Ciculatory problems

edema

There is oedema (swelling) of the face

• Pulmonary Edema• The frothy liquid

oozing from the cut surface of the lung is caused by air moving through water in the respiratory tract.

• This photograph of a bronchus from a lung with pulmonary edema shows overall congestion (red), plus frothy sputum indicative of pulmonary edema. Usually, the frothy fluid is pink or blood-tinged, because of rupture of the capillaries in the alveolar septae from congestion

edema

congestion

Congestion

• Sections of fresh pulmonary parenchyma.

• Note deep red color with preservation of underlying architecture.

• Normal should be pink-tan.

chronic passive congestion of the liver

Nutmeg seed

Nutmeg liver

chronic passive venous congestion or brown induration

chronic passive venous congestion or brown induration

hemorrhages

hemorrahges

• It is the escape of all constituents of the blood from any portion of the vascular system.

hemorrhages

thrombus

Thrombosis

• It is the formation of a blood clot attached to the internal wall of blood vessels, heart or lymphatics in living animals.

Effect of thrombosis:

• A- Beneficial effects: Thrombosis assisst in the control of haemorrhage in cases like bleeding gastric ulcers, tuberculous lesions in the lung, and umblical vessel. Thrombosis of blood and lymph vessels also help in preventing bacteria from invading other portions of the body.

• B- Harmful effects: These effects depend upon which vessel is thrombosed.

• 1- Thrombosis of a major vessels in areas where collateral circulation is inadequate result in ischaemia and infarction

• 2- Portions can break away and transported by the blood flow as emboli and become lodged in smaller arteries and capillaries causing infarction.

• 3- Injury to the wall of a thrombosed vessel in the vicinity of a thrombus may reduce its strength so that the increased blood pressure at the site of obstruction leads to aneurysm.

Differentiation between Thrombus and Postmortem clot

Thrombus • Dry in consistency • Has a granular and rough

surface. • White or buff in colour• Stratified in structure• Attached to the vessel wall• Vascular endothelium

below thrombus is damaged

Postmortem clot • Moist in consistency• Has a smooth and glistening

surface. • Yellow or red in colour• Uniform in structure• Not attached to the vessel

wall• Vascular endothelium is

undamaged and glisten

Differentiation between Thrombus and Postmortem clot

Thrombus • Composed primarily of

thrombocytes • Formed in living animals • May be partially organized • Caused by endothelial

injury

Postmortem clot • Composed primarily of

thrombocytes fibrin • Formed after death • Not organized • Initiated by thromoplastin

Postmortem clot

Gross appearance

• Red thrombi; fibrin network entraped RBCs and leucocytes

• White or pale thrombi;RBCs are few,opaque ,structure less and rubbery,chief components are platelets,fibrin and leucocytes,slowly formed

• Laminated thrombi;alternating red and white layers,seen in aneurysm

Microscopic appearance

• Platelets are the chick andief constituents• Thich and heavy fibrils of fibrin,leucocytes

and RBCs• Ireggular lamination• Area of attachment• Several small channels in canalized

Cross-sectional view of coronary artery reveals dark red thrombi (circles)

thrombus

• A coronary thrombosis is seen microscopically occluding the remaining small lumen of this coronary artery. Such an acute coronary thrombosis is often the antecedent to acute myocardial infarction

Section of the laminated thrombus in the calf vein

Higher power view of the laminated thrombus in the calf vein

infarction

infarction

• It is the ischaemia and necrosis of a local area due to obstruction in the arterial supply of the area - Necrosis is coagulative in type, but the affected tissue pass through the whole series of degeneration.

Gross appearance

Anemic infarcts• Bloodless pale area• Surrounded by a zone of

hyperemia

Red infarcts• Engorged with blood• Swollen and firm area

infarction

• The interventricular septum of the heart has been sectioned to reveal an extensive acute myocardial infarction. The dead muscle is tan-yellowwith a surrounding hyperemic border

Infarction

• This cross section through the heart reveals a large myocardial infarction involving the anterior left ventricular wall and septum. The infarct is beginning to heal, but still has a necrotic center. The ejection fraction from the left ventricle would be significantly reduced

Hemorrhagic infarcts

Red infarct

Microscopic appearance

• Coagulative necrosis• Poorly stained nuclei