Cities grew outward in circles as modes of transportation became more accessible.

• Cities grew outward in circles as modes of transportation became more accessible.

• Cities also grew around factories and tenant housing due to large numbers of immigrants

• Better building materials also influenced city growth

• However cities were also places of filth, crime and disease

Chicago’s “El” trainChicago’s “El” train

First ImmigrantsFirst Immigrants

• The first, or “Old” immigrants are thoseThe first, or “Old” immigrants are those that came to this country that came to this country priorprior to 1880. to 1880.

• They were from Scandinavian countries, They were from Scandinavian countries, and did have some command of the English and did have some command of the English language. Therefore these people language. Therefore these people assimilated or fit in easily.assimilated or fit in easily.

2nd or New Immigrants

• Immigrants arrive in record numbers– 1890 - 1914: 14 million immigrants arrive

• Those that came between these years were known as new or 2nd immigrants.

• They came from southern and eastern Europe and other slavic countries.

• They did not speak a common language, much less English, therefore they didn’t assimilate, or fit in easily.

• Because of this they inherited the substandard “ghetto” housing, and took the lower paying jobs that no one really wanted.

Immigration to AmericaImmigration to America

• Many EEJ’s came to the U.S. for many reasonsMany EEJ’s came to the U.S. for many reasons

• Pogroms and anti Semitism drove millions of Pogroms and anti Semitism drove millions of Eastern European Jews from Russia and other Eastern European Jews from Russia and other countries to America.countries to America.

• In the early 1900s the threat of World War I In the early 1900s the threat of World War I brought many millions of Italians to the U.S.brought many millions of Italians to the U.S.

• Others who were down on their luck came for job Others who were down on their luck came for job opportunities as well as freedom.opportunities as well as freedom.

ARRIVING AT ELLIS ISLANDARRIVING AT ELLIS ISLAND

• Most of the new immigrants came through Ellis Island

1. Have $25

2. Be free of lice and TB

3. Be at least 16 or be with parents if younger than 16

4. Couldn’t be a criminal

Urban Living Conditions

• To keep pace with the rapidinflux of people, hastilyconstructed tenements housedmost immigrants

• Tenements crammed manypeople together in tight quarterswhere crowding and poorsanitation made residentsvulnerable to disease, fires, crime

Jane Jane AddamsAddams

• Founder of the “Hull House” Founder of the “Hull House” Jane Addams tried to lend a Jane Addams tried to lend a helping hand to those who were helping hand to those who were less fortunate.less fortunate.

• The Hull House offeredThe Hull House offered

1.1. Day careDay care

2.2. Sewing and cooking classes for Sewing and cooking classes for girlsgirls

3.3. Boys club activities for boysBoys club activities for boys

4.4. KindergartenKindergarten

5.5. Showers and hot mealsShowers and hot meals

• She went to Europe after WW1 She went to Europe after WW1 to assist with those who needed to assist with those who needed homes or food.homes or food.

• Went on to share the Nobel Went on to share the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931Peace Prize in 1931

• Electricity became the new power of the age. Electricity also had a profound impact on other industries.

• Factories

• Transportation

• Communications

Telegraph

• Samuel F.B. Morse is the man behind the telegraph as well as the system of communication used with the telegraph, known as Morse Code.

TelephoneTelephone

• Scottish immigrant Scottish immigrant Alexander G. Bell Alexander G. Bell patented his telephone patented his telephone in 1876.in 1876.

• 1878 50k in use1878 50k in use• 1887 11887 1stst long distance long distance

call NY-Phil.call NY-Phil.• 1890 800k in use1890 800k in use• 1900 1.5 million1900 1.5 million

The Wizard of Menlo ParkThe Wizard of Menlo Park

• Thomas Edison is Thomas Edison is credited with over 1000 credited with over 1000 patents and inventions, patents and inventions, but it’s the followingbut it’s the following

1.1. Incandescent bulbIncandescent bulb2.2. Phonograph (record Phonograph (record

player)player)3.3. MicrophoneMicrophone4.4. Movie CameraMovie Camera5.5. Electric voting machineElectric voting machineThat gave him his notorietyThat gave him his notoriety.

Andrew Carnegie

• Carnegie made Carnegie made millions in the steel millions in the steel industry by what industry by what became known as became known as vertical integrationvertical integration inin other words, owning other words, owning every step in the every step in the manufacturing of steel manufacturing of steel productsproducts

Steel industry prior to integrationSteel industry prior to integration

Mesabi rangeMesabi rangeIron OreIron Ore

Carnegie Carnegie Steel MillSteel Mill

Buyers of CarnegieBuyers of CarnegieSteel productsSteel products

Costs: Paying Costs: Paying miners $1000miners $1000

Costs: Costs: Paying Paying shipping shipping $600$600

Carnegie had to Carnegie had to set prices for steel set prices for steel products to cover products to cover his costs and to his costs and to make profitsmake profits..

Costs: Paying steel Costs: Paying steel workers to make steel workers to make steel products $500products $500

$2500 +-$2500 +-

Vertical Integration

• By owning every step in the making of steel products, Andrew Carnegie “vertically integrated” himself in the steel industry.

• Carnegie bought 1000’s of acres of the Mesabi range in Minnesota, he bought railroad lines to his steel plants, and he purchased other lines that went to consumers of steel products.

Carnegie after integration

Mesabi rangeMesabi range

Carnegie SteelCarnegie SteelMillMill

Consumers of Consumers of Of Carnegies Of Carnegies Steel ProductsSteel Products

Cost: $500Cost: $500

Cost: $150Cost: $150

Cost: $500Cost: $500

Cost: $150Cost: $150

$2500 or maybe $2500 or maybe even lesseven less

By vertically integrating the By vertically integrating the industry Carnegie was able to make industry Carnegie was able to make steel products for less, and sell them steel products for less, and sell them for about the same as his for about the same as his competitors.competitors.

He would then buy them out of He would then buy them out of business and by this practice, business and by this practice, Carnegie was able to eliminate his Carnegie was able to eliminate his competition, and if he desired, competition, and if he desired, could raise the prices for steel could raise the prices for steel products since he was the only products since he was the only provider of steel products.provider of steel products.

With his huge profits, Carnegie put With his huge profits, Carnegie put the money back into his steel mills the money back into his steel mills by adding the latest technology, by adding the latest technology, chemists, and metallurgists, and chemists, and metallurgists, and accountants that enabled him to accountants that enabled him to make the best steel products.make the best steel products.

I’m buying everyone of my I’m buying everyone of my competitors out of business, competitors out of business, and I’m LUUUVING it!!!!and I’m LUUUVING it!!!!

$$ $$$$

Even though big business men like Carnegie and Rockefeller made billions, they also gave away hundreds of millions to charity and to other causes. This is what is known as philanthropy

John D. Rockefeller

• Rockefeller made hundreds of millions of dollars in the oil industry.

• His billion dollar corporation was known as Standard Oil

• In a similar fashion to Carnegie, Rockefeller “horizontally integrated” himself in the oil business.

HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION

• This is where one buys up business in the same This is where one buys up business in the same industry.industry.

• Rather than owning all the steps in making oil and oil Rather than owning all the steps in making oil and oil products, Rockefeller simply bought competitors in products, Rockefeller simply bought competitors in his industry after first underselling them to the point his industry after first underselling them to the point to where they couldn’t compete with Standard Oil.to where they couldn’t compete with Standard Oil.

• This effectively eliminated his competition, and This effectively eliminated his competition, and allowed him to then raise his prices as high as he allowed him to then raise his prices as high as he wanted.wanted.

Independent oil refineries Independent oil refineries purchased so as to purchased so as to eliminate competition.eliminate competition.

““Looks great, Looks great, I’ll take them!!I’ll take them!!

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration is is the purchase of many the purchase of many smaller enterprises in smaller enterprises in the field of oil and the field of oil and creating a giant super creating a giant super company.company.

I don’t care if I I don’t care if I look like a look like a

scarecrow, I’m scarecrow, I’m one rich dude, one rich dude,

maybe I can get a maybe I can get a lip transplant?!?!lip transplant?!?!

• Gustavus Swift made use of ice and railroad cars and later refrigerated railroad cars to ship sides of beef from Chicago slaughter houses to the east coast.

• He then opened several butcher shops on the east coast to compete with local butchers.

• Swift was able to undersell the competition because he didn’t pay shipping.

• Phillip Aurmour made millions as he perfected the “disassembly line” for hogs.

• Hogs went in at one end of the factory under their own power, and came out in tin cans at the other end of the factory.

• This process of canning pigs gave consumers a full line of ready to eat pork products in a variety of cuts.

AURMOURAURMOURMEATSMEATS

Hogs went in at one end of the factory under their own power, and came out in tin cans at the other end of the factory.

H. J. HeinzH. J. Heinz

• Henry John Heinz discovered a way of preserving food similar to home canning. His idea skipped all of the tedious work of home canning.

• He also went on to establish catsup, steak sauces, relish and other widely used condiments.

Henry FordIn the 1900’s Henry Ford made In the 1900’s Henry Ford made the automobile affordable to the the automobile affordable to the average man through his average man through his “assembly line”“assembly line” tactics. tactics.

By having his factory workers By having his factory workers perform routine monotonous perform routine monotonous tasks, and perfecting the idea of tasks, and perfecting the idea of “interchangeable parts”“interchangeable parts” Ford was Ford was able to produce cars by the able to produce cars by the thousands.thousands.

This mass production of one This mass production of one model of car, the model of car, the MODEL “T”MODEL “T” helped in lowering the cost to helped in lowering the cost to where they were more affordable.where they were more affordable.