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Physical ScienceChapter Tests with Answer Keys
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Holt Science Spectrum 64 Introduction to Science
Introduction to ScienceIn the space provided, write the letter
of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best
answers each question.
______ 1. The main branches of natural science area. physics and
chemistry. c. medicine and agriculture.b. biology, zoology, and
ecology. d. life, physical, and earth science.
______ 2. What do scientists who do pure science do?a. They look
for ways to use scientific knowledge to solve problems.b. They
develop new uses for scientific knowledge.c. They do experiments to
find out about the world.d. They build faster and more powerful
computers.
______ 3. A scientific law isa. the same as a hypothesis.b. a
description of a natural event.c. an explanation of a scientific
observation.d. the conclusion of a scientific experiment.
______ 4. According to the graph, for which year was the
smallest number ofpennies found?a. 1988 c. 1990b. 1989 d. 1991
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
Year
Num
ber o
f Pennie
s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
199919981997199619951994199319921991199019891988
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 65 Introduction to Science
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 5. Scientists test a hypothesis bya. formulating
questions. c. doing experiments.b. designing models. d. drawing
conclusions.
______ 6. Maria is 123 centimeters tall. Her height in meters
isa. 0.0123 m. c. 1.23 m.b. 0.123 m. d. 12.3 m.
______ 7. Which SI prefix means one one-hundredth (1/100)?a.
nano- c. milli-b. micro- d. centi-
______ 8. A loaf of bread weighs 1362 g. The weight in kilograms
isa. 1.362 kg. c. 0.1362 kg.b. 1362 kg. d. 0.013 62 kg.
______ 9. The speed of light is approximately 3 108 m/s. How
would this bewritten in conventional notation?a. 300 000 m/s c. 30
000 000 m/sb. 3000 000 m/s d. 300 000 000 m/s
______10. You are asked to find the volume of a cube that is 2.5
cm high, 2.65 cmwide, and 3.456 cm long. How many significant
figures should youshow in your answer?a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4
______11. A measurement that is accurate is one thata. is as
exact as possible. c. contains at least four significant
figures.b. is close to the true value. d. contains five decimal
places.
______12. An important science skill is critical thinking. This
meansa. thinking logically to solve a problem.b. discovering the
shortcomings of others.c. knowing when something is very
important.d. testing a hypothesis during an experiment.
______13. A tool used by physicists to smash atoms is a a.
spectroscope. c. particle accelerator.b. stopwatch. d. radio
telescope.
Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
14. A mathematical representation of an object or event is a
____________________.
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Holt Science Spectrum 66 Introduction to Science
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
15. Any factor in an experiment that can change is referred to
as a
____________________.
16. Combinations of the SI base units, which are used to measure
quantities such
as volume, speed, and pressure, are called
____________________
____________________.
17. The number .000 9234 would be written in scientific notation
as
____________________ ____________________.
18. The number 56 780 000 000 would be written in scientific
notation as
____________________ ____________________.
19. The number 4.065 has ____________________ significant
figures.
Read the statement, and write your answer in the space
provided.
20. That measurement is very precise, but it is still not
accurate. Explain howthis statement might be true.
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 67 Introduction to Science
Introduction to ScienceIn the space provided, write the letter
of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best
answers each question.
______ 1. The two main branches of science area. physics and
chemistry. c. natural and physical science.b. natural and social
science. d. biological and earth science.
______ 2. A scientific theory is an explanation thata. has been
published in a journal or book.b. predicts what will happen.c. has
been tested by many observations.d. a scientist has tested with an
experiment.
______ 3. For a scientific theory to be valid, it must allow you
toa. perform experiments. c. form a hypothesis.b. obtain new
results each time. d. make predictions.
______ 4. A scientific model is aa. representation of a real
event or object.b. small building used to conduct experiments.c.
mathematical statement of a theory.d. new theory that takes the
place of an incorrect one.
______ 5. The SI unit for measuring temperature is thea. degree.
c. mole.b. kelvin. d. ampere.
______ 6. Which SI prefix means one million?a. kilo- c. giga-b.
mega- d. milli-
______ 7. The decimal equivalent of 102 isa. 100. c. 0.1.b. 10.
d. 0.01.
______ 8. What is 78 900 000 000 expressed in scientific
notation?a. 789 109 c. 7.89 109
b. 78.9 108 d. 7.89 1010
______ 9. You are asked to find the area of a room that is 4.56
m long and 5.668m wide. How many significant figures should you
show in youranswer?a. 3 c. 6b. 5 d. 7
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 68 Introduction to Science
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
10. A ____________________ measurement is one that is as exact
as possible.
11. Using scientific knowledge for practical applications is
called
____________________.
12. Applying logic to investigate problems involves
____________________ thinking.
13. Astronomers use ____________________ to magnify distant
objects.
14. A possible answer to a scientific problem is called a
____________________.
15. Length, mass, time, and temperature, are four of the seven
SI
____________________.
16. In the SI system, the prefix ____________________ means one
billion.
OtherCarbon dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
17. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is
____________________.
18. In scientific notation, the number 46 500 000 is
____________________.
19. The number 50.775 has ____________________ significant
figures.
Read the statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. Explain why scientists use scientific notation.
Gases in the Atmosphere
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Holt Science Spectrum 26 Matter
MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. Matter can be defined as anything thata. can be seen
and touched. c. can be weighed.b. has mass and takes up space. d.
contains kinetic energy.
______ 2. The smallest unit of a substance that behaves like the
substance is a(n)a. element. c. atom.b. molecule. d. compound.
______ 3. The chemical symbol for sulfuric acid is H2SO4. How
many atoms arecontained in each molecule of sulfuric acid? a. 3 c.
6b. 5 d. 7
______ 4. Which of the following is an example of a gas-liquid
mixture? a. the air we breathe c. a carbonated drinkb. a helium
balloon d. ice cubes
______ 5. Which of the following is an element?a. steel c.
ironb. bronze d. brass
______ 6. Which of the following is made of at least two
different types ofatoms?a. element c. compoundb. molecule d.
matter
______ 7. Unlike a mixture, a pure substance hasa. atoms. c. a
specific size.b. molecules. d. a fixed composition.
______ 8. Which of the following is not an example of a physical
property? a. freezing point c. boiling pointb. reactivity d.
density
______ 9. A substance has a mass of 360 g and a volume of 7.5
ml. What is itsdensity?a. 2700 g/ml c. 270 g/mlb. 480 g/ml d. 48
g/ml
______10. Stainless steel has chemical properties such asa.
hardness. c. high melting point.b. resistance to rust. d.
electrical conductivity.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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Holt Science Spectrum 27 Matter
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______11. Which of the following is an example of a chemical
change?a. ice melting c. paint fadingb. pounding gold into a coin
d. a puddle of water evaporating
______12. Digesting food is an example ofa. physical change. c.
change of state.b. chemical change. d. buoyancy.
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
13. A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that retains
the
_________________________ of that substance.
14. The chemical symbol O stands for the element
_________________________.
15. The chemical formula for a chlorine molecule, which contains
two chlorine
(Cl) atoms, is _________________________.
16. Two or more liquids that can dissolve into each other are
referred to as
_________________________.
17. Tooth fillings are often made of gold or porcelain because
those materials are
not _________________________.
18. Ice floats in water because it is _________________________
than water.
19. Grinding wheat into flour is an example of a
_________________________
change.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. Why is density an important property of matter? Explain at
least two ways inwhich density has practical importance.
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Holt Science Spectrum 28 Matter
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. The science of what matter is made of and how it
changes is calleda. chemistry. c. physics.b. kinetics. d.
engineering.
______ 2. A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances isa(n)a. compound. c. element.b. mixture. d. atom.
______ 3. The chemical formula for table sugar is C12H22O11. How
many oxygenatoms are in each sugar molecule?a. 2 c. 12b. 11 d.
22
______ 4. You put a spoonful of salt into a bowl of water and
stir. The resultingliquid is an example of a(n)a. pure substance.
c. heterogeneous mixture.b. homogeneous mixture. d. immiscible
mixture.
______ 5. Which of the following is an example of a chemical
property?a. reactivity with oxygen c. densityb. solubility in water
d. color
______ 6. Which of the following is not an example of a physical
property?a. freezing point c. boiling pointb. reactivity d.
density
______ 7. Knowing the chemical properties of a substance will
tell you how thesubstancea. looks. c. smells.b. can be broken down
into d. reacts with other substances.
atoms.
______ 8. Steel has a density of 7.8 g/cm3. What is the mass of
a block of steelwith a volume of 600.0 cm3?a. 77 g c. 470 gb. 4700
g d. 7700 g
______ 9. Which of the following is an example of a physical
change? a. dissolving salt in water c. burning wood into charcoalb.
cooking an egg d. rusting iron
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 29 Matter
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
10. Aluminum, oxygen, and carbon are examples of
_________________________.
11. Grinding quartz crystals down to produce sand is an example
of a(n)
_________________________ change.
12. The smallest particle of oxygen that behaves like oxygen is
an oxygen
_________________________.
13. Each molecule of iron oxide (Fe2O3) contains
_________________________
iron atom(s).
14. A mixture of flour and water is called a(n)
_________________________
mixture because the substances do not dissolve.
15. The _________________________ of a substance is defined as
its mass divided
by its volume.
16. A chemical change is a change in the
_________________________ of a sub-
stance.
17. A change in color during a reaction is often a sign that
a(n)
_________________________ change has occurred.
18. The components of a _________________________ can be
separated because
they are not chemically combined.
19. Gold is usually found in a pure form in nature because it is
not
_________________________.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. Explain what it means to say that a chemical change is a
change in composi-tion. Give an example of a chemical change and
state what changes occur.
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Holt Science Spectrum 22 States of Matter
States of MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the
term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers
each question.
______ 1. Temperature is a measure of the average ____________
energy of theparticles in the object.a. thermal c. potentialb.
kinetic d. chemical
______ 2. The process of a liquid becoming a gas is calleda.
sublimation. c. evaporation.b. condensation. d. freezing.
______ 3. The process of a liquid becoming a solid is calleda.
condensation. c. evaporation.b. freezing. d. melting.
______ 4. A state of matter that is not a fluid isa. water. b.
gas. c. liquid. d. solid.
______ 5. Which state of matter has a definite volume, but not
shape?a. plasma c. liquidb. gas d. solid
______ 6. Archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on
a(n) ___________ is equal to the weight of the displaced volume of
fluid.a. object in a fluidb. object floating on a fluidc. fluid
mixing with liquidd. substance dissolving into a fluid
______ 7. An object that sinks into a fluid is ____________ the
liquid.a. less dense than c. more dense thanb. equally dense as d.
being dissolved in
______ 8. Unlike a gas, a plasmaa. is a fluid. c. has no
definite volume.b. has no definite shape. d. conducts electric
current.
______ 9. Charless law relates the volume of a gas to itsa.
container. c. molecular composition.b. pressure. d.
temperature.
______10. When a fixed sample of gas increases in temperature,
it must alsoa. increase in pressure. c. decrease in pressure.b.
increase in volume. d. Both (a) and (b)
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 23 States of Matter
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. The ____________________ theory of matter states that matter
is made of
particles whose speed is dependent on their temperature and
size.
12. The buoyant force exerts a(n) ____________________ force on
any object
immersed in or floating on a fluid.
13. When an object floats, the buoyant force is
____________________ the weight
of the object.
14. Pascals principle states that a fluid in equilibrium within
a vessel exerts
____________________ of equal intensity to all parts of the
fluid.
15. Bernoullis principle describes the phenomenon of fluid
pressure decreasing
when its speed _________________________.
16. Unlike liquids and solids, gases expand to
____________________ their con-
tainers.
17. Boyles law relates the pressure of a gas to its
_____________________ .
18. Gay-Lussacs law relates the temperature of a gas to the
____________________ of a gas.
19. If a fixed sample of gas increases in temperature, at a
constant pressure, its
volume ____________________.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. How do the two conservation laws apply to changes of
state?
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 24 States of Matter
States of MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the
term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers
each question.
______ 1. The kinetic theory helps to visualize the differences
between a. temperatures. c. types of motion.b. particles. d. states
of matter.
______ 2. The process of a solid becoming a gas is calleda.
sublimation. c. evaporation.b. condensation. d. freezing.
______ 3. The process of a gas becoming a liquid is calleda.
melting. c. evaporation.b. freezing. d. condensation.
______ 4. The heavier a particle, the ____________ it moves.a.
faster c. moreb. slower d. less
______ 5. The force keeping an object floating on a liquid is
calleda. Archimedes force. c. natural force.b. buoyant force. d.
surface tension.
______ 6. Pascals principle states that a fluid in equilibrium
enclosed by a vesselexerts pressure a. upwards. c. equally in all
directions.b. towards the vessels opening. d. downwards.
______ 7. An object that floats on a fluid is ____________ the
fluid.a. less dense than c. more dense thanb. equally dense as d.
being dissolved in
______ 8. Unlike a plasma, a gasa. is affected by magnetic
fields. b. has no definite volume.c. is made of particles that have
broken apart.d. does not conduct electricity.
______ 9. Boyles law relates the volume of a gas to itsa.
container. c. molecular composition.b. pressure. d.
temperature.
______10. When a fixed sample of gas increases in volume, it
must alsoa. decrease in pressure. c. Either (a) or (b)b. increase
in temperature. d. Both (a) and (b)
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 25 States of Matter
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made of
particles whose
speed is dependent on their ____________________.
12. The law of mass conservation states that mass
____________________ be created or destroyed.
13. The only state of matter with definite shape and form is
____________________.
14. _____________________ is the most common state of matter in
the universe.
15. Archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on an
object in a fluid is
equal to the ____________________ of the volume of fluid that
the object displaces.
16. Pascals principle states that a change in pressure at any
point in an enclosed
fluid will be transmitted ____________________ to all parts of
the fluid.
17. Charless law relates the volume of a gas to the
____________________ of a gas.
18. Gay-Lussacs law relates the pressure of a gas to the
____________________ ofa gas.
19. If a fixed amount of gas increases in pressure, at a
constant temperature, its
volume ____________________.
Read the statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. Explain how gases are different from liquids and solids,
giving four examplesof properties of gases.
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 33 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Atoms and the Periodic TableIn the space provided, write the
letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or
best answers each question.
______ 1. Daltons atomic theory stated that every element was
made of atomsthat could not be subdivided, atoms of the same
element are alike, anda. atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and
electrons.b. the nucleus is the center of the atom.c. atoms can
join to form molecules.d. atoms are constantly in motion.
______ 2. Which statement about the atomic nucleus is correct?a.
The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons and has a negative
charge.b. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons and has a
positive
charge.c. The nucleus is made of electrons and has a positive
charge.d. The nucleus is made of electrons and has a negative
charge.
______ 3. According to Bohrs model of the atom, electrons behave
likea. planets orbiting the sun. c. light energy in a vacuum.b.
waves on a vibrating string. d. planets rotating on their axes.
______ 4. The order of elements in the periodic table is based
ona. the number of protons in the nucleus.b. the electric charge of
the nucleus.c. the number of neutrons in the nucleus.d. atomic
mass.
______ 5. Ionization refers to the process ofa. changing from
one period to c. turning lithium into fluorine.
another.b. losing or gaining protons. d. losing or gaining
electrons.
______ 6. Oxygens atomic number is 8. This means that an oxygen
atom hasa. eight neutrons in its nucleus.b. a total of eight
protons and neutrons.c. eight protons in its nucleus. d. a total of
eight neutrons and electrons.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 34 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 7. Which statement about an elements average atomic mass
is correct?a. It is determined by counting the number of isotopes
in a sample of
the element.b. It is equal to one-twelfth the mass of the most
common isotope.c. It is a weighted average, so common isotopes have
a greater effect
than uncommon ones.d. It is based on an isotopes charge, so
negatively charged isotopes
have a greater effect than positive ones.
______ 8. Which statement about the alkali metals is correct?a.
They are located in the left-most column of the periodic table.b.
They are extremely nonreactive.c. They are usually gases.d. They
form negative ions with a 1 charge.
______ 9. Which statement about noble gases is correct?a. They
form compounds with very bright colors.b. They exist as single
atoms rather than as molecules.c. They are highly reactive with
both metals and nonmetals.d. They are extremely rare in nature.
______10. Group 18 noble gases are inert becausea. they readily
form positive ions.b. they can have either a positive or a negative
charge.c. their outermost energy level is missing one electron.d.
their outermost energy level is full.
______11. A mole is an SI base unit that describes thea. mass of
a substance. c. volume of a substance.b. amount of a substance. d.
electric charge of a substance.
______12. If the atomic mass of carbon is 12 amu, 1 mole of pure
carbon willhave a mass ofa. 6 g. c. 12 g.b. 6 mol. d. 12 mol.
______13. The average atomic mass of potassium is approximately
39 amu. Whatis the mass of 2.0 mol of potassium?a. 0.39 g c. 39 gb.
0.78 g d. 78 g
______14. You have 6.50 mol of chromium, which has a molar mass
of approxi-mately 52 g/mol. What is the mass in grams of this
amount ofchromium?a. 3.38 g c. 338 gb. 33.8 g d. 3.38 kg
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 35 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
15. The word atom comes from a Greek word that means unable to
be
____________________.
16. The nucleus of an atom has a(n) ____________________
electric charge.
17. Bohrs model of the atom compares electrons to
____________________.
18. The order of elements in the periodic table is based on the
number of
____________________ in the nucleus.
19. Some elements are highly ____________________ because their
outermost
energy levels are only partially filled.
20. Isotopes of an element have the same atomic
____________________ but
different atomic ____________________.
21. The ____________________ are located in the center of the
periodic table.
22. Noble gases are nonreactive gaseous elements that are
located in Group
____________________ of the periodic table.
23. The ____________________ is the SI unit that is used for
counting small
particles, such as atoms.
24. The molar mass of krypton is 83.80 g/mol. The mass of 5.00
mol of krypton is
____________________ g.
Read the statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
25. Explain the major differences between Bohrs model of the
atom and themodern model.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 36 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Atoms and the Periodic TableIn the space provided, write the
letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or
best answers each question.
______ 1. Which statement is true according to Daltons theory?a.
Atoms of different elements can join to form larger atoms.b. Atoms
can be subdivided into smaller particles.c. Atoms of the same
element differ in electric charge.d. Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike.
______ 2. Atoms have no electric charge because theya. have an
equal number of charged and noncharged particles.b. have neutrons
in their nuclei.c. have an equal number of electrons and protons.d.
have an equal number of neutrons and protons.
______ 3. According to Bohrs theory, an electrons path around
the nucleusdefines itsa. electric charge. c. energy level.b. atomic
mass. d. speed.
______ 4. Atoms of elements that are in the same group have the
same numberofa. protons. c. valence electrons.b. neutrons. d.
protons and neutrons.
______ 5. A lithium ion is much less reactive than a lithium
atom because ita. is much more massive.b. has a full outermost
energy level.c. has a negative electric charge.d. is in a different
periodic table group.
______ 6. An atoms mass number equals the number ofa. protons
plus the number of electrons.b. protons plus the number of
neutrons.c. protons. d. neutrons.
______ 7. An atomic mass unit is equal toa. one-half the mass of
a hydrogen atom.b. one-fourth the mass of a lithium atom.c.
one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.d. one-fifteenth the mass
of a nitrogen-15 atom.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 37 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 8. Alkali metals are extremely reactive because theya.
have very small atomic masses.b. are not solids at room
temperature.c. have one valence electron that is easily removed to
form a positive
ion.d. have two valence electrons that form compounds with
calcium and
magnesium.
______ 9. Most halogens form compounds bya. gaining an electron
to form a negative ion.b. losing an electron to form a positive
ion.c. losing protons.d. joining with both calcium and carbon.
______10. Transition metals such as copper or tungsten form
compounds bya. gaining electrons to form negative ions.b. losing
electrons to form positive ions.c. losing neutrons.d. changing
shape and color.
______11. Avogadros constant is defined as the number of
particles ina. one mole of a pure substance. c. one gram of a pure
substance.b. one liter of a pure substance. d. one kilogram of a
pure sub-
stance.
______12. Molar mass is defined asa. the number of particles in
1 mole of a substance.b. the SI base unit that describes the amount
of a substance.c. the amount of a substance necessary to have a
positive charge.d. the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance.
______13. The average atomic mass of the element cesium is
approximately 133 amu. What is the mass of 3.00 mol of cesium?a.
0.133 g c. 266 gb. 133 g d. 399 g
______14. What is the mass in grams of 0.75 mol of sulfur, which
has a molarmass of approximately 32 g/mol?a. 16 g c. 32 gb. 24 g d.
240 g
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
15. The first person who suggested that matter was made up of
atoms was the
Greek philosopher ________________________.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 38 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
16. Neutrons and protons are found in the ____________________
of an atom.
17. According to modern atomic theory, the exact location of
a(n)
____________________ is uncertain.
18. The ________________________ states that when elements are
listed in order
of atomic number, similarities in their properties will emerge
in a regularpattern.
19. The valence electron of a lithium atom is easily removed to
form a lithium
____________________ with a charge of 1.
20. An atom of potassium has an atomic mass of 39 amu and an
atomic number
of 19. It therefore has ____________________ neutrons in its
nucleus.
21. Group 1 of the periodic table consists of the
________________________, a
highly reactive group of elements.
22. The ________________________ are reactive elements in Group
17 of the
periodic table.
23. The number of particles in one mole of a substance is
referred to as
____________________.
24. The molar mass of palladium is 106.42 g/mol. Therefore, 53.2
g of palladium
contains ____________________ mol.
Read the statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
25. Explain why atoms have no electric charge even though they
are made up ofcharged particles.
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 20 The Structure of Matter
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase
that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. A mixture is different from a compound because each
substance in amixturea. retains its own properties. c. forms an
ion.b. changes its electric charge. d. changes from a solid to a
liquid.
______ 2. Each molecule of hydrochloric acid, HCl, contains one
atom of hydro-gen anda. one atom of chlorine. c. two atoms of
chlorine.b. one atom of oxygen. d. two atoms of oxygen.
______ 3. In which substance do the molecules have the strongest
attractions toone another?a. sugar, a solid c. sulfuric acid, a
liquidb. hydrogen, a gas d. water, a liquid
______ 4. Often atoms join so that each atom will havea. an even
number of electrons.b. an outermost energy level that is full of
electrons.c. an equal number of protons and electrons.d. more
electrons than either protons or neutrons.
______ 5. In a metallic bond, the nucleus of one atom is
attracted by a nearbyatomsa. nucleus. c. energy structure.b.
negative ion. d. electrons.
______ 6. Solid ionic compounds have very high melting points
because theya. are positively charged.b. contain metallic
elements.c. are made of elements that are solid at room
temperature.d. contain charged ions that are locked tightly
together.
______ 7. The name for the compound with the formula CuBr2 would
be writtenasa. copper(II) bromide. c. copper bromine.b. copper(I)
bromide. d. copper(III) bromide.
______ 8. Formaldehyde, CH2O, and acetic acid, C2H4O2, have the
same empiri-cal formula but differenta. kinds of cations. c. kinds
of atoms.b. kinds of anions. d. molecular formulas.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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Holt Science Spectrum 21 The Structure of Matter
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. The simplest organic compound isa. aspirin. c. salt.b.
table sugar. d. methane.
______10. Polymers are large organic molecules that are made
ofa. cations. c. carbon and oxygen only.b. anions. d. repeating
units.
______11. A protein is a polymer that is made ofa. simple
sugars. c. amino acids.b. nitrogen and carbon dioxide. d. DNA.
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
12. Unlike a mixture, a compound has a(n) ____________________
that is alwaysthe same.
13. Formula units of salt, NaCl, contain equal numbers of
____________________
and ____________________.
14. A ____________________ formula resembles a ball and stick
model of a com-pound except chemical symbols are used to represent
the atoms.
15. In ionic compounds, the positively charged ions are formed
from
____________________ elements.
16. A(n) ____________________ bond is formed by the attraction
between posi
tively charged metal ions and the ____________________ around
them.
17. A compound consisting of Br and Cd2 ions would be named
____________________.
18. The simplest formula for a covalent compound is its
____________________formula.
19. ____________________ are compounds that have repeating
subunits.
Read the statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. Describe how ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds differ from
each other.
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Holt Science Spectrum 22 The Structure of Matter
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase
that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. The forces that hold different atoms or ions together
area. electric currents. c. physical bonds.b. chemical bonds. d.
nuclear forces.
______ 2. Each molecule of table sugar, C12H22O11, containsa. 0
atoms of carbon. c. 6 atoms of carbon.b. 1 atom of carbon. d. 12
atoms of carbon.
______ 3. Gases take up a lot of space because gas moleculesa.
have weak chemical c. contain very few atoms.
bonds. d. have a small molar mass.b. are not attracted to one
another.
______ 4. Covalent bonds are formed betweena. ions. c. nonmetal
atoms.b. metal atoms. d. compounds.
______ 5. Copper is a good conductor of electricity because its
electronsa. are positively charged. c. have a 2 charge.b. can move
from atom to atom. d. are repelled by protons.
______ 6. The name dinitrogen tetroxide tells you that this
compound containsa. two N atoms and two O atoms. c. two N atoms and
four O atoms.b. four N atoms and two O atoms. d. four N atoms and
four O atoms.
______ 7. When copper combines with oxygen to form copper(II)
oxide, thecharge of the copper ion isa. Cu1. c. Cu3.b. Cu2. d.
Cu4.
______ 8. It is possible for different covalent compounds to
have the sameempirical formula because empirical formulas
representa. a total of all ionic bonds. c. a model of the
compound.b. only the cations in the d. a ratio of atoms in the
compound. compound.
______ 9. How many chemical bonds can carbon form with other
atoms? a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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Holt Science Spectrum 23 The Structure of Matter
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______10. Alkanes are hydocarbons that containa. single covalent
bonds only. c. carbon and oxygen only.b. single or double covalent
d. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
bonds.
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. When two atoms bond, the positive ____________________ of
one
atom attracts the negative ____________________ of another.
12. The structural formula for a water molecule is
____________________.
13. When two chlorine atoms bond, they ____________________ a
pair of electrons.
14. A(n) ____________________ bond is formed when atoms
share
____________________ of electrons.
15. Because polyatomic ions are made of covalently bonded atoms
that haveeither gained or lost electrons, they behave like
simple
____________________.
16. A compound consisting of Cr3 ions and OH ions would be
named
______________________.
17. The chemical formula for the ionic compound consisting of
oxide ions and
nickel(III) ions is ____________________.
18. A compounds ______________________ formula tells you how
many atomsof each type are in one molecule.
19. A(n) ____________________ is a polymer made of bonded amino
acids.
Read the statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. Describe how the chemical structure of a compound affects
its properties bygiving at least two examples.
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Holt Science Spectrum 30 Chemical Reactions
Chemical ReactionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the
term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers
each question.
______ 1. A substance that undergoes a change in a chemical
reaction isa. a product. c. a reactant.b. a chemical. d. an
enzyme.
______ 2. In an exothermic reaction, energy is transferred
froma. the reactants to the surroundings.b. the surroundings to the
reactants.c. one reactant to another.d. the container to the
chemicals.
______ 3. The energy source in photosynthesis isa. light energy.
c. heat energy.b. chemical energy. d. kinetic energy.
______ 4. A synthesis reaction is a reaction between at least
two compounds in whicha. one breaks down into at least two
products.b. a compound is decomposed by an electric current.c. a
compound burns in the presence of oxygen.d. a new, more complex
compound is formed.
______ 5. The product of the synthesis reaction between sodium
and chlorinegas isa. polyethylene. c. sodium chloride.b. carbon
dioxide. d. copper (II) chloride.
______ 6. A chemical equation is balanced by changing or
addinga. chemical symbols. c. coefficients.b. subscripts. d.
reactants.
______ 7. In the reaction 2H2O : 2H2 O2, if you start with 2 mol
of water,how many moles of hydrogen gas are produced?a. 1 mol c. 3
molb. 2 mol d. 4 mol
______ 8. In the reaction H2S 2O2 : H2SO4, the law of definite
proportionspredicts that for every mole of H2S you will need how
many moles of O2?a. 1 mol c. 3 molb. 2 mol d. 4 mol
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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Holt Science Spectrum 31 Chemical Reactions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. In a balanced chemical reaction, the total mass of the
products alwaysequals thea. molar mass of the reactants. c. total
mass of the reactants.b. atomic mass of the reactants. d.
proportional masses of the
reactants.
______10. Large, bulky molecules react more slowly than small
ones becausethey have less opportunity toa. become heated. c.
collide with other molecules.b. be mixed with catalysts. d.
increase their surface area.
______11. Which enzyme breaks down cellulose into smaller
molecules?a. amylase c. proteaseb. cellulase d. lipase
______12. When a chemical reaction and its reverse are occurring
at the sametime and at the same rate, the reaction has achieveda.
displacement. c. imbalance.b. equilibrium. d. decomposition.
______13. Le Chteliers principle states that increasing
temperature favors areaction thata. releases energy as heat. c.
involves a chemical catalyst.b. absorbs energy as heat. d. involves
an enzyme.
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
14. A change of color is a sign that a ____________________ is
taking place.
15. The changes that are visible during a chemical reaction are
signs that the
____________________ in the reactants have been rearranged.
16. A chemical reaction that transfers energy from the reactants
to the surround-
ings is referred to as ____________________.
17. In a(n)____________________ reaction, the reactants are
broken down intoother substances.
18. A substance is said to be ____________________ when it gains
electrons.
19. Balance the following chemical equation by filling in the
correct coefficient
on the right-hand side. H2 Cl2 : ____________________ HCl
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Holt Science Spectrum 32 Chemical Reactions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
20. Suppose you were producing zinc chloride by the reaction Zn
2HCl : ZnCl2 H2. If you started with 4 moles of zinc, you would
need
____________________ moles of hydrogen chloride and you would
produce
____________________ moles of zinc chloride.
21. In the chemical equation H2 Cl2 : 2HCl, the mole ratios
are
____________________ .
22. If you ____________________ the temperature of a reaction,
generally you
will ____________________ the rate of the reaction.
23. In a state of equilibrium, a reaction and its reverse occur
at the same
____________________ and at the same ____________________.
24. When a reaction is at equilibrium, increasing the pressure
favors the reaction
that produces ____________________.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provided.
25. Why is it incorrect to balance a chemical equation by
changing the subscripts?Explain.
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 33 Chemical Reactions
Chemical ReactionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the
term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers
each question.
______ 1. What happens in a chemical reaction?a. Atoms are
destroyed. c. Atoms are heated and cooled.b. Atoms are created. d.
Atoms are rearranged.
______ 2. Which statement about endothermic reactions is
correct?a. Energy is always created in the form of heat.b. Energy
is transferred from the surroundings to the reactants.c. Energy is
used to force electrons to move to higher energy levels.d. Energy
is transferred from the reactants to the surroundings.
______ 3. Most of the energy in an isooctane reaction is
released in the form ofa. heat and light. c. water.b. electrical
energy. d. sound.
______ 4. Which of the following is an example of a
decomposition reaction?a. photosynthesis c. respirationb. digestion
d. exchange of ions between two
compounds
______ 5. When water is broken down by electrolysis, the
products area. water and carbon dioxide. c. hydrogen gas and oxygen
gas.b. hydrogen and oxygen ions. d. oxygen and methane.
______ 6. A balanced chemical equation shows the proportions of
reactants andproducts necessary fora. the reaction to occur. c.
energy use to be minimized.b. mass to be conserved. d. electrolysis
to occur.
______ 7. In the reaction 2H2O2 : 2H2O O2, if you start with 4
mol of H2O2,how many moles of O2 will you end up with?a. 4 mol c. 2
molb. 3 mol d. 1 mol
______ 8. In the reaction 2Mg O2 : 2MgO, the law of definite
proportionsstates that for every 2 moles of Mg you will need how
many moles of O2?a. 1 mol c. 3 molb. 2 mol d. 4 mol
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 34 Chemical Reactions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. A balanced chemical equation indicates both the number
of particlesof reactants and products and the number ofa. orbits.
c. nuclei.b. electrons. d. moles.
______10. What could you do to make yeast dough rise more
slowly?a. Add more yeast to the mixture.b. Knead the dough more
vigorously.c. Add mold spores to the dough.d. Reduce the
temperature.
______11. An enzyme is a special kind of catalyst that works
toa. speed up a specific biochemical reaction.b. slow down a
chemical reaction.c. break down chemical elements.d. maintain the
correct temperature for a reaction.
______12. What is the relationship between chemical equilibrium
and the rates offorward and reverse reaction?a. In equilibrium, the
forward reaction rate must be greater than the
reverse reaction rate.b. In equilibrium, the forward reaction
rate must be less than the
reverse reaction rate.c. In equilibrium, the forward and reverse
reaction rates must be
equal.d. In equilibrium, both forward and reverse reactions must
stop.
______13. Increasing the concentration of one substance in an
equilibrium reac-tion favors the reaction thata. absorbs energy as
heat. c. produces less of that substance.b. releases energy as
heat. d. produces more of that
substance.
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
14. A sign that a chemical reaction is taking place is release
of energy in the form
of ____________________ or ____________________.
15. In a chemical reaction, atoms are ____________________, but
they are notcreated or destroyed.
16. A(n) ____________________ reaction is one in which heat is
transferred fromthe surroundings to the reactants.
17. In a combustion reaction, ____________________ is used to
make reactantsburn.
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 35 Chemical Reactions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
18. A reaction that involves the transfer of
____________________ is called a(n)
____________________ reaction.
19. Balance the following chemical equation by filling in the
correct coefficients.
____________________ KI Br2 : ____________________ KBr I220. In
the chemical equation CH4 O2 : CO2 2H2O, for every one mole of
carbon dioxide you produced, you would have
____________________mole/moles of water.
21. In the chemical equation FeS 2HCl : FeCl2 H2S, the mole
ratios are
____________________.
22. If you ____________________ the surface area of a reactant,
you will
probably ____________________ the rate of the reaction.
23. Equilibrium is achieved when the ____________________
and
____________________ reactions continue to take place at the
same rate.
24. When a reaction is at equilibrium, increasing the
temperature favors the
reaction that ____________________.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provided.
25. Why is the mole ratio an important concept for a scientist
who frequentlymeasures and mixes chemicals in the lab? Explain.
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Holt Science Spectrum 23 Solutions
SolutionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. Which of the following is an example of a
heterogeneous mixture? a. salt water c. sugar solutionb. vinegar d.
mayonnaise
______ 2. A mixture that separates into different layers when
you stop stirring itisa. a colloid. c. a solution.b. a suspension.
d. an emulsion.
______ 3. You can usually separate out a suspension bya. pouring
off the liquid. c. distilling the entire suspension.b. freezing the
suspension. d. using a filter.
______ 4. Loose sugar dissolves much faster than a sugar cube
because loosesugara. has greater surface area. c. has a higher
temperature.b. has less kinetic energy. d. has greater surface
tension.
______ 5. You can make a solute dissolve more quickly in a
solvent bya. adding more solute. c. heating the solvent.b. adding
ice. d. removing some solvent.
______ 6. Water is referred to as the universal solvent
becausea. it is found throughout the universe.b. all known
substances dissolve in water.c. many different substances dissolve
in water.d. it covers more than half of Earths surface.
______ 7. An unsaturated solution is one that a. can dissolve
more solute at the current conditions.b. will precipitate out all
its dissolved solute.c. can dissolve more solute only if heated.d.
can dissolve more solute only if the pressure is increased.
______ 8. Which states of matter can form solutions?a.
gas-liquid c. solid-liquidb. solid-solid d. all of the above
______ 9. A bottle of soda fizzes when opened because the
dissolved gasa. is insoluble in the soda. c. saturates the
solution.b. reacts with the air. d. comes out of solution.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 24 Solutions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______10. A solution that holds more solute than it normally can
is a(n)a. dilute solution. c. saturated solution.b. unsaturated
solution. d. supersaturated solution
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. Garden soil and potato salad are two examples of
____________________mixtures.
12. A solution is an example of a(n) _____________________
mixture.
13. You can separate two ____________________ by pouring the
less dense liquidoff the top.
14. As sugar dissolves in water, sugar molecules
_____________________, orspread throughout the entire solution.
15. Stirring a solution will make a solute _____________________
more quickly.
16. Water is a(n) _____________________ compound because its
shared electronsare not spread evenly throughout each water
molecule.
17. To dissolve a substance, solvent molecules must
exert_____________________
force on solute particles than the particles exert
on_____________________.
18. Gases are _____________________ soluble in warm water than
in cold water.
19. The maximum amount of a sustance that will dissolve in a
given quantity of
solvent at a given temperature is the ____________________ of
the substance.
20. Adding sugar to water _____________________ the boiling
point of the water.
21. Hydrogen bonding occurs between _____________________
molecules.
22. Water will usually not dissolve_____________________
compounds.
Read each statement or question, and write your response in the
space provided.
23. Calculate the molarity of the solution made from dissolving
36.0 g of silvernitrate, AgNO3, in 325 mL of water.
-
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 25 Solutions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 25 Solutions
24. How many moles of calcium chloride, CaCl2, must be dissolved
in 1.30 L ofwater to make a 0.25 M solution?
25. Describe the difference between a suspension and an
emulsion.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 26 Solutions
SolutionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture? a.
salad dressing c. rubbing alcoholb. gelatin d. orange juice with
pulp
______ 2. Which statement about solutions is incorrect?a.
Liquids that mix to form a single layer are said to be miscible.b.
Solutions can be made of any combination of the three phases.c. In
a solution, the solvent is dissolved in the solute.d. Solutions
will not separate under normal circumstances.
______ 3. Distillation can be used to separate solutions of
miscible liquidsbecausea. different liquids usually have different
boiling points.b. boiling breaks the chemical bonds within each
liquid.c. denser liquids sink to the bottom.d. solids remain after
the liquids are boiled away.
______ 4. Sugar will dissolve more quickly in iced tea if you
stir it because stirringa. absorbs kinetic energy. c. increases
solution solubility.b. helps the solute to diffuse. d. changes
waters polarity.
______ 5. ____________ will not make it easier to dissolve a
solute in a solvent.a. Heating the solvent c. Increasing solute
surface areab. Stirring the solution d. Adding a large amount of
solute
______ 6. Water can dissolve charged particles becausea. it is
an ionic compound. c. it is solid at 0C.b. its atoms have partial
charges. d. it has a low molecular weight.
______ 7. When a supersaturated solution cools down, thea.
solution starts to solidify. c. solute floats above the solution.b.
solution dissolves more solute. d. solute may precipitate.
______ 8. Molarity is a measure of concentration based on moles
ofa. solute per liter of solution. c. solute per 100 g of
solution.b. solvent per liter of solution. d. solvent per 100 g of
solution.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
-
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 27 Solutions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. An example of a gas-liquid solution isa. air. c. a
soft drink.b. mothballs. d. petroleum.
______10. A hydrogen bond is a partial covalent bond formed
between twoa. water molecules. c. hydrogen atoms.b. oxygen atoms.
d. solute molecules.
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. A type of suspension that does not settle out under normal
conditions is a(n)
_____________________.
12. The particles in a colloid are _____________________ than
those in a suspension.
13. When a solid is dissolved in water, you can separate the two
by
_____________________ or _____________________.
14. A solutes _____________________ can often be increased by
heating.
15. A solute will dissolve more quickly if you increase its
_____________________by breaking it into small pieces.
16. Because so many substances can dissolve in water, it is
often referred to as
the _____________________.
17. To dissolve an ionic substance, water molecules must exert a
force on the
ions that is _____________________ than the force holding the
ions in thecrystal.
18. Adding sugar to water _____________________ the freezing
point of the water.
19. Gases are _____________________ soluble under high pressure
than lowpressure conditions.
20. Polar compounds are more soluble in water than
_____________________compounds.
21. The scattering of light in a colloid is called the
_____________________.
22. A homogeneous mixture can also be called a(n)
_____________________.
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 28 Solutions
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement or question, and write your response in the
space provided.
23. Calculate the molarity of the solution made from dissolving
48.0 g of potas-sium iodide, KI, in 775 mL of water.
24. How many moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl, must be dissolved
in 2.50 L ofwater to make a 0.19 M solution?
25. Explain why it would be difficult to separate two miscible
liquids that havesimilar boiling points.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 27 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, Bases, and SaltsIn the space provided, write the letter
of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best
answers each question.
______ 1. Which statement about bases is incorrect? a. turn red
litmus paper blue c. taste bitterb. contain hydronium ions d. feel
slippery
______ 2. The pH of a substance is a measure of itsa. boiling
point. c. ability to mix with water.b. food value. d. hydronium ion
concentration.
______ 3. When a solution of an acid reacts with a solution of a
base, hydroniumions react with hydroxide ions to forma. salt. c. a
weaker base.b. a stronger acid. d. water.
______ 4. Which of the following is a basic solution?a.
household ammonia c. vinegarb. HCl dissolved in water d. pure
water
______ 5. A disinfectant is a substance thata. forms a base. c.
kills bacteria and viruses.b. mixes safely with vinegar. d. forms
an acid.
______ 6. Putting lemon juice on a piece of cut apple willa.
make the fruit softer and easier to chew.b. prevent the fruit from
turning brown.c. make the fruit taste sweeter.d. neutralize the
acid in the fruit.
______ 7. What is the pH of a 0.01 M solution of the strong acid
HNO3 in water?a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
______ 8. The salt sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, can be formed by a
reaction betweena. NaOH and HCl. c. NaOH and H2SO4.b. NaCl and H2O.
d. NaCl and NH3.
______ 9. Which is not a use for household bleach?a. to kill
bacteria c. to neutralize stomach acidb. to whiten clothes d. to
kill viruses
______10. Which is a basic compound?a. antacid c. bleachb. drain
cleaner d. all of the above
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 28 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. A(n) ____________________ is a substance that either
contains hydroxide ions (OH ) or reacts with water to form
hydroxide ions.
12. Apple juice has a pH of 3, and stomach acid has a pH of 2.
This means that
stomach acid is ____________________ times more acidic than
apple juice.
13. Acids turn ____________________ litmus paper
____________________.
14. Salts are ____________________ formed when acids and bases
react.
15. A compound that contains hydroxide ions is a(n)
____________________.
16. A strong acid ionizes ____________________ in water.
17. An antacid ____________________ excess stomach acid.
18. Marinades containing acids can be used to
____________________ meat.
19. A ____________________ reaction occurs between an acid and a
base.
20. Soaps and detergents are such good cleaners because they can
dissolve in
both ____________________ and ____________________.
21. The ____________________ in a titration of a strong acid
with a strong base is reached when the original amount of acid
equals the amount of added base.
22. An ____________________ conducts electricity when dissolved
in water.
23. The negative ion of a soap is a hydrocarbon chain with
a(n)
____________________ at one end.
Read each question or statement, and write your response in the
space provided.
24. Write the ionic equation for the neutralization reaction
between hyrochloricacid, HCl, and potassium hydroxide, KOH. Include
all spectator ions.
25. Explain why strong acids and bases are also strong
electrolytes, while weakacids and bases are not.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 29 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, Bases, and SaltsIn the space provided, write the letter
of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best
answers each question.
______ 1. Acids are substances that a. form hydronium ions when
dissolved in water.b. turn red litmus paper blue.c. make foods
taste bitter.d. react with neutral liquids to form bases.
______ 2. A substance with a pH of 13 isa. neutral. c. mildly
basic.b. strongly acidic. d. strongly basic.
______ 3. The pH of an acid and base mixed together in solution
depends on thea. amounts of acid and base used. c. temperature of
the solution.b. concentration of base alone. d. concentration of
acid alone.
______ 4. Marinades for meat commonly include acids such as
vinegar or wine,because the acids cana. toughen meat. c. preserve
meat.b. tenderize meat. d. react with salt.
______ 5. Soap can remove grease and oil from your skin because
it acts as a. an emulsifier to surround oil. c. a solvent to
dissolve the dirt.b. an acid to neutralize dirt. d. a salt to make
water harder.
______ 6. Which of the following substances is a base?a. lactose
c. vitamin Cb. lemon juice d. bleach
______ 7. What is the pH of a 0.1 M solution of the strong acid
HNO3 in water?a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
______ 8. The salt potassium chloride, KCl, can be formed by a
reaction betweena. KOH and H2O. c. KOH and HCl.b. KI and HCl. d. KI
and NH3.
______ 9. Which solution is the most acidic?a. a solution with a
pH 10 c. a solution with a pH 3b. a solution with a pH 6 d. a
solution with a pH 1
______10. Which is the strongest electrolyte?a. a weak base c. a
neutral solutionb. a strong acid d. a weak acid
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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Holt Science Spectrum 30 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. A(n) acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H) to
form
_______________ ions when dissolved in water.
12. Baking soda has a pH of 9, and household ammonia has a pH of
12. This
means that ammonia is _____________________ times more basic
than baking soda.
13. In a neutralization reaction, hydronium ions react with
hydroxide ions to
produce ____________________.
14. Salts are ionic compounds that are often soluble in
____________________.
15. ____________________ are used to neutralize stomach
acid.
16. A weak base _________________________ in water, while a
strong base
_________________________ in water.
17. The pH of a solution tells you its concentration of
____________________.
18. Ions that do not change during a chemical reaction are
called
____________________.
19. During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base,
the pH of the solution
at the equivalence point is ____________________.
20. Detergents are used instead of soap because they prevent the
formation of
____________________.
21. The ____________________ of a soap molecule dissolves in
oil.
22. A disinfectant is a substance that kills
____________________.
23. ____________________ change color depending on the pH of a
solution.
Read each statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
24. Write the ionic equation for the neutralization reaction
between nitric acid,HNO3, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Include all
spectator ions.
25. Explain why all neutralization reactions do not produce
neutral solutions.
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Holt Science Spectrum 24 Nuclear Changes
Nuclear ChangesIn the space provided, write the letter of the
term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers
each question.
______ 1. Radioactive materials have unstablea. electrons. c.
protons.b. nuclei. d. neutrons.
______ 2. The process of nuclear change in an atom of
radioactive material iscalleda. nuclear decay. c. nuclear mass.b.
isotopes. d. radon.
______ 3. In alpha decay, the mass number of the atom before the
decaya. equals the sum of the mass numbers of the products.b. does
not change after the decay.c. is the same as the atomic number.d.
cannot be determined.
______ 4. In this example, what are the chemical symbols of the
products of thedecay?
a. Ra and Rn c. Rn and Heb. Ra and He d. He only
______ 5. When a nucleus undergoes nuclear decay by gamma rays,
the atomicnumber of the elementa. remains the same. c. increases by
one.b. decreases by one. d. increases by two.
______ 6. The attractive force between protons and neutrons in a
nucleus causedby the strong nuclear force acts onlya. outside the
nucleus. c. in unstable isotopes.b. over a very short distance. d.
intermittently.
______ 7. Nuclei with too many or too few neutrons area. never
found. c. unnatural.b. unstable. d. stable.
______ 8. Fusion occurs when nucleia. split. c. mutate.b.
combine. d. gain energy.
226 88Ra 9:
222 86Rn
42He
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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Holt Science Spectrum 25 Nuclear Changes
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. A fission chain reaction can be slowed by using
materials that willa. absorb some of the neutrons.b. convert some
of the neutrons to protons.c. increase the rate of the neutron
multiplication.d. decrease the amount of available oxygen in the
air.
______10. Background radiation can come froma. the sun. c.
water.b. plants. d. All of the above
______11. Short-lived isotopes like magnesium-28 that are used
in fields such asgeology, agriculture, and medicine are calleda.
trace elements. c. radioactive tracers.b. carbon tracers. d.
alpha-emitting isotopes.
______12. The ideal location for a radioactive-waste storage
facility is one that isa. in a sparsely populated area. c. far away
from ground water.b. in an area free from d. All of the above
earthquakes.
______13. When a fusion reactor for safely generating energy is
developed, theelement that could meet Earths energy demands for
millions of years isa. oxygen. c. hydrogen.b. nitrogen. d.
lithium.
Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words
that best com-pletes the statement.
14. In this example, the helium is also known as
____________________.
15. A(n) ____________________ particle is emitted when carbon-14
decays into
nitrogen-14.
16. The time required for half a sample of radioactive nuclei to
decay is called
a(n) ____________________.
17. Nuclei with more than 83 protons are always unstable, no
matter how many
____________________ they have.
18. The interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in
a nucleus is
____________________.
226 88Ra 9:
222 86Rn
42He
-
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Holt Science Spectrum 26 Nuclear Changes
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
19. The process by which a nucleus splits into two or more
smaller fragments,
releasing neutrons and energy, is called
____________________.
20. The ____________________ is one example of a place where
naturally occu-rring extreme temperatures provide the energy needed
to bring hydrogennuclei together in a fusion reaction.
21. In the equation, E = mc2, the m stands for
____________________.
22. Ionization occurs when atoms lose or gain
____________________.
23. The main problem with disposing of radioactive wastes is
that the wastes
have a long ____________________.
24. In nuclear-fission reactors operating today,
____________________ is the mostcommon fuel.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provided.
25. A beta particle is negatively charged, but it comes from a
positively chargednucleus. How is this possible?
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 27 Nuclear Changes
Nuclear ChangesIn the space provided, write the letter of the
term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers
each question.
______ 1. Which of the following is not a type of nuclear
radiation?a. alpha particles c. neutron emissionb. beta particles
d. X rays
______ 2. Nuclear radiation refers to charged particles or
energy emitted by anunstablea. proton. c. nucleus.b. atom. d.
isotope.
______ 3. Alpha particles are nuclei ofa. oxygen. c. helium.b.
nitrogen. d. radium.
______ 4. In this example of alpha decay, what is the mass
number of radiumbefore the decay?a. 226 c. 222b. 88 d.
______ 5. During beta decay, a nucleusa. gives up two protons
and two neutrons.b. maintains the same number of protons and
neutrons.c. loses a proton and gains a neutron.d. gains a proton
and loses a neutron.
______ 6. In radioactive decay, with each successive half-life,
half the remainingsample decays to form anothera. nucleus. c.
life-form.b. element. d. proton.
______ 7. The process of the production of lighter nuclei from
heavier nuclei iscalleda. mass energy. c. magneticism.b. fusion. d.
fission.
______ 8. The opposite reaction to fusion is calleda. beta
decay. c. fission.b. alpha decay. d. neutron transmission.
226 88 (314)
226 88Ra 9:
222 86Rn
42He
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
-
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 28 Nuclear Changes
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. You prepare a large screened-in box, inside which you
place severaldozen mouse traps. You set each trap, and on each
mouse trap youplace a ping pong ball. You then drop another ping
pong ball into thebox, which sets off one of the mouse traps, which
sets off other mousetraps, and so on. You have just demonstrateda.
a chain reaction. c. fusion.b. the theory of relativity. d. alpha
decay.
______10. Nuclear radiation can help detect diseases with the
use of a. X rays. c. MRI.b. radioactive tracers. d. All of the
above
______11. The particles that are released by the radioactive
sources in smokealarms carry a charge and produce a(n)a. odor. c.
electric current.b. beam of light. d. sound.
______12. Radioactive tracers are short-liveda. drugs. c.
tumors.b. isotopes. d. rays.
______13. The use of nuclear reactors to generate electricity
isa. decreasing rapidly. c. found in dozens of countries.b. found
only in the United States. d. totally safe.
Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words
that best com-pletes the statement.
14. ____________________ are massive, positively charged
particles emitted bysome radioactive elements.
15. If the atomic number of an atom before alpha decay is 88,
and one of itsproducts has an atomic number of 86, the atomic
number of the second
product is ____________________.
16. After three half-lives, the fraction of the original
radioactive element that
remains is ____________________.
17. The force that binds protons and neutrons together in a
nucleus is called
____________________.
18. The protons in a nucleus both repel and attract each other.
In stable nuclei,
the ____________________ are stronger.
19. The equivalence of mass and energy means that matter can be
converted intoenergy and energy into matter. The equation that
expresses this equivalence is
____________________.
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 29 Nuclear Changes
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
20. ____________________ is the name for the process in which
light nucleicombine at extremely high temperatures, forming heavier
nuclei and releasingenergy.
21. In the equation, E = mc2, the E stands for
____________________.
22. ____________________ is nuclear radiation that is emitted
from natural sources all around us.
23. The known reserves of coal and oil combined have
____________________ energy than the known uranium reserves.
24. ____________________ is the most likely fuel for
nuclear-fusion reactors.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provided.
25. Why can a small amount of mass (of matter) create a large
amount of energy?
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 31 Motion
MotionIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. The distance traveled by an object divided by the time
it takes to travelthat distance is called a. average velocity. c.
average acceleration.b. average speed. d. activity.
______ 2. What is the speed of an object at rest?a. 15 km/hb. 0
km/hc. 1 km/hd. This cannot be determined without further
information.
______ 3. The difference between speed and velocity is that
velocity includesa. direction. c. time.b. distance. d. weight.
______ 4. An example of helpful friction isa. car tires wearing
out. c. writing on paper with a pen.b. getting holes in your socks.
d. scraping your knee on the floor.
______ 5. Friction is defined as thea. force that opposes motion
between two surfaces that are touching.b. rate at which velocity
changes.c. resistance of an object to a change in its velocity.d.
speed of an object in a particular direction.
______ 6. An object is in motion when a. you observe the object
move.b. the objects speed increases.c. the objects displacement is
greater than the distance traveled.d. the object changes position
relative to a stationary reference point.
______ 7. Force is a quantity made up ofa. weight and speed. c.
time and acceleration.b. magnitude and direction. d. mass and
velocity.
______ 8. Which is an example of balanced forces acting on an
object?a. a kangaroo jumping c. a cyclist slowing downb. a car
turning a corner d. a leaf lying on the grass
______ 9. Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity
divided bya. speed. c. time.b. final velocity. d. distance.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 32 Motion
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______10. Which is an example of kinetic friction?a. friction
between a cars windshield and the air as you drive into the
windb. friction between your shoes and the ground when you stand
stillc. friction between a sticky note and the page of a book as it
marks
your placed. friction between your skin and a pencil as it rests
in your palm
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. Because the speed of an object can change from one instant
to the next,dividing the total distance covered by the time of
travel gives
______________________________.
12. Velocity describes both speed and _____________________.
13. Acceleration can be determined from a velocity-time graph by
calculating the
______________________________.
14. One way to reduce friction in a car engine is to add
a(n)
____________________.
15. The change in the position of an object is called
_____________________.
16. On a distance-time graph, distance is usually the
_____________________variable.
17. A negative acceleration means the object is
______________________________.
18. The combination of all forces acting on an object is the
______________________________.
19. When the net force on an object is greater than zero, the
object will accelerate
in the direction of the _____________________ force.
20. Static friction is usually greater than
______________________________.
Read each question, and write your response in the space
provided.
21. How long does it take for a fly traveling at 9.1 m/s to fly
100.0 m?
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 33 Motion
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
22. Find the velocity, in km/h, of a dolphin that is observed
swimming 55 m in 5.0 s.
23. During a race, a sprinter increases from 5.0 m/s to 7.5 m/s
over a period of1.25 s. What is the sprinters average acceleration
during this period?
24. A coin falls from rest from the balcony of a building. If it
takes 2.7 s for it tohit the ground, what is the final velocity of
the coin?
25. A race car travels around a circular track. Explain why the
car is acceleratingeven though the driver maintains a constant
speed.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
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Holt Science Spectrum 34 Motion
MotionIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. In order to determine speed, you must know a. time. c.
Both (a) and (b)b. distance. d. Neither (a) nor (b)
______ 2. An airplane is flying at 635 miles per hour at an
altitude of 35,000 feet.It is currently over Kansas and is
approximately 16 minutes ahead ofits scheduled arrival time. What
is its velocity?a. 635 mi/hb. 16 mi/minc. 35 000 ft/sd. This cannot
be determined without further information about its
direction.
______ 3. Which of the following does not indicate velocity?a.
14 ft/s SSE b. 40 mi/h toward the town square along the main
streetc. 80 km/h going from New York toward New Jerseyd. 28 miles
from Los Angeles to Catalina Island
______ 4. The SI unit for acceleration isa. mi/h. c. m/s2.b.
ft/s2. d. v/t.
______ 5. If the net force acting on a stationary object is
zero, then the object willa. accelerate in the direction of the
strongest force.b. remain at rest.c. begin moving backwards.d.
decelerate at a steady rate of speed.
______ 6. Displacement a. must be in a particular direction.b.
is the change in postition of an object.c. must be a straight
line.d. All of the above
______ 7. For an object moving at a constant speed, the
distance-time graph a. is quite steep. c. has a negative slope.b.
has a positive slope. d. is a straight line.
______ 8. An example of constant acceleration isa. uniform
circular motion. c. average speed.b. balanced forces. d. static
friction.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 35 Motion
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. The friction between the bristles of your toothbrush
and the surfacesof your teeth is an example of a. rolling friction.
c. helpful friction.b. static friction. d. All of the above
______10. Which straight-line acceleration indicates an increase
in speed?a. 0 m/s2 c. 4 m/s2
b. 15 m/s2 d. all of the above
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. When an object covers equal distances in equal amounts of
time, it is moving
at a(n) _____________________ speed.
12. Acceleration is the rate at which _____________________
changes.
13. In order to determine if an object is moving, you must
observe the object in
relation to a(n) ______________________________.
14. Speed measured in an infinitely small time interval
is_____________________.
15. The acceleration that occurs during uniform circular motion
is
_____________________.
16. A(n) _____________________ line on a velocity-time graph
means that thevelocity changes by the same amount over each time
interval.
17. The friction between a book at rest and the desk it is lying
on is an example
of _____________________ friction.
18. Cyclists wear_____________________ to reduce fluid
friction.
19. An action exerted on a body to change its state of rest or
motion is a(n)
_____________________.
20. In the acceleration equation, the change in an objects
velocity is symbolized
by _____________________.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 36 Motion
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
Read each question, and write your response in the space
provided.
21. A boat is traveling north at 13.4 m/s.The captain walks
north on the deck at1.3 m/s. What is her resultant velocity?
22. How far can a caterpillar, traveling at 0.05 m/s, move in 3
minutes?
23. A powerboat accelerates along a straight path from 0 km/h to
99.8 km/h in10.0 s. Find the average acceleration of the boat in
m/s2.
24. A tennis player serves a ball that accelerates at an average
rate of 21.2 m/s2.How long does it take for the ball to speed up
from 10.5 m/s to 20.5 m/s?
25. In your own words, explain the similarities and differences
between velocityand acceleration.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 32 Forces
ForcesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. If you divide momentum by velocity, the result is the
value of theobjects a. mass. c. energy.b. direction. d. speed.
______ 2. A 10.0 kg dog chasing a rabbit north at 6.0 m/s has a
momentum ofa. 0.6 kg m/s. c. 60.0 m/s.b. 60.0 kg m/s north. d. 60.0
kg/s.
______ 3. When the velocity of an object changes, it is acted
upon by a(n)a. force. c. momentum.b. inertia. d. deceleration.
______ 4. If the net force on an object is zero then the object
hasa. reaction forces. c. balanced forces.b. action forces. d.
unbalanced forces.
______ 5. When objects are moved further apart from each other,
the force ofgravity between thema. increases. c. decreases.b. stays
the same. d. decreases at first then increases.
______ 6. The SI unit of force, named for the scientist who
described the rela-tionship between motion and force, is called
thea. newton. c. curie.b. einstein. d. pasteur.
______ 7. When air resistance balances the weight of an object
that is falling, thevelocitya. slowly decreases. c. rapidly
increases.b. remains constant. d. None of the above
______ 8. The weight of an object can be calculated by
multiplying mass bya. distance. c. velocity.b. speed. d. free-fall
acceleration.
______ 9. Which object does not have momentum?a. a fish swimming
in a pond c. a rock by the side of the roadb. a feather falling to
the ground d. a boulder rolling down a hill
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST A
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reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 33 Forces
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______10. What is the reaction force when you place a cup on a
table?a. The force of the cup on the table.b. The force of the
table on the cup.c. The force of gravity on the table.d. The force
of gravity on the cup.
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. The free fall acceleration of an object under Earths gravity
is directed
_____________________________________________________________________.
12. Terminal velocity is defined as
_________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
13. When you kick a stone, your foot exerts a force on the stone
and the stone
exerts a force _____________________ in size and
_____________________ in direction on your foot.
14. Orbital motion is a combination of _____________________
motion and free fall.
15. An important safety feature in your car that is based on the
concept of inertia
is the _____________________.
16. The gravitational force on an object _____________________
as the objects mass increases.
17. The path of a pitched ball is an example
of____________________ motion.
18. An object changes its motion only if a force acts on it to
change its speed or
direction. This is a statement of Newtons
_____________________.
19. Action and reaction forces always occur at
_____________________ time.
Read the statement, and write your response in the space
provided.
20. Rearrange the equation for Newtons second law of motion to
define accelera-tion in terms of force and mass.
-
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 34 Forces
ForcesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each
question.
______ 1. Which of the following is not a factor in calculating
momentum? a. mass c. accelerationb. direction d. speed
______ 2. Whenever an object is standing still, which value is
always zero?a. speed c. momentumb. velocity d. all of the above
______ 3. A tug-of-war that results in one team pulling the
other across the lineis an example ofa. action forces. c. balanced
forces.b. reaction forces. d. unbalanced forces.
______ 4. A force is continuously applied to an object, causing
it to accelerate.After a period of time, however, the object stops
accelerating. Whatconclusions can be drawn?a. The mass of the
object has increased. b. Gravity on the object has increased.c. The
object is experiencing some kind of friction.d. The momentum of the
object has reached a maximum.
______ 5. Weight is best described asa. an objects resistance to
acceleration.b. what causes an object to fall.c. the downward force
exerted on an object due to gravity.d. a force solely dependent on
an objects mass.
______ 6. Which of the following units is used to measure
acceleration?a. m/s b. m s c. m/s2 d. m2/s2
______ 7. Which of the following is true? a. Weight and mass are
proportional but not equal.b. Weight is gravitational force an
object experiences due to its mass.c. The weight of an object on
Earth is greater than the weight of the
same object on the moon, but the objects mass stays the same.d.
all of the above
______ 8. The tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest
isa. inertia. c. free fall.b. momentum. d. acceleration.
Name Class Date
Chapter TestAssessment TEST B
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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights
reserved.
Holt Science Spectrum 35 Forces
Name Class Date
Chapter Test continued
______ 9. The strongest gravitational force occurs between Earth
anda. Jupiter. b. Venus. c. Pluto. d. the moon.
______10. Near Earths surface, an objects free-fall acceleration
increases as itsa. mass increases. c. speed increases.b. weight
increases. d. None of the above
Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words
that best completesthe statement.
11. According to Newtons second law of motion, force is the
product of
_____________________ and _____________________.
12. Free fall is the motion of an object resulting from
_____________________.
13. The value for the acceleration of objects in free fall near
Earth is
_____________________.
14. When gravitational forces and air resistance equalize on an
object that isfalling toward Earth and the object stops
accelerating, its velocity is called
the _____________________ velocity.
15. An object at rest remains at rest unless it experiences
a(n)
____________________.
16. If the car you are riding in comes to a sudden stop,
_____________________ helps stop your forward motion.
17. When a satellite orbits Earth it experiences two
motions,
_____________________ motion and _____________________ toward
Earth.
18. All _____________________ objects have momentum.
19. As the time period of an objects momentum change becomes
longer, the
force needed to cause this change becomes
_____________________.
Read the question, and write your response in the space
provide