Citizens Primer on Law Enforcement

PNP GUIDEBOOKON HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED POLICING

Inmanycountriesaroundtheworld,policeagenciesfaceenormouschallengesincounteringcrime,disorder,andterrorism.Deterringthreatstopeaceandorderdemandall-outcampaignsthatcombinetestedstrategiesandmethodsofinvestigation,intelligence,police-communityrelations,andpolicesupportintheconductofinternalsecurityoperations.

In the fight against criminality and terrorist threats, there aretimesandsituationswhenpolicepersonnelareleftwithnootherrecoursethan to use force, as authorized by law.As such, being prepared to usecalibratedresponsestoaddresspublicdisturbanceisalsoaclearnecessity.However, no matter the situation or nature of the police mission, oneimperative remains unchanged: the need to respect and protect humanrights.ThepublicationofthePNPGuidebookonHumanRights-BasedPolicingisatimelyandrelevantinitiative.Theinformationandguidelinescontainedin this guidebook would help educate and enhance the competencies ofpolicepersonnelwhilemainstreaming rights-basedpolicingprinciplesandpractices.Throughthispublication,ouraimistolearnhowtoconsciouslyapplyhumanrightsprinciplesandpracticesinlawenforcement,andfosteramorerights-basedcultureinourorganization.

Therefore, let us continue efforts to elevate the professionalcompetencies of our personnel, particularly in the application of humanrights-based approaches in policing.Together, let us continue working tomakethemenandwomenofthePhilippineNationalPolicemorecapable,effective,andcredibleprotectorsofhumanrights.

JESUS A VERZOSA, CEO VI PoliceDirectorGeneral Chief,PhilippineNationalPolice

M E S S A G E

MESSAGE

Thepromotionofhumanrights,asakeyresultareaoftheongoingIntegratedTransformation Program, is one of the most challenging yet fulfilling aspects ofpolicereform.Webelievethatmainstreaminghumanrights-basedapproachesinlawenforcementistheveryembodimentofthePNPMotto,“ToServeandProtect”.

Morethanjustbeingenforcersofthelaw,weinthePNPareduty-boundto respect,protect,andfulfill therightsofcitizens. Bydoingso,weareabletogivelifetoboththeletterandspiritofournationallaws,statutes,andinternationalconventionsrelatedtotheprotectionofhumanrights.

WhilethePNPHumanRightsDevelopmentProgramisstillinitsearlystagesof implementation, modest accomplishments had already been made in terms ofhuman rights education and training, community-based dialogues, policy reviews,inspectionofcustodialfacilities,includingotherinitiativesrelatedtohumanrightsdevelopmentinthePNP.

Indeed,thepublicationofthisGuidebookisanothersignificantcontributiontowards attaining our goal of establishing genuine, lasting reforms in the PNP,specifically by strengthening the capacities of police personnel to promote andprotecttherightsofourpeople.

RAUL M BACALZO PoliceDirectorforInvestigation &DetectionManagement andExecutiveDirector, PNPProgramManagementOffice

M E S S A G E

MESSAGE

Working on a common goal to promote democratic governance,theruleof lawandrespect forhumanrights,wearepleasedtosupportthispublication titled “PNP Guidebook on Human Rights-Based Policing”, a jointprojectundertakingofthePhilippineNationalPolice(PNP)HumanRightsAffairsOffice (HRAO) and the Hanns Seidel Foundation/Germany (HSF). This formspart of the development of a whole package of information, education andcommunicationmaterialsaimedtoassistthePNPincarryingout itsmandatetoserveandprotectthepeoplethroughcapabilitybuilding,institutionalpolicydevelopmentandmulti-sectoralcooperationandpartnerships,amongothers.

ThisguidebookservestoenhancetheknowledgeandunderstandingofthePNPpersonnelonhumanrights-basedpolicing,especiallythefrontlineunitsinperformingtheirdutiesaslawenforcers,consistentwithinternationalhumanrightsstandards.ItalsoservesasahandyreferenceforthepolicemenandwomenonthegroundwhoareinclosecontactwiththepeopleasitprovidesspecificguidelinesonthenuancesofpoliceworkthatrespectandprotectbasichumanrightsincompliancewiththeInternationalHumanitarianLaw.

IntheshortperiodthatwehavebeenworkingwithPNPHRAO,whichisstillayoungoffice,towardsthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsinpartnershipwithothersectorsincludingthelocalcommunities,theresultshavebeenpositiveandwelookforwardtosustainingourjointeffortsinthefutureinsupportofthePNPIntegratedTransformationProgram.

WewishthePNPandHRAOallthebestinthefuture!

PAUL G. SCHÄFER ResidentRepresentative HannsSeidelFoundation/Germany

MESSAGE

M E S S A G E

HannsSeidelFoundation

The PNP Guidebook on Human Rights-Based Policing is a supplement to theofficial PoliceOperational ProceduresHandbook and various PNP trainingmanuals.Ourobjectives indeveloping thismaterial are two-fold:Toprovidepolicepersonnelwithabasic reference on rights-based policing; and to offer practical suggestions on how tomainstream international standards of human rights for law enforcement in our policestations.

In Part I, the reader will find a brief definition of Human Rights includingreferencesanddocumentspertainingtothePNPmandatetopromoteandprotecthumanrights.PartIIisaboutthedefinitionandcharacteristicsofHumanRights-BasedPolicing.PartIIIexplainseachofthe10InternationalHumanRightsStandardsforLawEnforcementthatmustbeadoptedby thePNP. InPart IV,youwillfindadditionalguidelines in theconductofpoliceinterventionsaswellasquestionsfordeeperstudythatmaybeusedforindividualrevieworgroupdiscussionsonhumanrights-basedpolicing.

SimilartothePNPpublicationentitled,KnowYourRights:ACitizen’sPrimeronLawEnforcement,thisisalsoalivingdocument.Itwillbeupdatedperiodicallytoensurethat its contents remain relevant and responsive to themissionof thePNPand to thehumanrightssituationinourcountry.

ThepublicationofthePNPGuidebookonHumanRights-BasedPolicingisaprojectunderthePNPHumanRightsDevelopmentProgram(LOIPamana)andahumblecontributionto on-going police reforms under the comprehensive PNP Integrated TransformationProgram.

With the support andguidanceof thePNP leadership, thePNPHumanRightsAffairsOfficewillcontinuetoresearchanddevelopmaterialsthatwouldhelpenhancetheknowledgeandcapacitiesofourpolicepersonneltopromoteandprotecthumanrights.

FRANKLIN JESUS B BUCAYU PoliceSeniorSuperintendent Chief,PNPHumanRightsAffairsOffice

F O R E W O R D

FOREWORD

USER’SNOTE

This publication is the first of a series ofmaterials to be distributed as a guide for policepersonnel on human rights-based policing.Reasonableeffortshavebeenmadetoensuretheaccuracy,reliability,andrelevanceofitscontentsatthetimeofitspublication. Previously issued PNP policies, guidelines,and established operational procedures takeprecedenceoverthecontentsofthismaterial.

U S E R ’ S N O T E

TABL

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TABLE OF CONTENTSI. WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS? • DefinitionofHumanRights............................................... 1 • 30UniversalHumanRights............................................... 3 • WhythePNPmustPromoteandProtectHumanRights.............. 6 • ConstitutionalandLegalBasesofHumanRightsProtection........ 7 • PNPDoctrine,Policies,andIssuancesonHumanRights............. 9

II. WHAT IS HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED POLICING? • DefinitionandCharacteristicsofHumanRights-BasedPolicing... 12

III. 10 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT 1.EqualProtection.......................................................... 18 2.RespectfulTreatment.................................................... 19 3.UseofForce............................................................... 20 4.PolicingNon-ViolentAssemblies........................................ 21 5.UseofLethalForce....................................................... 23 6.ArrestingPersonsonLegalGrounds.................................... 24 7.Detainees’Rights......................................................... 24 8.HumaneTreatmentofDetainees....................................... 25 9.RefusaltoObeyUnjustOrders.......................................... 2610.ReportingViolations...................................................... 27

IV. ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SELECTED POLICE INTERVENTIONS 1. FootandMobilePatrols.................................................. 28 2. ProtocolsinCitizenContact............................................ 31 3. PoliceCheckpoint......................................................... 33 4. SearchandSeizure....................................................... 36 5. ArrestswithWarrant..................................................... 38 6. ArrestswithoutWarrant................................................. 39 7. CustodialInvestigation................................................... 41 8. Detention.................................................................. 42 9. CrowdControl/CDMOperations...................................... 43 10. DeclaringaCrimeSceneoraCriticalIncidentArea................ 45

ANNEXA POLICESTATIONCHECKLISTON HUMANRIGHTS-BASEDPOLICING.................................... 48ANNEXB HUMANRIGHTSDESKBASICOPERATIONALPROCEDURES RECEIVING/TAKINGACTIONONREPORTSOF ALLEGEDHUMANRIGHTSVIOLATIONS.............................. 49

ANNEXC USEOFFORCECONTINUUM.......................................... 50

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PART IWHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?

The subject of “Human Rights” is one of the mostpressing issues faced by thePhilippine National Police today.Allegedhuman rights violationsbyerring police personnel had madediscussions about human rights asource of discomfortwithin policecircles.Somehadevenmistakenlydismissed human rights as a merepropaganda tool used by enemiesoftheStatetodenouncethepoliceandmilitary.

Ifunderstoodinthepropercontext,thepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsisattheverycoreofpolicing.Theenforcementoflawsandthemaintenanceofpeaceandorderare,firstandforemost,aboutprotectingtherightsofcitizens.Forexample,policepatrolthestreetstodetercriminalsfromcommitting robbery or theft. These crimes violate anotherperson’s right to property ownership. Orwhenever a policecheckpoint is set up, it is essentially about promoting thecommunity’srighttohaveasaferplacetoworkorlivein---andnotjustaboutestablishingasecuritycordon.

Still, many in the PNP are asking: “What exactly are human rights?”

Definition of Human Rights

HumanRights refer to the“basic rightsand freedomsthatallhumanbeingshave.”

what are human rights

ALL OF US HAVE RIGHTS…REGARDLESS OF NATIONALITY, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, SEX, NATIONAL OR ETHNIC ORIGIN, SKIN COLOR, RELIGION, LANGUAGE, ECONOMIC SITUATION, OR ANY OTHER STATUS.

Rightsare inherent toallhumanbeings, regardlessofnationality,placeofresidence,sex,nationalorethnicorigin,color,religion,language,oranyotherstatus.Weareallequallyentitled to our human rights without discrimination. Theserights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.(UnitedNationsHighCommissioneronHumanRights)

AccordingtotheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR)proclaimedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyinDecember10,1948:

“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”

At the international level, human rights are oftendefined, expressed, or guaranteed by law in the form oftreaties, conventions, customary international law, generalprinciples, andother legal instruments recognizedbyalmostallStates,specificallythe192sovereigncountriesthatbelongto the United Nations. International human rights law alsoobligesGovernmentstoactincertainwaysortorefrainfromcertain acts, in order to promote and protect human rightsand fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. Theseobligationsareintendedtopreventabuseofauthoritybyagentsofgovernment.

It is important to note that respect for human rightsremainsinviolableovertheperformanceofpolicedutiesandfunctionsunlessitisproventhattheexerciseofcertainrightsrun counter to the requirements ofmorality, lawandpublicorder,andthegeneralwelfareofthepeople.Moreover,nooneneedstogiveyoutheserightsandnooneissupposedtotakethemawayordepriveyouoftheserights.Everywhereyougo,yourrightsmustberespectedevenasyourespecttherightsofothers.

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30 Universal Human Rights

Writtenbelowarethe30HumanRightsthatallpersonshave.Theserightsmustberespectedatalltimes,anywhereintheworld(thus,theyareuniversal):

1. Allhumanbeingsarebornfreeandequalindignityandrights.

2. Everyoneisentitledtorightsandfreedomswithoutdistinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex,language, religion, political affiliation or opinion,nationalorsocialorigin,property,birthoranyotherstatus.

3. Everyonehastherighttolife,libertyandsecurityofperson.

4. Nooneshallbeheldinslaveryorservitude;slaveryandtheslavetradeshallbeprohibited inall theirforms.

5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.

6. Everyonehastherighttorecognitioneverywhereasapersonbeforethelaw.

7. Allareequalbeforethelawandareentitledwithoutanydiscriminationtoequalprotectionofthelaw.

8. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy bythecompetentnationalcourtforactsviolatingthefundamentalrightsgrantedhimbytheconstitutionorbylaw.

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9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,detentionorexile.

10.Everyoneisentitledinfullequalitytoafairandpublichearing by an independent and impartial court, inthedeterminationofhisrightsandobligationsandofanycriminalchargeagainsthim.

11.Everyonechargedwithapenaloffensehastherighttobepresumedinnocentuntilprovedguilty.

12.Nooneshallbesubjectedtoarbitraryinterferencewithhisprivacy,family,homeorcorrespondence,ortoattacksuponone’shonorandreputation.

13.EveryonehastherighttofreedomofmovementandresidencewithinthebordersofeachState.

14.Everyonehastherighttoseekandtoenjoyinothercountriesasylumfrompersecution.

15.Everyonehastherighttoanationality.

16.Menandwomenoffullage,withoutanylimitationduetorace,nationalityorreligion,havetherighttomarryandtohaveafamily.

17.Everyone has the right to own property alone aswellas inassociationwithothers.Nooneshallbearbitrarilydeprivedofhisproperty.

18.Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,conscienceandreligion.

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19.Everyonehas the right to freedomofopinionandexpression.

20.Everyone has the right to freedom of peacefulassemblyandassociation.Noonemaybecompelledtobelongtoanassociation.

21.Everyonehastherighttotakepartinthegovernmentof his country, directly or through freely chosenrepresentatives.Thewillofthepeopleshallbethebasisoftheauthorityofgovernment.

22.Everyone,asamemberofsociety,hastherighttosocialsecurityandisentitledtorealization,throughnational effort and international co-operation andin accordancewith theorganization and resourcesofeachState,oftheeconomic,socialandculturalrights indispensable for his dignity and the freedevelopmentofhispersonality.

23.Everyone has the right to work, to free choice ofemployment, to just and favorable conditions ofworkandtoprotectionagainstunemployment.

24.Everyonehastherighttorestandleisure,includingreasonablelimitationofworkinghoursandperiodicholidayswithpay.

25.Everyone has the right to a standard of livingadequate for the health andwell-being of himselfandofhis family, including food,clothing,housingandmedicalcareandnecessarysocialservices,andtherighttosecurityintheeventofunemployment,sickness,disability,widowhood,oldageorotherlackoflivelihoodincircumstancesbeyondhiscontrol.


26.Everyonehastherighttoeducation.Educationshallbefree,atleastintheelementaryandfundamentalstages.Elementaryeducationshallbecompulsory.

27.Everyonehas the right freely toparticipate in theculturallifeofthecommunity,toenjoytheartsandtoshareinscientificadvancementanditsbenefits.

28.Everyone is entitled to a social and internationalorder.

29.Everyonehasdutiestothecommunityinwhichalonethe freeand fulldevelopmentofhispersonality ispossible.Intheexerciseofhisrightsandfreedoms,everyone shall be subject only to such limitationsas are determined by law solely for the purposeof securing due recognition and respect for therights and freedoms of others and of meeting thejustrequirementsofmorality,publicorderandthegeneralwelfareinademocraticsociety.

30.Nostate,grouporpersonmustengageinanyactivityorperformanyactaimedatthedestructionofanyoftheuniversallyrecognizedrightsandfreedoms.

Why must the PNP promote and protect human rights?

ThePNPmustpromoteandprotecthumanrightsbecausethistaskliesattheverycoreofmaintainingpeaceandorder,ensuring public safety, and upholding the rule of law in thecountry.ItcanbesaidthatHumanRightsProtectionistheFirstBusinessofPolicing.

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According to the 1997 Human Rights and LawEnforcementTrainingManualpublishedbytheUnitedNationsHigh Commissioner on Human Rights, cases of human rightsabusesandill-treatment:

- adverselyaffectpublictrustandconfidencetowardsthepolice;

- leadstoisolationofthepolicefromthecommunityandcivilunrest;

- hamperseffectiveprosecutionofcriminals;

- let thosewhoareguilty remain freewhilemakingtheinnocentunjustlysuffer;

- delaysordeniesjusticetobegiventovictimsofthecrimeandtheirfamilies;

- subjectsthepoliceandothergovernmentagencies

to local and international criticism and possiblesanctions;and

- makesthelawenforceralawbreaker.

Constitutional and Legal Bases of Human Rights Protection

Thepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsarealsofound in our constitutional and legal framework, as shownbelow:

- TheGovernmentexiststomaintainpeaceandorder,and protect life, liberty and property, as well aspromote the general welfare of the people (1987PhilippineConstitutionArticle2,Section4-5).

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- TheStateisresponsibleforpromotingsocialjusticeandrecognizesthevalueofhumandignityandrespectforhumanrights(1987PhilippineConstitutionArticle2,Sections10-11).

- The State recognizes and promotes the rightsof indigenous cultural communities within theframeworkofnationalunityanddevelopment.(1987PhilippineConstitutionArticle2,Section22).

- The State recognizes, promotes, and protects therightsofallcitizensasdefinedintheBillofRights.(1987 Philippine Constitution Article 3, Section 1-22).

- Congressshallgivehighestprioritytotheenactmentof measures that protect and enhance the rightsof all the people to human dignity, reduce social,economic, and political inequalities, and removecultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealthand political power for the common good. (1987PhilippineConstitutionArticleI3,Section1).

- The State shall defend the right of children toassistance,includingpropercareandnutrition,andspecialprotectionfromallformsofneglect,abuse,cruelty,exploitationandotherconditionsprejudicialtotheirdevelopment.(1987PhilippineConstitutionArticle15,Section3).

Other parts of the 1987 Philippine Constitution andlaws suchasR.A.7438 (RightsofPersonsArrested,DetainedorUnderCustodial Investigation andDuties of theArresting,DetainingandInvestigatingofficers),R.A.9262(Anti-ViolenceAgainstWomen&Children), andR.A. 9344 (Juvenile Justiceand WelfareAct) exist to promote and protect the rights ofpersonsinallsectorsofPhilippinesociety.

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The Republic of the Philippines is also signatory tovarious internationalhuman rightsagreements, treaties,andconventionsincludingthefollowing:

• U.N.UniversalDeclarationonHumanRightsof1948(UDHR)

• InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR)

• Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil andPoliticalRights(CCPR)

• International Covenant on Economic, Social andCulturalRights(ICESCR)

• U.N.Conventionon theConditionof theWoundedand Sick in Armed Conflict (the First GenevaConvention)

• ConventionAgainstHomicide(CAH) • ConventionAgainstTorture(CAT) • ConventiononEliminationofDiscriminationAgainst

Women(CEDAW) • ConventionontheRightsoftheChild(CRC)

It is also important to note that the United Nationsprescribesthefollowingeight(8)articlesoftheU.N.CodeofConductforLawEnforcementOfficials:

1. Alwaysperformdutiesunderthelaw 2. Respectandsafeguardhumanrights 3. Useforceonlywhenstrictlynecessary 4. Respectconfidentiality 5. Neverinflictanyactoftortureorill-treatment 6. Safeguardthehealthofallthoseincustody 7. Nevercommitanyactofcorruption 8. RespectthelawandthisCode

PNP Doctrine, Policies, and Issuances on Human Rights

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Human rights are emphasized in the following PNPdoctrine,codeofconduct,andpolicies:

• ThePNPEthicalDoctrinestatesthat“allmembersof thePhilippineNational Police… shall servewithutmost responsibility, integrity, morality, loyalty,andefficiencywithduerespecttohumanrightsanddignityashallmarksofademocraticsociety”(PNPEthicalDoctrineManual,ChapterI,Section2,DHRDD1995Edition).

• The PNP Code of Professional Conduct and EthicalStandardsexpresslycitesrespectforhumanrightsasahighstandardthatmustbemaintainedduringtheperformanceofpoliceduties(ChapterIII,para2.9)

• Letter of Instructions 55/07 (LOI Pamana) statesthat “members of the Philippine National PoliceshallembracethehighestprinciplesoftheUniversalDeclaration of Human Rights. It also emphasizesthatrespectforhumanrightsanddignityshallapplyto everyone including all members of the policeservice, regardless of education, gender, religion,politicalbeliefsandallothertypesofstatus.

• PNPCoreValuesseektoinstillinallPNPpersonnelagodly(Makadiyos)andhumane(Makatao)thoughtsandbehaviorinboththeirofficialandprivatelife.Being godly and humane entails having a genuineunderstandingandrespectforhumanrights.

Given the social, doctrinal, constitutional/legal, andmoralrationalebehindthepolicedutyandobligationtopromoteandprotecthumanrights---itis,therefore,imperativeforthePNPtoreviewandadoptnewpolicies,systemsandproceduresthat would better protect the rights of citizens and otherstakeholdersinPhilippinesociety.

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PART IIWHAT IS HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED POLICING?

Human Rights-Based Policing (HRBP) is the comprehensive,systematic, and institutional compliance with internationalhumanrightsstandardsandpracticesintheconductofpoliceorlawenforcementfunctions.Itisalsoanapproachtopolicingthatdefines the relationshipbetween individual citizensandvarious groups or sectors of society as claim holders whoserightshavetoberespectedandprotectedbythepolice;andthe Police as duty holders that have obligations to respect,protectandfulfillhumanrights.HRBPalsoaimstoempowerclaimholders to claim their rights, while strengthening thecapacitiesofduty-holderstomeettheirdutiesandobligationsashumanrightsprotectors.

ThePNPhasthreelevelsofhumanrightsobligations:torespect,protectandfulfillhumanrights.

1. To respect human rights means refraining frominterferingwiththeenjoymentofpeople’srights.

2. Toprotect human rightsmeans to implement lawsthat provide equal protection to all persons fromhuman rights violations by state authorities or bynon-stateactors.

3. Tofulfillhumanrightsreferstotheactofestablishinginstitutionsandimplementingsystems,mechanismsorproceduresthatenablepeopletoclaimandenjoytheirrights.

Mainstreaminghumanrights-basedapproachesinpolicework is done by incorporating human rights principles andpractices into police doctrines, strategies, and plans. Theseprinciplesandpracticesarealsoappliedtoallpolicesystems,

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what is human rights-based policing?

procedures,methods,andtactics.Tobetrulyeffective,evenpolice equipment, supplies, and facilities are reviewed andupgraded to enable a policeorganizationtomeethumanrightsstandardsforlawenforcement.

Human Rights-BasedPolicing is considered to beinstitutionalized when humanrights principles and practicesare taught and applied at alllevels, in both operational andadministrativefunctionsofthepoliceorganization.Oncehumanrights-basedpolicingisinstitutionalized,apoliceorganizationenhances itseffectivenessandcredibility innetworkingwithother government and non-government agencies to addressvarioushumanrightsissuesandconcerns.

Whilethehistoricalcontext,socio-culturalbackground,economicrealities,andcrimesituationhaveanimpactonhowapoliceorganizationplansandperformsitsfunctions---thereareinternationallyrecognizedhumanrightsstandardsforlawenforcementthatmustbemetbyallpoliceagenciesincludingthePNP.

As a reform initiative,HumanRights-Based Policing isa strategic approach for reorienting the police organizationfromthetraditionalpolicingmodelsortheoriesbasedpurelyon social control or repression to a new paradigm anchoredongenuinerespectforhumanrightsanddignity,transparency,accountability,ruleoflaw,andpeople’sactiveparticipationindemocraticgovernance.

Characteristics of Human Rights-Based Policing

HumanRights-BasedPolicinghasseveralcharacteristics

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HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED POLICING…APPLYING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS AND PRACTICES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT.


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which are briefly explainedbelow:

1. Strict Observance of Police Policies and Procedures

Human Rights-BasedPolicingentails strictobservanceofpolicepoliciesandoperationalprocedures. Most, if not allviolations of human rights occurwhen police officers do notfollow established policies andprocedures.Shortcuts,omissions,orblatantdisregardforproceduresareunacceptablebehaviorthatviolateournationallaws,PNPrulesandregulations,andgenerallyacceptedsocio-culturalnorms.Whenpoliceofficersfollowandapplyproperprocedures,theyupholdhumanrightswhiledoingallthatispossibletoensurethatthesubsequentcasetobefiledincourtagainstasuspectwouldprosper,inthehigherinterestofjustice.

Forexample,whenapoliceofficerinformsanarrestedpersonabouthisorherMirandaRights, thatpoliceofficer isfollowing established procedure in making arrests, whetherit is done with or without a warrant. If the arrested personwas not informed of his or her rights, it could later on beusedasadefenseandameanstochargethearrestingofficerwithaviolation.Bynotfollowingprocedure,apoliceofficerrunstheriskofbeingchargedadministrativelywhileopeningan opportunity for the arrested person to be released fromdetentionduetoatechnicality.

Somepolicies in thePNPwere also issued to uphold certainrights.Forexample, thebanof thepresentationof suspects

FROM SOCIAL CONTROL AND REPRESSION…TO A NEW PARADIGM GROUNDED IN RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY, TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY, RULE OF LAW, AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE.


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beforethemediaisintendedtoprotecttheirrightstodignityandpresumptionofinnocenceuntilprovenguilty.

Indeed, one of the most effective ways to promoteand protect human rights is by following PNP policies andprocedures.

2. Adherence to International Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement

Human Rights-Based Policing is about adhering tointernational standards of human rights in lawenforcement.There are at least ten (10) basic international human rightsstandards for law enforcement that all police organizationsaround the world must strive to attain. By adhering tointernational standards, the PNP is able to comply with auniformsetofprinciplesandpracticesthatisexpectedfromallpoliceofficersby the internationalcommunity. These10standardsarediscussedinPartIIIofthisguidebook.

Of course, there are differences between Philippinelaws and those of other states. The crime situation in thecountryisalsopeculiarandsomeinternationalstandardsmaynot be immediately attainable in the Philippines. However,knowledgeandrecognitionofinternationalstandardspavesthewayforsettingbenchmarksforthegradualimprovementoftheorganizational philosophy, doctrines, physical infrastructure,systems, training and education, operational procedures,values,andpracticesinthePNP.

3. Professional Competence and Courteous Service

Human Rights-Based Policing is demonstrated throughprofessional competence and courtesy. In order to preventhuman rights violations, the police must only use calibratedforce to subdue suspects. This can only be taught through


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realistic simulation of incidentsinvolvingbotharmedandunarmedsuspects; as well as compliantand resisting persons. They mustunderstandthat force isonlyusedwhen normal persuasion fails andwhen it is absolutely necessary toovercomeathreattopublicsafety.

Thepolicearrestandrestrainpersonsorsuspectsbasedonthebasisof“probablecause”whilejudgesadjudicateandpunishontheburdenof“beyonda reasonabledoubt”whichisahigherlegalstandard.However,itisclearthatthepolicemustusecommensuratedegreesofforceinordertoeffectivelyenforcethelawandensurepublicsafety.

Upholding human rights is very similar to the GoldenRulewhichsaysthatwemusttreatothersinthewaywewantothers to treat us.Whenwe render respect and courtesy tocitizens,there isagreatertendencyforthemtoreturnthatrespectandcourtesy.

In the Philippines, citizens are generally compliant toinstructions of uniformed agents of government such as PNPpersonnel.However,thatcompliancemustnotonlybebasedonfearbroughtaboutbythethreatoractualuseofforcebypoliceofficers.Theidealcomplianceofcitizenstotheirpoliceshouldbebasedongenuinerespectforthepolicebadgeanduniformassymbolsofproperlegalauthority. Another important factor to consider is that majorityof citizens only establish contact with police officers afterthey had already been victimizedby criminals orwhen theyneedurgentpoliceassistance.Just likethecliché,the“firstimpression”thatacitizengetsfromapoliceofficerusuallylasts

WHEN THE POLICE FOLLOWS PROPER OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES, THEY UPHOLD & PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS.


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---whetherthatimpressionispositiveornegative.Therefore,the goal of every police officer during citizen contact is toprovideaprofessional,fast,efficient,andcourteousresponsetoalegitimatecitizenrequestforpoliceserviceorassistance.

4. Respect for Rule of Law and Civilian Supremacy

HumanRights-BasedPolicingisanchoredontheruleoflawandrecognition of civilian supremacy.From the term law enforcement,it isunderstood that therecanbenoenforcementapartfromthelaw.Anyactofenforcement(thatis,theuseofpolicepowersoranymannerofapplicationofforce)apartfromthelawmaybeconsideredcriminal,orattheveryleast,anabuseofauthority.Respectforruleoflawandciviliansupremacyisbestexemplifiedwhenthepolicepracticesaccountabilityforallitsactionsor,asthecasemaybe,inactiononmattersrelatedtotheprotectionofpeople’slegalrights. Therefore, all police officers must always rememberArticleII,Section1ofthe1987PhilippineConstitutionwhichstates that “…sovereignty resides in the people and allgovernmentauthorityemanatesfromthem.”

5. Pro-Democracy and Pro-Citizen

HumanRights-BasedPolicingisdemocraticandcitizen-centered. Democratic values are best demonstrated by thepolicewhen it seeksgreaterparticipationby thecommunityinmaintainingpeaceandorder.Thepoliceorganizationmustalways remain responsive and relevant to the needs of the

RESPECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IS LIKE THE GOLDEN RULE… IT IS ABOUT TREATING OTHERS IN THE WAY THAT WE WANT TO BE TREATED.


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community --- which is actually the PNP’s main clientele.Through dialogues and consultations with stakeholders, thepolice are able to learn about the issues and concerns thatmust be addressed at the community level. In most, if notall situations, full cooperation between the police and thecommunity is required in order to solve peace and orderproblems.


PART III10 BASIC INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

STANDARDS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT

STANDARD 1: EQUAL PROTECTION

Everyone is entitled to equal protection of the law,withoutdiscriminationonanygrounds,andespeciallyagainstviolence and other threats. Be especially vigilant to protectpotentially vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly,women,refugees,displacedpersons,andmembersofminoritygroups.

Guidelines / Suggested Action Items:

a. All police personnel must carry and use MirandaWarning Cards that contain English and Filipinoversions.Ifpossible,produceanadditionalMirandaWarningCardusingthevernacularormostcommonlanguage/dialect inyourareaof jurisdiction. ThiscanbereplicatedinpostersontheRightsofPersonsArrested, Detained or Under Investigation (R.A.7438). Helping people know and understand theirrightsisoneofthebestwaystoimprovetheiraccesstojusticeandequalprotectionofthelaw.

b. Police service must be non-selective. Provide thesame quality of service to all people regardlessof their age, sex, economic and political status,religion,ethnicbackground,andanyotherstatus.

c. Train police personnel in communication andempathyskillsespeciallygearedtowardsaddressingconcernsofwomen,children,theelderly,andothervulnerable sectors. This type of training may be

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10 basic international human rights standards for law enforcement

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obtained in cooperation with the Department ofSocial Welfare and Development (DSWD) and theNationalCouncilonIndigenousPeoples(NCIP).Thepolice station may also explore partnerships withthe call center industry which can provide experttrainersoncommunicationandempathyskills.

STANDARD 2: RESPECTFUL TREATMENT

Treatallcitizensandvictimsofcrimewithcompassionandrespect,withutmostconsiderationfortheirneedforsafetyandprivacy.

Itmustberememberedthatunderthelaw,allarrestedpersonsanddetaineesarestillconsideredinnocentandhavetherighttodueprocess.Onlythecourtcandeterminetheirguiltor innocence.Evenwhentheyarealreadyconvictedbythe court, they still have the right to be treated humanely,withfullrespectanddignity.


a.Ifpossible,allocateawell-securedroominsidethepolicestationwherethedetaineecanprivatelyspeakwithhis/herlawyersandfamily.

b.Ensure that posters or information materials onthe Rights of PersonsArrested, Detained or UnderInvestigation are prominently displayed insidethe investigation room or desk where booking orinvestigationofsuspectsisdone.

c. Explore possible joint projects with the localgovernment unit, NGOs, and other local/foreigndonor organizations specifically on improvingdetention facilities or lock-up cells in your police


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station. Ifpossible,avoidovercrowdingof lock-upcellswhich poses health and safety risks to policepersonnel,detainees,andtheirvisitors.

d. Designatea liaisonofficerwhoshallberesponsible

for coordinating with the Office of the ProsecutorandtheCourtforthespeedyreleaseofcommitmentorders.Delaysinthereleaseofcommitmentordersinadvertentlycauseovercrowdinginpolicecustodialcells.Overcrowdingposesunnecessarysecurityandhealthconcernsatthepolicestation.

e. Police officers should address citizens as “Sir” or“Ma’am”duringallcasesofcitizencontact.However,police officers must use a more commanding yetprofessionallanguagetoobtaincomplianceorcontroloverpersonswhoareuncooperativeordisorderly.

f. Respecttheneedforconfidentialityespeciallyamongminorsandfemalevictimsofcrime.

g. Never parade suspects before the media. Theyremaininnocentuntilprovenguiltybythecourtsoflaw.Policeofficersareresponsibleforsafeguardingthedignity,healthandsafetyofsuspectsandpersonsunderinvestigationorcustody.

STANDARD 3: USE OF FORCE

Donotuseforceexceptwhenstrictlynecessaryandtotheminimumextentrequiredunderthecircumstances.


a. Re-orient police personnel about theUse of Force


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DoctrineorUseofForcecontinuumwithemphasisontheuseoflethalforceonlyasalastresort.

b. Re-trainpolicepersonnelinproperarrestprocedures

with emphasis on non-lethal tactics, weaponsretentiontechniques,andofficersafetymeasures.

c. Re-orient police personnel assigned to crowdcontrolunitsabouthumanrights,crowdpsychology,maximum tolerance, and use of calibrated forceespecially during the dispersal phase of CivilDisturbanceManagement(CDM)operations.

d. Policepersonnelinvolvedinshootoutsanddischargeoffirearmsmustsubmitanafter-operationsreport.Assessments must be conducted to determinethe validity of the use of force during a policeoperation.

e. Request the assistance of the PNP Health Service,DepartmentofHealth(DOH),orapsychiatristintheconductofperiodicneuro-psychiatricexaminations,stress management, and counseling services forpersonnel involved in shootouts or discharge offirearms.

STANDARD 4: POLICING NON-VIOLENT ASSEMBLIES

Avoidusingforcewhenpolicingunlawfulbutnon-violentassemblies.Whendispersingviolentassemblies,useforceonlytotheminimumextentnecessary.



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a. If possible, arrange for a meeting with protestleaders/organizerspriortotheactualdayofprotestdemonstrations. An open dialogue would help thepoliceestablish“groundrules”andcommunicationlines with protest leaders/organizers which arenecessarytopreventmiscommunicationandpossibleoutbreakofviolence.

b. Whenever appropriate, deploy properly trainedand equipped female CDM personnel as frontliners. Previous experience showed that there isless agitation on the part of protesters and lowerincidence of violence when female CDM personnelaremadeasfrontliners.

c. Advisecrowdcontrolelements(CDMpersonnel)thatinsituationsrequiringtheuseofbatonsortruncheons,they should only target fleshy parts of the bodysuch as the arms, torso, legs, and thighs. Hittingprotesterswiththebatonortruncheononthehead,face,neck,shoulderblades,elbows,fingers,groin,knees,andanklesmustbeavoidedsincestrikestothesepartsmaycauseserioustopermanentinjuries,or even death. Further, protesters thatwould bearrestedmustbeproperly restrained/handcuffedusing scientific control methods; and thereafter,broughtsafelytothepolicestationforprocessing.Arrestedprotestersmustnotbekicked,punched,ordraggedbythehairorfeet.

d. Whenfiretrucksaredeployedaspartofthecrowdcontrolformation,ensurethatappropriatefirehosesareusedtoavoidexcessivewaterpressurethatmaycauseserioustopermanentinjury.


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STANDARD 5: USE OF LETHAL FORCE

Lethal force should not be used except when strictlyunavoidableinordertoprotectyourlifeorthelivesofothers.


a. If possible, conduct regular firearms proficiencytraining and testing for all police personnel.Proficiencyisneededtoenablepolicepersonneltouse theirfirearmswithaccuracy, specifically if thegoalisonlytoimmobilizeanarmedpersonorsuspect.In today’s police paradigm which considers theprotectionofhumanlivesastheprimaryoperationalobjective,thedeathofaperson(whetherthatpersonis a criminal, suspect, victim, hostage or innocentbystander) resultingoutof apolice intervention isgenerallyconsideredanoperationalfailure.

b. Conduct re-training of police personnel in the useofnon-lethalforceandtactics ineffectingarrests.Specifically, provide re-training in individual /group arresting methods and weapons retentiontechniques.

c. Orient police personnel on principles of stress andanger management. Police work, by nature, isvery stressful. For that reason, all PNP personnelneed to undergo periodic neuro-psychiatric testingandcounselingwhicharevital tools inmaintainingtheemotionalandmentalhealthofpoliceofficers.Counselingand/orstressdebriefingisveryimportantespeciallyforpersonnelwhowereengagedinarmedencountersorviolentincidents.


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STANDARD 6: ARRESTING PERSONS ON LEGAL GROUNDS

Onlyarrestpersonsiftherearelegalgroundstodoso,andthearrestiscarriedoutinaccordancewithlawfularrestprocedures.


a. All police personnel must carry and use MirandaWarning Cards in informing persons arrested,detained or under investigation about their rightsunderthelaw.

b. Takeextracaretoensurethesafetyofthearrestedperson/sduring transport fromthecrimescene tothepolicestation.

c. Personalpropertiesofthedetained/arrestedpersonmust be properly inventoried, documented, andkept in a secure location inside the police stationor designated storage area. Said properties mustbe properly turned-over to the detained/arrestedperson upon his or her release; given to familymembers or relatives of the arrested person withhis/herconsent;ortotheappropriateauthoritiesincaseswhenthesaidpersoniscommittedtoanotherdetentionfacility.

STANDARD 7: DETAINEES’ RIGHTS

Ensurethatalldetainees,immediatelyaftertheirarrest,haveaccesstotheirfamilyandlawyer.Theymustalsobegivenimmediatemedicalassistancewhenevernecessary.


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a. Maintain a manually written and/or computerizedDatabaseofDetaineesorPersonsUnderPoliceCustodywhichincludesthecompletenameofthedetainee,address, age, nature of offense, date arrestedand released, date of preliminary investigation orinquest,nameandcontactdetailsofhis/herlawyer,andotherpertinentdetails.Takenoteofdetaineeswithspecialmedicalneeds.

b. Whennecessary,coordinatewith the localchapterof the IntegratedBarof thePhilippines (IBP)and/orNGOsthatprovidefreelegalassistancetoassistdetainees who cannot afford to hire a lawyer; orthosewhocannotbeimmediatelyattendedtobythePublicAttorney’sOffice(PAO).Partnershipswiththelocal IBPchapterand NGOs involved inparalegalworkmaybeexplored as ameans to provide freelegal assistance to detained persons, and possibly,eventoPNPpersonnel.

c. Ensurethatdutypersonnelhavecontactdetailsof

nearbyhospitalsandclinicsincasepersonsarrested,detained and those under investigation requireemergencymedicalcare.

STANDARD 8: HUMANE TREATMENT OF DETAINEES

All detainees must be treated humanely. Under anycircumstances, do not inflict, instigate, nor tolerate any actoftortureorill-treatment,andrefusetoobeyanyordertodoso.


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a. Ifresourcesandcircumstanceswouldallow,physicalimprovements may be undertaken to ensure thatdetentionfacilitiesarewell-ventilatedandwell-lighted. If possible, the cells should be fittedwithbenchesandtoiletfacilities.Themaintenanceof separatemale and female custodial facilities ismandatory.

b. Ifpossible,installaudio-videorecordingequipment

in investigation rooms. The recording of custodialinvestigations will provide the police stationcommanderwithseveraladvantagesincluding:

• Capability to record custodial investigations insupporttocase-buildupandprosecution;

• Documentationof investigationproceduresasatoolfortrainingandperformanceevaluation;

• Recording of proof about the proper, fair, andlegalconductofpolice investigation indefensetopossibleharassmentsuits.

STANDARD 9: REFUSAL TO OBEY UNJUST ORDERS

Donotcarryout,order,orcover-upextra-legalkillingsorenforceddisappearance,andrefusetoobeyanyordertodoso.


a. Ensure that all police operations include pre-deploymentbriefingandpost-operationassessment/


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debriefing.Suchbriefingsmustincludetheprovisionof general guidelines and specific instructions topolicepersonneltoensuremissionaccomplishmentwithout prejudice to the observance of humanrights.Theunderlyinggoalbehindtheguidelinesandinstructionsistopreventviolationsofpolicepoliciesandoperationalprocedures.

b. Whenindoubtaboutaspecificorder,seekclarificationandguidancefromthedirectsuperiororfromhigherheadquarters.Insomecases,itmaybeadvisabletorequestforwritteninstructionsororderstoensurethat specific missions or police interventions arelegalanddulyauthorized.

STANDARD 10: REPORTING VIOLATIONS

Reportall violationsof these standards toyour seniorofficerand to thenearestProsecutor’sOffice.Doeverythingwithinyourabilityandauthoritytoensurestepsaretakentoinvestigateviolationsofthesestandards.


a. Maintain copies of mission orders, memoranda,notes,andotherofficialdocumentsrelatedtopoliceoperations involving your participation. Thesedocumentswillbeusefulinthepreparationofyourfactualreportofallegedviolationsofhumanrights;and in thepreparationofyour replyordefense incase you are the subject of complaint for allegedviolations.

b. Followprescribedproceduresforreportingviolationsofpolicepoliciesandprocedures (from immediatesuperiortohigheroffice).


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PART IVADDITIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SELECTED POLICE

INTERVENTIONS

All police personnel are required to study and applytheinstructionsandguidelinescontainedinthePNPHandbookon Police Operational Procedures (POP). Written below aresupplementalorcomplementaryguidelinesandactionitemstoenhancetheprotectionofhumanrightsduringtheconductofpoliceinterventions.

1. FOOT AND MOBILE PATROLS

Footandmobilepatrolsareamongthemosteffectiveanti-crimeoperationsavailabletothePNP.Patrolssignificantlydetercrimesduetotheactivepresenceofuniformedpoliceofficers.Toremaineffectiveintheconductofpolicepatrols,allPNPpersonnelmustfollowtheseguidelines:

a. Wearproperpoliceuniformandequipment: -CompletePNPGeneralOfficeAttire(GOA)Uniform

orprescribeduniformoftheday -NameplateandBadge - Leather Pistol Belt, Handcuffs, and Service

Firearm -Whistle -Baton/Truncheon -EarlyWarningDevice -PNPTickler/NotebookandPen -FlashlightandFirstAidKit(ifavailable) -HandheldRadio(ifavailable) -Authorizedjacketorraincoatincaseofinclement

weather

additional guidelines for selected police interventions

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b.Mobilepatrolsshouldalwaysentailtheuseofproperlymarked PNP vehicles. Megaphones should be keptinside the patrol cars, ready for use during trafficmanagement or traffic stops, driver and vehicleinspections, emergency response, crowd control,etc.

c.Always be respectful or courteous when speakingtocitizens.Usetactandnon-threatening languagewhenconductingaspotinquiryorwhenquestioningpersons.Useaconversationallanguageandavoidaninterrogation-typeofquestioning.Rememberthatacitizen’simpressiononindividualpoliceofficershasan impactonpublicperceptiontowardstheentirePNP.

Suggested Script:

“Magandang umaga/gabi po. Ako po si (ranggo at apelyido). Ano po ang pangalan nila? Maari po bang makita ang inyong I.D.?” “Good morning/evening. I am (rank and surname). May I ask for your name, please? May I also see your I.D.?”

d. Police officers cannot force any person to presentan I.D. card and other documents. However, youareallowed toask theirname.When requestingasuspiciouspersonoranyindividualforidentification,never handle the wallet or bag in which the I.D.cards or documents are kept. Let that individualvoluntarilyhandoverhis/her identificationcardordocuments.

e.Whenanindividualasksforareasonorexplanationwhy he/she was stopped for questioning, briefly


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explainthatpolicepatrolsarenormalprocedurestopreventcrimeandensurepublicsafety.

Suggested Script:

“Normal police procedure po ang pagpa-patrol. Ginagawa po natin ito para magbantay laban sa krimen at para sa kaligtasan ng publiko. ”

“Patrols are part of normal police procedures to prevent crime and ensure public safety.”

f. Alwaysthankthecitizenbeforelettinghim/hergo.

Suggested Script:

“Thank you Sir / Ma’am, we appreciate your cooperation.”

or “Thank you for bearing with the slight inconvenience. Have a safe trip.”

“Salamat po sa inyong kooperasyon.” okaya

“Salamat po at pasensya na po sa kaunting abala. Ingat po kayo sa biyahe.”

IN THE CONDUCT OF POLICE PATROLS, ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE CITIZEN’S RIGHT TO DIGNITY, PRIVACY, AND FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT.

Questions for Deeper Study:

1. Whatarethecommonoperationallapsesorreportsof human rights violations during the conduct of


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policepatrols?

2. What specific citizen’s rights must be protectedduringpolicepatrols?

3. Duringapatrol,whatsignsshouldyoulookforwhenevaluatingwhetheracertainpersonposesathreattoyouandtothepublic?

4. When conducting mobile patrols, what situationsrequirepoliceintervention?

2. PROTOCOLS IN CITIZEN CONTACT

Astheoldsayinggoes,“Firstimpressionslast.”Police-citizencontactsarenotonlythemeansforyoutoprovidepoliceservicetopeople.Itisalsoanopportunitytocreateapositiveimpressiononthecitizenabouttheentirepoliceorganization.In all situations (when engaged in patrols, checkpoints,investigation,trafficstop,etc.)thatrequirepoliceofficerstospeaktopeople,alwaysfollowtheseguidelines:

a. Alwaysmaintaincourtesywhenspeakingtopeople.When an individual becomes uncooperative orexhibitsresistingspeechorbehavior,continuetousepoliteyetfirmlanguage.Maintaineyecontactandtrytocalmdownanervousorhystericalperson.

b. Avoid shouting. Only use clear, firm instructionsto make a person or group more cooperative orcompliant.Ifnecessary,useamegaphoneespeciallywhenaddressingagrouporlargecrowd.

c. Exhibitprofessionalbehavior.Neverusefoullanguageor invectives even when an individual or group isunruly,uncooperative,orresisting.


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d. Neverun-holsterortouchyourservicefirearmwhenspeakingtoanunarmedandcooperativeindividual.

e. Inapat-downsearch,officersarepermittedonlytofeeltheouterclothingofthesuspect.Officersmaynotplacetheirhandsinpocketsunlesstheyfeelanobject that could possibly be a weapon such as afirearm,knife,blunt instrumentor anyother itemthatcanbeusedtoinflictharm.

f. Inconductingapat-downsearch,asmuchaspossible,onlyfemalepoliceofficersshouldbeallowedtofriskafemaleadultorminor.

g. During the conduct of a pat-down, a full-custodysearchisonlyallowedwhenapoliceofficerdiscoversthatapersonhaspossessionofillegalweapons,illegaldrugsornarcotics,andotherprohibiteditems.Thepoliceofficermustfullyinformthearrestedpersonabouthis/her“MirandaRights”.

h. When an individual or group is uncooperative orresisting,apply theprincipleson theuseof force.Immediatelyde-escalatesituationswhenpeopleareshowingangerordisorderlybehavior.SeetheUseofForcematrixincludedasanannex.

NOTE: Use of Force Continuum is a standard that provides law enforcement officials with guidelines on what level or degree of legal force may be used against a resisting person or group in a given situation.

DURING CITIZEN CONTACTS, ALL POLICE PERSONNEL MUST EXHIBIT PROFESSIONALISM, COURTESY, AND RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS AND DIGNITY OF ALL PERSONS.


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QUESTIONS FOR DEEPER STUDY:

1. Whatwords,acts,orbehaviorshouldbeavoidedbypoliceofficerswhenspeakingwithcitizens?

2. In practical terms, how can police officers exhibitprofessionalismduringcitizencontacts?

3. How can a police officer effectively handle anagitatedorangrycitizen?

4. What are the positive effects or impact to theindividualpoliceofficerandtothePNPasawholewhen police personnel treat citizens with respectandcourtesy?

5. When speaking with citizens, why should policeofficers avoid touching their service firearm? Inwhatcasesorsituationarepoliceofficersallowedtotouch,un-holster,ordrawtheirservicefirearm?

3. POLICE CHECKPOINT

Checkpoints are important in maintaining publicsafetyanddeterringcriminalityinthestreets.However,suchcheckpointsmustnotinconveniencenorintimidatecitizensbut,instead,shouldprovidethemarealsenseofsafetyandsecurity.Toremainlegitimateandauthorized,allPNPcheckpointsmustbe:

a. Staffedbyuniformedpolicepersonnel incompleteuniform, including name plates and (if available)I.D.cards.ThecheckpointmustbeledbyaPoliceCommissioned Officer who is at least of Inspectorrank. In Metro Manila and other major cities,


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enforcement officers manning the checkpointsshouldnotbewearingbattledressuniformsorblackfatiguesinlieuofthePNPGOAunlesstheconductofcheckpointisaresultofahotpursuitoperation.

Civilian volunteers (barangay officials, NGOmembers,etc.)whowillparticipateinthecheckpointoperationsmustbeproperlyaccreditedbythePNPandmusthaveundergoneproperorientationpriortodeployment.Thecivilianvolunteersmustalsoweartheirorganizationaluniformandidentificationcardsduringthecheckpointoperations.Saidvolunteersarenotauthorizedtobearfirearmsandmustonlyactasobserversat thecheckpoint. In seriousnationalemergency situations, the participation of civilianvolunteersisnotallowed.

b. Established as part of ongoing police operations.Only official PNPmarked vehicles shall be used inestablishingmobilecheckpoints.

c. Always use courteous language when speaking tomotorists, passengers, and drivers of public utilityvehicles. The conduct of checkpoints includingsearches, seizures, and arrests shall be done withcivilityandwithduerespecttoinnocentpassers-by,commuters,orbystanders.

Suggested Script: “Magandang umaga/gabi po. Police checkpoint lang po ito, Pasensya na po sa kaunting abala. Maraming salamat po.”

“Good morning/evening. This is a police checkpoint. Please bear with the slight inconvenience. Thank you, Sir / Ma’am.”


d. ObservethePlainViewDoctrineduringcheckpointoperations. Never force motorists to open theirvehicle’s trunk or compartments. Never forcemotorists, drivers, and passengers to present I.D.cards.

e.Theuseofwarningshotsisstrictlyforbiddentoavoid

unnecessary and accidental deaths, injuries, anddamage to property. Megaphones or police sirensshall be used instead during the pursuit. In theeventthattheoccupantsofthevehicleopenfireonthepersonnelmanning the checkpoint, reasonableforcetoovercomethesuspects’aggressionmaybeemployed.

f.Searchesmadeatcheckpointsshallbelimitedtovisualsearch and neither the vehicle nor the occupantsshallbesubjectedtophysicalsearchorrequirethepassengerstoalightfromthevehicle.Anextensivesearchmaybeallowedonlyiftheofficersconductingthesearchhaveprobablecausetobelievethattheywouldfindevidencepertainingtothecommissionofacrimeinthevehicletobesearchedandthereisnosufficienttimetosecureavalidwarrantuponwhichthepassengersshallberequiredtoalightfromthevehicletoeffectthesearch.

g.Personsstoppedduringacheckpointarenotrequiredandmustnotbeforcedtoansweranyquestionsposedduringspotchecksoraccosting.Failuretorespondto an officer’s inquiries is not, in and of itself, asufficientgroundtomakeanarrest.Aperson’sfailureorrefusaltorespondtoquestionsmadebythepoliceofficer,however,mayprovidesufficientjustificationforadditionalobservationandinvestigation.

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h. The team leader must properly orient the SearchTeamandSecurityTeamthatwillparticipateinthecheckpointoperations.

i. Both the police and civilian components of thecheckpointoperationsmustsubmittheirrespectiveafter-operationsreporttotheirunit/organization.

IN THE CONDUCT OF POLICE CHECKPOINTS, ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE CITIZEN’S RIGHT TO DIGNITY, PRIVACY, AND FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT.


1. Whatarethecommonoperationallapsesorreportsof human rights violations during the conduct ofpolicecheckpoints?

2. What specific citizen’s rights must be protectedduringtheconductofpolicecheckpoints?

3. When are police personnel allowed to request thedriverand/or passengers toalight thevehicle forfurthersearches,pat-down,orfrisking?

4. SEARCH AND SEIZURE

Search and seizure operations are very critical in theconduct of investigation, evidence-gathering, and in pre-emptingpossiblecriminalactivitiesorthreatstopublicsafety.However, maximum care should be observed in search andseizures to avoid human rights violations and other offensesthat might hamper a police operation or case investigation.Reviewthefollowingpointstoensurethatsearchandseizuresaredoneproperlywithinlegalparameters:


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a. Asearchandseizureoperationisallowedandlegalwhenitiscoveredbyavalidsearchwarrantissuedbythecourt.Normally,asearchwarrantshouldbeusedonlyduringdaytime.Otherwise,thesearchwarrantmustspecificallyindicatethatitcanbeuseddayornight.

b. The search warrant must show or indicate: thesignature of a judge; specific alleged violation orcrime;exactaddressor locationof theareatobesearched;andexactitemstobeseized.

c. The search warrant is only valid for ten (10) daysfromthedateitwasissued.

d. Policeofficersmustbeinpropercompleteuniform(includingtheirnameplateand/orI.D.card)duringthesearchoperation.

e. PoliceofficersmustidentifythemselvesandshowtheSearchWarranttotheowner,custodianoroccupantofthehouse,building,orpropertytobesearched.Whentheownerorcustodianrefusestocooperateordeniesentry,thepoliceofficers(searchparty)canforciblyentertheproperty.

f. Theowner,custodian,oroccupantsofthepropertytobesearchedmustbeallowedtoaccompanythepoliceofficersduringtheentiresearchoperation.

g. If the owners, custodian, or occupants are notpresent,theremustbeatleasttwo(2)independentwitnessesoflegalagewhoworkinorresidenearthepropertytobesearched.

h. Illegal items or contraband may also be seized by


policeofficersevenifthesearenotcoveredbythesearchwarrantaslongasthesaiditemsareinplainview.Policeofficersormembersofthesearchpartyare required to present an official receipt for allitemstakenorseized.

i. After arresting a person (for example, during atrafficstoporcheckpointoperation),policeofficerscan frisk the arrested person and conduct searchand seizureof illegal items,materials that canbeusedasevidence,anddeadlyweapons,oranyotherobjectthatposeathreattothepoliceofficerandtothepublic.

ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE CITIZEN’S RIGHT TO BE SECURE IN THEIR PERSONS, HOUSES OR PROPERTY, PAPERS, AND EFFECTS AGAINST UNREASONABLE OR ILLEGAL SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.


1. What are the common errors and/or complaintsagainst police personnel involved in search andseizureoperations?

2. What specific citizen’s rights must be protectedduring the conduct of police search and seizureoperations?

3. Whatproceduresmustbefollowedinthehandlingofseizeditemsorobjects?

5. ARRESTS WITH WARRANT

Whenmakingarrestswithawarrant,alwaysfollowtheseguidelines:

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a. Alwaysidentifyyourselfasapoliceofficer.Provideyour name, position/designation, and place ofassignmentorunittothepersontobearrested,hisfamilyorrelatives,orotherpersonspresentduringthetimeofarrest.

b. Presentthewarrantofarresttothesubjectpersonbeforeorafterthearrestismade.

c. If requested, allow the arrested person to beaccompaniedbyafamilymember,relative,orfriendfrom the place of arrest to the police station orheadquarterswherethesaidarrestedpersonwouldbeprocessedanddetained.

d. As much as possible, members of the arrestingteamshouldbeincompleteuniform.Duringcovertoperations,thearrestingteammustproperlyidentifythemselves during the conduct of arrest; and it isrecommendedthatamarkedPNPvehiclebeusedtotransport thearrestedperson(s) from theplaceofarresttothepolicestation/headquarters.

6. ARRESTS WITHOUT WARRANT

Anarrestwithoutwarrantisauthorizedandlegal:

a. Whenapersonhascommitted,isactuallycommitting,orattemptingtocommitanoffenseorcrimeinthepresenceofapoliceofficer.

b. Whenanoffenseorcrimehasjustbeencommittedand the police officer has personal knowledge offactsindicatingthatthepersontobearrestedhadcommittedthesaidoffenseorcrime.


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c. When the person to be arrested is an escapeddetaineeorprisoner.

d. When the person arrested without a warrant isimmediately brought to the nearest police stationorjail,andsubjectedtoinquestproceedingsatthesoonestpossibletimeinkeepingwiththeprovisionsof Section 7, Rule 112 of the Rules of CriminalProcedure.

An arrest without warrant is considered unauthorizedandillegalifthewarrantlessarrestismade:

a. Duetomeresuspicionorbelief;and

b. Unsupported by facts, credible information, orcircumstances necessary to establish probablecause.

ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE CITIZEN’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS, PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY BY THE COURT, AND EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW.


1. What are the common errors and/or complaintsagainst policepersonnel involved in the servingofwarrantsofarrest?

2. What specific citizen’s rights must be protectedduringtheconductofarrestprocedures?

3. Whattypeorlevelofforceshouldbeusedbypoliceofficers against an unarmed but violently resistingsuspect?


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7. CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION

During custodial investigation, police officers mustabidebytheprovisionsofRepublicAct7438,orthelawthatprescribedtheRightsofPersonsArrested,Detained,orUnderCustodialInvestigation.Itisimportanttorememberandapplythefollowingguidelinesoncustodialinvestigation:

a. Police officers must observe the principle of dueinvestigativeprocess;andpresumethepersonbeinginvestigatedas innocentuntilprovenguiltyby thecourt.

b. Investigations must be sensitive and adaptable tospecialneedsorrequirementsofwomen,children,minors,theelderly,membersofindigenousgroups,andpersonswithdisabilities.

c. PutupPNPPostersontheRightsofPersonsArrested,Detained, or Under Investigation (based on R.A.7438) in a prominent or highly visible area insidethe investigation room. Asabestpractice,advisetheperson/sunderinvestigationtoreadtheposterbefore the conduct of questioning or custodialinvestigation.

ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE CITIZEN’S RIGHT TO COUNSEL ESPECIALLY DURING THE CONDUCT OF POLICE INVESTIGATION.


1. What are the common errors and/or complaintsagainst police personnel involved in custodialinvestigation?


2. Whatshouldpolice investigatorsdowhenapersonundercustodialinvestigationdoesnothavealawyerorcannotaffordtohirealawyer?Whatcanbedonetoprotectaperson’srighttocounselwhenprivatecounseloraPAOlawyerisnotavailable?

3. Why should police officers be aware, sensitive,and capable of meeting special needs of women,children,minors,andothervulnerablegroups?

8. DETENTION

The following guidelines are provided to ensure thattherightsofdetainedpersonsarerespectedandprotectedbypolicepersonnel:

a. Police personnel are responsible for the health,safety,andhygieneofallpersonsdetainedorunderpolicecustody.

b. Proper monitoring of the status and disposition ofdetainedpersons,especiallythosewhoareawaitingtransfer to jails or those who are supposed to bereleased is vital to the efficient and effectivedetention management. It is also relevant to theprevention of overcrowding in custodial facilities,whichisaserioushealthandsecurityconcern.

c. If possible, seek modifications in police custodialfacilitiestoallowdetainedpersonstohaveprivacywhenspeakingwithhis/herfamilyandlawyer.Suchmodifications also need to consider the need forsufficient space for detained persons to rest andsleep.

d. Police station commanders or the Chief of the

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Custodial Facility must prescribe fixed times orschedules for eating, sleeping, and receivingvisitors.Thisisnecessarytomaintainsecurityinsidethestationaswellaspromotehealthyandhumaneconditionsinthecustodialfacility.

ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE DETAINED PERSON’S RIGHT TO SAFE AND HUMANE CONDITIONS WHILE UNDER POLICE CUSTODY.


1. What are the common complaints about custodialfacilitiesandjails?

2. Whatcanpolicestationcommandersdotoaddressovercrowdinginpolicecustodialfacilities?

3. Whattypeorlevelofforceshouldbeusedbypoliceofficers against an unarmed but violently resistingsuspect?

9. CROWD CONTROL / CDM OPERATIONS

Anylossofemotionalcontrol,unprofessionalconduct,andexcessiveuseofforcebymembersofPNPcrowdcontrol(CDM)units ishighlycounter-productiveandcausesnegativeperception towards the police organization. To preventpossibleabuseofauthorityandhumanrightsviolations,policepersonnelshouldconsiderthefollowingguidelines:

a. Always use prescribed CDM protective gear andequipment to avoid physical injury should thesituationescalate.

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b. During the violent dispersal stage, only hit theresisting person(s) on fleshy or thick portions ofthearms,torso,thighs,andlegs.Avoidhittingthehead,face,neck,collarbones,elbows,knees,spinalcolumn,feet,ankles,andotherverysensitivebodyparts.Batonstrikestothesepartsmaycauselong-termorpermanentdamage.

c. Alwaysusepropercontrolandhandcuffingtechniques.Neverdragprotestorsbythehairorleg.Usetwo-man or four-man carry techniques to control andtransportresistingprotestersfromtheprotestareatothemobilepatrolcarorpolicevehicle.

d. PoliceofficersmustusetheMirandaWarningcardstoinformarrestedprotestersoftheirrights.

e. Policeofficersmusttakeextracareintheconductofarrestsorintheuseofnon-lethalweaponssinceminorsandinnocentciviliansmightbeaffectedduringdispersaloranyothernecessarypoliceaction.

ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY.


1. What are the negative effects of excessive use offorceindispersingprotestersespeciallywhenthereismediacoveringtherally?

2. Areill-equippedcrowdcontrol(CDM)personnelmorepronetolossofemotionalcontrolandexcessiveuseofforce?YesorNo?Why?

3. What should police personnel do when there are

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minors and vulnerable persons (ex. elderly andpersonswithdisabilities)inthegroupofprotestersandthereisacommandtodispersethecrowd?

10. DECLARING A CRIME SCENE OR CRITICAL INCIDENT AREA Policeofficersmustbeawareoftheprotocolsinmediacoverage,principlesofpressfreedom,andthepublic’srighttoinformation---andbalancethesewiththeneedtoperformlawenforcementduties.

Declaringanareaoff-limitsforbeingacrimesceneoracriticalincidentarea is vital inpreservingevidenceandmaintainingpublicsafety.Toavoidpossibleconflictswithmediapersonalitiescoveringacrimesceneoramajorincident,takenoteofthefollowingguidelines:

a. Informallcivilians,mediapractitioners,andotherunauthorizedpersonsthatacertainlocationisbeingdeclaredacrimescene,off-limitszone,orcriticalincident area. Calmly but firmly instruct them toimmediatelyvacatethesaidarea.

b. Establishapolicelinetocordon-offthecrimesceneorcriticalincidentarea.

c. ThepolicegroundcommanderordesignatedpoliceofficermustimmediatelycoordinatewiththeNewsDeskEditorsormainofficesofthemediapersonalitieswhoarepresentinthearea.Requestthenewsdeskeditor or concerned media officer to advise theirmediastafftoleaveorstayoutsidethecrimesceneorcordoned-offarea.

d. Unauthorized persons who refuse to leave thedeclaredcrimesceneorcritical incidentareamay

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bearrestedforobstructionofjustice.However,thearrest must only be made after the said person isgivenenoughtimetocomplywithpoliceinstructionstoleavethearea.Shouldtheconductofanarrestbecome necessary, the arrested person must beimmediatelyinformedofhis/herrights.

e. Set-up amedia briefing area severalmeters awayfromthecrimesceneorcriticalincidentarea.Thismeasureisnecessarytomaintainpublicsafetyandtopreservetheintegrityofthecrimesceneorcriticalincidentarea.

ALL PNP PERSONNEL MUST PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO INFORMATION, AND FREEDOM OF THE PRESS.


1. Howcanpoliceofficerseffectivelypreserveacrimesceneorcordon-offacriticalincidentareawithoutcurtailingpressfreedomorviolatingmedia’srighttogathernewsinformation?

2. Whatstepscanbeundertakenbythepolicegroundcommander when media personalities and otherunauthorizedpersonsrefusetoleaveacrimesceneorcriticalincidentareadespiteanearlierrequestorinstruction?

3. Whendoesobstructionofjusticetakeplaceinthesesituations?

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ANNEX A

POLICE STATION CHECKLIST ON HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED POLICING(asmaintainedbytheHumanRightsDesk)

1. Number and profile of personnel with: - Basicandadvancedtraininginhumanrights - Humanrightsmodulesinmandatoryandspecialcourses - Additionalhumanrightsseminars,workshops,andtrainingconducted

byCHR - Additional human rights seminars, workshop, training conducted by

NGOsandforeignorganizations2. Number of custodial detention facilities / lock-up cells inspected. - Arethereseparatefacilitiesformen,women,andchildren? - Is there a regularly updated Database on Detainees including their

completename,address,age,sex,natureofcrimeoroffense,statusofcaseorinvestigation,dateofinquest,releaseortransfertojail,contactdetailsoflawyerorfamily,etc.?

- Arethecustodialdetentionfacilities/lock-upcellsclean,safe,andsecure? Are detainees confined in facilities that pose no threat totheirhealthandsafety?

2. Number and profile of complaints of alleged human rights violations such as:

- ExcessiveUseofForce(EF) - IllegalArrest(IA) - IllegalDetention(ID) - ExtralegalKillings(ELK)orsummaryexecutions - EnforcedDisappearance(ED) - Otherhumanrightsviolations4. Number and status of alleged cases of human rights violations

investigated or handled by the police station.5. Display of posters and information materials on Rights of Persons

Arrested, Detained or Under Investigation (R.A. 7438) at the police station and other PNP offices.

-Display the posters inside the investigation room, near custodialdetentionfacilities,andotherprominent locations insidethepolicestation.

6. Activation of human rights desk and designation of human rights desk officers (HRDOs) at the police station level including:

-PreparationofHumanRightsDeskWorkflowanddirectoryofotherPNPunitsandgovernmentagenciesinvolvedinhumanrightsprotection.

-HumanRightsPromotion/ProtectionActionPlan(policestation-level)7. Coordination with Barangay Human Rights Action Officer (BHRAO)

on joint human rights plans and activities; protective services to victims of human rights violations; and other mission-essential tasks related to human rights promotion and protection at the community level.

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ANNEX B

HUMANRIGHTSDESKBASICOPERATIONALPROCEDURES

Receiving / Taking Action on Complaints of Alleged Human RightsViolations:

1. PolitelygreetthecomplainantoranypersonthatapproachestheHumanRightsDesk.Stateyourrankandfullname,thenask the complainant or person about his specific need orpurposeforapproachingyourdesk.

2. Throughinitialinterview,evaluateifthecomplaintisaboutan alleged human rights violation or a typical complaintthat issupposedtobehandledbyotherdeskssuchastheInvestigation Desk, Women & Children’s Protection Desk(WCPD),etc.

3. Assess if the complaint is about alleged enforceddisappearance(ED),extra-legalkilling(ELK),torture(TOR),illegalarrest(IA),orexcessiveuseofforcebyapoliceofficerand/orlawenforcer(EF).

4. IfthecomplaintisrelatedtohumanrightsviolationscitedinNo.2,getawrittenstatementfromthecomplainantabouttheincident.Getfulldetailsoftheincident,completenameandcontactdetailsofthecomplainant,andotherpertinentinformation.

5. Informthecomplainantthathe/shewillreceiveanupdateonactionstakenbytheHumanRightsDesk/PoliceStationwithinthree(3)days.Further,informthecomplainantthatthe update on actions taken may be sent via phone call,textmessage,email,orasalastresort,viapostmail.Alsoprovide the complainant with your official telephone/faxnumbers,e-mailaddress,andothercontactdetails.

6. Thankthecomplainantforreportingtheincident/allegedhumanrightsviolation.ExpressreassurancethattheHumanRightsDeskwouldcloselymonitortheactionsthatwillbetakenbytheappropriatepoliceunitsorgovernmentagenciesthatwillhandlethecomplaintorreportofallegedhumanrightsviolation.

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ANNEX C USE OF FORCE CONTINUUM

SITUATION OR TYPE OF

THREAT POSED BY OFFENDER/ SUSPECT

USE OF FORCE

CONTINUUM

AUTHORIZEDFORCE LEVEL

POLICE OFFICER

LANGUAGEAND

DEFENSIVEPOSTURE

COOPERATIVE

Person/group is UNARMED and cooperative and does not pose a threat to the police officer or to public safety.

PHYSICAL PRESENCE

VERBALCOMMANDS

Use of lethal and non-lethal force NOT authorized.

Use polite language.Assume normal ready stance. Waist and leg with holstered firearm should be positioned away from the person, group or suspect you are speaking to.Maintain eye contact.Keep your hands on the side or loosely clasped in front of your belt buckle.

RESISTANT (PASSIVE)

Person/group is UNARMED, uncooperative, shouting, angry, or using foul language but does not pose an imminent threat to the police officer or to public safety.

PHYSICAL PRESENCE

VERBALCOMMANDS

Use of lethal and non-lethal force NOT authorized.

Use polite but firm language. Use directives or instructions to make the person/group more cooperative or compliant.Normal ready stance. Waist and leg with holstered firearm should be positioned away from the person,

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group or suspect you are speaking to.Maintain eye contact and increase peripheral awareness. Place your hands in front of your belt buckle, with the tips of your fingers lightly touching --- ready to draw a non-lethal weapon, if necessary.

Use firm language to give instructions or directives, making your voice moderately loud but not at “shouting” level.

RESISTANT (SEMI-ACTIVE)

Person/group is UNARMED but actively resisting verbally; and may already pose a minor threat to the police officer and to public safety.

SOFT HANDS CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Use of non-lethal force is authorized, including joint manipulations and other body control techniques.

Use firm language with a moderately loud voice. Use directives or instructions to make the person/group more cooperative or compliant.When cooperation or compliance is not attained using verbal directives, cautiouslyapproach the person/group and apply control techniques using only light force. Maintain eye contact and increase peripheral

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awareness. Do NOT draw nor use firearms and other lethal weapons.DO NOT use the baton/truncheon.Police officer should continue to issue firm instructions or directives while restraining or controlling a resistingperson/group.If necessary, call for back-up.

RESISTANT (ACTIVE)

Person/group is resistingphysically and/or verbally; and already poses a more serious threat to the police officer and to public safety. At this stage, the person/group is resisting but does not directly physically attack the police officer or any civilian in the area.

HARD HANDS CONTROL & COMPLIANCETECHNIQUES

Use of non-lethal weapons is authorized, including joint manipulations and other body control techniques.

Do NOT draw nor use firearms and other lethal weapons.If necessary, use the baton or truncheon with calibrated force.

Only hit the resisting person(s) on fleshy or thick portions of the arms, torso, thighs, and legs.

Use firm language in a loud voice to command the person/group to cooperate and stop resisting.If necessary, call for back-up.

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Avoid hitting the head, face, neck, collar bones, elbows, knees, spinal column, feet, ankles, and other very sensitive body parts. Strikes to these parts may cause long-term or permanentdamage.

Police officer should continue to issue firm instructions or directives while restraining or controlling a resistingperson/group.

ASSAULTIVE (POSSIBLE

BODILY HARM)

Person/group is UNARMED but resistingphysically and/or verbally; and already poses a more serious threat to the police officer and to public safety. At this stage, the UNARMED person/group is resisting and has physicallyattacked or has threatened to attack the police

HARD HANDS, POLICE BATON

& OTHERNON-LETHAL

FORCE

DEFENSIVE TACTICS

Use of non-lethal weapons is authorized, including joint manipulations,body control techniques, and baton/truncheon.

Do NOT draw nor use firearms and other lethal weapons.

The use of joint manipulations and body control techniques must not result in long-term injury or

Use firm language in a loud voice to command the person/group to stop resisting.

While approaching the person/group, the police officer may draw his/her baton and assume a ready striking stance.

If the situation escalates and the person/groupincreases its level of verbal and/or physical resistance, the police officer should approach caution with his/her

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officer or any member of the public.

permanent physical damage.

If necessary, use the baton or truncheon with calibrated force.

Only hit the resisting person(s) on fleshy or thick portions of the arms, torso, thighs, and legs.

DO NOT hit the head, face, neck, collar bones, elbows, knees, groin, spinal column, feet, ankles, and other very sensitive body parts.

Only use striking techniques(punches, kicks, knee and elbow strikes, head butts, etc.) against an unarmed but resisting subject as a last resort. Police officer should continue to issue firm instructions or directives while restraining or controlling a resistingperson/group.

hand positioned and ready to draw the service firearm.

Immediately call for back up.

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ASSAULTIVE

(BODILY HARM)

Person/group is ARMED and resistingphysically and/or verbally; and already poses a serious threat to the police officer and to public safety.

At this stage, the person/group has only made threats and has not yet attacked the police officer and/or any member of the public.

Theperson/group is only armed with blunt, edged or propelledweapons incl. baseball bats or wooden clubs, knives, bolos, swords, bow & arrows,slingshots, blow darts, brass knuckles, rocks, etc.

THREAT TO USE

DEADLYFORCE

COMMENSURATEFORCE

Use of non-lethal weapons and firearms is authorized.

The police officer must warn the person/group about resorting to violence.

The police officer must direct them to lay down their weapons and stop resisting.

The police officer may assume a combat ready position with his/her hand over the service firearm; or draw the firearm and point the muzzle to the ground.

When necessary, take cover or use additionalprotectivemeasures against a possible attack. Immediately call for back-up.

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ASSAULTIVE

(SERIOUSBODILY HARM / DEATH)

Person/group is ARMED and has attacked or is attacking the police officer and/or the any member of the public using lethal weapons. Person/group is armed with factorymanufacturedand/orimprovised small arms, light to heavy weapons, and explosives.

USE OF DEADLYFORCE

DEADLY FORCE

Use of lethal weapons is necessary and authorized.

After exhausting all means to make the person, group or suspects to peacefullysurrender, the police officer is authorized use calibrated lethal force to suppress the threat.

Deploy Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) unit if necessary.

When attacked, the police officer is authorized to immediatelyengage and suppress the threat using his/her service firearm.

When armed resistancesubsides, the police officer must cautiouslyapproach the suspects using tactical movements.

Woundedpersons/suspectsmust be given first aid and/or brought immediately to the nearest hospital.

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ANNEX CUSE OF FORCE CONTINUUM

(alternate / illustrated version)

NOTE: The pro-baton or truncheon is currently the sole non-lethal weapon used by PNP personnel. The use of OC / pepper sprays, tasers, and other non-lethal weapons is not yet officially prescribed.

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R E F E R E N C E S REFERENCES

The following sources and references were used in the development of this Primer on Rights-Based Policing:

• 1987 Philippine Constitution

• Rules of Criminal Procedures

• Republic Act 7438 – An Act Defining Certain Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained, or Under Custodial Investigation as well as Duties of the Arresting, Detaining, and Investigating Officers, and Providing Penalties for Violations Hereof

• Official PNP Handbook on Police Operational Procedures

• Human Rights and Law Enforcement – A Trainer’s Guide on Human Rights for the Police published by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights (OUNHCR)

• United Nations (UN) Basic Principles in the Use of Force and Firearms

• United Nations (UN) Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials

Citizens Primer on Law Enforcement

Documents

magandang

sir maam

selected police

body control

maintain eye

including

miranda warning

issue firm