PHN B NGUN LC V IU CHNH TIN
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1
Ngun lc thc hin d n
Khi nim
Ngun lc thc hin d n l nhng kh nng hin c v nhn lc, my mc thit b, nguyn vt liu, nng lng, ti chnh ca t chc dnh ring cho vic thc hin d n. Cc ngun lc thc hin d n lun b hn ch. Thi gian thc hin d n hn ch. C th nh i gia thi gian v ngun lc.
c im
Vn nghin cuo
Phn phi cc ngun lc mt cch hp l, bo m s ph hp gia gii hn cc ngun lc, cc rng buc v k thut vi vic hon thnh d n ng tin , bo m cht lng.
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Cc bi ton v phn b ngun lc
iu ha ngun lc
Nhu cu ngun lc ti mi thi im nm trong phm vi cho php nhng mc s dng khng hi ha cn c iu chnh, cn i.
y nhanh tin
Chiu di ng gng vt qu gii hn cho php, cn phi rt ngn li sao cho chi ph tng mc t nht.
Phn b ngun lc trong iu kin hn ch
Trng hp nhu cu ngun lc vt qu kh nng cung cp, cn phi iu chnh (c th cho php ko di ng gng).
Ti u ha quan h thi gian chi ph3
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iu ha ngun lc
Khi nim
iu ha ngun lc ngha l tm cch phn b ngun lc thc hin d n mt cch u n v n nh theo thi gian, nhu cu ngun lc khng b thiu ht hoc b d tha so vi kh nng sn c ca t chc thc hin d n.
Cng c s dng
Biu PERT ci tin, Biu ph ti ngun lc.
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Biu PERT ci tin
Khi nim
S PERT ci tin l s bin i ca s PERT; trong vic biu din cc cng vic v mi quan h gia chng theo tin trnh c th hin trn h trc ta hai chiu, vi trc honh biu th thi gian thc hin cc hot ng v trc tung biu th biu th trnh t theo tin trnh v mi quan h bn trong gia cc cng vic theo tin trnh . L s kt hp gia s PERT v s GANTT Kt hp c cc u im ca hai loi biu o Trc quan o Th hin cc quan h logic cng vic o C th s dng cc bi ton ti u trong qun l5
c im
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V d v PERT ci tin
1 2 2 0
A3 2
3 4 0 4
A1
2
A6 3 4 A55 13 0 13
0 0 0 0
A8 2
6 15 0 15
A2 33 1 2 4
A7 A4 44 8 0 8
5
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BIU PERT CI TINTUN1 2 3 4 5 6A6 3 3 5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0 A1
1 3
3 A3 A5
4 A7
5 A8
6
0 3 A2
2 3
A4
4 3
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Biu ph ti ngun lc
Khi nim
Biu ph ti ngun lc l mt loi biu phn nh tng s lng nhu cu tng loi ngun lc cn thit theo k hoch tin trong mt thi k nht nh cho tng cng vic hoc ton b d n. Trnh by bng hnh nh nhu cu cao thp khc nhau v mt loi ngun lc trong tng thi on. L c s lp k hoch sn xut, cung ng NVL, cc ngun lc cho d n. L c s iu phi, b tr hp l nhu cu ngun lc. Bc 1: Xy dng s PERT/CPM Bc 2: Lp biu PERT iu chnh Bc 3: Xy dng biu ph ti8
Tc dng
Phng php xy dng
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V d v biu ph ti ngun lcCV 1 2 11 10 10 13 13 12 12 14 10 12 14 10 12 14 10 16 16 16 16 16 8 21 21 23 25 36 36 36 14 16 16 16 16 16 8 8 8 14 3 4 5 6 7 Tun th 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 22 30 26 48 56 30 80 16308
TC
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8TC
11 10
B Huy n g ngu n lc 22:09
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nh li v hc lm trong biu ph ti
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iu ha ngun lc
Khi nim
iu ha ngun lc l phng php ti thiu ha mc khc bit v nhu cu ngun lc gia cc thi k bng cch iu chuyn ngun lc gia cc cng vic trong phm vi thi gian d tr cho php nhng khng lm thay i thi im kt thc d n. Sau khi iu chnh, nhu cu ngun lc tng i n nh, c th gim thiu mc d tr vt t, gim chi ph nhn cng. To iu kin cho nh qun tr d n ch ng t mua nguyn vt liu v cc yu t tiu hao khc. C th p dng chnh sch qun l d tr linh hot.
Tc dng
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Quy trnh iu ha ngun lcXy dng s PERT/CPM, biu PERT iu chnh. V biu ph ti ngun lc. Nhn dng nh v Hc lm ca biu ph ti. Cn c vo thi gian d tr, B sm v B mun ca cc cng vic a ra cc phng n iu phi nguyn lc.5.
1. 2. 3. 4.
So snh v la chn phng phng n iu phi ti u
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iu chnh cng vic trn biu
Cc cng vic gng: Khng th thay i Cc cng vic khng gng: c th la chn mt s cch
Cch 1: Cc cng vic khng gng bt u sm v kt thc sm. Tin c mc an ton cao v cc cng vic c nhiu thi gian d tr. Cch 2: Cc cng vic khng gng bt u mun v kt thc mun. Tin c mc an ton thp v cc cng vic khng c thi gian d tr. Cch 3: Xp thi im khi cng ca cc cng vic khng gng trong vng gii hn gia thi im bt u sm v bt u mun. S c rt nhiu phng n b tr cng vic trong cch ny.
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Cc tnh hung c th xy ra i vi ngun lc
Tnh hung th nht
C th bo m ngun lc (hn ch) cho tt c cc cng vic ti mi thi im. Ti mt s thi im, khng ngun lc thc hin do nhu cu ngun lc ti nhng thi im vt khi mc ti a c th huy ng ca ngun lc . Nh qun l d n cn tin hnh cc hot ng iu phi cng vic.
Tnh hung th hai
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C s iu phi ngun lc bng cch iu chnh thi im bt u hoc ko di cng vic
C s
C s iu phi ngun lc l: D tr thi gian ca cng vic Dijo
Dij l khong thi gian ti a nh qun l d n c th x dch thi im bt u ca cng vic ij Dij l khong thi gian c th ko di ti a thc hin cng vic ij
o
iu phi
Dij = 0 - Cng vic gng Khng th iu chnh Dij > 0 - Cng vic khng gng. C th iu chnh thi im bt u, hoc ko di cng vic ij trong gii hn Dij lm gim cng thng v ngun lc trong tng khong thi gian nhm to s ph hp gia nhu cu v kh nng v ngun lc.
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C s iu phi ngun lc
V d
Cng vic 3-5o o
t35 = 3; D35 = 6 T35bds = 5; T35bdm = 11; Tkts = 8; Tktm = 14
Ph ti ngun lc vi bt u bng T35bds = 53 5
10.000
Ph ti ngun lc vi bt u bng T35 bdm = 113 5
10.00022:09 16
C s iu phi ngun lc
V d
Cng vic 3-5o o
t35 = 3; D35 = 6 T35bds = 5; T35bdm = 11; Tkts = 8; Tktm = 14
Ph ti ngun lc vi bt u bng T35bds = 536.000
5
Ph ti ngun lc vi bt u bng T35 bdm = 1136.000
5
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Cn bng tuyt i
Khi nim
c im
Cn bng tuyt i l trng thi ti u tuyt i trong hot ng qun tr ngun lc, khi c mc huy ng ngun lc trong tt c thi gian thc hin d n l bng nhau. ng iu ha ngun lc l mt ng thng song song vi trc honho o
iu kin
Ch xy ra trong iu kin l tng t xy ra trong thc t
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n v ngun lc
Cn bng tuyt i
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Thi gian 22:09 19
Cn bng tng i
Khi nim
Cn bng tng i l trng thi huy ng cc ngun lc sao cho mc huy ng ngun lc theo thi gian c tng dn n cc i vo gia vng i d n v gim dn khi kt thc d n. ng iu ha ngun lc c dng Parabol Xy ra trong iu kin bnh thng Tnh kh thi cao Ty theo c im c th ca tng d n, cc nh qun tr d n cn xc nh s cn bng ngun lc mt cch hp l.20
c im
iu kin
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n v ngun lc
Cn bng tng i
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A4
Thi gian 22:09 21
Mt s quy tc u tin trong iu phi ngun lc1.
u tin phn phi ngun lc cho cng vic no c thi gian d tr Dij nh nht. Nu hai cng vic c thi gian d tr nh nht bng nhau th u tin phn phi trc cho cng vic khi cng lm cho cng vic khi d dang. Nu c hai iu kin trn ca cc cng vic ang xt l ngang nhau th dnh ngun lc cho cng vic no cn nhiu nht. Nu cc cng vic li ngang nhau c ba iu kin trn th dnh ngun lc cho cng vic c mc s dng trong mt n v thi gian ln nht.
2.
3.
4.
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Cc trng hp m rng
Phn phi ng thi hai ngun lc cho mt d n. Phn phi nhiu ngun lc cho mt d n. Phn phi ngun lc cho tp hp mt danh mc d n
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Phn phi ng thi hai ngun lc cho mt d nMt d n c cc cng vic, trnh t v yu cu ngun lc cho cc cng vic nh bng bn. Yu cu: -V s Pert ca d n. - Lp biu ph ti cho ngun lc v lao ng cho d n. Ti thiu bao nhiu ngi th c th trin khai hon thnh d n. - Trn c s biu ph ti v lao ng, hy xy dng biu ph ti cho ngun lc my mc thc hin d n.22:09
Cng vic A B C D E F G H I K M N T
Cng vic trc Bt u ngay Bt u ngay Bt u ngay Sau A Sau B Sau B Sau C Sau D, E Sau F, G Sau H Sau N, I Sau H Sau K
Thi gian (ngy ngi) 20 4 30 4 20 7 7 22 7 22 7 11 4
S my cn thit 3 1 3 1 2 5 4 6 3 6 3 4 224
Rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n
t vn o o
Nu TN < TE ta cn phi rt ngn thi gian thc hin s cho n khi TN = TE Mun rt ngn phi tng cng thit b, vt t, nhn lc tc l phi tng chi ph. Cn phi rt ngn TE nh th no t hiu qu cao nht (tng s tin chi thm nh nht)? Rt dn cc cng vic Gng Dng bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh
o
Cc phng php rt ngno o
PGS.TS Nguyn Trng Sn
Ch4 - 25
Phng php rt dn cc CV Gng1. 2. 3. 4.
V s PERT Thng k cc CV gng Tnh chi ph tng thm nu rt CV gng xung 1 n v - Chn CV gng c min rt trc, nn rt tng n v v kim tra xem c xut hin ng gng mi hay khng
5.
Nu khng xut hin ng gng mi th rt tip cc cng vic gng c nh th hai, th ba cho n khi TN = TE
6.
Nu trong qu trnh rt xut hin ng gng mi th cn phi rt cng lc trn tt c cc ng gng cho n khi tt c cc ng gng u c TN = TE
PGS.TS Nguyn Trng Sn
Ch4 - 26
Phng php rt dn cc CV Gng
V d - Cng ty Thnh Phto
Gi s UBBVMT yu cu TN = 12 tun. Yu cu phi rt ngn thi hn d n cho ph hp. Cc thng s v thi gian v kh nng rt ngn cc cng vic nh bng di.CV Thi gian hon thnh (Tun) Bnh thng A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 2 3 2 4 4 3 5 2 Kh nng rt c 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 Chi ph (ngn USD) Bnh thng 22 30 26 48 56 30 80 16 Khi rt 23 34 27 49 58 30,5 86 19 1 2 1 1 1 0,5 2 3Ch4 - 27
PGS.TS Nguyn Trng Sn
Phng php rt dn cc CV Gng
Thc hin rt dn cc cng vic gngThi gian hon thnh (Tun) Bnh thng Kh nng rt c 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 Chi ph (ngn USD) Bnh thng 22 30 26 48 56 30 80 16 Khi rt 23 34 27 49 58 30,5 86 19 Thuc G khng?
CV A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
1 2 1 1 1 0,5 2 3
Ln 1 C Khng C Khng C Khng C C
Ln 2
2 3 2 4 4 3 5 2
C
C
C C
PGS.TS Nguyn Trng Sn
Ch4 - 28
Phng php rt dn cc CV Gng
ng gngo
Ln 1: C th rto
A1 A3 A5 A7 A8 vi TE = 15 tun
Xut hin ng gng mio
A1; A3; A5 v cng = 1. Rt A1 bt 01 tun A2 A4 A7 A8 vi T = 14 tun
Ln 2 rt cng lc trn c hai ng gngo
Kh nng rto o o o o
A7 hoc A8 A4 v A3 A4 v A5 A2 v A3 A2 v A5
-
2000 2000 2000 3000 3000
Quyt nh rt ln 2: Cng vic A7 v rt 2 tun
PGS.TS Nguyn Trng Sn
Ch4 - 29
Phng php s dng bi ton quy hoch TT
K hiu
xj l cc Tjs yi l s n v thi gian cn phi rt bt ca cc cng vic Ai
Hm mc tiu
f = i yi min1
k
Cc rng buc
xj 0; x0 = 0; xn TN xj xi + (Kh nng rt ca cng vic ij yi) yi 0 yi Kh nng rt ca cng vic i
PGS.TS Nguyn Trng Sn
Ch4 - 30
Quan h gia thi gian v chi ph
Tc ng ca vic y nhanh tin
Lm tng chi ph trc tip (phi b sung ngun lc) Lm gim chi ph gin tip Gim hoc trnh c cc khon tin pht khi ko di tin Tn hng c khon thng do hon thnh ng v vt tin Cn phi rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n mt cch kinh t nht.
Vn cn quan tm Cch gii quytLp k hoch thc hin d n theo nguyn tc cc tiu chi ph trn c s iu chnh gia phng n c thi gian thc hin di nht v phng n c thi gian thc hin ngn nht.
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Cc loi chi ph thc hin d n
Chi ph trc tipL cc loi chi ph tiu hao cho vt t, lao ng, thit b v cc loi chi ph khc lin quan trc tip n cc cng vic ca d n. Thi gian thc hin d n cng rt ngn th chi ph trc tip cng tng ln.
Chi ph gin tipL cc loi chi ph pht sinh cho ton b cc hot ng ca d n, lin quan n tt c cc cng vic nh: chi ph hnh chnh, bo him, y t ... Thi gian d n cng rt ngn th chi ph gin tip cng gim.
Chi ph pht do chm tin L cc khon tin pht do vic thc hin d n b chm tr so vi tin c thng nht. Khon tin pht s lm tng chi ph v thi gian thc hin d n cng ko di, khon tin pht cng ln.
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Cc phng n t chc thc hin d n
Phng n bnh thngL phng n d tnh mc chi ph cho cc cng vic d n mc bnh thng v thi gian thc hin d n l di nht.
Phng n y nhanhL phng n c tng thi gian thc hin ngn nht v chi ph ln nht.
Phng n iu chnh (K hoch thc hin d n)o
o
Trn c s phng n bnh thng v y nhanh cc nh qun l d n tin hnh iu chnh (rt ngn cc cng vic) c c phng n iu chnh. Phng n iu chnh chnh l k hoch thc hin d n ti u v kinh ph.
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Quy trnh thc thc hin k hoch chi ph cc tiu
Phng php s dng - Min Quy trnh1.
Xy dng s PERT/CPM Tnh tng chi ph d n (Phng n bnh thng) Xy dng phng n y nhanh v tnh tng chi ph ca PA y nhanh Dng phng php min rt dn cc cng vic gng Xc lp phng n iu chnh (k hoch chi ph cc tiu) ph hp
2.
3.
4.
5.
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V d 4Mt d n c thi gian v chi ph thc hin cc cng vic nh bng bn. Chi ph gin tip 1000.000 /tun. Yu cu1. 2.
Cng Vic
Cng vic trc C A B,D B,D C E,F H
Phng n bnh thng Thi gian (Tun) Chi ph TT(1000 ng)
Phng n y nhanh Thi gian (Tun) Chi ph TT(1000 ng)
A B C D E F G H I J Tng
12 20 14 16 28 15 36 22 18 24
5000 10.000 8000 12000 14000 3000 17000 11000 13000 16000 109.000
6 12 9 10 16 5 20 7 11 14
11000 16.400 14.000 17.400 29.600 7000 29.800 21.500 20.000 27.000 193.70035
3.
Lp s PERT/CPM thc hin d n Thi hn hon thnh d n theo hp ng l 62 tun. Hy xy dng phng n thc hin bo m tin v tnh tng chi ph thc hin phng n . Hy xc nh phng n thc hin ti u.Bit rng, nu tr tin quy nh t chc thc hin s b pht mt khon tin 1.500.000d/ngy. Nu vt tin s c thng 1000.000d/ngy.
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