CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species • International agreement with aim to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. • Created at 1963 meeting of IUCN; designates three categories with associated rules and licensing – Appendix I - species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. – Appendix II - species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled – Appendix III - species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade.
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CITESCITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species International agreement with aim to ensure that international trade in specimens of.
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CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
• International agreement with aim to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
• Created at 1963 meeting of IUCN; designates three categories with associated rules and licensing– Appendix I - species threatened with extinction. Trade in
specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances.
– Appendix II - species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled
– Appendix III - species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade.
• Originally authored in 1900 but amended several times.
• Beginning with revisions in 1981, refocused attention on illegal international trafficking in flora and fauna
• CITES lacks enforcement; the Lacey Act allows federal and state wildlife officials to prosecute US citizens if they violate international wildlife laws
“Tigers also represented for the British all that was wild and untamed in the Indian natural world. Thus, the curious late Victorian and Edwardian spectacle of British royals and other dignitaries being photographed standing aside dead tiger carcasses depicted the staging of the successful conquest of Indian nature by "virile imperialists". More generally, tiger hunting was an important symbol in the construction of British imperial and masculine identities during the nineteenth century. Precisely because tigers were dangerous and powerful beasts, tiger hunting represented a struggle with fearsome nature that needed to be resolutely faced "like a Briton“. Only by successfully vanquishing tigers would Britons prove their manliness and their fitness to rule over Indians.
Tigers in India
• 10,000 – 20,000 tigers at start of 20th century• Project Tiger
– Began in 1973 when census revealed only 2000 tigers– Prohibitions on hunting, poaching– Set up tiger reserves
• Started with 9 tiger reserves in an area of 16,339 sq km and 268 tigers.
• At present 27 tiger reserves over 37,761 sq km and 1500 tigers.
– ‘Core-buffer' strategy• The core areas were freed from all sorts of human activities and
the buffer areas were subjected to 'conservation oriented land use'.
India’s tiger reserves
Poaching in tiger reserves
• Up to 4,000 tigers in the wild in India during the 1990s