CIEN E1201 - 01 Wash Mnmt and Eiffel

8/2/2019 CIEN E1201 - 01 Wash Mnmt and Eiffel

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The Art of

Structural Design



The Washington Monument

and the Eiffel Tower





Stonehenge: one of the oldest

known stone structuresRaftsundet Bridge (Norway 1998)

1,000 ft main span

Key turning point: industrial revolution





Old form in city with short historyNew form in city with long history


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cien-e1201-01-wash-mnmt-and-eiffel 7/56Symbolic power of structures




http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cien-e1201-01-wash-mnmt-and-eiffel 9/56Akashi Straits Bridge 7,000ʹ span



Schwanbach Bridge by Robert Maillart

Concrete as thin as you can build it




http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cien-e1201-01-wash-mnmt-and-eiffel 12/56Felsenau Bridge by Christian Menn



Sicli Building by Heinz Isler

3˝ thick concrete shell


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cien-e1201-01-wash-mnmt-and-eiffel 14/56Zakim Bridge: structure is an art form



Menai Straits Bridge by Thomas Telford

First successful suspension bridge

Structural Art vs. Architectural Art


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cien-e1201-01-wash-mnmt-and-eiffel 16/56Hancock Tower: form given by engineer





Quebec Bridge



Quebec Bridge collapse during

construction in 1907

1st requirement of Structural Art = Safety







Eiffel Tower

Bending moment diagram is parabolic

Shape of structure is almost parabolic



For 100th anniversary of French Revolution

Eiffel financed it with agreement to get

profits for a number of years (recovered

entire cost in 1 year)



George Seurat: Pointillism



Obelisk of Ramses at the Place de laConcorde in Paris (1500BC – 1833)Washington Monument by Robert Mills,an architect (started 1848 – finished 1884)



Washington Monument by Robert Mills,an architect (started 1848 – finished 1884)



First part done by artisans/craftsmen

Second part done by US Army Corps of

Engineers after redesign of foundations

and upper part





Two structures – symbolic of changes



Two structures – symbolic of changes



Lower part symbolizes society before

industrial revolution, upper part society

transformed by industrial revolution

Engineering allows for savings in

materials



O i i f Eiff l T



Origins of Eiffel Tower

Massif Central: plateau cut by valleys

French decided to built railroad network



Busseau Viaduct (1864)







Eiffel’s imitation phase: standard way

to deal with transverse winds is to

slightly spread out column supports



Rouzat Viaduct (1869)




Eiffel’s innovation phase: columns flare out at the base




Eiffel gets projects because he provides competitive bids

(he is the designer & the builder)



Eiffel has his own ironworking shop



Viaduct is a national landmark

100th anniversary celebration



Contrast between straight and curved





Bellon is very similar to Rouzat



Eiffel in 1884



Design specification: 300 m tall



Design specification: 300 m tallProposal for the Centennial in Philadelphia



A competitor to Eiffel’s designProposal for the Centennial in Philadelphia



The choice was easy



The Tower is central image of Paris/France/Europe









Looking from the Eiffel Tower towards

the UNESCO building



Looking from the Eiffel Tower towards

the UNESCO building

Looking from the UNESCO building

towards the Eiffel Tower



Eiffel said he wanted to show France

was at the forefront of the industrial

revolutionA structure in a park

CIEN E1201 - 01 Wash Mnmt and Eiffel

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