PHN TH HAI
CHNG TRNH MN TIN HC
I. V TR Mn Tin hc trng ph thng trang b cho hc sinh nhng hiu bit c bn v cng ngh thng tin v vai tr ca chng trong x hi hin i, phng php gii quyt vn theo quy trnh cng ngh v k nng s dng my tnh phc v hc tp v cuc sng. Tin hc c ngha to ln i vi s pht trin tr tu, t duy thut ton cho ngi lao ng, gp phn hnh thnh hc vn ph thng cho hc sinh. Trong h thng cc mn hc trng ph thng, Tin hc cn h tr cho hot ng hc tp ca hc sinh, gp phn lm tng hiu qu gio dc. Tin hc to ra mi trng thun li cho hc tp sut i v hc t xa, lm cho vic trang b kin thc, k nng v hnh thnh nhn cch hc sinh khng ch thc hin trong khun kh ca nh trng v cc t chc on th, chnh tr m c th thc hin mi ni, mi lc. Cc kin thc v k nng trong mi trng hc tp ny thng xuyn c cp nht gip cho hc sinh c kh nng p ng c nhng i hi mi nht ca x hi.
II. MC TIU Dy hc mn Tin hc trong nh trng ph thng nhm t nhng mc tiu sau: 1. V kin thc Trang b cho hc sinh mt cch tng i c h thng cc kin thc c bn nht mc ph thng ca khoa hc Tin hc: cc kin thc nhp mn v Tin hc, v h thng, v thut ton v ngn ng lp trnh, v c s d liu, h qun tr c s d liu,... Gip cho hc sinh bit c cc ng dng ph bin ca Cng ngh thng tin trong cc lnh vc khc nhau ca i sng.
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2. V k nng Hc sinh c kh nng s dng my tnh v mng my tnh phc v hc tp v bc u vn dng vo cuc sng. 3. V thi C tc phong suy ngh v lm vic hp l, khoa hc v chnh xc. C hiu bit mt s vn x hi, kinh t, o c lin quan n tin hc.
xy dng chng trnh dy hc cn trin khai cc hot ng ng b: chnh sch, bin ch gio vin, phng my, xy dng mng gio dc, kt ni Internet, nghin cu phng php dy hc, o to gio vin, thit b dy hc. - Tin hc l ngnh khoa hc pht trin rt nhanh, c vi nm phn cng v phn mm li thay i v c nng cp. V vy cn phi trang b cho hc sinh nhng kin thc ph thng v k nng c bn chng trnh khng b nhanh lc hu. Trnh c hai khuynh hng khi xc nh ni dung : hoc ch thin v l thuyt mang tnh h thng cht ch hoc ch thun tu ch ti vic hnh thnh v pht trin nhng k nng v thao tc. - Xut pht t iu kin thc t ca tng a phng v c trng ca mn hc m tin hnh t chc dy hc mt cch linh hot, vi nhng hnh thc a dng m bo c yu cu chung ca mn hc v nng cao nu c iu kin. Khuyn khch hc ngoi kho. - Chng trnh phi c tnh m: c phn bt buc v phn t chn nhm linh hot khi trin khai v d dng cp nht vi thc t pht trin ca mn hc.
III. QUAN IM PHT TRIN CHNG TRNH - Tin hc l mn hc mi c chnh thc a vo chng trnh dy hc trng ph thng nn trc ht cn nh hng mt cch tng th v ni dung, phng php dy hc, kim tra - nh gi ca mn hc. Tip theo tin hnh xy dng chng trnh cho tng cp hc, lp hc nhm m bo tnh khoa hc, tnh s phm, ng thi trnh c lng ph v tnh trng chng cho gia cc cp hc, gia cc mn hc ca cng cp hc. Cng vi vic
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TRUNG HC PH THNG LP 10 CH Mt s khi nim c bn ca Tin hc Kin thc Bit Tin hc l mt ngnh khoa hc: c i tng, ni - Ly cc v d v ng dng Tin hc trong dung v phng php nghin cu ring. Bit my tnh va i sng thng ngy. 1. Gii thiu l i tng nghin cu, va l cng c. ngnh khoa hc Bit c s pht trin mnh m ca Tin hc do nhu cu Tin hc ca x hi. Bit cc c trng u vit ca my tnh Bit c mt s ng dng ca Tin hc v my tnh in t trong cc hat ng ca i sng. Kin thc Bit khi nim thng tin, lng thng tin, cc dng thng tin, m ho thng tin cho my tnh. Bit cc dng biu din thng tin trong my tnh. Hiu n v o thng tin l bit v cc n v bi ca bit. Bit cc h m c s 2, 16 trong biu din thng tin. K nng Bc u m ho c thng tin n gin thnh dy bit. MC CN T GHI CH
2. Thng tin v d liu
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CH 3. Gii thiu v my tnh
MC CN T Kin thc Bit chc nng cc thit b chnh ca my tnh . Bit my tnh lm vic theo nguyn l J. Von Neuman K nng Nhn bit c cc b phn chnh ca my tnh.
GHI CH - V lc khi qut ca kin trc my tnh gii thch. - Gio vin ch dn cc b phn ca my tnh ti phng my. - Trnh by thut ton gii mt s bi ton n gin nh tm c chung ln nht ca 2 s t nhin, kim tra mt s t nhin l s nguyn t hay hp s, tm kim v sp xp mt dy s nguyn. - Nn a mt s v d gn gi vi hc sinh m phng cho cc thut ton
Kin thc Bit khi nim bi ton v thut ton, cc c trng chnh ca thut ton. Hiu cch biu din thut ton bng s khi v ngn 4. Bi ton v ng lit k. thut ton Hiu mt s thut ton thng dng. K nng Xy dng c thut ton gii mt s bi ton n gin bng s khi hoc ngn ng lit k.
Kin thc 5. Ngn ng lp Bit c khi nim ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng - Ghi nh vic cn dch t ngn ng bc trnh. bc cao. cao, hp ng sang ngn ng my. Kin thc 6. Gii bi ton Bit cc bc c bn khi tin hnh gii ton trn my tnh: - Ly ni dung thc t minh ho. trn my tnh xc nh bi ton, xy dng thut ton, la chn cu trc d - Ghi nh cc bc trn c th lp li nhiu ln. in t liu, vit chng trnh, hiu chnh, a ra kt qu v hng dn s dng. Kin thc
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CH 7. Phn my tnh
MC CN T GHI CH Bit khi nim phn mm my tnh. mm Phn bit c phn mm h thng v phn mm ng - K c cc loi phn mm ng dng dng.
Kin thc - Ly cc ng dng Tin hc trong trng, Bit c ng dng ch yu ca MTT trong cc lnh vc a phng minh ho. 8. Cc ng dng i sng x hi. ca Tin hc Bit rng c th s dng mt s chng trnh ng dng nng cao hiu qu hc tp, lm vic v gii tr. Kin thc Bit c nh hng ca Tin hc i vi s pht trin ca - Nn gii thiu mt s iu lut, nh nh x hi. v bn quyn, chng ti phm Tin hc ca 9. Tin hc v x Bit c nhng vn thuc vn ho v php lut trong nc ta. x hi tin hc ho hi. Thi C hnh vi v thi ng n v nhng vn o c lin quan n vic s dng my tnh. H iu hnh 1. Khi nim h iu hnh Kin thc Bit khi nim h iu hnh. Bit chc nng v cc thnh phn chnh ca h iu hnh . - Khng gn cng vo mt h iu hnh c th no, m trnh by nhng nguyn l chung. - H iu hnh c xt di gc ngi s dng.
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CH
MC CN T Kin thc Hiu khi nim tp v qui tc t tn tp. Hiu khi nim th mc, cy th mc.
GHI CH - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu
2. Tp v qun l K nng Nhn dng c tn tp, th mc, ng dn. tp t c tn tp, th mc
Kin thc Hiu c quy trnh np h iu hnh, lm vic vi h iu hnh v ra khi h thng. 3. Giao tip Hiu c cc thao tc x l: sao chp tp; xo tp, i vi h iu hnh tn tp; to v xo th mc. v x l tp K nng Thc hin c mt s lnh thng dng Thc hin c cc thao tc vi tp v th mc: to, xa, di chuyn, i tn th mc v tp .
- Thc hnh trn h iu hnh c th l MS Windows. - Phn bit cc cch giao tip khc nhau. - Nu nhng vn ct li nht v tp v qun l tp m h iu hnh no cng phi c.
Kin thc 4. Mt s h iu hnh ph Bit lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh. - Gii thiu s lc v MS DOS, UNIX v Bit mt s c trng c bn ca mt s h iu hnh hin LINUX bin. nay.
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CH San tho vn bn
MC CN T Kin thc Bit cc chc nng chung ca h son tho vn bn. Bit cc n v x l trong vn bn (k t, t, cu, dng, on, trang). Bit cc vn lin quan n son tho vn bn ting Vit
GHI CH - Nu cc u vit ca son tho vn bn bng my tnh. - Cc chc nng ch yu c trnh by c lp vi phn mm son tho vn bn. - Cho hc sinh bit c nhiu loi b m v nhiu loi phng ch Vit khc nhau. - Gii thiu v UNICODE, tuy nhin khng i su vo vn m. - Cc k nng c truyn th thng qua gi thc hnh vi phn mm Word. - Cha yu cu g nhanh, nhng cn tun th cc quy c trong son tho.
1. Mt s khi nim c bn.
2. Lm quen vi K nng Word Thc hin c vic son tho vn bn n gin. Thc hin c cc thao tc m tp, ng tp, to tp mi, ghi tp vn bn.
Kin thc Bit mn hnh lm vic ca Word Hiu cc thao tc son tho vn bn n gin: m tp vn bn, g vn bn, ghi tp.
3. Mt s chc Kin thc nng son tho Hiu khi nim v cc thao tc nh dng k t, nh dng - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t vn bn on vn bn, nh dng trang vn bn, danh sch lit k, chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh chn s th t trang. t c nhng k nng theo yu cu Bit cch in vn bn. K nng
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CH
MC CN T nh dng c vn bn theo mu
GHI CH
Kin thc 4. Mt s cng Bit khi nim v cc thao tc tm kim v thay th. c tr gip son K nng tho Thc hin c tm kim v thay th mt t hay mt cu Kin thc Bit cc thao tc: to bng; chn, xo, tch, gp cc , hng v ct. Bit son tho v nh dng bng. 5. Lm vic vi K nng bng Thc hin c to bng, cc thao tc trn bng v son tho vn bn trong bng .
- Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu
- Nu nhng trng hp s dng bng trong son tho - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu
Mng v Internet Kin thc 1. Mng my Bit nhu cu mng my tnh trong lnh vc truyn thng. tnh Bit khi nim mng my tnh Bit mt s loi mng my tnh. 2. Mng thng Kin thc tin ton cu Bit khi nim mng thng tin ton cu Internet v li ch - Nn trnh by cc thnh phn chnh trong mng my tnh kt hp vi gio c trc quan (thit b vt l hoc tranh v minh ho).
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CH Internet
MC CN T ca n. Bit cc phng thc kt ni thng dng vi Internet. Bit s lc cch kt ni cc mng trong Internet
GHI CH - Nu cc u, nhc im ca cc kt ni.
Kin thc Bit khi nim trang Web, Website 3. Mt s dch Bit chc nng trnh duyt Web v ph bin ca Bit cc dch v: tm kim thng tin, th in t K nng Internet S dng c trnh duyt Web Thc hin c tm kim thng tin trn Interrnet. Thc hin c vic gi v nhn th in t.
- Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu - Tu theo iu kin ca tng a phng c th gii thiu cho hc sinh bit cch to trang Web n gin
LP 11
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CH Mt s khi nim c s trong ngn ng lp trnh
MC CN T
GHI CH
1. Phn loi Kin thc ngn ng lp Bit c 3 lp ngn ng lp trnh v cc mc ca ngn ng - Kin thc ny c lp 10, cn nhc trnh lp trnh: ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng bc cao. li v b sung m bo tnh h thng. Kin thc 2. Chng trnh Bit vai tr ca Chng trnh dch . dch Bit khi nim Bin dch v Thng dch. - Bit mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca Chng trnh dch l pht hin li c php ca Chng trnh ngun.
3. Cc thnh Kin thc phn ca ngn Bit cc thnh phn c bn ca ngn ng lp trnh: Bng - Cn gii thch s khc nhau gia C php v Ng ngha. ng lp trnh ch ci, C php v Ng ngha. Kin thc - Nn minh ho bng mt on chng Bit cc thnh phn c s ca TP: Bng ch ci, Tn, Tn trnh n gin 4. Cc thnh chun, Tn ring (t kho), Hng v Bin. phn c s ca K nng TP Phn bit c Tn, Hng v Bin. Bit t tn ng.
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CH Chng trnh TP n gin
MC CN T
GHI CH
Kin thc Hiu chng trnh l s m t ca thut ton bng mt - Ly mt chng trnh TP n gin ngn ng lp trnh. minh ho 1. Cu trc Bit cu trc ca mt chng trnh TP: cu trc chung v chng trnh cc thnh phn. K nng Nhn bit c cc phn ca mt chng trnh n gin. Kin thc 2. Mt s kiu Bit mt s kiu d liu nh sn trong TP: nguyn, thc, - Cho cc v d n gin HS luyn tp d liu chun k t, logic v min con. K nng Xc nh c kiu cn khai bo ca d liu n gin. Kin thc Hiu c cch khai bo bin. 3. Khai bo bin K nng Khai bo ng, Nhn bit khai bo sai. - Phn bit c s khc nhau gia php - Cho cc v d n gin HS luyn tp
4. Php ton, Kin thc biu thc, lnh
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CH
gn
MC CN T GHI CH Bit cc khi nim: Php ton, biu thc s hc, hm s "gn" (:= ) v php so snh bng (=). - Ly v d l cc biu thc quen thuc hc chun, biu thc quan h. hc sinh luyn tp. Hiu lnh gn. K nng Vit c lnh gn. Vit c cc biu thc s hc v logic vi cc php ton thng dng.
Kin thc Bit cc lnh vo/ra n gin nhp thng tin t bn 5. T chc phm v a thng tin ra mn hnh. vo/ra n gin K nng Vit c mt s lnh vo/ra n gin. Kin thc Bit cc bc: son tho, dch, thc hin v hiu chnh - Xt mt chng trnh n gin nhng chng trnh. hon chnh v c th chy c, cho ra kt 6. Dch, thc Bit mt s cng c ca mi trng TP. qu. hin v hiu K nng chnh chng Bc u s dng c chng trnh dch pht hin trnh li. Bc u chnh sa c chng trnh da vo thng bo li ca Chng trnh dch v tnh hp l ca kt qu thu c. R nhnh v lp
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CH
MC CN T
GHI CH
Kin thc Hiu nhu cu ca cu trc r nhnh trong biu din thut - Nn s dng cc thut ton c lp ton 10 Hiu cu lnh r nhnh (dng thiu v dng ). - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t Hiu cu lnh ghp. chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh 1. T chc r t c nhng k nng theo yu cu K nng nhnh S dng cu trc r nhnh trong m t thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin. Vit c cc lnh r nhnh khuyt, r nhnh y v p dng th hin c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin. Kin thc Hiu nhu cu ca cu trc lp trong biu din thut ton Hiu cu trc lp kim tra iu kin trc, cu trc lp vi s ln nh trc. Bit cch vn dng ng n tng loi cu trc lp vo tnh hung c th. 2. T chc lp K nng M t c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin c s dng lnh lp. Vit ng cc lnh lp kim tra iu kin trc, lnh lp vi s ln nh trc Vit c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin. - Cn tng kt li c 3 loi cu trc iu khin l: tun t, r nhnh v lp. - Bc u hnh thnh khi nim v lp trnh c cu trc. - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu
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CH Kiu d liu c cu trc
MC CN T
GHI CH
- Bit c rng vi kiu d liu c cu trc, ngi ta c th thit k mt kiu d liu mi phc tp hn t nhng kiu 1. Kiu mng K nng cho. v bin c ch - C th s dng mt s thut ton lp Ci t c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin vi s 10. kiu d liu mng mt chiu. - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t Thc hin c khai bo mng, truy cp, tnh ton cc chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh phn t ca mng. t c nhng k nng theo yu cu Kin thc Bit xu l mt dy k t (c th coi xu l mng mt - Cho hc sinh bit kiu d liu xu vi chiu). mt s hm v th tc gip thun tin khi 2. Kiu d liu Bit cch khai bo xu, truy cp phn t ca xu. x l d liu vn bn. Xu K nng S dng c mt s th tc, hm thng dng v xu. Ci t c mt s chng trnh n gin c s dng xu. Kin thc 3. Kiu Bn Bit khi nim kiu Bn ghi. ghi Bit cch khai bo bn ghi, truy cp trng ca bn ghi. - Nhn mnh rng khc vi kiu mng, trong kiu bn ghi, cc trng c th thuc cc kiu d liu khc nhau.
Kin thc Hiu khi nim mng mt chiu v hai chiu. Hiu cch khai bo v truy cp n cc phn t ca mng.
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CH Tp v x l tp
MC CN T
GHI CH
1. Phn loi v khai bo tp
Kin thc Bit khi nim v kiu d liu tp. Bit khi nim tp nh kiu v tp vn bn. Bit cc lnh khai bo tp nh kiu v tp vn bn. K nng Khai bo ng tp vn bn. Kin thc Bit cc bc lm vic vi tp: gn tn cho bin tp, m - Ch dng li nhng v d n gin. tp, c/ghi tp, ng tp. Bit mt s hm v th tc chun lm vic vi tp. K nng S dng c mt s hm v th tc chun lm vic vi tp
2. X l tp
Chng trnh con 1. Chng Kin thc trnh con v Bit vai tr ca chng trnh con trong lp trnh. phn loi Bit s phn loi chng trnh con: th tc v hm. 2. Th tc Kin thc Bit cu trc mt th tc, danh sch vo/ra hnh thc. Bit mi lin quan gia chng trnh v th tc. Bit gi mt th tc - Thng qua cc v d c th.
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CH
MC CN T K nng Nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong u ca th tc. S dng c li gi mt th tc. Vit c th tc n gin Kin thc Bit cu trc ca mt hm, danh sch vo/ra hnh thc. Bit mi lin quan gia chng trnh v hm. Bit gi mt hm K nng Nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong u ca hm. Vit c hm n gin.
GHI CH
3. Hm
- Bit c s ging nhau v khc nhau gia hm v th tc.
4. Khai thc chng trnh con sn c ca ngn ng lp trnh
Kin thc Bit cch s dng th vin chun: cc hm v th tc chun sn c. Hiu mt s cu lnh dng trc y thc cht l th tc v hm chun. K nng Bit khai bo v s dng hm CRT
ho v m thanh Kin thc 1. Mt s yu Hiu khi nim mn hnh ho v iu kin lm vic - Ch dng li mc m t, gii thiu. t ho. trong ch ho. - C th cho chy mt chng trnh
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CH
MC CN T GHI CH Bit mt s hm v th tc v hnh n gin: im, ho sinh ng gy hng th. ng, hnh trn, elip, hnh ch nht. Kin thc - Ch dng li mc m t, gii thiu. Bit mt s hm v th tc chun ca ngn ng hin dng - C th cho chy mt chng trnh m m phng m thanh v kh nng th hin bn nhc n thanh hay gy hng th. gin bng mt chng trnh TP.
2. Mt s yu t m thanh.
LP 12
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CH Khi nim c s d liu v h qun tr c s d liu
MC CN T
GHI CH
Kin thc 1. Khi nim c Bit khi nim CSDL. s d liu Bit vai tr ca CSDL trong hc tp v cuc sng. (CSDL) Bit cc yu cu c bn i vi h CSDL.
- Ly bi ton qun l ca nh trng hoc mt c quan x nghip minh ho
Kin thc Bit khi nim h qun tr CSDL. - Phn bit CSDL vi h qun tr CSDL. Bit chc nng ca h qun tr CSDL: to lp CSDL; cp 2. H qun tr c nhp d liu, tm kim kt xut thng tin; kim sot, iu s d liu khin vic truy cp vo CSDL. Bit vai tr ca con ngi khi lm vic vi h CSDL. H qun tr c s d liu quan h MSACCESS
1. Gii thiu Kin thc MS ACCESS - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t Hiu cc chc nng chnh ca ACCESS: To lp bng, chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh thit lp mi lin kt gia cc bng, cp nht v kt xut t c nhng k nng theo yu cu thng tin. Bit 4 i tng chnh: bng, mu hi, biu mu v bo co. Bit 2 ch lm vic: Ch thit k (lm vic vi cu trc) v ch lm vic vi d liu.
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CH
MC CN T K nng Thc hin c khi ng v ra khi ACCESS, to mt CSDL mi, m CSDL c.
GHI CH
2. Cu bng
Kin thc Hiu cc khi nim chnh trong cu trc d liu bng: Ct (Thuc tnh): tn, min gi tr. Dng (Bn ghi): B cc gi tr ca thuc tnh. Kho. trc Bit to v sa cu trc bng. Hiu vic to lin kt gia cc bng. K nng Thc hin c to v sa cu trc bng, np d liu vo bng, cp nht d liu. Thc hin vic khai bo kho Thc hin c vic lin kt gia hai bng.
- Ly v d c th trnh by cu trc bng. - Cho v d minh ho cho mc tiu thit k n gin - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu
Kin thc Bit cc lnh lm vic vi bng: Cp nht d liu, sp xp - Hc sinh cn c k nng bc u thc v lc, tm kim n gin, to biu mu. hin nhng cng vic ny. 3. Cc thao tc K nng - S dng thch hp hai ch : T thit c s Thc hin c: M bng ch trang d liu, cp k v dng Thut s. nht d liu, sp xp v lc, tm kim n gin, to biu mu bng Wizard, nh dng v in trc tip.
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CH
MC CN T
GHI CH - Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu
Kin thc Bit khi nim v vai tr ca mu hi. 4. Truy xut d Bit cc bc chnh to ra mt mu hi . liu K nng Vit ng biu thc iu kin n gin. To c mu hi n gin. Kin thc Bit khi nim bo co v vai tr ca n Bit cc bc lp bo co. K nng To c bo co bng Wizard. Thc hin c lu tr v in bo co.
5. Bo co
- Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu
C s d liu quan h 1. Cc loi m Kin thc hnh CSDL Bit 2 loi m hnh d liu: logic v vt l.
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CH
MC CN T
GHI CH - Ly v d trong thc t (th vin, bng im...) minh ho - Khng l thuc vo h qun tr CSDL quan h c th no
2. H quan h
Kin thc Bit khi nim m hnh quan h. Bit cc c trng c bn ca m hnh quan h: ct (trng), dng (bn ghi). Bit khi nim kho v khi nim lin kt gia cc bng. CSDL Bit cc thao tc vi CSDL QH: To bng, cp nht, sp xp cc bn ghi, truy vn CSDL v lp bo co. K nng Xc nh cc bng v kho lin kt gia cc bng ca bi ton qun l n gin.
Kin trc v bo mt h c s d liu 1. Cc loi kin Kin thc trc cu h Bit khi nim v cc cch t chc tp trung v phn tn. CSDL Bit c u nhc im ca mi cch t chc ny. Kin thc 2. Bo mt Hiu khi nim v tm quan trng ca bo mt CSDL thng tin trong Bit mt s cch thng dng bo mt CSDL. cc h CSDL - Gii thiu thng qua cc v d gn gi vi hc sinh. - Cn lu cho hc sinh c thi ng trong vic s dng v bo mt CSDL.
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