Cities and society lecture

Manchester “Original: Modern”300 years of the machinations of

‘Manchester men’

Cities and SocietyNicola Headlam

December 8th 2011

Lecture Structure

• Introduction• Manchester : Original Modern• Industrial Philanthro-Capitalism • Post-Industrial Philanthro-Capitalism• What next?

Processes – Definitions?

• Reification• Philanthro-capitalism• Gentrification • Industrial and Post Industrial

• Civic• Urbis• Agora

civiccivic  

    adj  of or relating to a city, citizens, or citizenship  civic duties        (C16: from Latin civicus, from civis citizen)  ♦   civically    adv  

civic centre      n    (Brit)  the public buildings of a town, including recreational facilities and offices of local administration  

civic university      n  (in Britain) a university originally instituted as a higher education college serving a particular city  

urbis

• The Latin Phrase Urbs Urbis has many meanings, mainly: city

agora

agora1n pl -rae [-riː -raɪ](Historical Terms) (often capital)a.  the marketplace in Athens, used for popular meetings, or any similar place of assembly in ancient Greeceb.  the meeting itself[from Greek, from agorein to gather]

Post-industrial

Daniel Bell ‘The coming of the Post-Industrial Society’

"knowledge and information are becoming the strategic resource and transforming agent of post-industrial society just as the combination of energy, resources and machine technology were the transforming agencies of industrial society" (Bell, 1974)

Knowledge Economy

Extension of the post-industrial argument

Economy focussed on exchange of goods and services

Think about…Planning for no commuters, home-working, vide-conferencing, death of distance because the nature and location of work is in flux.

Post-fordist

• Another economic argument.• Rooted in a mode of production. • Ford Motor Cars • assembly lines

Think about…Planning for consumption rather than production(ie shopping rather than assembly lines)

Books • Managing the city: the aims and

impacts of urban policy Brian Turnbull Robson 1987

• Managing the cityeds Liddle, Diamond, Southern 2007

• City of Revolution eds Ward and Peck• How Manchester is managed 1925-1939

Stories of “Mancunian ways”

• Mancunian Ways : the politics of regeneration Robson (Chapter 3 City of Revolution)

• Metropolitan Manoeuvres : making greater Manchester Deas and Ward (Chapter City of Revolution)

• Greater Manchester – ‘up and going’, 2000 Hebbert and Deas

• Greater Manchester : conurbation complexity and local government structure Barlow, 1995

• Manchester: Making it Happen Hebbert, 2009

Think tanks: Manchester• Work Foundation : Ideopolis• Localis : Can Localism Deliver? Lessons from

Manchester• Policy Exchange : Cities Limited • NESTA : Original Modern : Manchester’s

journey to innovation and growth

City publications

Central-Local Policy NetworkCongested terrain!

What is Manchester?• Political• Economic• Statistical• Administrative• Cultural (music and sport)Construction

A Brand?

Industrial Era Civic Philanthro capitalism

Key Actors• Humphry Chetham• John Rylands• Richard Arkwright• Joseph Whitworth• John Owens• Duke of Bridgewater

Vanity projects?

• Knowledge: University, Libraries• Culture : Halle Orchestra / Lit & Phil Society• Infra-structure : Town Hall / Canals (!)

(Post-industrial) regeneration era philanthro-capitalists

Key Actors• Tom Bloxham (Urban Splash)• Peter Saville• Anthony Wilson

Vanity Projects

• Knowledge : Urbis• Culture : Manchester International Festival• Infra-structure?? Housing/Regen??

• Millenium Communities progress unclear• Communities minister Ian Austin has confirmed that no long-term

evaluation of the Millennium Communities programme will be made before its completion in 2012.In a written answer to shadow communities minister Robert Neill, Mr Austin said the Homes & Communities Agency is responsible for delivering the bulk of the programme and DCLG scrutinizes its performance.“The Millennium Communities is an active programme that is demonstrating how mixed-use, environmentally positive communities can be created on difficult, brownfield sites,” he said.

• “It will continue to deliver outputs up to at least 2012. An evaluation of the longer-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the Millennium Communities programme would be expected to be undertaken following its completion.”

City Centre

• Iconic Architecture

What is regeneration?

• “’Regeneration seems to offer an almost infinitely inclusive canopy under which all may be persuaded to shelter and find agreement, yet vital issues remain beyond the pale” (Furbey 1999) pg 440

• “…so urban regeneration is in principle a floating signifier but in practice it does not float very far. It is ubiquitously used to a fairly standard set of policy goals and outcomes ”(Lovering 2007) pg 344

HO PSA Delivery

PSA 5

PSA 3

PSA 2 (Joint OCJR)

PSA 1

PSA 4

PSA 7

PSA 6

One City Partnership

(LSP)

Notts Police

GOEM (43Staff)

5 Police Forces; 9 DATs;40 CDRPs; 49 Local Auth’s

ProbationPrisonsNASS ASB PolicingPolicy

PolicingStandards

CrimeReduction Drugs ACDCCU, REU, F

NDCLCJB

9 Area Committees

NOMS

CJS

OCJR CRCSG CommunitiesIND

NottinghamCity Council

Police Authority

Probation Inspectorate

CDRP DATCJIPCompact

CPS

HMICPrisons Inspectorate

Individual Regional Offices

Nott BCU

ProbationService

YOT

Courts

REGIONAL

NATIONAL

LOCAL

HMP

Voluntary & Community Sector

drivers and levers

• Change mechanisms = interactions between relevant policy drivers and levers.

• Policy drivers = the general aims of government in specific policy areas

• Policy levers = are the instruments available to government to effect change in public policy and services.

drivers and levers : theory of change

Selection of policy drivers and levers is informed by the interaction of actors exercising political judgement about priorities. As governance systems rely on human interactions attempts at steering are likely to be met with unexpected and unintended though not necessarily unwelcome reactions and outcomes. (CLG, Sullivan 2008)

Manchester’s Local Area Agreement 2008/09 – 2010/11

Powerpoint presentation

Manchester’s LAA

• It’s a three-year plan to deliver our Community Strategy• It drives partners to achieve targets related to our priorities• It stimulates innovation• It builds accountability and stronger relationships

• It forms a constructive relationship with the Government

Partnership structure ‘Team Manchester’

Delivering change

Measuring Success: State of the City

Think tanks re: recession• LGA from recession to recovery: the local

dimension• CLES toward a new wave of local economic

activism• Work Foundation: Recession and Recovery:

How UK cities can respond and drive the recovery

Ideopolis - Work Foundation

Barcelona Principles – The Work Foundation

i. Don’t waste the crisis, but respond with leadership and purpose.ii. Make the case for continued public investment and public services and the taxes and other sources of investment required.iii. In the long-term: build local economic strategies which align with long-term drivers and identify future sources of jobs, enterprise, and innovation.iv. In the short-term: focus on retaining productive people, business, incomes, jobs, and investment projects. v. Build the tools and approaches to attract and retain external investment over the long-term.vi. Build genuine long-term relationships with the private sector, trade unions, and other key partners.vii. Take steps to ensure the sustainability and productivity of public works, infrastructure, and major developments/events. viii Local leaders should act purposefully to support their citizens in the face of increased hardship.ix. Local economies have benefitted and should continue to benefit from being open and attractive to international populations and capital.x. Communicate and align with national and other higher tier governments.

Role of localities in the recession : political considerations

The manchester case• What are the features of the local governance partnership

architecture in the Greater Manchester city region?• How are existing institutions connected?• What are the connections back to National policy agendas?• What other international models are in play? • Is it unique in the UK? If so in what way? • Are the movers and shakers “the good guys”?

Contention; there is something about manchester ; confidence, autonomy, stability, leadership, assertive bargaining stance with the centre (bombast?) (Robson - Mancunian Ways)

“we use the bits of the SNR which fit our agenda and throw out the bits that don’t”

Features of political landscape in manchester city region

• Helpful in explaining why confident city-regional governance may flourish in Greater Manchester

• Straightforward, horse-trading politics of this…• Traditional Labour authorities (leader of Wigan/AGMA since

1984)• Entrepreneurial authorities (Manchester/Salford)• Lib-Dem oppositional authorities• Role of non-Executive Cllrs• Role of communities/3rd Sector• MPs many with LG background

“we always had better discussions around policy within Labour Group than we do in the PLP…you have to work out how to be effective as an MP whereas in the council your authority is far more direct and tangible”

what have they created?• Using an MAA bidding process (first in the

queue)• Building on AGMA, radically reformed• Incorporating TIF • Linking through to LAA structures• Stretching democratic mandate (!)• Working with business leaders (6/7)

A “Commission” model (QMV, delegated authority comparable to EU commission)

• 7 City Regional Thematic Commissions• Economic one central and fully formed

others immanent (?!)

Compare and contrast with readiness in other MAA areas ?

Organigramme I ; the MAA

Transport Improvement Health Economy Environment Public

Protection

Housing

& Planning

• Interactions between separate tiers

• MAA self organising autonomous governance network

• LAA statutory output based performance framework

How Manchester is managed, 1935

Regional Planning : The most effective planning scheme is one which is comprehensive in character and not limited by the artificial boundary of a local authority’s area. It’s success depends upon (1) securing an area capable of economic development (2) effective joint action with neighbouring authorities

City regional bodies

City Relationships:Economic linkages in Northern city regions

Different types of networks

AGMA

SNA Greater Manchester MAA-LAA (accountabilty)

SNA with local government decentred

Summary : Urban Policy

Urban Policy “Laboratory” fast moving and complex

policy areas dynamic and in tension Regeneration and economic developmentLocal Government ModernisationPerformance Management and Measurement

Summary : Policy mechanisms

• Underlying logics re: fragmentation and strategic oversight in tension with democratic accountability, political oversight show up in various mechanisms

• PSA regime (National)• MAA/EPB/SCR (City Regional)• LAA (Locality plus)

Summary : Recession

• Recession offers new challenges for city and locality leaders

• Barcelona Principles could underpin responses• As could increased sub-national working

Summary : Manchester

• Manchester Governance is an atypical case• Current city regional interest builds on

longstanding partnership activity • Greater Manchester City Region and the roles

of Manchester Enterprises, the Commission and AGMA have changed rapidly

MONDAY, 24 OCTOBER 2011KIO Launch new creative company!!!KIO-CREATIVE have just completed a branding, signage and lighting scheme in the new Avenue/North development in Spinningfields Manchester. The project is now completed and the new mall that links Bridge Street to The Avenue shopping destination is due to open Thursday 27th October. This mixed use development offers food, leisure and office space. The food and retail units run along the lower level mall and the offices occupy the space above in the tower. This iconic Spinninfields building formally known as 'Manchester House' has now been named 'TOWER 12' , and we think that the name change is as iconic as the building!

The Avenue/North TOWER12 new signage and lighting installation works really well with the new Oast House in Spinningfields, designed and development by Paul Danson Imagineering and Allied london Properties. The rusty steel, illuminated branding, new glass facade and wooden slatted interior all complement each other and bring a different feel to Spinningfields.Architects Sheppard Robson and KIO-CREATIVE have delivered a solution that brings the building into its new developed surrounding environment of Spinningfields.

The Great Neighbourhood Award 2011Sponsored by Ptarmigan LandCathedral Quarter, BelfastNorthern Quarter, Manchester (WINNER)Pollokshields, Glasgow