CIS 2303 LO2 Part 2

Systems Analysis and Design

CIS 2303

Part 2

Learning Outcome 2:

Explain the different phases of the traditional/structured system development lifecycle (SDLC) with emphasis on tasks performed and techniques utilized in each phase.

- Business Justification (Building a Business Case) - Ch. 2

- SDLC: Planning Phase - Ch. 2

Chapter Objectives 5. Overview of Feasibility:

Define operational, technical, economic, and schedule feasibility

Evaluating Feasibility

6. Preliminary Investigation Overview

7. Planning the preliminary investigation

8. Role of Project Management

9. Review & Chapter Summary

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A systems request must pass several tests, called a feasibility study, to see whether it is worthwhile to proceed further

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5. Overview of Feasibility

1. Operational Feasibility◦Depends on several vital issues

2. Technical Feasibility3. Economic Feasibility

◦Total cost of ownership (TCO)◦Tangible benefits◦Intangible benefits

4. Schedule Feasibility

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5. Overview of Feasibility – Cont.

Means that a proposed system will be used effectively after it has been developed. If users have difficulty with a new system, it will not produce the expected benefits. Operational feasibility depends on several vital issues.

1. Does management support the project? Do users support the project? Is the current system well liked and effectively used? Do users see the need for change?

2. Will the new system result in a workforce reduction? If so, what will happen to affected employees?

3. Will the new system require training for users? If so, is the company prepared to provide the necessary resources for training current employees?

4. Will users be involved in planning the new system right from the start?

5. Will the new system place any new demands on users or require any operating changes? For example, will any information be less accessible or produced less frequently? Will performance decline in any way? If so, will an overall gain to the organization outweigh individual losses?

6. Will customers experience adverse effects in any way, either temporarily or permanently?

7. Will any risk to the company's image or goodwill result?

8. Does the development schedule conflict with other company priorities?

9. Do legal or ethical issues need to be considered?

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1. Operational Feasibility

Refers to the technical resources needed to develop, purchase, install, or operate the system. When assessing technical feasibility, an analyst must consider the following points:

1. Does the company have the necessary hardware, software, and network resources? If not, can those resources be acquired without difficulty?

2. Does the company have the needed technical expertise? If not, can it be acquired?

3. Does the proposed platform have sufficient capacity for future needs? If not, can it be expanded?

4. Will a prototype be required?

5. Will the hardware and software environment be reliable? Will it integrate with other company information systems, both now and in the future? Will it interface properly with external systems operated by customers and suppliers?

6. Will the combination of hardware and software supply adequate performance? Do clear expectations and performance specifications exist?

7. Will the system be able to handle future transaction volume and company growth?

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2. Technical Feasibility

Economic feasibility means that the projected benefits of the proposed system outweigh the estimated costs usually considered the total cost of ownership (TCO), which includes ongoing support and maintenance costs, as well as acquisition costs.

To determine TCO, the analyst must estimate costs in each of the following areas:◦ People, including IT staff and users ◦ Hardware and equipment ◦ Software, including in house development as well as purchases from vendors ‑

◦ Formal and informal training ◦ Licenses and fees ◦ Consulting expenses ◦ Facility costs ◦ The estimated cost of not developing the system or postponing the project

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3. Economic Feasibility

Schedule feasibility means that a project can be implemented in an acceptable time frame. When assessing schedule feasibility, a systems analyst must consider the interaction between time and costs. For example, speeding up a project schedule might make a project feasible, but much more expensive.

Other issues that relate to schedule feasibility include the following:◦ Can the company or the IT team control the factors that affect schedule

feasibility? ◦ Has management established a firm timetable for the project? ◦ What conditions must be satisfied during the development of the system? ◦ Will an accelerated schedule pose any risks? If so, are the risks

acceptable? ◦ Will project management techniques be available to coordinate and

control the project? ◦ Will a project manager be appointed?

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4. Schedule Feasibility

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Determine the type of feasibility (Operational, Technical, Economic, Schedule) for each of the following questions which a systems analyst asks to assess the feasibility of an IT project

• Has the project manager established a clear timetable

for the project? ________________

• Are we involving the users in planning the new system

right from the start? ________________

• Does the proposed project include a new scheduling

system that will reduce overtime costs? ________________

• Do we have skillful programmers to implement the

system? ________________

In-Class Exercise

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Determine the Right Answer for each of the following questions

In-Class Exercise

• A feasibility study includes tests for ____ feasibility,

which means that a proposed system will be used

effectively after it has been developed

a. Operational c. schedule

b. Technical d. economic

• The estimated costs of a proposed system usually are

considered the ____, which includes ongoing support and

maintenance costs, as well as acquisition costs

a. CRM c. JIT

b. TCO d. RFID

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In-Class Exercise – Cont.

Examples of tangible benefits include all of the following except

a(n) ____.

a. user-friendly system that improves employee job satisfaction

b. new scheduling system that reduces overtime

c. online package tracking system that decreases the need for

clerical staff

d. sophisticated inventory control system that cuts excess

inventory

Examples of intangible benefits include all of the following except

a(n) ____.

a. user-friendly system that improves employee job satisfaction

b. sales tracking system that supplies better information for

marketing decisions

c. new Web site that enhances the company’s image

d. online package tracking system that decreases the need for

clerical staff

6. Preliminary Investigation Overview

A Systems Analyst conducts a Preliminary investigation to study the systems request and recommend specific action.

The end result of the preliminary investigation is a report to management.

Interaction with Managers and Users◦ Let people know about the investigation and

explain your role◦ Employee attitudes and reactions are important

and must be considered◦ Be careful in your use of the word problem◦ Question users about additional capability they

would like to have

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Planning the Preliminary Investigation◦During a preliminary investigation, a

systems analyst typically follows a series of steps

◦The exact procedure depends on the nature of the request, the size of the project, and the degree of urgency

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6. Preliminary Investigation Overview – cont.

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation

7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation– cont.

Step 1: Understand the Problem or Opportunity◦ A popular

technique for investigating causes and effects is called a fishbone diagram, or Ishikawa diagram

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Fishbone Diagram – Example

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In-Class Individual Exercise

Create a Fishbone Diagram to investigate the causes of the “Getting Low Marks” problem in a college course, taking into account the following areas of investigation:◦Student◦Teacher◦College◦Work

Try to include as much sub-bones as you can for each area

Show Diagram to your teacher when done

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In-Class Exercise

Step 2: Define the Project Scope and Constraints◦Project scope ◦Project creep◦Constraint:

Constraints can be: Present versus future Internal versus external Mandatory versus desirable

Regardless of the type, all constraints should be identified as early as possible to avoid future problems and surprises

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

Step 2: –Cont. ◦Constraints can be:

Present versus future Internal versus external Mandatory versus desirableRegardless of the type, all constraints should be identified as early as possible to avoid future problems and surprises

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

Step 3: Perform Fact-Finding

◦ Fact-finding involves various techniques

◦ Depending on what information is needed to investigate the systems request, fact-finding might consume several hours, days, or weeks

◦ During Fact-Finding, you might analyze:A. Analyze Organization Charts

Obtain organization charts to understand how the department functions and identify individuals you might want to interview

B. Conduct interviewsC. Review documentationD. Observe operationsE. Conduct a user survey

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

Step 4: Analyze Project Usability, Cost, Benefit, and Schedule Data◦ Before you can evaluate feasibility, you

must analyze this data carefully

◦ What information must you obtain? and how will you gather and analyze the information?

◦ What sources of information will you use? and what difficulties will you encounter in obtaining information?

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

• Step 4: -Cont.

◦ Will you conduct interviews? How many people will you interview, and how much time will you need to meet with the people and summarize their responses?

◦ Will you conduct a survey? Who will be involved? How much time will it take people to complete it? How much time will it take to prepare it and tabulate the results?

◦ How much will it cost to analyze the information gathered and to prepare a report with findings and recommendations?

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

Step 5: Evaluate Feasibility◦ Start by reviewing the answers to the

questions you asked.

Operational feasibility

Technical feasibility

Economic feasibility

Schedule feasibility

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

Step 6: Present Results and Recommendations to Management◦ The final task in the preliminary

investigation is to prepare a report to management

◦ The format of the preliminary investigation report varies from one company to another

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

Step 6: - Cont.◦ Introduction◦ Systems request

summary◦ Findings◦ Case for action◦ Project Roles◦ Time & cost

estimates◦ Expected benefits◦ Appendix

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

Step 6: - Cont. In our final project, we need to prepare the following:

1. The problem and proposed solution2. The project scope and different types of

constraints3. The fact-finding techniques used4. The feasibility study (operational,

economical, technical, and scheduling)5. The project roles6. The time and cost estimates7. The expected benefits

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7. Planning the Preliminary Investigation – cont.

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GROUP WORK ACTIVITY

Work on the Case Study given to you by your

course teacher

Brainstorm your ideas and answers with

your group colleagues

Write your final answers to the questions on

a new post in the BB-Vista Discussion

created by your course teacher.

Discussion of your answers will follow

Chapter Summary• Strategic planning allows a company to

examine its purpose, vision, and values and develops a mission statement, which leads to goals, objectives, day-to-day operations, and business results that affect company stakeholders

• During the preliminary investigation, the analyst evaluates the systems request and determines whether the project is feasible from an operation, technical, economic, and schedule standpoint

• Analysts evaluate systems requests on the basis of their expected costs and benefits, both tangible and intangible

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Chapter Summary• The steps in the preliminary

investigation are • to understand the problem or opportunity

• define the project scope and constraints

• perform fact-finding

• analyze project usability, cost, benefit, and schedule data

• evaluate feasibility

• and present results and recommendations to management

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Chapter Summary• The last task in a preliminary

investigation is to prepare a report to management

• The report must include an estimate of time, staffing requirements, costs, benefits, and expected results for the next phase of the SDLC

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