfor legislative bodies.

A group of people with similar ideas oraims, some of whose members nomi-nate as candidates at elections in thehope that they will be elected to office.

πã˘e ø q«˘©˘e π˘ª˘©˘H ΩÉ˘«˘≤˘dÉ˘H »˘ª˘°SQ ΩGõ˘à˘dG hCG ~˘Yh

.äÉª¶æŸG i~MEG ¤EG äÉªgÉ°ùŸG Ë~≤J

Plurality á«Ñ°ùff ájÌcCG

»gh ,áæq«©e äÉHÉîàfG ‘ áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG

%50 ≈∏Y q∫~J »àdG á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G øY ∞∏àîJ

.~MGh äƒ°U ~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe

Plurality Majority Systems

…ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f

~ nªà©oj …òdG á«∏«ãªàdG ~YÉ≤ŸG áaÉμH õFÉØdG ΩÉ¶f

äÉ˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ ÚdhDƒ˘°ùŸG ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’ ¿É˘«˘˘MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘

.äÉ˘j’ƒ˘dG ‘h á˘«˘dGQ~˘˘Ø˘˘dGh á˘˘«˘˘∏ÙG á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG

π°üëj ¿CG õFÉØdG í°TôŸG øe ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg »° à≤jh

.á≤∏£ŸG hCG á«Ñ°ùædG ,äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG ≈∏Y

Policy Action äÉ°SÉ«°ùddG Ò«¨J √ÉŒÉH ∑ô–

øe áæq«©e á∏μ°ûe á÷É©Ÿ IòîàŸG äGƒ£ÿG ´ƒª›

.É¡∏«©ØJ hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG πj~©J ∫ÓN

Political Culture á«°SÉ«°S áaÉ≤K

πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉ©bƒàdGh äG~≤à©ŸGh ∞bGƒŸG ´ƒª›

äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉHh káeÉ˘Y ™˘ª˘àÛÉ˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äÉ˘¡˘Lƒ˘à˘dG

.á°UÉN

Political Landscape »°SÉ«°S ~¡°ûee

¤EG kIQÉ˘°TEG ,É˘gQÉ˘WEG ‘ á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G …ôŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG

‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG ‘ ÚWôîæŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G ∞∏àfl

.á≤£æŸG

Political Participation á«°SÉ«°S ácQÉ°ûee

º¡≤Mh ;âjƒ°üàdÉH Ú°ùæ÷G øe øj~°TGôdG qπc ≥M

‘ á˘˘˘cQÉ˘˘˘°ûŸG hCG á˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘˘MC’G AÉ˘˘˘˘°ûfEG ‘

á«©jô°ûàdG äÉÄ«¡dG QÉ«àNG ‘ º¡≤Mh ;É¡à£°ûfCG

.ádOÉYh IôM ájOÉY äÉHÉîàfG QÉWEG øª°V

Political Party »°SÉ«°S ÜõM

hCG AGQB’G º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘ªŒ ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

¢Vƒÿ É˘¡˘FÉ˘° YCG ¢ ©˘H ¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘jh ,É˘˘¡˘˘JGP ±G~˘˘gC’G

äÉHÉîàf’G √òg ‘ GhRƒØj ¿CG πeCG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G

.á«æ©ŸG Ö°UÉæŸG Gƒ∏¨°ûjh


Political Power á«°SÉ«°S á£∏°S

The means, influences, and pressures -including authority, rewards, and sanc-tions - available to achieve the objec-tives of the power-holder, especiallythose of government, the state, andcivil society organizations.

The right of people to participate inthe political life of their communitiesand society such as by voting for theirgovernment.

An individual who is involved in influ-encing public decision-making throughthe influence of politics. A politician isoften a person who is running foroffice or has won an election and isalready in office.

An officially-assigned location wherevoters go to cast their ballots under theauthority of election officials.

A person who may possibly back anadvocacy campaign, civic organization,or political platform. Following a SWOTanalysis or community mapping, anaction plan to conduct outreach to thisperson should be done.

An event planned by the campaign towhich the press is invited with the pur-pose to providing information aboutthe campaign or on a particular issue.

Information provided by the campaignto media outlets presenting the candi-dates position on a particular issue orevent. Press releases are often written inthe form of a news story.

øe ¬∏ªà– ÉÃ ,§¨° dGh ÒKCÉàdG äGhOCGh πFÉ°SƒdG

Iô˘aGƒ˘àŸG ÜÉ˘≤˘©˘dGh ÜGƒ˘ã˘dG º˘«˘gÉ˘Ø˘˘eh äÉ˘˘«˘˘MÓ˘˘°U

’ ,á£∏°ùdG ÜÉë°UCG Ég~°ûæj »àdG ±G~gC’G ≥«≤ëàd

äÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e π˘NGO Ö°UÉ˘æ˘e º˘¡˘æ˘e π˘¨˘°ûj ø˘e É˘ª˘«˘˘°S

.Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æeh ádh~dGh ºμ◊G

Political Rights á«°SÉ«°S ¥ƒ≤M

øª°V á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ‘ OGôaC’G ≥M

≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG ‘ º¡≤ëc ,º¡©ªà›h º¡JÉYÉªL

.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ º¡«∏ã‡ QÉ«àNG

Politician á°SÉ«°ùddG πLQ/»°SÉ«°S

äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj l¢üî°T

ƒgh .áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ∫ÓN øe áeÉ©dG

kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj hCG ,øq«©e mÖ°üæÃ RƒØ∏d kÉÑdÉZ í°TÎj

.ÜÉîàf’G ‘ √Rƒa ôKEG

Polling Place ´GÎb’G õcôe/¿Éμe

¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG √~˘°ü≤˘j ´GÎbÓ˘d kÉ˘«˘ª˘°SQ ¢ü°üfl ¿É˘μ˘˘e

ø˘˘Y ÚdhDƒ˘˘°ùŸG á˘˘£˘˘∏˘˘°S qπ˘˘X ‘ º˘˘¡˘˘JGƒ˘˘°UCÉ˘˘H A’OEÓ˘˘d

.äÉHÉîàf’G

Potential Supporter πªàfi ô°UÉæe

áª¶æe hCG á©aG~e á∏ªM …CG ºY~j ¿CG øμÁ …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

πªY á£N OG~YEG Q~éj ∂dòd .á«°SÉ«°S èeGôH hCG á«f~e

π«∏– AGôLEG Ö p≤Y ¿Éμ°ùdG øe áÄØdG √ò¡H ∫É°üJÓd

∞˘©˘° dGh Iƒ˘≤˘dG •É˘≤˘f º˘«˘«˘≤˘à˘d á˘∏˘«˘°Sh ƒ˘gh) ''äGƒ˘°S''

.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉeƒ≤e ~j~– hCG (ôWÉıGh ¢UôØdGh

Press Conference »Øë°U ô“Dƒe

¬«dEG ¿ƒY~o«a á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe √ q~©j ç~M

øY hCG á∏ª◊G øY mäÉeƒ∏©Ã ºg~jhõàd Ú«aÉë°üdG

.áæ«©e á«° b

Press Release »Øë°U ¿É«H

π˘FÉ˘°Sh ∫hÉ˘æ˘à˘e ‘ á˘∏˘ª◊G É˘¡˘©˘° J »˘à˘dG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘˘©ŸG

ç~M hCG á«° b øe í°TôŸG ∞bƒe í°Vƒj ÉÃ ,ΩÓYE’G

å«M øe ,»Øë°üdG ¿É«ÑdG òîàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .øq«©e

.…QÉÑNE’G CÉÑædG πμ°T ,¬à¨«°U


Print Media /´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG

áYƒÑ£ŸG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

Print media is any part of the massmedia using the written word and/orstill pictures, such as newspapers andmagazines, as opposed to electronicmedia that uses the spoken wordand/or video.

The propagation of ideas and informationfor the purpose of influencing or intensi-fying certain attitudes and behavior.

Parties having representation in a legis-lature in proportion to the number oftheir voters in the election.

Of or having to do with the people as awhole, or something that is made view-able to all, something that is open.

One of several tactics used as part ofAdvocacy Campaigns, whereby a publicevent is organized to attract attention toan issue. Such actions may include ral-lies, demostrations, street theater, etc.

Funds provided by the government toreimburse expenses incurred by candi-dates and political parties to seek election.

Session at which citizens present theirviews on a specific matter to a govern-ment body.

Any official or employee of the State orits agencies, including those who havebeen selected, appointed, or elected toperform activities or functions in thename of the State or in the service ofthe State, at any level of its hierarchy.

ø˘e iô˘NCG á˘∏˘«˘°Sh …CG hCG á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùŸG äÓÛGh ∞˘ë˘°üdG

IQƒ˘°üdG hCG/h á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG π˘ª˘©˘à˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh

πª©à°ùj …òdG ÊhÎμd’G ΩÓYE’G ™e É¡d káfQÉ≤e ,I~eÉ÷G

.ƒj~«ØdG hCG/h áYƒª°ùŸG áª∏μdG

Propaganda á«FÉYO QÉÑNCG hCG QÉμaCG/G~æZÉHhôH

¢ ©H ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh QÉμaC’G ô°ûf

.É¡à«ÑãJ hCG äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdGh ∞bGƒŸG

Proportional Representation

»Ñ°ùæædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f

á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG π˘NGO ÜGõ˘MC’G π˘«˘ã“ ø qeDƒ˘j …ò˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘˘dG

»˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘Ñ˘°ùf ™˘e Ö°SÉ˘æ˘à˘dÉ˘H á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘˘dG

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ÜõM qπc É¡«∏Y π°üëj

PublicΩÉY

‘ ™°Vƒj Ée qπc hCG ,qπμc Ö©°ûdÉH ábÓY ¬d Ée qπc

.™«ªé∏d kÉMÉàe ¿ƒμj hCG ™«ª÷G ∫hÉæàe

Public Action ΩÉY ∑ô–

QÉ˘WEG ‘ ò˘ nî˘nà˘oJ »˘à˘dG á˘«˘μ˘«˘à˘μ˘à˘dG äGƒ˘£ÿG i~˘MEG

áÑ°SÉæe hCG ç~M º«¶æJ …ôéj å«M ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM

.áæq«©e á«° b ¤EG Ö©°ûdG √ÉÑàfG âØd πLCG øe áeÉY

äÉfÉLô¡ŸÉc ∫Éμ°TCG I~Y ∑ôëàdG Gòg òîàj ¿CG øμÁh

.É¡«dEG Éeh ´QGƒ°ûdG ‘ á«Mô°ùŸG ¢Vhô©dGh äGÒ°ùŸGh

Public Funding/Public Financing

»eƒμM πjƒ“/ΩÉY πjƒ“

Úë°TôŸG ¤EG áeƒμ◊G É¡e~≤J »àdG ∫GƒeC’ÉH πãªàj

»àdG äÉ≤ØædG á«£¨J πLCG øe á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûe AGôL É¡fh~Ñμàj

Public Hearing áeÉ©dG ´Éªà°S’G á°ù∏∏L

i~MEG ¤EG ºgAGQBG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG É¡«a Ω q~≤j »àdG á°ù∏÷G

.áæq«©e á«° b ∫ƒM á«eƒμ◊G äÉÄ«¡dG

¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG ÚØXƒŸG hCG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

º˘¡˘«˘a øÃ ,á˘«˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG i~˘˘MEG hCG á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G i~˘˘d

øe º¡HÉîàfG hCG º¡æ««©J hCG ºgQÉ«àNG qºàj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G

ká˘e~˘N hCG á˘eƒ˘μ◊G º˘°SÉ H ΩÉ˘¡ŸG hCG á˘£˘°ûfC’G ò˘«˘Ø˘æ˘J π˘˘LCG

.á«eô¡dG áÑ«cÎdG √òg ‘ º¡©bƒe ¿Éc kÉjCG ,É¡◊É°üŸ

Public Official »ª°SQ/»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùee


Public Opinion Research

ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG

Using focus groups and / or surveys togather qualitative or quantitative dataabout citizens’ opinions in order toshape policy and program responses.

The result of interactions between dif-ferent groups and parties about thecourse of action that should be taken.These decisions are ultimately codifiedby government, usually legislatures, andthen put into practice and monitored bycivil society organizations, activists and,citizens.

äÉ˘˘˘˘°SGQ~˘˘˘˘dG hCG/h õ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘cÎdG äÉ˘˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘ª› ΩG~˘˘˘˘î˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘˘°SG

hCG á˘«˘Yƒ˘æ˘dG äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG ™˘˘ª˘˘L ™˘˘aG~˘˘H á˘˘«˘˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°S’G

™°Vh ¤EG kÉ«©°S ∂dPh ,ÚæWGƒŸG AGQBG ∫ƒM á«ªμdG

.áMhô£ŸG èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™e º¡HhÉŒ i~Ÿ Q qƒ°üJ

Public Policy áeÉY äÉ°SÉ«°S

äÉYƒªÛG ∞∏àfl ÚH ºFÉ≤dG πYÉØàdG áé«àf »JCÉJ

.ÉgPÉîJG Öéj »àdG äGƒ£ÿG QÉ°ùe ¿CÉ°ûH ÜGõMC’Gh

äÉ˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG …CG , kGÒNCGh k’hCG º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e Ωƒ˘˘≤˘˘Jh

É¡©° J »àdG äGQGô≤dG √òg ™jô°ûàH ,kIOÉY á«©jô°ûàdG

Ée ‘ ¿ƒæWGƒŸGh ¿ƒ£°TÉædGh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

.áÑbGôª∏d É¡© p° îoJh ≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ~©H


QQuotaá°üM/ÉJƒc

A number or percentage, especially of acertain gender, ethnic group, minority,or unprivileged people, constituting arequired or targeted minimum so thatthe targeted groups fill the assignednumber of seats.

hCG Ú°ùæ÷G ~MCG ¤EG ká°UÉN I~FÉ©dG áÑ°ùædG hCG O~©dG

äÉÄØdG hCG äÉ«∏bC’G hCG á«æKE’G äÉYƒªÛG i~MEG

hCG Üƒ˘∏˘˘£ŸG ≈˘˘fOC’G ~◊G π˘ qμ˘˘°ûJ »˘˘à˘˘dGh ,á˘˘ehôÙG

π¨°ûJ ¿CG øe áa~¡à°ùŸG äÉYƒªÛG Úμªàd Oƒ°ûæŸG

.É¡d Oƒ°UôŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y


RRacismájô°üæY

Animosity toward other races: preju-dice or animosity against people whobelong to other races.

An organized gathering intended toinspire enthusiasm for a cause. Politicaland advocacy campaigns often hold ral-lies in support of their candidate orissue to energize their base of support-ers. Generally, people brought togetherby the rally organizers are will alreadybe supporters, but the event mayreceive press coverage and therebyinfluence other voters. Rallies can alsobe used to raise funds.

The legal process of submitting to thevoters for their approval or rejection ofproposed state or local laws or constitu-tional amendments.

Change intended to improve a currentsystem by correcting faults, removinginconsistencies and abuses, and impos-ing modern values or methods. Reformis not a revolution, but seeks incremen-tal change. Such reform could include amore robust role for marginalizedgroups such as women or minoritygroups.

¤EG ¿ƒ˘ª˘à˘æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G √ÉŒ AG~˘©˘dÉ˘H Qƒ˘˘©˘˘°T

.áØ∏àfl ¥GôYCG

Rally (»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e

á«° b ∫ƒM á°SÉª◊G ∫É©°TEG ±~¡H º s¶æoj …òdG ™ qªéàdG

äÓª◊Gh á©aG~ŸG äÓªM »«ëoJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .áæq«©e

hCG É˘¡˘ë˘°Tô˘e º˘YO π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ‘ äÉ˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸG á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG

.øjô°UÉæŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH •É°ûædGh ájƒ«◊G qåHh É¡à«° b

äÉfÉLô¡ŸG ƒª q¶æe πª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G q¿CG lí«ë°Uh

q¿CG q’EG ,øjô°UÉæŸG OG~Y ‘ kÓ°UCG ¿hÈà©oj º¡©ªL ≈∏Y

øjôNBG ÚÑNÉf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ íéæj ~b ç~◊G Gòg

í∏°üjh .É¡H ≈¶ëj »àdG á«eÓYE’G á«£¨àdG π° ØH

.äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG äÉfÉLô¡ŸG º«¶æJ

Referendum ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG

hCG »∏fi ¿ƒfÉb ¢VôY í«àJ »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG á«∏ª©dG

hCG ¬«∏Y Gƒ≤aGƒ«d ÚæWGƒŸG ≈∏Y …Qƒà°SO πj~©J

.√ƒ° aôj

ReformìÓ°UEG

øe ¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG ΩÉ¶ædG Ú°ù– ¤EG »eôj …òdG Ò«¨àdG

á˘˘dGREGh ,¬˘˘Hƒ˘˘°ûJ »˘˘à˘˘dG AÉ˘˘£˘˘˘NC’G í˘˘˘«˘˘˘ë˘˘˘°üJ ∫Ó˘˘˘N

º«≤dG ¢Vôah ,¬«a áæeÉμdG π∏ÿG ¬LhCGh äÉ° bÉæàdG

»˘eô˘j ’ ìÓ˘°UE’Gh .¬˘«˘˘∏˘˘Y Iô˘˘°UÉ˘˘©ŸG π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sƒ˘˘dG hCG

~jõŸG ∫ÉNOEG ¤EG ≈©°ùj É‰EG IQƒK çG~MEG ¤EG ¬à©«Ñ£H

QhO õjõ©J á«fÉμeEG kÉ° jCG πªàëjh äGÒ«¨àdG øe

.äÉ«∏bC’G hCG AÉ°ùædÉc á°ûª¡ŸG äÉÄØdG ¢ ©H


Representative Ö©°ûddG πã‡

An individual nominated or elected torepresent the concerns of others or tomake decisions on behalf of others. Arepresentative could also be an advocatewho represents a specific issue or policy.

A government in which the adult citi-zens of the country vote to elect thecountry’s leaders who will work ontheir behalf. These elected leaders makethe governmental decisions.

A political system or form of govern-ment in which people elect representa-tives to exercise power on their behalf.

All the information that will influencethis election that your campaign canfind. This may include informationabout the election rules, the district, thevoters, past elections, this election, yourcandidate, and any viable opponents.Research is the first step in puttingtogether a campaign strategy and plan.

Someone who lives at a particular placefor a prolonged period or who wasborn there.

A governing or reigning power or aperiod during which a person or groupreigns or governs. It is also the exerciseof authority or control.

Governance system in which no one isabove the law, not even the government.This requires an independent judiciary,transparent and moral laws and legal sys-tem, and non-arbitrary or unbiasedapplication of laws.

øY ÜGôYEÓd ¬HÉîàfG hCG ¬æ««©J qºàj …òdG OôØdG

≈qæ°ùàjh .º¡ª°SÉH äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’ hCG øjôNB’G Ωƒªg

ø˘Y ´É˘a~˘dG ™˘bƒ˘e ò˘î˘˘à˘˘j ¿CG kÉ˘˘° jCG Ö©˘˘°ûdG π˘˘ã˘˘ªŸ

.É¡◊É°üŸ kÓ«ã“ áæq«©e á°SÉ«°S hCG á«° b

Representative Democracy

á«∏«ã“ á«WGô≤ÁO

A’OE’G øj~°TGôdG ÚæWGƒª∏d í«àj …òdG ºμ◊G ΩÉ¶f

¿ƒ°SQÉÁ øjòdG ~∏ÑdG IOÉb ÜÉîàfG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH

ºg ¿ƒÑîàæŸG IOÉ≤dG A’Dƒ¡a .Ö©°ûdG º°SÉH º¡ªμM

.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGQGô≤dG ¿hòîàj øjòdG

RepublicájQƒ¡ªL

Ö©°û∏d í«àj ºμ◊G ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T hCG »°SÉ«°S lΩÉ¶f

.¬æY áHÉ«ædÉH á£∏°ùdG Gƒ°SQÉª«d ¬«∏ã‡ Öîàæj ¿CG

ResearchçÉÉëHCG

Égƒ©ªéj ¿CG á∏ª◊G »ª¶æŸ ≈qæ°ùàj »àdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc

ø˘ª˘° à˘J ~˘bh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G iô› ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘KDƒ˘J »˘à˘dGh

á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dGh ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ø˘Y mäÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©˘e

,á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’Gh á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’Gh ÚÑNÉædGh

¿CG πHÉ≤dG ¬«°ùaÉæeh í°TôŸG øY mäÉeƒ∏©e ¤EG káaÉ°VEG

≈∏Y ¤hC’G Iƒ£ÿG πqμ°ûJ çÉëHC’G √ò¡a .RƒØdG Gƒ≤≤ëj

.É¡à£N OG~YEGh á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG ™°Vh ≥jôW

Residentº«≤e

øe á∏jƒW I~Ÿ øq«©e ¿Éμe ‘ ¢û«©j …òdG OôØdG

.¿ÉμŸG Gòg ‘ ~dƒj …òdG hCG øeõdG

Rule ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡/ºμM

§°ùÑJ hCG ºμ– »àdG á£∏°ùdG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G ~MCG É¡«a ¤ƒàj »àdG IÎØdG hCG ,ÉgPƒØf

kÉ° jCG »æ©j ƒgh .á£∏°ùdG ~«dÉ≤e äÉYƒªÛG i~MEG

.Iô£«°ùdG §°ùH hCG á£∏°ùdG á°SQÉ‡

Rule of Law ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ºμM

á£∏°ùd ™«ª÷G É¡«a ™° îj »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fCG øe ΩÉ¶f

¿CG øe q~H ’ ,∂dòd .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe º¡«a øÃ ,¿ƒfÉ≤dG

õ«ªàj ¿CGh ,á∏≤à°ùe á«FÉ° b á£∏°ùH ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg ™àªàj

øY OÉ©àH’ÉH ∂dòch ÊƒfÉ≤dG ¬eÉ¶fh ¬æ«fGƒb á«aÉØ°ûH

.ÚfGƒ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J ‘ RÉ«ëf’Gh á«HÉ°ùæà°S’G


SSectarianismá«ØFÉW

A strong or excessive devotion to a par-ticular form of religion, often leading toa resolute prejudice against other beliefs,which can be transformed into specificpolitical action against certain groups.

The ability to decide one's own fate orcourse of action without compulsion;free will; freedom of the people of agiven area to determine their own politi-cal status; independence.

School-based program that integratescitizenship values into education byinvolving students in communityservice, often as a requirement forgraduation.

Only one political party is legally allowedto hold effective power. Although minorparties may sometimes be allowed, theyare legally required to accept the leader-ship of the dominant party. This partymay not always be, however, identical tothe government, although sometimespositions within the party may in fact bemore important than positions withinthe government.

‘ Oƒ≤j ,áæ«©e áfÉjO hCG ÖgòÃ •ôØe hCG ~j~°T ∂ q°ù“

äG~≤à©ŸG q~°V á≤Ñ°ùŸG ΩÉμMC’G ¥ÓWEG ¤EG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG

ΩÉ«≤dG ¤EG ¬ÑMÉ°U qôéj ~b …òdG QGô°UE’G ¢ ©ÑH iôNC’G

.äÉYƒªÛG ¢ ©H ¬Lh ‘ O~fi »°SÉ«°S ∑ qôëàH

Self-Determination Ò°üŸG ôjô≤J

QÉ°ùe hCG √Ò°üe Qô≤j ¿CG ≈∏Y (~∏ÑdG hCG) OôØdG IQ~b

Gòg »æ©jh ;√GôcEG …CG ¿hO øe √~jôj …òdG ∑ôëàdG

~LGƒàŸG Ö©°ûdG nájôMh ;Iô◊G IOGQE’G kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG

»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ¬˘©˘bƒ˘e O~˘ë˘j ¿CG ‘ á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘≤˘˘£˘˘æ˘˘e ‘

. ná«dÓ≤à°S’Gh ;¢UÉÿG

Service Learning ‘ •Gôîf’G ≥jôW øY º«∏©J

á«f~ŸG áe~ÿG

º˘«˘b êGQOEG ≈˘∏˘Y Ωƒ˘≤˘j ¢SQG~ŸG ‘ ~˘ª˘à˘©˘e è˘˘eÉ˘˘fô˘˘H

ΩÉ˘˘ë˘˘bEG ∫Ó˘˘N ø˘˘e á˘˘jƒ˘˘HÎdG è˘˘˘eGÈdG ‘ á˘˘˘«˘˘˘æ˘˘˘WGƒŸG

ø˘e m•ô˘˘°ûc ,»˘˘∏ÙG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG á˘˘e~˘˘N ‘ Iò˘˘eÓ˘˘à˘˘dG

.¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ êôîàdG •hô°T

Single-Party System ~MGƒdG Üõ◊G ΩÉ¶f

kÉ«∏©a ¤ƒàj ¿CG ‘ ~MGh »°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ kÉfƒfÉb ≥ëj

kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘MCG í˘ª˘°ùj ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘˘≤˘˘dG q¿CG º˘˘ZQh .º˘˘μ◊G ~˘˘«˘˘dÉ˘˘≤˘˘e

É¡e põ∏j ƒ¡a ,ºμ◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH kÉªéM ô¨°UCG ÜGõMC’

Gòg qøμdh .ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G IOÉ«≤H πÑ≤J ¿CG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘

º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e ™˘˘e kÉ˘˘ehO ≈˘˘gÉ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘˘j ’ ~˘˘˘b Üõ◊G

π˘NGO ¢ ©˘Ñ˘dG É˘¡˘∏˘¨˘°ûj »˘à˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG q¿CG QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YÉ˘˘H

É˘¡˘fƒ˘∏˘¨˘°ûj »˘à˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘MCG ¥ƒ˘Ø˘J ~˘˘b Üõ◊G

.É¡à«ªgCG å«M øe ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πNGO


Sit-inΩÉ°üàYG

A form of protest in which peoplegather at a particular place (such as anoffice, court of law, etc.) and refuse toleave until their demands are heardand/or met.

This is a short phrase that voters mayremember to identify the candidate orcampaign. A slogan is not a message.

In the reporting of television news, a veryshort statement, lasting no more than afew seconds, that tries to convey a specif-ic idea, image, or perception that willattract the viewing audience’s attention.

The right to be politically independentand to have political and military con-trol over an area of governance withoutexternal interference.

Usually prepared remarks given orally toa group of people or a large audience.

A person or group with a direct inter-est, involvement, or investment in aparticular issue. For example, employ-ees, stockholders, and customers of abusiness concern.

Research of the problems and interests ofmembers of a certain community whichpoliticians or civic groups may wish toinfluence or engage. Such an analysis is acommon first step in the development ofparty platforms or advocacy campaigns.

A region where people inhabit a specif-ic geographic area and who live under acommon legal and political authority.

¢UÉî°TCÓd í«àJ »àdG êÉéàM’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T

hCG ô˘FGh~˘dG i~˘MEG Üô˘b) ø˘q«˘©˘e ™˘bƒ˘˘e ‘ n™˘˘ qª˘˘é˘˘à˘˘dG

´É˘ª˘à˘°S’G ÚM ¤EG ¬˘JQOÉ˘¨˘˘e ¢ aQh (kÓ˘˘ã˘˘e º˘˘cÉÙG

.É¡à«Ñ∏J hCG/h º¡ÑdÉ£Ÿ

SloganQÉ©°T

,á∏ª◊G hCG í°TôŸG á«gÉÃ ÚÑNÉædG ô qcòJ IÒ°üb á∏ªL

.ádÉ°SôdG øY ∞∏àîj QÉ©°ûdG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G ™e

Sound Bite áfÉfQ IQÉÑY hCG á∏ªL

(¿É«H hCG ÜÉ£N ‘)

.IõØ∏àe ájQÉÑNEG Iô°ûf ‘ O pôJ ájÉ¨∏d áÑ° à≤e á∏ªL

¿CG ¤EG m¿GƒK ™° H RhÉéàJ ’ »àdG á∏ª÷G √òg ≈©°ùJh

âØ∏J áæq«©e ô¶f á¡Lh hCG IQƒ°U hCG Iôμa π≤æJ

.øj~gÉ°ûŸG Qƒ¡ªL √ÉÑàfG

SovereigntyIOÉ«°S

‘ …CG ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘«˘dÓ˘≤˘à˘°S’É˘H ™˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG ‘ ≥◊G

»°SÉ«°ùdG Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y ºμ◊G øjOÉ«e ~MCG Ò«°ùJ

.»LQÉN πN~J …CG øY kG~«©H …ôμ°ù©dGh

SpeechÜÉ£N

≈∏Y kÉ«¡Ø°T ¢V nô©oJ »àdG I q~ n©oŸG äÉ¶MÓŸÉH kIOÉY πãªàj

.Ú©ªà°ùŸG øe ~°ûM ≈∏Y hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›

Stakeholder ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG

‘ Iô°TÉÑe áë∏°üe º¡j~d ¿ƒμj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G

º¡JGQ~b ¿ƒØXƒj hCG É¡«a ¿ƒWôîæj hCG ,áæq«©e á«° b

»∏eÉMh ÚØXƒŸG ∫Éãe ≈∏Y ,ô°TÉÑe m πμ°ûH É¡«a

.Ée kÓªY ¿ƒWÉ©àj øjòdG øFÉHõdGh äG~æ°ùdG

Stakeholder Analysis π«∏–/á«∏«∏– á°SGQO

ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG øY

¢ ©H AÉæHCÉH á£ÑJôŸG ídÉ°üŸGh πcÉ°ûŸG ∫ƒM åëÑdG

ÖZô˘j ~˘b »˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉ˘˘©˘˘ª˘˘àÛG hCG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª÷G

hCG É¡«∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG hCG á°SÉ°ùdG

ácÎ°ûe á«dhCG Iƒ£îc π«∏ëàdG Gòg »JCÉjh .É¡cGô°TEG

.á©aG~ŸG äÓªM hCG á«Hõ◊G èeGÈdG OG~YEG ∫É› ‘

¿ƒ©° îj ¢UÉî°TCG É¡æ£≤j IO~fi á«aGô¨L á≤£æe

.ácÎ°ûe á«°SÉ«°Sh á«fƒfÉb á£∏°ùd

Stateáj’h


Strategic Planning »é««JGÎ°SG §«£îJ

A meeting, or short series of meetings,of civic organizations or a coalition andkey advisors that will gather the neces-sary information and determine theoverall strategy of the campaign. Thisstrategy must be written down in theform of an advocacy campaign plan.

The approach, written into the cam-paign plan, of what the campaign willdo from this point to the end of theproposed advocacy campaign.

Detailed descrption of a civic organiza-tion’s guilding principles, codes of con-duct, as well as hiring and grievanceprocedures.

When a candidate or campaign contin-ues to deliver the same message ortheme at every opportunity. Often theopponent will try to pull the campaignoff their message.

Voters and others who have been iden-tified by the campaign as people whowill vote for the candidate or party in anelection.

An analysis tool focusing on theStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,and Threats in the immediate politicalenvironment. Conducting this activityhelps a civic organization or campaignunderstand constraints and resourceswhen planning strategies and activities.

Ég~≤©J »àdG äÉYÉªàL’G øe á∏°ù∏°S hCG l´ÉªàLG

Rô˘HCG ™˘e á˘«˘aÓ˘à˘˘FG á˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘c …CG hCG á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG

~j~–h ájQhô° dG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ªL ±~¡H øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG

√òg áZÉ«°U øe ~H ’h .qπμc á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG

.á©aG~ŸG á∏ª◊ má£N πμ°T ≈∏Y kÉ«£N á«é«JGÎ°S’G

Strategyá«é««JGÎ°SG

á£°ûfC’G ∫ƒM á∏ª◊G á£N É¡æª° àJ »àdG áHQÉ≤ŸG

ájÉ¨dh IQƒcòŸG á∏MôŸG øe á∏ª◊G ÉgòØæà°S »àdG

.áMÎ≤ŸG á©aG~ŸG á∏ªM

Statute /»°SÉ°SCG ΩÉ¶f hCG ¿ƒfÉb

πª©dG ¿ƒfÉb

∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~YGƒbh á«¡«LƒàdG ÇOÉÑŸG π«°üØàdÉH ∞°üj

,ihÉμ°ûdGh ∞«XƒàdÉH á≤∏©àŸG äGAGôLE’G ∂dòch

.á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸG øe áª¶æe q…CG i~d á©ÑqàŸG

Stay on Message /ádÉ°SôdG QGôμJ hCG OGOôJ

ádÉ°SôdÉH ΩGõàdG

»ª¶æe hCG í°TôŸG QGôªà°SG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

Éª∏c ¬JGP ¿ƒª° ŸG hCG É¡JGP ádÉ°SôdG π≤f ‘ á∏ª◊G

q¿CG ÉÃh º°üÿG ∫hÉëj Ée kÉÑdÉ¨a .á°UôØdG âëæ°S

øe á∏ª◊G Æ pôØoj ¿CG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ∫hÉëj º°üÿG

.É¡àdÉ°SQh É¡fƒª° e

Supporters¿hô°UÉæe/¿h~jDƒe

‘ á∏ª◊G º¡Øqæ°üJ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ÒZh ¿ƒÑNÉædG

Üõ◊G hCG í°Tôª∏d ¿ƒYÎ≤j øjòdG m ¢UÉî°TC’G ±É°üe

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘

SWOT Analysis ''äGƒ°S'' π«∏–

∞©° dGh Iƒ≤dG •É≤f π«∏–

ôWÉıGh ¢UôØdGh

∞˘©˘° dGh Iƒ˘≤˘dG •É˘≤˘f ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘ qcô˘J π˘«˘∏˘ë˘à˘∏˘˘d IGOCG

á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘Ä˘«˘Ñ˘dG ‘ á˘æ˘FÉ˘μ˘dG ô˘WÉıGh ¢Uô˘Ø˘˘dGh

áª¶æe hCG á∏ªM …CG •É°ûædG Gòg ~YÉ°ùjh .I~FÉ°ùdG

§£ÿG OG~YEG ~æY OQGƒŸGh Oƒ«≤dG ~°UQ ‘ á«f~e

.á£°ûfC’G º«¶æJh á«é«JGÎ°S’G


SyndicateáHÉ≤f

Representative organization whosegoal is to advocate on behalf of itsmembers - often workers within cer-tain fields. Syndicates may also havepolitical affiliations which influencetheir lobbying efforts.

ø˘Y á˘©˘aG~ŸG ¤EG ±~˘¡˘J á˘«˘∏˘«˘ã“ á˘Ø˘°U äGP á˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘e

~bh .áæq«©e øjOÉ«e ‘ ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG É¡FÉ° YCG ídÉ°üe

Oƒ¡÷G ≈∏Y ôqKDƒJ á«HõM äGAÉªàfG äÉHÉ≤æ∏d ¿ƒμj

.ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ≈∏Y §¨° dG ¢Vô©e ‘ É¡dòÑJ »àdG


TTactics

á«μ«àμJ äGƒ£N

A procedure or set of maneuversengaged in to achieve an end, an aim,or a goal.

Citizens whom the campaign believesare most likely to be persuaded by thecampaign’s message and thus providesupport - possibly decision-makerswho have the authority to address theissues of the campaign.

An institution designed to conductresearch on issues of public concernand develop potential areas for policyresponses. Considered part of civilsociety, these organizations serve toinform both citizens and governmenton relevant political and civic trendsin a society.

One of the three resources every advo-cacy campaign has, the other two beingpeople and money. It is important todetermine how much time each cam-paign activity will take and plan for it.Unlike the other two resources, time isthe one resource that cannot easily beregained.

É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘j »˘à˘dG äGQhÉ˘˘æŸG á˘˘∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°S hCG ÒHG~˘˘à˘˘dG

.IOƒ°ûæŸG ±G~gC’G hCG äÉjÉ¨dG ≥«≤ëàd É¡HÉë°UCG

Target Audience ± n~¡à°ùee Qƒ¡ªL

á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘H º˘¡˘YÉ˘æ˘bEG π˘HÉ˘≤˘dG Úæ˘WGƒŸG ´ƒ˘˘ª›

»ª¶æe OÉ≤àYG Ö°ùëH ,É¡d ºY~dG Ë~≤àH kÉ«dÉJh

»˘©˘fÉ˘°U kÉ˘° jCG qº˘° j Qƒ˘¡˘˘ª÷G Gò˘˘g qπ˘˘©˘˘dh .á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G

á÷É©e ‘ ,º¡à£∏°S ºμëH ,¿ƒëéæj øjòdG QGô≤dG

.á∏ª◊G É¡Mô£J »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dG

Think Tank ÒμØàdG äÉYƒª›

ÉjÉ° ≤dG á°SGQO ¤EG »eôJ »àdG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG ~gÉ©ŸG

É¡à÷É©Ÿ á∏ªàÙG ∫ƒ∏◊G ìGÎbGh ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG äGP

√òg I~FÉa øªμJh .áMhô£ŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QÉWEG øª°V

‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øe kGAõL πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉª¶æŸG

≈˘˘∏˘˘Y º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘ p∏˘˘˘£˘˘˘oJ É˘˘˘¡˘˘˘fCG

‘ I~FÉ°ùdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉgÉŒ’Gh á«f~ŸG äÉ¡LƒàdG

.IQƒcòŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ∫É«M ™ªàÛG

Time âbƒdG πeÉY

äÓ˘ª˘M É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J »˘à˘dG á˘KÓ˘˘ã˘˘dG OQGƒŸG ~˘˘MCG

OQGƒŸÉH ¿Óãªàj øjôNB’G øjOQƒŸG ¿CG kÉª∏Y ,á©aG~ŸG

O~˘˘ë˘˘j ¿CG ≥˘˘ahC’G ø˘˘e ,∂dò˘˘d .á˘˘«˘˘˘dÉŸGh á˘˘˘jô˘˘˘°ûÑ˘˘˘dG

ø˘e •É˘°ûf qπ˘c ¬˘bô˘¨˘à˘°ùj …ò˘˘dG âbƒ˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG

.¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Y á£ÿG OG~YEGh ,á∏ª◊G á£°ûfCG

¬YÉLÎ°SG Q qò©àj …òdG ~«MƒdG OQƒŸG ƒg âbƒdGh

.øjôNB’G øjOQƒŸG ±ÓN ≈∏Y


Tolerance ôNB’G ∫ƒÑb/íeÉ°ùJJ

Acceptance of different views and fair-ness toward the people who hold thesedifferent views. In political terms, thisconcept is often highlighted to encour-age diverse political interest groups toaccommodate one another based on asense of equality.

Gathering citizens linked by geographyor a common interest to meet withpublic officials to discuss pre-deter-mined issues and express their views.

In political and civic life, transparencyis the opposite of privacy; an activity istransparent if all information about it isfreely available. Transparency impliesthat citizens must be able to “seethrough” its workings, to know exactlywhat goes on when public officials,CSOs, or campaign activists transactbusiness. This concept is often thefocus, directly or indirectly, of civicadvocacy campaigns towards govern-ment reform.

qπμH É˘¡˘HÉ˘ë˘°UCG ™˘e »˘WÉ˘©˘à˘dGh á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘àŸG AGQB’G ∫ƒ˘Ñ˘b

Gòg ≈∏Y Aƒ° dG §«∏°ùJ qºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZh .O qôŒh ∫G~àYG

äÉYƒªÛG q¢ ◊ ,»°SÉ«°ùdG ¬dƒd~e å«M øe ,Ωƒ¡ØŸG

™e ∞q«μàdG ≈∏Y áYƒæàŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üŸG äGP

.IGhÉ°ùŸÉH ÉgQƒ©°T øe kÉbÓ£fG ¢ ©ÑdG É¡° ©H

Town Hall Meeting ™«ª÷G ΩÉeCG ìƒàØe ΩÉY ´ÉªàLG

hCG á«aGô¨÷G §HGhôdG º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG AÉ≤àdG

á°ûbÉæŸ Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ™e ácÎ°ûŸG ídÉ°üŸG

.º¡FGQBG øY ÒÑ©àdGh kÉØ∏°S IO~ÙG ÉjÉ° ≤dG

Transparencyá«aÉØ°T

á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ á«°Uƒ°üÿG ¢ùμY »g á«aÉØ°ûdG

ìÉ˘à˘oj ÚM á˘˘«˘˘aÉ˘˘Ø˘˘°ûdÉ˘˘H •É˘˘°ûf …CG º˘˘°ùà˘˘jh .á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸGh

á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc ≈∏Y ájôëH ´ÓW’G ™«ªé∏d

π˘° Ø˘H ,¿ƒ˘æ˘˘WGƒŸG ø˘˘qμ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘j ¿CG …Qhô˘˘° dG ø˘˘ª˘˘a .¬˘˘H

,QƒeC’G iô› ''ìƒ°Vh qπμH Gƒæq«Ñàj'' ¿CG øe ,á«aÉØ°ûdG

¿ƒ«ª°SôdG ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG Ωƒ≤j ∞«c §Ñ° dÉH Gƒaô©j ¿CGh

á°SQÉªÃ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe äÓªM ‘ ¿ƒ£°TÉædGh

≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM õ qcôJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .º¡dÉªYCG

.ºμ◊G ìÓ°UEG √ÉŒÉH É¡æe kÉ©aO Ωƒ¡ØŸG Gòg


U

Unconstitutional /…Qƒà°SO ÒZ

Qƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMC’ m±Éæe

Without favor or blame, objective.

Not allowed by, or against, the princi-ples set down in a constitution.

An organization of workers formed topromote common goals on issues suchas wages, hours, and working conditions.Although the political structure of theunion varies, union leadership is usuallyformed through democratic elections.Unions, especially with national chapters,can be influential in local and nationalelections. Candidates often seek theendorsements of unions with the expec-tation that all the union’s membershipwill vote for the union’s official preferredcandidate.

¢Uƒ°üæŸG ÇOÉÑŸG ÖLƒÃ ,¬H ìƒª°ùe ÒZ ¿Éc Ée

.ÇOÉÑŸG √òg ¬àØdÉı hCG Qƒà°S~dG ‘ É¡«∏Y

Unbiased RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe ÒZ

õq«ªàjh ôNBG ¿hO m±ô£d káeÓe hCG kÓ«e …~Ñj ’ øe

.á«Yƒ°VƒŸÉH

UnionáHÉ≤f

±G~gCG ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ á«dÉª©dG áÄ«¡dG √òg CÉ°ûæJ

,πª©dG äÉYÉ°Sh ,QƒLC’ÉH ≥∏©àJ πFÉ°ùe ∫ƒM ácÎ°ûe

á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘¡˘dG ∫ q~˘Ñ˘J º˘ZQh .π˘ª˘©˘dG ±hô˘Xh

É¡«a á˘jOÉ˘«˘≤˘dG õ˘cGôŸG π qμ˘°ûà˘J ,á˘«˘dÉ˘ª˘©˘dG äGOÉ–Ó˘d

√òg âfÉc ÉŸh .á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ÓN øe kIOÉY

≈∏Y m π«ãªàH ≈¶– »àdG ∂∏J Éª«°S ’ ,äGOÉ–’G

äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ≈˘∏˘Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘J ,»˘æ˘Wƒ˘dG iƒ˘à˘°ùŸG

¤EG ¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG ≈˘©˘°ùj É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘ ˘a ,á˘«˘æ˘Wƒ˘dGh á˘«˘∏ÙG

É˘gAÉ˘° YCG q¿CÉ˘ H º˘¡˘æ˘e kÉ˘æ˘X ,É˘ ˘¡˘ ˘ª˘ ˘YO ≈˘ ˘∏˘ ˘Y ∫ƒ˘ ˘°ü◊G

.É¡«a ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG i~d π q° ØŸG í°Tôª∏d º¡q∏c ¿ƒJ qƒ°ü«°S


Valuesºn«

pb

VThe core priorities of a citizen, a civilsociety organization’s or campaign’sorganizing culture, including whatdrives members’ priorities and howthey truly act.

Vivid description of the sort of changea civil society organization or advocacycampaign aims to achieve. The visionstatement serves to both motivatemembers and also to recruit new sup-porters to the cause.

A support of a campaign or issue, whogenerally spends some of his/her timehelping the campaign without beingpaid a salary.

An essential and on-going process forany civic organization or campaign.Recruitment provides an opportunityfor individual citizens to voice their sup-port of particular policies or initiatives,while also providing vital humanresources to a campaign or organization.

Choice by an elector about a party,candidate, or issue, expressed througha ballot at an election or a referendum.Also action taken by legislators or par-liamentarians in the course of deter-mining policy.

¬˘˘JÉ˘˘jƒ˘˘dhCG º˘˘∏˘˘°S ‘ ø˘˘WGƒŸG É˘˘¡˘˘LQ~˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG ÇOÉ˘˘˘ÑŸG

hCG äÉª¶˘æ˘e É˘¡˘©˘Ñ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘ª˘«˘¶˘æ˘à˘dG á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh

»˘˘à˘˘dG ™˘˘aGh~˘˘dG ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘˘àÛG äÓ˘˘˘ª˘˘˘M

.™bGƒdG ‘ º¡JÉ«cƒ∏°Sh AÉ° YC’G äÉjƒdhCG AGQh øªμJ

VisionájDhQ

¬≤«≤– ¤EG ƒÑ°üJ …òdG Ò«¨àdG ´ƒf ájƒ«ëH ∞°üJ

¿ÓYE’G ÉeCG .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM hCG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

AÉ° YC’G ºªg ¢VÉ¡æà°S’ í∏°ü«a ájDhôdG √òg øY

.~MGh m¿BG ‘ O~÷G øjô°UÉæŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SGh

Volunteer´ƒ£àe

,áæq«©e á«° b hCG á∏ª◊ ºY~dG Ω~≤j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

¿CG ¿hO øe á∏ª◊G I~fÉ°ùŸ ¬àbh øe kÉ° ©H ¢Sôμjh

.ôLCG q…CG ≈°VÉ≤àj

Volunteer Recruitment ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG

äÓªM hCG äÉª¶˘æ˘e É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘J á˘jQhô˘°V á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y

ÚYƒ˘£˘àŸG ÜÉ˘£˘≤˘à˘°SÉ˘a .QGô˘ª˘à˘°SÉ˘H Ê~ŸG ™˘ª˘àÛG

øY nÜGôYEÓd OGôaCÉc ÚæWGƒŸG ΩÉeCG á°UôØdG í«àj

øqeDƒJ Éª«a ,áæq«©e äGQOÉÑe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùd º¡ªYO

.ájƒ«M ájô°ûH OQGƒe kÉ° jCG äÓª◊G hCG äÉª¶æª∏d

Vote´GÎbG/âjƒ°üJ

í°Tôe hCG ÜõM ∫É«M ÖNÉædG ¬H Ωƒ≤j …òdG QÉ«ÿG

∫ÓN øe √QÉ«N øY ôqÑ©«a ,ÉjÉ° ≤dG i~MEG hCG øq«©e

.AÉàØà°S’G hCG ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ¬H ‹~j …òdG äƒ°üdG

hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG kÉ° jCG ¬∏©Øj Ée Gògh

.äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QGôbEG ~æY ¿ÉŸÈdG


VoterÖNÉf

Anyone who meets the minimumrequirements to vote in local, regional,or national elections of a given country.

Provide people with the informationrequired to participate in electionprocesses, while also raising awarenessand confidence about the process onthe part of citizens.

The act or process of registering a citi-zen to vote.

»àdG •hô°ûdG øe ≈fOC’G ~◊G ‘ƒà°ùj ¢üî°T qπc

á«ª«∏bEG hCG á«∏fi äÉHÉîàfG ‘ ¬Jƒ°üH A’OE’G ¬d qƒîJ

.¿G~∏ÑdG øe ~∏H ‘ á«æWh hCG

Voter Education ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ

á˘˘eRÓ˘˘dG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸÉ˘˘H Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ~˘˘jhõ˘˘J ¤EG »˘˘eô˘˘J

á˘YÉ˘°TEG ¤EGh ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘˘∏˘˘d

.á«∏ª©dG √òg ∫É«M º¡j~d á≤ãdGh »YƒdG

Voter Registration ÚÑNÉædG π«é°°ùJJ

íFGƒd ‘ ´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY

.ÚÑNÉædG


List of Contributors

Advisory GroupAaron Azelton, Director - Citizen Participation Kourtney Pompi, Senior Program Officer -

Citizen ParticipationKatherine Croake, Program Manager - LevantNeil Durnan, Program Assistant - Levant Jeffrey England, Senior Program Manager - Maghreb Mohammed Gorram, Program Officer - ASWAT Content

AdministratorLila Jaafar, Senior Program Officer - Egypt Rawda Ali, Program Coordinator - EgyptAllaoua Chelbi, Program Manager - IraqSarah Ahmed, Senior Program Officer - IraqLama Khateeb, Senior Program Assistant - JordanFelix Ulloa, Senior Director - MoroccoTania Awwad, Office Manager - West Bank/Gaza Ghadeer Dajani, Program Coordinator - West Bank/GazaMurad Zafir, Deputy Director - Yemen

Editorial TeamJoe Hall, Senior Advisor - Middle East and North AfricaSally Abi Khalil, Program Officer - Citizen LebanonNicole Rowsell, Senior Program Manager - Citizen Lebanon Nathalie Sleimane, Publications Center Coordinator - Lebanon Jad Sakr, Senior Program Assistant - Citizen Lebanon Maroun Sfeir, Program Assistant - Citizen Lebanon

Citizen Lebanon PartnersBaldati Centre D'Etudes Strategique du Moyen OrientDevelopment for People and Nature AssociationHayya Bina Lebanese Physically Handicapped UnionPermanent Peace Movement Sho'un Janoubiya

πª©dG Gòg ‘ Úª¡°ùŸŸG AÉª°SCÉH áëF’

øjQÉ°ûàà°ùŸŸG ≥jôa

ôj~e ,¿ƒàdRBG ¿hQBG-øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH

èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,»ÑeƒH »æJQƒc-á«f~ŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG

èeGôH ôj~e ,∑hôc øjôKÉc-¥ô°ûŸG

èeGôH ~YÉ°ùe ,¿ÉfQhO π«f-¥ô°ûŸG

èeGÈ∏d ≈∏YCG ôj~e ,~fÓ¨fEG …ôØ«L-Üô¨ŸG

èeGÈdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùe ,ΩGôZ ~ªfi-ôj~ŸG¿ƒª° e ≈∏Y ±ô°ûŸG

''äGƒ°UCG'' ™bƒeASWAT èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,ôØ©L ≈∏«d-ô°üe

èeGôH á≤°ùæe ,»∏Y á°VhQ-ô°üe

èeGôH ôj~e ,»Ñ∏°T iƒ∏Y-¥Gô©dG

èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,~ªMCG IQÉ°S-¥Gô©dG

èeGÈ∏d É«∏Y I~YÉ°ùe ,Ö«£N ≈Ÿ-¿OQC’G

≈∏YCG ôj~e ,GƒdCG ¢ùμ∏«a-Üô¨ŸG

Öàμe Iôj~e ,¢VƒY É«fÉJ-IõZ/á«Hô¨dG áØ° dG

èeGôH á≤°ùæe ,ÊÉLGO ôjOÉZ-IõZ/á«Hô¨dG áØ° dG

ôj~e ÖFÉf ,ÒaR OGôe-øª«dG

OG~YE’G ≥jôa

≈∏YCG QÉ°ûà°ùe ,∫ƒg ƒL-É«≤jôaCG ∫Éª°Th §°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG

øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH øY ádhDƒ°ùe ,π«∏N »HCG ‹É°S

øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfÈd É«∏Y Iôj~e ,π°ShGQ ∫ƒμ«f

äGQƒ°ûæŸG õcôe á≤°ùæe ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf-¿ÉæÑd

øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ≈∏YCG ~YÉ°ùe ,ô≤°U OÉL

øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ~YÉ°ùe ,ÒØ°U ¿hQÉe

øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeeÉfôH ‘ AÉcô°T

''»J~∏H'' á«©ªL

§°SƒdG ¥ô°û∏d á«é«JGÎ°S’G äÉ°SGQ~dG õcôe

áÄ«ÑdGh ¿É°ùfEÓd á«ªæàdG á«©ªL

''ÉæH É«g'' á«©ªL

Ú«fÉæÑ∏dG øj~©≤ŸG OÉ–G

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'á«HƒæL ¿hDƒ°T'' á«©ªL


Sources Cited

Alin, de Boer, Freer, Van Ginneken, Klaasen, Mbane, Mokoetle, Moynihan, Odera, Swain, Tajuddin, Tewodoros.How to Build a Good Small NGO. Network Learning, 2006.

Citizen Participation At NDI: A User's Guide. National Democratic Institute, 2007.Kendall, Elisabeth. Media Arabic: An Essential Vocabulary. Edinburgh University Press, 2005.Krafchik, Warren. A Description of Civil Society Budget Work. International Budget Project. Lewis, Terry. Practical Financial Management for NGOs. MANGO, 2008. Nash, Robert, Hudson, Alan, Luttrell, Cecilia. Mapping Political Context: A Toolkit for Civil Society Organizations.Research and Policy Development Program, 2006.

O'day, J. Brian. Political Campaign Planning Manual. National Democratic Institute.Sharma, Ritu R. An Introduction to Advocacy: Training Guide. Support for Analysis and Research in Africa.

CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation is an international alliance established in 1993 to nurture thefoundation, growth and protection of citizen action throughout the world, especially in areas where participatorydemocracy and citizen's freedom of association are threatened. www.civicus.org

The UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR). www.pogar.org

ÉgôcP OQGƒdG QOÉ°üŸG

-,øjGƒ°S ,GôjOhCG ,¿É¡«æjƒeh ,»à∏jƒcƒe ,¬fÉÑe ,ø°SÓc ,øμ«æ«Z ¿Éa ,ôjôa ,ôjƒH hO ,ødCG OG~YEG ,I~«Lh IÒ¨°U á«eƒμM ÒZ áª¶æe ≈æÑoJ ∞«c

áª¶æe .¢ShQhOƒ«J ,øjOƒLÉJNetworklearning.2006 ,

-Citizen Participation At NDI: A User’s Guide ..2007 ,»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG

-.2005 ,

- áfRGƒª∏d ‹h~dG ´hô°ûŸG .∂«°ûàaGôc øjQGh OG~YEG ,áfRGƒŸG ´ƒ°Vƒe ‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG πªY øY IQƒ°U)IBP(.

- ''ƒ¨fÉe'' áª¶æe .¢ùjƒd …ÒJ OG~YEG ,á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG ‘ á«∏ª©dG á«dÉŸG IQGOE’G)Mango(.2008 ,

-

- .»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG .…GOhCG øjGôH OG~YEG ,á«HÉîàf’G á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓª◊G OG~YEG π«dO

- É«≤jôaCG ‘ åëÑdGh π«∏ëàdG »à«∏ª©d ºYO .ÉeQÉ°T .Q ƒàjQ OG~YEG ,»ÑjQ~J π«dO :á©aG~ŸG ¤EG πN~e)SARA( .

- ''ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûŸ »ŸÉ©dG ∞∏◊G'')CIVICUS(⁄É©dG ‘ ¬àjÉªMh ,√õjõ©Jh ,§°TÉædG Ê~ŸG πª©dG ¿É° àMG ±~¡H 1993 ΩÉ©dG ‘ CÉ°ûf ‹hO l∞∏M ƒg

.~j~¡àdGh ô£î∏d äÉ«©ª÷G π«μ°ûJ ájôMh á«cQÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG É¡«a ¢Vô©àJ »àdG ≥WÉæŸG ‘ Éªq«°S ’ ™ªLCG

:ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸGwww.civicus.org

- á«Hô©dG ∫h~dG ‘ ºμ◊G IQGOEG èeÉfôH)POGAR(:ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG .www.pogar.org.

Kendall, Elisabeth. Media Arabic: An Essential Vocabulary. Edinburgh University Press

Nash, Robert, Hudson, Alan, Luttrell, Cecilia. Mapping Political Context: A Toolkit for Civil Society.Organizations. Research and Policy Development Program, 2006


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National Democratic Institutefor International Affairs

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Civic Participation Terminology · Foreword This Glossary was developed by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) as part of the Citizen Lebanon:Civic Education

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