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Year 12 Topic 1
Revision Booklet
Lifestyle, health andrisk
Fill in how well you know each part of the specication using //
Specication link BeforeRevision
AfterRevision
Explain the importance of water as a solvent intransport, incluing its ipole nature!
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"istinguish #etween monosaccharies,isaccharies an polysaccharies $glycogenan starch % amylose an amylopectin& anrelate their structures to their roles in proviingan storing energy $'(glucose an cellulose arenot re)uire in this topic&!"escri#e how monosaccharies *oin to formisaccharies $sucrose, lactose an maltose&
an polysaccharies $glycogen an amylose&through conensation reactions formingglycosiic #ons, an how these can #e splitthrough hyrolysis reactions!"escri#e the synthesis of a triglycerie #y theformation of ester #ons uring conensationreactions #etween glycerol an three fattyacis an recognise i+erences #etweensaturate an unsaturate lipis!Explain why many animals have a heart ancirculation $mass transport to overcomelimitations of i+usion in meeting the
re)uirements of organisms&!"escri#e the cariac cycle $atrial systole,ventricular systole an iastole& an relate thestructure an operation of the mammalianheart to its function, incluing the ma*or #loovessels!Explain how the structures of #loo vessels$capillaries, arteries an veins& relate to theirfunctions!"escri#e how the e+ect of ca+eine on heartrate
in Daphnia can #e investigate practically, aniscuss whether there are ethical issues in theuse of inverte#rates!"escri#e the #loo clotting process$throm#oplastin release, conversion ofprothrom#in to throm#in an #rinogen to#rin& an its role in cariovascular isease$-"&!Explain the course of events that leas toatherosclerosis $enothelial amage,in.ammatory response, pla)ue formation,raise #loo pressure&!
"escri#e the factors that increase the risk of-" $genetic, iet, age, gener, high #loopressure, smoking an inactivity&!"escri#e the #enets an risks of treatmentsfor -" $antihypertensives, plant statins,anticoagulants an platelet inhi#itory rugs&!Analyse an interpret ata on the possi#lesignicance for health of #loo cholesterollevels an levels of high(ensitylipoproteins $"0s& an low(ensity lipoproteins$0"0s&!
"escri#e the evience for a causal relationship#etween #loo cholesterol levels $totalcholesterol an 0"0 cholesterol& an-"!"iscuss how people use scientic knowlege
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a#out the e+ects of iet $incluing o#esityinicators&, exercise an smoking to reucetheir risk of coronary heart isease!"escri#e how to investigate the vitamin content of foo an rink!Analyse ata on energy #ugets an iet so asto #e a#le to iscuss the conse)uences ofenergy im#alance, incluing weight loss,
weight gain, an evelopment of o#esity!Analyse an interpret )uantitative ata onillness an mortality rates to etermine healthrisks $incluing istinguishing #etweencorrelation an causation an recognisingcon.icting evience&!Evaluate esign of stuies use to eterminehealth risk factors $incluing sample selectionan sample si1e use to collect ata that is#oth vali an relia#le&!Explain why people2s perceptions of risks areoften i+erent from the actual risks $incluingunerestimating an overestimating the risksue to iet an other lifestyle factors in theevelopment of heart isease&!
3hat topics o you nee to work on the most4 3rite yourself 5 6782s
678 9:
678 ;:
678 5:
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irculatory systems
6n small unicellular organisms, su#stances move aroun slowly #y _____________!
Surface area to volume ratio is:
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>8otal ;marks?
scale:
@!@ mm
A B C
surface area /mm
; @!;C 5!9 ;5
volume /
mm5 @!@; @!D 99!5
surface areato
volume ratio9:9
:9;:9
;& 7one of the organisms A, Bor Chas a transport system!
Explain why organisms larger than organism Cnee to have transportsystems!
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. 8he iagram #elow shows a mammal an a unicellular organism! 8he transportsystem in mammals is a ou#le circulatory system riven #y a pump $the heart&,whilst unicellular organisms have no nee for special transport systems!
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m a m m a l ( c a t )
X 0 . 0 7 5
u n i c e l l u l a r o r g a n i s m
X 3 0 0
$i& Explain what is meant #y a double circulatory system!
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$ii& Explain t!o reasons why mammals nee a circulatory system whilstunicellular organisms, such as that shown in the iagram, o not!
rst reason !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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>8otal marks?
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Bloo vessels
Arteries an veins contain ___________________: a tough, #rous protein to make them toughan ura#le!
8he artery wall ___________as #loo is pumpe in an then _____________as the heart relaxes!Bloo .ow is continual an there is a pulse!
ontracting ______________an low______________ in the chest when #reathing in assist #loo.ow in veins! _______________ prevent #ack.ow! 8here is no pulse an pressure is low!
omplete the ta#le with the properties of each #loo vessel
Arteries -eins apillaries
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"abel the pictures as an arter#, vein or capillar#
b a s e m e n t m e m b r a n e( c o l l a g e n )
e n d o t h e l i u m c e l l
r e d b l o o d c e l l
8 m
c o l l a g e n &
c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e
s m o o t h m u s c l e& e l a s t i c t i s s u e
l u m e n ( b l o o d )
0 . 1 - 1 0 m m
c o l l a g e n &c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e
s m o o t h m u s c l e& e l a s t i c t i s s u e
l u m e n ( b l o o d )
s e m i l u n a r v a l v e
0 . 1 - 0 m m
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Bloo pressure is a measure of the _________________of the #loo on the walls of a #loovessel!
6t is higher in arteries an capillaries than in veins!
_______________#loo pressure is highest an occurs when the ventricles contract!
Gressure is at its lowest in the arteries when the ventricles relax: ____________#loo pressure!
Both are measure, using a __________________________,in mmg eg 9;@/C@!
Any factor which causes arteries or arterioles to constrict will lea to high #loo pressure orh#pertension!
8hese inclue:
loss of elasticity with age atherosclerosis arenaline high salt iet!
igh #loo pressure cause #y atherosclerosis leas to a worsening of the conition
Exam questions:
1. 8he ta#le #elow shows features of arteries, veins an capillaries!
6f the statement is correct, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox an if thestatement is incorrect place a cross $X& in the appropriate #ox!
Feature Arteries -eins apillaries
3alls permea#le
ollagen #res present inwalls
Enothelium present
Series of valves present
$%otal & mar's(
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ariac cycle)igure 1.* on page + of the textboo': ma'e sure #ou 'no! the structure of theheart.
8he cham#ers of the heart $_________an ______________& ll with #loo when they relax$_____________& an pump #loo out when they contract $_____________&!
8he cariac muscle making up the atria an ventricles is supplie with #loo #y the________________________________.
omplete the ta#le #y explaining each stage of the cariac cycle:
Atrial systole
-entricularsystole
"iastole
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Exam questions:
1. 8he iagram #elow shows a section of a human heart at a specic stage in the cariaccycle!
(a) 7ame the stage of the cariac cycle shown in the iagram an give tworeasonsfor your choice!
Stage!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Reason 9!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Reason ;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$5&
$#& Hive onefunction of each of the parts A an B!
P a r t
A
B
F u n c t i o n
$;&$8otal marks&
.$a& ariac muscle contracts myogenically! Explain what is meant #y thetermm#ogenic!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII $;&
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8he graphs #elow show the changes in pressure in the aorta an in the left an rightventricles of the heart, uring the cariac cycle! 8ime @ inicates the start of atrialcontraction!
$#& ompare the changes in pressure in the left ventricle with those in the rightventricle, giving reasons for the i+erences!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$&
$c& ompare the changes in the pressure in the aorta with those in the left ventricle,giving reasons for the i+erences!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$5&
$& Jn the graph of changes in pressure in the aorta an left ventricle, show #y meansof an arrow when the aortic semilunar valve closes! $9&
$8otal 9@&
. Explain what is meant #y each of the following terms!$a& 8he cariac cycle
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$#& oronary circulation!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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$8otal marks&
Atheroma an #loo clotting
9& omplete the ta#le of key terms
Biological%erm
-enition
"isease process that leas to coronary heart iseasean strokes
Bloo clot
eart attack
"eposit resulting from com#ination of white #loo cellsan cholesterol
ar swelling on inner wall of artery resulting from#uil up of calcium salts an #rous tissue
8ype of #loo cell without a nucleus involve withclotting
Solu#le plasma protein at start of clotting process
An en1yme that catalyses conversion of a solu#leplasma protein into an insolu#le protein
0ong insolu#le strans of protein
A tangle mesh of protein strans with trappe #loocells
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Solu#le plasma protein converte into #rin
Atherosclerosis: a isease process where fatty eposits #lock an artery or increase itschances of #eing #locke #y a #loo clot $thrombosis&
ow atherosclerosis $Kharening2 of the arteries& occurs:
Fill in the #lank #oxes!
6n the arteries supplying the heart, this causes a heart attack $m#ocardial infarction&!
6n the arteries supplying the #rain, it causes a stro'e!
An infarctionis when tissue ies ue to a lack of oxygen!
8his is usually the result of a lack of #loo L ischaemia!
lottingBloo clots when it .ows very slowly, or when #loo vessel walls are amage!
A #loo clot consists of cells trappe in a mesh of insolu#le __________protein!
3hen platelets come into contact with the vessel wall, they #ecome
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Glatelets stick to amage tissue! 3hen this happens they release __________________!8hrom#oplastin reacts with
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"ata an Risk
_____________is the pro#a#ility of occurrence of some unwante event or outcome!
A time perio is always )uote e!g! chilren in a class having a 9 in $@!; or ;@O& risk ofcatching hea lice in a year!
7ot all iniviuals are at risk to the same egree!
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0is' factorsincrease the chance of the harmful outcome!
Factors that contri#ute to health risks inclue:
hereity
physical environment
social environment
lifestyle an #ehaviour choices
8wo factors are __________________if an increase in one is accompanie #y an increase in theother e!g! the num#er of people su+ering sun#urn an the amount of ice cream sol!
A positive correlation oes not necessarily mean that the two are_____________________________P
Geople2s #ehaviour is a+ecte #y the ________________of risk!
8hey
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$a& 8here coul #e a causal link or correlation #etween high #loo pressure an the
other varia#les shown in the ta#le! "istinguish #etween the terms causationan
correlation!
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$#&$i& sing the information in the ta#le a#ove, escri#e the relationship #etween ethnic
group, cholesterol levels an the percentage of the population with high #loo
pressure!
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$ii& Suggest onereason why the ata on the American 6nian an Alaskan 7ative
population are escri#e as statistically unrelia#le!
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$c& A stuent conclue from the results for gener, shown in the ta#le #elow, that
higher cholesterol levels cause lower #loo pressure!
Adult
population
$gender(
ean cholesterol
level
2 mg dm3
/ercentage of
population !ith
high
blood pressure $4(
Female ;@ ;
Qale ;@ 5@
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sing the information in #oth ta#les, explain why this is not a vali conclusion!
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$5&
$8otal C marks&
Risks of -"
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omplete the ta#le to show how the following risks may lea to -"!
Risk factor ow this may contri#ute to -"Henetics
Age
Hener
"iet
Bloo pressure
Smoking
0ack ofexercise
Stress
Alcohol
Exam questions:
1. oronary heart isease $"& is a ma*or cause of eath in evelope countries, an
accounts for over 9@ @@@ eaths each year in the nite Mingom! Jne of the
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main causes of " is atherosclerosis, a conition in which lipis an connective
tissue #uil up on the insie wall of #loo vessels!
$a& State t!o conse)uences of atherosclerosis which may lea to the evelopment of "
in an iniviual!
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$;&
$#& 8he ta#le shows eaths from coronary heart isease as a percentage of all eaths
in the nite Mingom in 9DC5!
Gercentage of all eaths
Age / years Qales Females
@L9 5
9L; 9@
;L5 9 9
5L 5 9C
L 5 ;
L 5 5L 5 @
an over 9
$i& 3hich t!o risk factors associate with the evelopment of " are inicate in the
ta#le4
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$ii& 3ith reference to the ata in the ta#le, compare the percentage of eaths from
" in males an females!
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$8otal marks&
. 8he chart #elow shows the num#er of eaths from cariovascular isease per 9@@
@@@ population for men an women in four countries!
N u m b e r
o f
d e a t h s
p e r
1 0 0 0 0 0
p o p u l a t i o n
1 0 0 0
8 0 0
6 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0
0
F r a n c e S p a i n E n l a n d
a n d ! a l e s
" u s s i a
! o m e n
# e n
$a& "escri#e the i+erences in the eath rates shown in the chart a#ove!
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$#& Jne possi#le reason for the i+erences in the eath rates ue to cariovascular
isease #etween the i+erent countries is the )uantity of fruit an vegeta#les
eaten!
3rite a suita#le null hypothesis that coul #e teste #y an epiemiologist
investigating the e+ect of fruit an vegeta#le consumption on eaths from
cariovascular isease!
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$9&
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$c& Suggest an explain two other reasons for the i+erences in the eath rates
#etween the countries ue to cariovascular isease!
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$8otal C marks&
. Several risk factors in.uence the onset of coronary heart isease $"&, incluing
high #loo cholesterol level, high #loo pressure an smoking!
8he chart shows the e+ect of com#ining these three factors on the incience of "!
$ 0 0
6 0 0
% 0 0
4 0 0
& 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
0
' n c i d e n c e
o f ) * +
p e r
1 0 0 0 0 0
p e o p l e
0 1 2 &N u m b e r o f r i s , f a c t o r s
$a& "escri#e the e+ect on the incience of " of increasing the num#er of risk factors!
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$5&
#& Explain how each of these risk factors can in.uence the onset of "!
igh #loo cholesterol !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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igh #loo pressure !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Smoking !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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$&
$8otal D marks&
&. 8he graph #elow shows the mortality rate $num#er of eaths per 9@@ @@@& from
coronary heart isease in people age #etween an in Scotlan #etween
9DD an ;@@9!
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$a& ompare the mortality rate from coronary heart isease in males with that of
females, #etween 9DD an ;@@9!
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$5&
$#& 8he graph shows a change in the num#er of eaths from coronary heart isease
#etween 9DD an ;@@9! Suggest threereasons for this change!
9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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$5&
$c& Jne cause of coronary heart isease is atherosclerosis! "escri#e how atherosclerosis
evelops!
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$&
$8otal 9@ marks&
8reatment/prevention of -"
omplete the ta#le #y explaining how the proceure/rug helps treat -"
8reatment ow it reuces the risk or treats -" Sie e+ects
0ifestylechanges
"rugs tocontrol #loopressure
Anticoagulants
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Glateletinhi#itory
rugs
Statins
3ater
3ater is a
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3aterTs latent h
most #iochemical reactions take place in a)ueous solution! 3ater also has a high
IIIIIIIIIIIII!!, which means that its temperature remains relatively
sta#le espite large changes in the temperature of the surrouning environment!$%otal 6 mar's(
. Rea through the following account of compouns use for energy storage in cells, then
write on the otte lines the most appropriate wor or wors to complete the account!
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3ater is the universal IIIIIIIIIII!! in living organisms! Qolecules which issolve
easily in
water can prouce osmotic e+ects! A high concentration of small, solu#le molecules within a
cell can
cause water !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IIII!! the cell! 8his e+ect is reuce if the molecules use forstorage
in a cell are IIIIIIIIIII!! ! 8herefore energy storage compouns are usually either
polysaccharies or IIIIIIIIIII!! ! Examples of storage polysaccharies inclue
starch an
IIIIIIIIIII!! Starch is foun mainly in IIIIIIIIIII!! cells!
$8otal marks&
. 8he ta#le #elow refers to the formula an structure of some #iological molecules!
omplete the ta#le #y writing in the name, the formula or the structure of themolecule where appropriate in the empty #oxes!
7ame Formula Structure
3ater ;J
Fatty aci * ) ) ) ) ) )
**
**
* * *
* * *
-
- *
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)
)
) * - *
) )
)
-
- *
*
*
**
*
- *
- ** -
2
$%otal & mar's(
ar#ohyrates
ar#ohyrates are a large family of compouns with the general formula:
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galactose
$all the a#ove are hexosesugars: 89;J&
disacchariesmaltose$;
glucosemolecules&
sucrose$glucoseanfructose&
lactose$glucoseangalactose&
pol#saccharies$polymers&
starch
glycogen
ellulose
a'e sure #ou can recognise the structural formulae for glucose, maltose, fructoseand galactose molecules 3 see pages and .
3hen monosaccharies *oin together, they are linke #y a __________________.
8his is forme #y a
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Exam questions:
1. 8he statements in the ta#le #elow refer to three polysaccharie molecules! 6f the
statement is correct, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox an if the statement is
incorrect, place a cross $x& in the appropriate #ox!
P o l . m e r o f l u c o s e
/ l . c o s i d i c b o n d s p r e s e n t
n b r a n c h e d c h a i n s o n l .
E n e r . s t o r e i n a n i m a l c e l l s
S t a r c h / l . c o e n ) e l l u l o s eS t a t e m e n t
$8otal marks&
. 8he ta#le #elow refers to twoorganic molecules!
6f the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox!
6f it is incorrect, place a cross $X& in the appropriate #ox!
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S t a t e m e n t 1 r i l . c e r i d e / l . c o e n
) o n t a i n s o n l . c a r b o nh . d r o e n a n d o 2 . e n
/ l . c o s i d i c b o n d s p r e s e n t
S o l u b l e i n 3 a t e r
P r o 4 i d e s s t o r a e o f e n e r .
- c c u r s i n f l o 3 e r i n p l a n t sa n d a n i m a l s
$8otal marks&
. 8he iagram #elow shows a car#ohyrate molecule forme from two glucose
molecules!
-
-
-
) * - * ) * - *2 2
*
- *
B o n d 5
$a& 7ame the molecule shown in the iagram!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!$9&
$#& 3hat type of car#ohyrate is this4
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!$9&
$c& 7ame the type of #on la#elle V on the iagram, that links the two glucose molecules!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!$9&
$& Qany glucose molecules can #e linke together to form cellulose!
$i& State onefunction of cellulose in living organisms!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!$9&
$ii& Explain how the structure of cellulose is relate to its functions!
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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!$;&
$8otal marks&
&. 8he ta#le #elow refers to some isaccharies, their constituent monomers an their
roles in living organisms!omplete the ta#le #y writing in the appropriate wor or
wors in the empty #oxes!
"isaccharie onstituent
monomers
9ne role in living
organisms
0actose ar#ohyrate source
in
mammalian milk
Hlucose glucose
Form in which
sugars
are transporte in
plants
$8otal marks&
6. 8he ta#le #elow refers to two isaccharies, sucrose an maltose! 6f the statement
is correct, place a tick $ & in the appropriate #ox an if the statement is incorrect,
place a cross $ & in the appropriate #ox!
Statement Sucrose Qaltose
ontains glucose
6s a reucing sugar
ontains glycosiic
#ons
6s transporte in the
phloem of .owering
plants
$8otal marks&
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8.$a& A stuent was given two car#ohyrate solutions, la#elle A an B,
an was tol to perform two tests on each solution!
8est 9: A Beneict2s solution an heat!
8est ;: A hyrochloric aci an #oil!
7eutralise with alkali!
A Beneict2s solution an heat!
8he ta#le #elow shows the colour of each solution after testing!
Solution olour after 8est 9 olour after 8est ;
A Re
B Blue Re
$i& omplete the ta#le to show what colour solution A woul #e following 8est ;!$9&$ii& Explain why these results inicate that solution B containe a non(reucing sugar!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&
$#& "escri#e how you woul use #iuretreagent to compare the concentration of proteinsin two solutions!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$5&
$8otal marks&
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0ipis
0ipis contain the elements car#on, hyrogen an oxygen! 8hey are insolu#le in water!
8hey provie twice as much energy as car#ohyrates an supply the #oy with essentialfatt# acids! -itamins are often foun issolve in lipis!
8he most common type are ________________: mae up of 5 fatty acis *oine to 9 glycerol:
3hen the molecules *oin together,a _________________reaction takes place!
_____________#ons are forme!
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. 8he iagram #elow shows the structure of a lipi molecule!
*
)
)
)
*
-
-
-
)
)
)
*
*
*
-
-
-
A B
$a& $i& 7ame the parts la#elle A an B!A !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
B !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&
$ii& 7ame this type of lipi!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
$9&$iii& 7ame the chemical reaction use to form the #ons #etween A an B!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$9&
$#& $i& State onefunction of this type of lipi in living organisms!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$9&
$ii& State onefeature of the molecules of this type of lipi which makes them suita#le forthe function you have given!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$9&$8otal marks&
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. 8he ta#le #elow refers to twoorganic molecules!6f the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox!6f it is incorrect, place a cross $X& in the appropriate #ox!
S t a t e m e n t 1 r i l . c e r i d e / l . c o e n
) o n t a i n s o n l . c a r b o n
h . d r o e n a n d o 2 . e n
/ l . c o s i d i c b o n d s p r e s e n t
S o l u b l e i n 3 a t e r
P r o 4 i d e s s t o r a e o f e n e r .
- c c u r s i n f l o 3 e r i n p l a n t sa n d a n i m a l s
$8otal marks&
&. 8he iagram #elow shows the general structure of a phospholipi!
O r g a n i cg r o u p
P
P
) *
* ) - )
* ) - )
-
-
*
2
A B
P h o s p h a t e r o u p
$a& $i& 7ame the parts la#elle A an B!
A !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
B !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&
$ii& 7ame the type of reaction #y which the #ons #etween parts A an B may
#e #roken!
!!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$9&
$8otal 5&
Energy #ugets an o#esity
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Boy mass inex $B& is a metho of classifying #oy weight relative to height!
3hat is the formula for calculating BQ64
7ormal range is aroun ;@! 0ess than this is unerweight an over 5@, obese!
;@O of the population are o#ese L excess dietar# fatan inactivit#are the likely causes!
J#esity increases the risk of cariovascular isease an 8ype 66 ia#etes!
3hy might BQ6 not #e the #est inicator of o#esity4
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BQ6 U2
meters7in8heihts
s,ilorammeinmass
Answer !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&
$ii& sing the information in the ta#le, interpret this man2s BQ6!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&
$#& 8he graph #elow shows one analysis of relative mortality compare with BQ6, for men
an women!
ompare the e+ect of BQ6 on relative mortality for men an women!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
$5&
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$c&$i& A relative mortality of 9!; or less inicates a low risk of ying! sing the information
given, iscuss whether or not a woman with a BQ6 of 5;! shoul #e concerne
a#out her risk of ying!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&
$ii& ariovascular isease $-"& is responsi#le for many eaths!
"escri#e two changes that this woman may #e a#le to make to her lifestyle, to
reuce her risk of ying from -"! Explain how each change woul reuce the risk!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$&
$8otal 95 marks&
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ar' scheme for exam questions
irculatory system
1. large / active, organisms have high$er&, eman for oxygen / neeto remove J;W
small$er&, surface area to volume ratio / SA:- / surface area:volumeWsurface area too small / istance too large / i+usion takes too long
$to supply nees&WACCEPT ORAthroughoutIGNOREref to nutrients
ACCEPTdiusion too slowlook for reason why diusion not good enough
>;?
.
i+usion not ae)uate / A3 / oraWas not enough area $relative to volume&W ora
istance too great / cells eep in #oy / A3W ora, 0large un)ualiemass .ow system neeeWtransport / #loo $vascular&, systems, link, the parts of the #oy /name partsWe!g! of su#stance neeing to #e transporteW 0Kgases2 / Kwaste2 / Kfoo2ref to activity / high meta#olic rate, of mammalsW 5 max
. $i& $#loo .ows& twice through the heart / A3Wfor one circuit / cycle $of the whole #oy& / A3W A for one heart #eatref pulmonary andsystemic systems / to lungs andto $rest of& #oyW0systematic ; max
$ii& read whole answer and look for any two linked ideas fromX sizeX activityX SA:V ratioora if answered in terms ofGaramecium
size$mammals& larger / A3Wcells eep in the #oyWregions re)uiring materials separate #y a istance / nee to getmaterials to all parts / A3W
i+usion too slow / A3W
activity$mammals& more $meta#olically& active / A3Wnee more materials / more rapi supply / more removal of wastesW
SA:V ratio$mammals& surface area:volume ratio reuce / A3Wi+usion alone not e+ective / A3W must be linked to SA:V max
Bloo vessels
1. 8he ta#le #elow shows features of arteries, veins an capillaries!
6f the statement is correct, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox an if the
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statement is incorrect place a cross $;& in the appropriate #ox!
Feature Arteries
-eins apillaries
3alls permea#le ; ;
ollagen #respresent in walls
;
Enothelium present Series of valvespresent
; ;
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$a& ompare the changes in pressure in the left ventricle with those in the rightventricle, giving reasons for the i+erences!
both rise and fall bac' to ? '/a in ?.6 seconds 2 eq.>
greater change in pressure in left ventricle 2 smaller changes inright ventricle>
credit correct ref. to gures 2 range 2 di@erence 2 eq.>
left ventricle contracts more strongl# 2 eq. 2 right ventricle
contracts less strongl# eq.>left ventricle has more cardiac muscle in !all 2 right ventricle hasless>
to pump blood around the bod# 2 less distance to lungs 2 leftventricle pumps blood further>
so that pressure in the lungs is less>
$& mar's(
$#& ompare the changes in the pressure in the aorta with those in the leftventricle, giving reasons for the i+erences!
steep 2 rapid rise in both>
pressure in aorta rises later than in ventricle 2 starts higher inthe aorta>
greater rise in left ventricle 2 converse 2 use of gures>
slight time dela# in blood passing out of ventricle into aorta>
steeper fall in left ventricle 2 converse>
gradual fall bet!een ?.& and ?.+ 2 ?.* sec 2 from 1& 2 16 to 1? 2 11'/a is aorta>
caused b# elastic recoil of aorta !all>
closure of semilunar 2 aortic value>$ mar's(
$c& Jn the graph of changes in pressure in the aorta an left ventricle, show #ymeans of an arrow when the aortic semilunar valve closes!
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arro! placed top of left ventricle curve 2 cross over point of aortacurve and ventricle curve>
$1 mar'(
$& ariac muscle is escri#e as myogenic! Explain how the cariac cycle iscoorinate within the heart!initiated b# sino5atrial node 2 eq.>
!ave of electrical excitation 2 eq. spreads across atria>
stimulates contraction of $cardiac muscle of( atria>
passes to ventricles via atrio5ventricular node 2 A7>
non5conductive tissue 2 eq. else!here bet!een atria andventricles>
some reference to time dela# at A7>
thus atrial s#stole occurs before ventricular s#stole>excitation 2 eq. passes do!n pur'ine tissue 2 bundle of is>
ventricles contract from base 2 apex>
$& mar's(
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"ata an risk
6. $a& Causation:when a change in one varia#le is responsi#le for a change in
another varia#le / e)W
Correlation:.$relationship #etween two varia#les such that& a change in oneof the varia#les is re.ecte #y a change in the other varia#le / e)W;
$#& $i& 9! Yno relationship / little i+erenceZ #etween ethnic group ancholesterol level / e)W
;! Ymore / higher percentage ofZ #lack an African Americanshave Yhighest / higherZ #loo pressure than #oth 3hite anQexican Americans / e)W ;
$iii& not enough people surveye / e)W 9
$c& 9! iea that Yother varia#les present / other varia#les nee consiering /no information availa#le a#out other varia#lesZ $for a causalrelationship&W
;! name varia#le $e!g! genetics, ethnic group, mass of iniviuals, ageof iniviuals, iet, smoking, exercise&W
5! iea that cholesterol level of ;@ mg mL5may not #e signicantlylower than ;@ mg m
L5W
! iea that Y5@O may not #e signicantly i+erent from ;O / twovalues are not very i+erentZW
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! no information on how many teste / survey not repeate elsewhereW5max
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$& $c&>Gaire points ( marks for reasons must #e linke to apotential i+erence?
Gotential i+erence Reason
9! "i+erent levels of healthcareW
Better treatment / iagnosis / rugavaila#ility / e)W
;! SmokingW Smoking can cause atherosclerosis /
car#on monoxie reuces oxygentransport / nicotine increase #loopressure / e)W
5! YSaturate fat / re meat/ e)Z intake / converseW
Raises #loo cholesterol level /"0 : 0"0 ratio / e)W
! 0ack of exerciseW Exercise strengthens heart / e)W
! J#esity levelsWigher Yfat / cholesterolZ levels /e)W
! 0evels of stressW Arenaline / high #loo pressure /fast heart rate / e)W
! ealth awarenessW Mnowlege of risk factors aispreventative action / e)W
C! Goverty / poor livingconitionsW
A+ects Yiet / health / e)ZW
D! Alcohol intakeW igh levels increase #loopressure / Ylow levels may reucerisk of " / re wine antioxiantsZW
9@! Age prole of countryW " increases with ageW
99! Henetic i+erencesW Henes may a+ect health of heart,
e!g! hypercholesteraemia $gene /allele&W
9;! Salt intakeW igh #loo pressureW
95! Any vali pointW Any vali linke reasonW
$e(
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$l&
$#& igh #loo cholesterol:
9! Fatty eposition in artery walls / pla)ue formationW
;! Atheroma formeW
5! 6ncrease #loo pressureW! 0umen of $coronary& arteries narrowe / reuce elasticity of
artery wall / e)W
! orrect reference to 0"0sW
High blood pressure:
! "amage to $lining of& arteriesW
! Risk of aneurysm / amage lining $of arteries& rupturingW
C! 6ncrease risk of #loo clot #locking coronary arteriesW
D! orrect reference to in.ammatory responseW
Smoking:
9@! 6ncreases #loo pressureW
99! 6ncreases risk of aneurysmW
9;! 0ess antioxiants / more free raicalsW
95! 6ncreases Ynum#er / activationZ of plateletsW
9! $0eaing to& increase risk of #loo clot #lockingcoronary arteriesW
eneral points>allow in any section?:
9! Reuce #loo supply to heart muscleW
9! Angina / increase risk of heart attackW
9! Reference to interactions #etween factors to increase riskW
9C! orrect reference to atherosclerosisW !"a#imum $ marks for each risk factor%
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$#& 9! Ypeople more aware of the angers / #etter health eucationZ /appropriate name example /e)W
;! less stress /e)W
5! Y#etter / moreZ screening / e)W
! #etter treatments / e)W
! [more exercise #eing taken / e)W
! change iet / less o#esity / e)W
! less alcohol intake / e)W
C! ecrease in smokingW
D! change in population genetics / e)W 5 max
$c& 9! amage to Yenothelial cells / epithelial cells /cells lining artery $wall&ZW
;! reference to in.ammatory responseW
5! reference to $accumulation of& white #loo cells in $amage area&W
! Y#uil up / e)Z of cholesterol $in amage area&W
! reference to #uil up of Ycalcium salts / #rous tissue / #rin / plateletsZW
! reference to formation of Yatheroma / pla)ueZW
! reference to Yloss of elasticity $of artery& / narrowing of lumenZ / e)W
C! iea that this process is selfLperpetuatingW max
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atheroma / e)ZW
99! iea that iet shoul have reuce saltW
9;! high salt associate with high #loo pressureW
95! iea of moerate alcohol intakeW
9! high alcohol associate with high #loo pressureW max
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P o l . m e r o f l u c o s e
/ l . c o s i d i c b o n d s p r e s e n t
n b r a n c h e d c h a i n s o n l .
E n e r . s t o r e i n a n i m a l c e l l s
S t a r c h / l . c o e n ) e l l u l o s eS t a t e m e n t
;
;
;
;
>8otal marks?
. 8he ta#le #elow refers to twoorganic molecules!6f the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox! 6f it
is incorrect, place a cross $&& in the appropriate #ox!
Statement 1ril.ceride /l.coen
)ontains onl. carbon
h.droen and o2.en
/l.cosidic bonds present
Soluble in 3ater
Pro4ides storae of ener.
;
;
;
;
;
;-ccurs in flo3erin plants
and animals
>8otal marks?
. $a& Qaltose W 9$#& "isaccharie / reucing sugar W 9$c& Hlycosiic $ignore )ualications, e!g! 9( & W 9$& $i& Formplantcell walls / structural support inplantsW 9$ii& Second mark depends on 'rst( cannot get second marunless linked to a structural point)
correct structural point * link to relevant function *
9! large molecules / many glucoses
linke / polymer W
insolu#le W
;! $forms& straight / un#ranchechains W
high $tensile& strength /]strong^forms micro#rils / forms#res W
5! cross links / $hyrogen& #ons,betweenmolecules W
high $tensile& strength /forms micro#rils / forms#res W
! forms micro#rils W high strength / forms #resW
! $9(& glucose links W i=cult to igest W! many glucoses linke W cellulose can #e
hyrolyse an $glucose&use in respiration W
max ;>?
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&."isaccharie onstituent
Qonomers9ne role in livingorganisms
Hlucose an
galactoseQaltose Energy / foo
sourcein$germinating&sees
Sucrose Hlucose anfructose
>?
6.Statement Sucrose Qaltoseontains glucose6s a reucing sugarontains glycosiic#ons6s transporte in thephloem of .oweringplantsEncircle JRRE8 answers
Any 83J correct responses U 9 markBlanks an am#iguous ticks are incorrectGut correct num#ers of ticks to correspon with total mark
>?
8.Statement Starch Hlycogen elluloseGolymer of aglucoseHlycosiic #onspresentn#ranche chainsonlyEnergy store inanimal cells
>?
F. $a& $i& Re W 9$ii& 8est 9 shows no reucing sugar $in solution B& W6n test ; sugar is hyrolyse / e) W6n test ; solution $B& was positive W ;$#& 9! A e)ual volumes of each solution W;! 8o e)ual volumes of #iuret reagent W5! YGurple / lilacZ colour prouce W! ompare intensity of colour / use a colorimeter W! After same perio of time W 5>?
0ipis
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1. 8he iagram #elow shows the structure of a lipi molecule!
*
)
)
)
*
-
-
-
)
)
)
*
*
*
-
-
-
A B
$a& $i& 7ame the parts la#elle A an B!A gl#cerol 2 propan31, ,.3triol>
B fatt# acid$s( 2 fatt# acid chain>
$ mar's($ii& 7ame this type of lipi!
trigl#ceride>
$1 mar'(
$iii& 7ame the chemical reaction use to form the #ons #etween A an B!condensation 2 esterication>
$1 mar'(
$#& $i& State onefunction of this type of lipi in living organisms!energ# store 2 energ# source 2 insulation 2 !aterproong 2
production of metabolic !ater 2 buo#anc# 2 protection>$1 mar'(
$ii& State onefeature of the molecules of this type of lipi which makes themsuita#le for the function you have given!
insoluble 2 non5polar 2 high energ# value 2 poor heat conductor 2lo! densit# 2 less dense than !ater>
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Statement 1ril.ceride /l.coen
)ontains onl. carbon
h.droen and o2.en
/l.cosidic bonds present
Soluble in 3ater
Pro4ides storae of ener.
;
;
;
;
;
;-ccurs in flo3erin plants
and animals
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$ii& 9! calculate value is ;! which is Ygreater than ;!@ / in range;!@ to ;D!DZW
;! $therefore& man is overweightW
5! #ut only *ust $overweight&W ; max
$#& 9! relative mortality ecreases as BQ6 increases from 9D to Y;@ to ;5Zin $#oth men an women& / e)W
;! little change in relative mortality within the range Y;@ / ;9 to ;/ ;Z / e)W
5! as BQ6 increases from a#ove Y;; to ;Z risk increases $in #othmen an women& / e)W
! iea that from a#ove Y;@ to ;Z the risk for men is greater thanthat for women / risk the same #etween 9D an Y;@ to ;ZW5 max
$c& $i& 9! $relative mortality is& Y9!; to 9!;ZW;! iea that risk is low / no nee to #e concerneW
5! ref to nee to Yreuce / #e concerneZ a#out YBQ6 /weight / o#esityZW ; max