CITY-STATES & PERSIAN WARS › ... › 121851071 › 4.0_city_states___pers… · OUTCOMES 3.5 Identify those factors which united and divided the Greek people. 3.6 Describe the main

CITY-STATES & PERSIAN WARS

Social Studies 10| A. Morrison

OUTCOMES

3.5 Identify those factors which united and divided the Greek people.

3.6 Describe the main features of Persian civilization.

3.7 Identify the causes and critical battles of the wars between the Greeks and Persians and explain why the Greeks were ultimately victorious.

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Minoan: 2000-1450 BCEMycenaean: 1600-1100 BCE

The Dark Ages: 1100-800 BCECity-States/Colonization: 800-550 BCEPersian Wars: 550-480 BCEClassical Greece: 480-338 BCEThe Hellenistic Age: 338-27 BCE

Greco-Roman Period: 27 BCE-400 AD

You are here.

CITY-STATES

• By 750 BCE: Greece emerging from the Dark Age. • The city-state (polis)

was the focus of Greek life.

• Polis = city and surrounding area. Homes, farms, orchards, fields, etc…

•Own independent government and way of life. • Centre for political, social, religious activities.•Our word politics comes from the word polis.

• Each polis was extremely independent. Greeks did NOT consider themselves one unified people.

CITY-STATES

• Ancient Greek identity was strongly tied to the polis.• Personal honour and

civic duty were one and the same.• The polis was

important above all else.

CITY-STATES

COLONIZATION

• By c. 800BCE: Greek population growing. •Greeks needed more food, but no more fertile

land.•Over-crowded city-states needed other places for

people to live.• Colonization answered both problems.•Greeks went in search of apoikai, aka colonies.• Colonies would be tied to parent city in trade, but

otherwise self-sufficient.

Apoikailiterally

means ‘away home’.

• 750 BCE: 1st Greek colony.•Within 100 years, Greek

colonies all around Sicily and Southern Italy. • Even in North Africa, Spain,

and France.•Greatest colony: Syracuse.

COLONIZATION

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

• Trade with colonies meant new developments.

• Increase in trade brought metal currency into use.•Middle class emerged (traders

and artisans).•Greeks learned how to use iron.

• Adopted Phoenician alphabet.

• Metics (foreign traders and artisans) welcome in city-states. Did not have same rights as citizens.

• First Olympic games held (776 BCE).

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

The Pheonicianalphabet was later

adopted by the Romans and

influenced our English alphabet.

FILL IN THE BLANK

•Handout| Government• Fill in the blanks to complete the notes

sheet.

• Possibly most important development: early democracy.

•Democracy: a system of government where the majority of the population choose their representatives by vote. •Developed specifically in Athens.

GOVERNMENT

Democracy:demos (people) + kratia (rule) =

‘rule of the people’

• 594 BCE: 1st constitution created by Solon (Athenian)

• A set of principles and rules for governing.

•Meant to prevent oligarchy and middle and lower class rising up against the govt.

•Oligarchy: a form of government in which powers rests with a few people.

EVOLUTION OF GOVERNMENT

• 508 BCE: 1st democratic constitution created by Cleisthenes (Athenian).

•Held for 300 years.• Limited power of rich land ownership.• All male landowners could vote.

• All Athenians were citizens and (if male) could participate in government.

• Assembly created to make laws.

POLITICS

Athenian Democratic

Structure

HERODOTUS

• A Greek historian (c. 484–425 BCE)

• “ The Father of History”• Studied the works of

Homer.

• Considered the first to collect history methodically and systematically.

THE HISTORIES

•His most famous works are The Histories.

• The Greco-Persian Wars• Collected anecdotal

evidence from others.

• Some just fanciful stories; other parts verified by modern historians.

Here are presented the results of the enquiry carried out by Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The purpose is to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievements produced by both Greeks and non-Greeks; among the matters covered is, in particular, the cause of the hostilities between Greeks and non-Greeks.

— Herodotus, The Histories[Robin Waterfield translation]

THE PERSIAN WARS

• A large part of The Histories recounts Greece’s wars with Persia.• Persia was the largest

nearby empire.

The central part of the Persian empire is now modern day Iran.

PERSIA

• Initially ruled by Cyrus the Great.

• Power then passed to Darius.•When Darius died, power

passed to his son, Xerxes.• The Achaemenid Empire (Persian Empire) (8:37)|

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cU1tnn1j1vg

• Persia was imperialistic. • Imperialism: extending the rule of an empire or nation over

foreign countries.• Persians conquered territory BUT let people govern themselves so

long as they paid taxes to Persians.

As the Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean, they came in contact with the Persian Empire.

THE PERSIAN WARS

•Handout| The Persian Wars• 546 BCE: Persians

took over Asia Minor.

THE PERSIAN WARS

• Athenians upset b/c of colonies there—revolts occurred.•Darius hated the Greeks. He sent messengers warning of an

attack.• The Athenians asked the Spartans for help if the Persians

attacked.• They both then ignored the Persian warnings.• 490 BC: Persians attacked the Greeks.• The Persians and the Greeks: Crash Course World History (11:38)|

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-mkVSasZIM

BATTLE HIGHLIGHT 1: MARATHON • 490 BCE: Persians land on

Plains of Marathon, 26 miles from Athens.• 20000 Persians vs. 10000

Athenians.• 6400 Persians killed, 192

Athenians.• The Battle of Marathon (7:41)|

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvBoCATqriM&list=PLY7BFnOZ_ONSxFC7u2a5dFLpB4U9SOA6L&index=2

PERSIAN WAR SCOREBOARD

Greeks Persians

1 0

BATTLE HIGHLIGHT 2: THERMOPYLAE

• 480 BCE: Greeks to meet the Persians at the narrow passage of Thermopylae.• Sparta agreed to help Athens after

seeing the Persians could be defeated.

• 7300 Greeks at the passage.

• A traitor led the Persians around the Greeks.

• All 7300 were killed.

• Persians sacked and burned Athens.• Leonidas and the 300 of Sparta (5:03)|

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2tbuVdC-PA&index=3&list=PLY7BFnOZ_ONSxFC7u2a5dFLpB4U9SOA6L

ACTIVITY

• Reading Like a Historian

• Finish reading the four sources on the number of Persian soldiers at the Battle of Thermopylae.

• Fill in your chart and be prepared to share:

• Which source do you trust the most?

• How might the number of soldiers in the battle affect its significance?

PERSIAN WAR SCOREBOARD

Greeks Persians

1 1

BATTLE HIGHLIGHT 3: SALAMIS

• 480 BCE: naval battle (fought on ships).

• Greeks ships were waiting in Salamis Bay.

• Persian ships too large to enter through straights. They ran into each other and sank.

• Persians turned around and retreated. The Greeks followed for a year.

• The Battle of Salamis: Athens vs Persia (5:11)| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlCUFGBJNMQ&index=4&list=PLY7BFnOZ_ONSxFC7u2a5dFLpB4U9SOA6L

PERSIAN WAR SCOREBOARD

Greeks Persians

2 1

THE END OF THE PERSIAN WARS

• 449 BC: Greeks won against Persians.

• How were they successful?1. They were more

organized.2. They were determined

not to be ruled by foreigners.

3. They were unified.

THE PERSIAN WARS: FINAL

RESULTS

Greeks gained complete control of the Aegean world.

Trade flourished and the power and culture of the Greeks became recognized.

The Greeks developed a strong sense of unity for the first time in their history.

Began the Golden Age of Greece.

END