2308 Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 2308–2322 This journal is c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Cite this: Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 2308–2322 Progress in adsorption-based CO 2 capture by metal–organic frameworks Jian Liu, Praveen K. Thallapally,* B. Peter McGrail, Daryl R. Brown and Jun Liu Received 17th August 2011 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15221a Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted intense research interest because of their permanent porous structures, large surface areas, and potential applications as novel adsorbents. The recent progress in adsorption-based CO 2 capture by MOFs is reviewed and summarized in this critical review. CO 2 adsorption in MOFs has been divided into two sections, adsorption at high pressures and selective adsorption at approximate atmospheric pressures. Keys to CO 2 adsorption in MOFs at high pressures and low pressures are summarized to be pore volumes of MOFs, and heats of adsorption, respectively. Many MOFs have high CO 2 selectivities over N 2 and CH 4 . Water effects on CO 2 adsorption in MOFs are presented and compared with benchmark zeolites. In addition, strategies appeared in the literature to enhance CO 2 adsorption capacities and/or selectivities in MOFs have been summarized into three main categories, catenation and interpenetration, chemical bonding enhancement, and electrostatic force involvement. Besides the advantages, two main challenges of using MOFs in CO 2 capture, the cost of synthesis and the stability toward water vapor, have been analyzed and possible solutions and path forward have been proposed to address the two challenges as well (150 references). 1 Introduction The global climate change phenomenon, which is caused mainly by the discharge of CO 2 into the atmosphere, has Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +1-509-371-7249; Tel: +1-509-371-7183 Jian Liu Jian Liu is currently a Post- doctoral Research Associate at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), USA. His research interests include carbon dioxide capture, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) synthesis and applica- tions, gas adsorption funda- mental and applications, and materials chemistry. Jian received his Bachelor of Engi- neering degree from Beijing Institute of Technology in 2003 and then in 2006 he obtained a Master of Engineer- ing degree from Chinese Academy of Sciences. He earned his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the Vanderbilt University in May 2011. Before joining PNNL, Jian was working with Professor M. Douglas LeVan at the Vanderbilt University on adsorption equilibrium and mass transfer in MOF adsorbents. Jian has won the 2011 AlChE Separation Division Graduate Student Research Award in Adsorption and Ion Exchange. Dr Liu has published over 15 peer reviewed papers and presented several talks in four consecutive AlChE Annual Conference. He is also a member of the AIChE and the Sigma Xi Society. Praveen K. Thallapally Praveen K. Thallapally obtained his PhD in 2003 from the University of Hyderabad working with Prof. Gautam R. Desiraju on crystal engi- neering and polymorphism. After graduation he moved to the Prof. Jerry L. Atwood research group at the Univer- sity of Missouri-Columbia (UMC) as a postdoctoral research associate where he investigated gas storage and separation using porous organic and metal coordina- tion solids. In 2006 he moved to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) as a Sr. Research Scientist. His research interests include the funda- mental understanding of nucleation and crystal growth of nano- structured materials, gas separation, adsorption cooling, separation and immobilisation of radio nuclides (Kr, I 2 ), and development of electro-optic responsive MOFs. Dr Thallapally has published over 70 peer reviewed publications and he currently serves as a Community of Board of Editor for Crystal Growth & Design Network and a Topic Editor for Crystal Growth & Design. Chem Soc Rev Dynamic Article Links www.rsc.org/csr CRITICAL REVIEW Downloaded by PNNL Technical Library on 01 March 2012 Published on 05 December 2011 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/C1CS15221A View Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue
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2308 Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 2308–2322 This journal is c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
Cite this: Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 2308–2322
Progress in adsorption-based CO2 capture by metal–organic frameworks
Jian Liu, Praveen K. Thallapally,* B. Peter McGrail, Daryl R. Brown and Jun Liu
Received 17th August 2011
DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15221a
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted intense research interest because
of their permanent porous structures, large surface areas, and potential applications as novel
adsorbents. The recent progress in adsorption-based CO2 capture by MOFs is reviewed and
summarized in this critical review. CO2 adsorption in MOFs has been divided into two sections,
adsorption at high pressures and selective adsorption at approximate atmospheric pressures.
Keys to CO2 adsorption in MOFs at high pressures and low pressures are summarized to be pore
volumes of MOFs, and heats of adsorption, respectively. Many MOFs have high CO2 selectivities
over N2 and CH4. Water effects on CO2 adsorption in MOFs are presented and compared with
benchmark zeolites. In addition, strategies appeared in the literature to enhance CO2 adsorption
capacities and/or selectivities in MOFs have been summarized into three main categories,
catenation and interpenetration, chemical bonding enhancement, and electrostatic force
involvement. Besides the advantages, two main challenges of using MOFs in CO2 capture, the
cost of synthesis and the stability toward water vapor, have been analyzed and possible solutions
and path forward have been proposed to address the two challenges as well (150 references).
1 Introduction
The global climate change phenomenon, which is caused
mainly by the discharge of CO2 into the atmosphere, has
Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest NationalLaboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +1-509-371-7249;Tel: +1-509-371-7183
Jian Liu
Jian Liu is currently a Post-doctoral Research Associateat the Pacific NorthwestNational Laboratory (PNNL),USA. His research interestsinclude carbon dioxide capture,metal–organic frameworks(MOFs) synthesis and applica-tions, gas adsorption funda-mental and applications, andmaterials chemistry. Jianreceived his Bachelor of Engi-neering degree from BeijingInstitute of Technology in2003 and then in 2006 heobtained a Master of Engineer-
ing degree from Chinese Academy of Sciences. He earned his PhDin Chemical Engineering from the Vanderbilt University in May2011. Before joining PNNL, Jian was working with ProfessorM. Douglas LeVan at the Vanderbilt University on adsorptionequilibrium and mass transfer in MOF adsorbents. Jian has wonthe 2011 AlChE Separation Division Graduate Student ResearchAward in Adsorption and Ion Exchange. Dr Liu has published over15 peer reviewed papers and presented several talks in fourconsecutive AlChE Annual Conference. He is also a member ofthe AIChE and the Sigma Xi Society.
Praveen K. Thallapally
Praveen K. Thallapallyobtained his PhD in 2003 fromthe University of Hyderabadworking with Prof. GautamR. Desiraju on crystal engi-neering and polymorphism.After graduation he moved tothe Prof. Jerry L. Atwoodresearch group at the Univer-sity of Missouri-Columbia(UMC) as a postdoctoralresearch associate where heinvestigated gas storage andseparation using porousorganic and metal coordina-tion solids. In 2006 he moved
to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) as a Sr.Research Scientist. His research interests include the funda-mental understanding of nucleation and crystal growth of nano-structured materials, gas separation, adsorption cooling,separation and immobilisation of radio nuclides (Kr, I2), anddevelopment of electro-optic responsive MOFs. Dr Thallapallyhas published over 70 peer reviewed publications and hecurrently serves as a Community of Board of Editor for CrystalGrowth & Design Network and a Topic Editor for CrystalGrowth & Design.
Chem Soc Rev Dynamic Article Links
www.rsc.org/csr CRITICAL REVIEW
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This journal is c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 2308–2322 2309
attracted more and more attention.1 Some research results
reveal that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has
increased from about 310 ppm to over 380 ppm during the last
half century.2 In the United States, over 94% of the CO2
emission is from the combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels.3
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) issued a carbon
sequestration program in 2009 aiming to achieve 90% CO2
capture at an increase in the cost of electricity of no more than
35% for the post-combustion process by 2020.4
Physisorption between certain adsorbents and CO2 molecules
could allow conveniently reversible processes to capture CO2
gas. It requires much less energy compared to the conventional
techniques that use basic species such as aqueous ammonia
and amine functionalized solids to remove CO2 gas.5–7
Activated carbon, carbon molecular sieves, and zeolites have
been extensively studied as adsorbents for CO2 gas.8–10 The
common shortfalls of these traditional adsorbents are either
low capacities or difficult regeneration processes.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as
coordination networks or coordination polymers, are novel
materials constructed by coordinate bonds between multi-
dentate ligands and metal atoms or small metal-containing
clusters (referred to as secondary building units or SBU).11–13
Most of the MOF materials have 3D structures incorporating
uniform pores and a network of channels. The integrity of
these pores and channels can be retained after careful removal
of the guest species. The remaining voids within the 3D
structures then can adsorb other guest molecules.14,15 The
structure of a typical MOF, Zn4O (O2C–C6H4–CO2)3, which
is known as IRMOF-1 (or MOF-5), is constructed with zinc
atoms as metal centers and terephthalic acid molecules as
ligands as shown in Fig. 1a. The central cavity formed by the
metal centers and ligands is much larger compared to other
traditional adsorbents and is essential for gas storage.14
Considerable efforts have been expended on the synthesis
of MOF materials in the last several years.16,17 MOFs are
synthesized generally by hydrothermal or solvothermal
methods. Some novel electrochemical approach has also been
reported recently.18 The state of the art is in the choice of
metal centers and design and synthesis of organic ligands.
Different combinations of metal centers and organic ligands
based on rational design ideas will generate MOF materials
with various structures and properties. Besides large surface
areas and pore volumes, some MOF materials are well known
to have unsaturated metal centers (UMCs),19–22 such as
M-MOF-74 or M/DOBDC (M = Zn, Co, Ni, Mg) shown
in Fig. 1b, in their 3D structures which can offer extra and
usually strong binding sites to guest molecules.23,24 In
addition, the pore sizes of some MOFs can be adjusted from
B. Peter McGrail
B. Peter McGrail is a staffmember at PNNL for over 28years and has attained theposition of Laboratory Fellow,the highest level of scientificachievement at the laboratory.He directs a wide variety ofresearch projects in green-house gas emission manage-ment, energy efficiencytechnology development. DrMcGrail manages the ZeroEmission Research & Techno-logy Center, which is conduct-ing groundbreaking work onthe reactivity of molecular
water solvated in supercritical CO2 among other basic sciencestudies of key importance for designing CO2 capture andsequestration systems. He has over 220 publications andpresentations at international conferences on his research.
Daryl R. Brown
Daryl Brown obtained hisMBA in 1986 and hasacquired a broad range ofexperience directing and per-forming analyses of advancedtechnology systems. Themajority of this experiencehas been oriented towardenergy generation and storagesystems where he has authoredor co-authored over 100 publi-cations. Mr Brown specializesin cost estimating and life-cycle costing for all kinds ofadvanced technologies and hasconducted many preliminary
engineering feasibility studies incorporating design, perfor-mance, cost, and economic analyses.
Jun Liu
Jun Liu is a LaboratoryFellow at the Pacific North-west National Laboratory anda leader for the Transforma-tional Materials ScienceInitiative. He is also a Fellowfor the American Associationfor the Advancement ofScience. In the past, he hasserved as a Pacific NorthwestNational Laboratory Fellow,senior research staff forSandia National Laboratoriesand Lucent Bell Laboratory,Department Manager for theSynthesis and Nanomaterials
Department, Sandia National Laboratories, and Thrust Leaderfor Complex Functional Nanomaterials for the Center forIntegrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories.He is recognized for his research in functional nanomaterialsand their application for energy and environment. He hasreceived an R & D 100 Award, and he was named 2007Distinguished Inventor of Battelle. He has over 200 publicationsand many invited review articles in leading technical journals.
2320 Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 2308–2322 This journal is c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
Acknowledgements
Jian Liu would like to thank Prof. M. Douglas LeVan at
Vanderbilt University for introducing him into gas adsorption
in MOFs research. We would like to thank Laboratory
Direct Research and U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Fossil Energy for financial support. In addition we would
like to thank U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic
Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineer-
ing under Award KC020105-FWP12152. The Pacific North-
west National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the
U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-
76RL01830.
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