A Chronology of World Political History (1401 - 1500 C.E.) Date Hi storical Event 15th Century The Malays of Malay Peninsula and Sumatra migrated to the island of Luzon in northern Philippines and founded the Kingdom of Luzon. Emergence of a number of local regimes in southern Yemen. c.15th Century Rise of the Kingdom of Tidore on Mulucca Islands of present day Indonesia. early 15th Century A number of princely states appeared in Nepal. They were grouped into the Baisi Confederacy and Chaubisi Confederacy. c.1401 Dilavar Khan, Governor of Malwa under Delhi, declared independence and founded the Sultanate of Malwa. 1402 Oljei, a senior official of [Northern] Yuan, overthrew [Northern] Yuan. In the next year Oljei made himself King (Khan) and established the Mongol Khanate, composed of two main tribes - Tartars and Oirats. Although the government was controlled by the Tartars, the Oirats enjoyed a semi-independent status. Timur, de facto ruler of [Western] Chaghatai, made himself Sultan and founded the Timurid Regime, thus ending [Western] Chaghatai. 1402.7.28 Timur defeated the Osmanlis in the Battle of Angora and captured Bayezid I, the Osmanli Sultan. Thereafter Timur reinstated the Ghazi Regimes destroyed by the Osmanlis. Upon death of Bayezid I in 1403, the Osmanli Princes, Mehmed I, Suleyman I and Musa, contended for the throne and started the Civil War of the Three Osmanli Princes . On 1413.7.5 Mehmed I reunified the country and put an end to the civil war. c.1403 Parameswara, the former King of Singapura, founded the Kingdom of Malacca in the southwestern part of Malay Peninsula. 1404 Explorers of Castile Leon occupied the Canary Islands on the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. Thereafter Castile-Leon and Portugal occupied several islands on eastern Atlantic, which subsequently became the bases for transoceanic exploration. 1405 Yourous, Chief of th e Ber be rs, founded t he Kingdom of Agadez in northern Niger. 1405.6M The Ming Empire sent Zheng He, a eunuch, to lead a fleet to visit the countries along South China Sea and Indian Ocean with a view to showing off the strength of China. Thereafter Zheng He went on voyages for several times. Beginning of the Era of G rea t Voyages (called Great G eographica l D iscover ies by Westerners). c.1405 Muh amma d, Chi ef of the Bruneis, founde d the Brunei Regime in northern Kalimantan.
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8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
The Malays of Malay Peninsula and Sumatra migrated to the island of Luzon in northern
Philippines and founded the Kingdom of Luzon.
Emergence of a number of local regimes in southern Yemen.
c.15th
CenturyRise of the Kingdom of Tidore on Mulucca Islands of present day Indonesia.
early 15th
Century
A number of princely states appeared in Nepal. They were grouped into the Baisi
Confederacy and Chaubisi Confederacy.
c.1401Dilavar Khan, Governor of Malwa under Delhi, declared independence and founded the
Sultanate of Malwa.
1402
Oljei, a senior official of [Northern] Yuan, overthrew [Northern] Yuan. In the next year Oljei
made himself King (Khan) and established the Mongol Khanate, composed of two maintribes - Tartars and Oirats. Although the government was controlled by the Tartars, the Oirats
enjoyed a semi-independent status.
Timur, de facto ruler of [Western] Chaghatai, made himself Sultan and founded the Timurid
Regime, thus ending [Western] Chaghatai.
1402.7.28
Timur defeated the Osmanlis in the Battle of Angora and captured Bayezid I, the Osmanli
Sultan. Thereafter Timur reinstated the Ghazi Regimes destroyed by the Osmanlis. Upon
death of Bayezid I in 1403, the Osmanli Princes, Mehmed I, Suleyman I and Musa,
contended for the throne and started the Civil War of the Three Osmanli Princes. On
1413.7.5 Mehmed I reunified the country and put an end to the civil war.
c.1403Parameswara, the former King of Singapura, founded the Kingdom of Malacca in the
southwestern part of Malay Peninsula.
1404
Explorers of Castile Leon occupied the Canary Islands on the eastern part of the Atlantic
Ocean. Thereafter Castile-Leon and Portugal occupied several islands on eastern Atlantic,
which subsequently became the bases for transoceanic exploration.
1405 Yourous, Chief of the Berbers, founded the Kingdom of Agadez in northern Niger.
1405.6M
The Ming Empire sent Zheng He, a eunuch, to lead a fleet to visit the countriesalong South China Sea and Indian Ocean with a view to showing off the strength
of China. Thereafter Zheng He went on voyages for several times. Beginning of
the Era of Great Voyages (called Great Geographical Discoveries by Westerners).
c.1405 Muhammad, Chief of the Bruneis, founded the Brunei Regime in northern Kalimantan.
8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
1407Duke Louis I of Orleans engaged in a power struggle with Duke Jean of [Western]
Burgundy. The French ruling class thus split into the Orleanists and the Burgundians. After
Louis I was assassinated on .11.23 of the same year, Count Bernard VII of Armagnac
succeeded as leader of the Orleanists, who were thus also called the Armagnacs.
1407.5M
The Ming Empire destroyed Dai Ngu and annexed northern Vietnam. In the tenth lunar
month of the same year, Tran Ngoi, a member of the former Dai Viet royal family, rose
against Ming Empire and restored the Dai Viet Empire (Tran Dynasty). In the twelfth lunar
month of 1413 the regime was annihilated by Ming.
c.1407Muzaffar I, Governor of Gujarat under Delhi, declared independence and founded the
Sultanate of Gujarat.
1409
Tsongkhapa, a Tibetan religious leader, reformed the doctrine of the Kadam
School of Tibetan Buddhism and founded the Gelug School.
Sabr-ud-Din II, a royal member of the former Kingdom of Awfat, founded the Kingdom of
Adal in Somalia.
1409.6.26
The Council of Pisa decided to depose the Pope Gregory XII of Rome and Pope Benedict
XIII of Avignon and elected Philargos as the Pope (renamed as Alexander V), who
established the Bologna Holy See. However, Gregory XII and Benedict XIII refused to step
down thus leading to the triple schism of the Papacy.
1410.5.18Upon death of Elector Palatine Ruprecht III of Rhine, his country was divided among his
four sons. Rhineland entered the period of political fragmentation.
1410.5MThe Ming army defeated the Mongols. The Mongol Khan fled westwards to the Oirat Tribe
for refuge. The power of the Tartar Tribe of Mongol thus passed to the Oirats.
1410.7.15
The Bohemian mercenaries of Poland defeated the Teutonic Order in the Battle of
Tannenberg (also called the Battle of Grunwald). On .2.1 of the next year, Poland signed the
First Peace of Thorn with the Teutonic Order, by which the Teutonic Order ceded Samogitia
to Poland.
1412
The Ming fleet led by Zheng He destroyed Rayigama on the island Ceylon. Parakramabahu
VI inherited Gampola. Moving the capital to Kotte, he renamed his country as the Kingdom
of Kotte.
1412
Martin, King of Aragon-Catalonia and King of Sicily, died without an heir. Aragon-
Catalonia (Barcelona Dynasty) and Sicily (Barcelona Dynasty) thus came to an end. In the
same year, Prince Fernando I of Castile-Leon succeeded as King of Aragon-Catalonia and
established Aragon- Catalonia (Trastamara Dynasty). The Trastamara House thus governedthe two most powerful states in Spain and laid the foundation of the future unification of
Spain. Fernando I became King of Sicily concurrently. Since then the Sicilian throne was
occupied by foreign rulers.
1413
Caboche of Paris staged a revolt and forced the Government to enact the Cabochian
Ordinance, which provided for the establishment of three councils to conduct public
business. The revolt was crushed when the Armagnacs attacked Paris.
8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
Khidr Khan, the Timurid Governor of Multan and Lahore, overthrew Delhi (Tughluq
Dynasty). On .7.19 of the same year, he established Delhi (Sayyid Dynasty).
The Council of Constance was summoned to settle the controversy within the Church. On
1415.5.29 the Council dissolved the Bologna Holy See. On .7.4 of the same year, Pope
Gregory XII of Rome resigned. The Roman Holy See was also dissolved.
1415When Hus, leader of the Bohemian religious reform, attended the Council of Constance, he
was declared heresy by the Council. Hus' execution in June antagonized the Bohemians.
1415.8.24Prince Enriques (the Navigator) of Portugal led a fleet to land at Ceuta of Morocco, where heestablished the first Portuguese colony. The Portuguese Colonial Empire started to form.
c.1416Nyagse, Chief of the Mossi-Dagomba, founded the Kingdom of Dagomba in present day
northern Ghana.
1417.4.18
Burgrave Friedrich of Nurnberg became Elector of Brandenburg (called Friedrich I) and
established Brandenburg (Hohenzollern Dynasty). Since then the Hohenzollern Family
became powerful in northern Germany.
1417.11.11
The Council of Constance elected Colonna as the Pope (renamed as Martin V) and declared
the reunification of the Roman Catholic Church and restoration of the Roman Holy See, thus
ending the Period of Great Schism of the Church. Pope Benedict XIII of Avignon, who stillrefused to step down, was isolated by the Church. The Avignon Holy See continued to exist
until the death of Benedict XIII on 1423.5.23.
1418
Le Loi of Vietnam started a rebellion against the Ming Empire in Lam Son in northern
Vietnam (Lam Son Rebellion). In the eighth lunar month of 1427, Le Loi installed Tran Cao,
a member of the former Dai Viet royal family as leader. In the tenth lunar month, Le Loi
negotiated peace with the Ming Empire, which conferred the title of King of An Nam upon
Tran Cao and established the Kingdom of An Nam, with Le Loi being the de facto ruler.
1419.8.16
The Bohemian Hussites started a rebellion in the capital Prague and expelled King Vaclav
IV. In the next year, Ziska, leader of the Hussites, started a national rebellion against
Germany (Hussite Wars). The Hussites split into the Taborites and Calixtines. Germany and
the Roman Papacy organised the Bohemian Crusade to suppress the rebellion. Upon death of
Ziska in 1424, Procop succeeded as leader of the Taborites and Hussites.
1420
The Livonian Order formed the Livonian League (also called the Livland League) with the
dioceses and cities in Livonia.
France was defeated and signed the Treaty of Troyes with England by which King Charles
VI of France was forced to recognize King Henry V as his successor and regent and the
territory to the north of River Loire was given to England.
c.1420Nyatsimba Mutota, Chief of the Karanga Tribe of the Shonas, founded the Kingdom of
Monomotapa in present day Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
1421.5.26
Murad II became Osmanli Sultan. During his reign he staged the unification war in Asia
Minor. After conquering the Ghazi Regimes therein, Murad II further invaded Southeast
Europe.
King Henry V of England and King Charles VI died. Henry VI succeeded to the English
8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
1422 throne. On .10.21 of the same year, he also assumed the title of King of France and
established France (Lancaster Dynasty). Duke John of Bedford was appointed as Regent of
France. On .10.31 Charles VII succeeded as King of France in southern France.
1423.1.6
Margrave Friedrich IV of Meissen became Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg (called Friedrich I )
and incorporated Meissen and Thuringia into Saxe-Wittenberg. Since then the Wettin Family
became the ruling family of Saxe-Wittenberg.
1425 [Middle] Pegu concluded peace with Ava and ended the Forty Years' War.
1425.2
Upon death of Prince Vasily I of Moscow, Vasily II succeeded to the throne. Yury II (and his
sons later) contended for the throne and the Muscovite Dynastic War broke out. In 1453
Vasily II put an end to the turmoil.
c.¬ù1427Prince Hajji I of the Golden Horde started to rule the Cimean Peninsula and founded the
Crimean Khanate. Since then there emerged a number of Tartan minor regimes in Russia.
1428
Duke John of Bedford besieged Orleans. In 1429.4 Jeanne (d'Arc) of France
organised the civilians to resist the English army. In .5 Jeanne defeated John and
saved Orleans. She was thus called the "Maid of Orleans". In 1430 Jeanne was
captured by the Burgundians, who sold her to the English army. In 1431.5 Jeanne
was burned by the English army.
1428.1M
Le Loi, de facto ruler of An Nam, killed King Tran Cao. In the fourth lunar month of the
same year, Le Loi crowned himself as Emperor of Dai Viet and established the Dai Viet
Empire (Later Le Dynasty).
c.1428
Jayayakshamalla succeeded as King of Nepal. During his reign he conquered the princely
states and reunited Nepal.
Yahya I, Chief of the Wattasid Clan of the Marinid Regime, seized power. Thereafter the
Marinid Regime was under the de facto rule of the Wattasid Clan.
1429
Sho Hashi, Chief of the Chuzan Tribe on Ryukyu Islands in the southwestern part of Japan,
unified Ryukyu Islands and founded the Kingdom of Ryukyu.
1430s Aztec formed Aztec Triple Alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan.
c.1430 Ruhinda founded the Kingdom of Ankole in the southwestern part of present day Uganda.
1431
In the Council of Basel, the Roman Catholic Church compromised with the Hussites. The
Calixtines deserted the Taborites and made contact with the Council. In 1433 the Calixtines
united with Germany and defeated the Taborites. Procop was killed in the battle. In 1436 the
Council of Basel signed the Compactata of Prague with the Calixtines, thus ending the
Hussite Wars.
1432 Engelbrektsson of Sweden instigated a peasants' uprising. In 1435 he seized the power. AfterEngelbrektsson was assassinated in 1436, the uprising was suppressed.
c.1432Chenla moved the capital to Phnom Penh and the country was renamed as the Kingdom of
Cambodia.
1433
Zheng He, a eunuch of the Ming Empire, completed his seventh voyage to South China Sea
and Indian Ocean. Thereafter the Ming Empire stopped sending envoys to visit the countries
along South China Sea and Indian Ocean. But the migration from the coastal areas of
southern China to Southeast Asia continued. There appeared a community of Overseas
8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
Cosimo, leader of the Medici Family, a Floretine banker, seized power in Florence. Since
then the Medici Family became hereditary rulers of Florence (the Medici "Dynasty"). Under
their rule, the Medici Family lent great support to the cultural activities. Italy thus became the
centre of the European Renaissance.
1435
Said Mohammed, religious leader of the Mushasha Family in Arabistan (also called
Khuzistan) in Iran, rebelled against the Timurid Regime and became ruler of Arabistan.
Thereafter members of the Mushasha Family became hereditary rulers of Arabistan.
1435.1M
Zhu Qizhen became Ming Emperor. In the ninth lunar month of the same year, he conferred
great power upon Wang Zhen, a eunuch. Since then many Ming Emperors put eunuchs in
very important positions, resulting in serious corruption.
1436
France recovered Paris. In 1453 France defeated England, which lost all French territories.
King Henry VI of England then gave up the French throne and Guyenne, thus ending the
Hundred Years' War.
1438
Ulugh Muhammad, the former Khan of the Golden Horder, started to rule Kazan in central
European Russia and founded the Khanate of Kazan. ¡C
France promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges asserting the authority of the church
council was superior to the Roman Pope and maintained the autonomy of the French church
with regard to the Roman Papacy. Such a situation was called Gallicanism by historians.
1438.3.18Archduke Albrecht V of Austria became German King (called Albrecht II) concurrently.
Since then the German throne was mainly occupied by the Archdukes of Austria.
1439
Esen became Chief of the Oirat Tribe and de facto ruler of Mongol. During his rule he
unified the Mongol tribes. In 1453.8M he made himself Mongol Khan.
[Eastern] Roman Emperor John VIII attended the Council of Florence. To secure assistancefrom the Roman Papacy, John VIII proclaimed the subordination of the Greek Orthodox
Church to the Roman Papacy. The Eastern and Western churches were thus reunified
(Florentine Union).
The Pragmatic Sanction of Mainz was promulgated in Germany. The Sanction deprived the
Roman Papacy part of its authority and put the German Church under the control of the
German King and the feudal lords.
1440 The nobles and towns in Prussia formed the Prussian Union.
1440.3.8
King Wladislaw III of Poland became King of Hungary (called Ulaszlo I) concurrently andestablished Hungary (Jagiellon Dynasty). Since then Wladislaw III resided in Hungary,
leaving the administration of Poland to the hands of the Polish magnates. Later Poland
became a hierarchical monarchy under the dictatorship of the nobles.
c.1440Aholuho Adja, Chief of the Ajas, founded the Kingdom of Allada in present day southern
Benin.
1441The Portuguese colonists started the black slave trade. Later the other Western colonial
8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
c.1441Uxmal allied with the Mayan City-states to conquer Mayapan. Since then the Mayan City-
States were engaged in prolonged wars and the power of the Mayans declined.
1442.6.2
Naples (Anjou Dynasty) came to an end. Alfonso V, King of Aragon-Catalonia (also King
of Sicily) became King of Naples (called Alfonso I) concurrently and established Naples
(Trastamara Dynasty). The Trastamara Hosue governed both Sicily and Naples, thus laying
the foundation of the future unification of the two countries.
1443
The Roman Papacy launched an Anti-Osmanli Crusade against the Osmanli Regime. Thearmy composed of soldiers from the East European countries and was led by King Wladislaw
III of Poland (who was also King Ulaszlo I of Hungary). On .6.12 of the next year the
Crusaders signed the Truce of Adrianople with the Osmanli Regime by which Serbia
recovered its lost territories.
1444.3.2
Scanderbeg, Chief of the Albanians, allied with the local princes and formed the
League of Albanian Princes (also called the Lezhe League) in opposition to
Osmanli rule.
1444.9
In violation of the Truce, Wladislaw III attacked the Osmanli Turks and was killed
by the Osmanli army in the Battle of Varna on .11.10. Poland was then torn by
internal strife. Hungary (Jagiellon Dynasty) collapsed. In the same year Archduke
Ladislaus of Austria became King of Hungary (called Laszlo V) concurrently.
Hunyadi became the Regent of Hungary.
1447Francesco Sforza, Captain-General of the Milanese mercenaries, seized power and
established Milan (Sforza Dynasty).
c.1447Ulugh Beg became Timurid Sultan. During his reign the power of the Timurid Regime
reached its apex.
1448
Vukcic, local ruler of Hum under Bosnia, made himself Duke and founded the Duchy of
Hum (commonly called the Duchy of Hercegovina, which derived from the word "Herceg",
i.e. Duke).
Podiebrad, leader of the Calixtines, seized power in Bohemia. In 1452 Podiebrad captured
the city of Tabor and finally crushed resistance of the Taborites. In 1458 Podiebrad
succeeded as King of Bohemia.
Portugal started to establish colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 1503 it started to establish
colonies in Asia. In 1532 it started to establish colonies in South America (Brazil).
1448.1.c5
Upon death of King Christoffer III of Denmark, Denmark (Valdemar Dynasty) came to an
end. Count Christian of Oldenburg became King of Denmark concurrently (called Christian
I) and established Denmark (Oldenburg Dynasty).
1449Upon death of the Timurid Sultan Ulugh Beg, the Timurid Regime spilt into the Transoxania
Government and the Khurasan Government.
When the Mongols invaded the Ming Empire, Ming Emperor Zhu Qizhen led an army to
8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
Prince Muhammad of Malacca started to rule Pahang in the central part of Malay Peninsula
and founded the Pahang Regime.
Sten Sture I became Regent of Sweden. Since then the Swedish Regency was monopolized
by the Sture Family and Sweden became a semi-indepedent state.
1470.10.2
Earl Richard II of Warwick concluded peace with the House of Lancaster. By joining forces
to attack London, they expelled King Edward IV. The former King Henry VI was restored to
the throne and restored the Lancaster Dynasty. On .4.11 of the next year, Edward IV
returned to London and overthrew Henry VI and the Lancaster Dynasty.
c.1470 The Tswanas started to establish native regimes in present day Botswana.
1471.3M
Dai Viet conquered Champa. The northern part of Champa was annexed into Dai Viet, while
the southern part was divided into three vassal states. King Panlo Tutsuan of Champa fled to
the mountainous areas and attempted to restore his kingdom. But he was soon captured by
Dai Viet.
1471.5.27
Prince Wladyslaw of Poland succeeded as King of Bohemia (called Vladislav II) and
established Bohemia (Jagiellon Dynasty). On 1490.7.15 Vladislav II became King of
Hungary (called Ulaszlo II) and restored Hungary (Jagiellon Dynasty). The Iogaila Family of
Lithuania (called the Jagiello Family in Poland and the Jagiellon Family in Bohemia andHungary) thus governed Lithuania, Poland, Bohemia and Hungary and became a powerful
dynasty in northeastern Europe.
1472
By marrying Zoe Paleologus, the former [Eastern] Roman Princess, Prince Ivan III of
Moscow claimed that he inherited the legitimacy of [Eastern] Rome and called Moscow the
third Rome.
c.1472Muhammad I, de facto ruler of the Marinid Regime, made himself Sultan and founded the
Wattasid Regime.
1474
Rise of the Kingdom of Udarata in Kandy in central Ceylon.
King Louis XI of France formed the Union of Constance against [Western] Burgundy.
1474.12 Isabel I and his husband Fernando V succeeded as King of Castile-Leon concurrently.
1475
Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan, leader of the Islamic mission from Malay Peninsula,
founded the Maguindanao Sultanate on the Mindanao Island in the southern part of
Philippines.
1477.1.5
Having defeated [Western] Burgundy, France annexed the main territory of [Western]
Burgundy and [Eastern] Burgundy. In the same year Marie succeeded as Duke of [Western]
Burgundy, ruling only the Netherlands. Marie married Maximilian I, crown prince of Austria
and governed the Netherlands with Maximilian I. Upon death of Marie on 1482.3.27, theNetherlands became a territory under the Habsburg Family.
1479Batu Mongke(Dayan Khan) succeeded as Mongol Khan. During his reign he temporarily
unified the Mongol tribes.
1479.1.19
King Fernando V of Castile-Leon became King of Aragon-Catalonia (called Fernando II)
concurrently. A personal union was thus formed between Castile-Leon and Aragon-
Catalonia. Some historians regarded this year as the founding year of the Spanish Kingdom.
8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500
1497.5.2 England. As a result he discovered the island of Newfoundland in North America on .6.24 of
the same year.
1498.4.7
France (Valois Dynasty) ended. Duke Louis II of Orleans became King of France (called
Louis XII) and established France (Valois-Orleans Dynasty) and incorporated Orleans into
France.
1498.5.22da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, sailed to India and thus opened up a new route from West
Europe to East Asia.
1499
The Osmanli Turks conquered Montenegro and thus completed the conquest of the Balkan
Peninsula.
Outbreak of the Second Venetian-Turkish War between Venice and the Osmanli Regime.
The war came to an end in 1502.
1499.9.22
The Swiss cantons of the Everlasting League (including Schwyz, Nidwalden, Uri, Bern,
Lucerne, Obwalden, Zurich, Zug, Glarus, Fribourg and Solothurn) compelled Austria to sign
the Treaty of Basel and recognized the independence of the cantons. The cantons united into
the Swiss Confederation and retained the status of independent entities.
c. late 15th
Century
The English nobility started to buy off and enclose the land of the communes and peasantsand convert them into pastures for raising sheep (the Enclosure Movement). This
development laid the foundation of future capitalist agriculture.
The Serers founded the Kingdom of Sine in present day Senegal.
1500
France and Aragon-Catalonia launched a joint attack against Naples (the Second Italian
War). In 1502 the two countries controlled Naples. But disagreement about the partition of
Naples led to conflict between the two countries. After France was defeated in 1503,
Aragon- Catalonia occupied Naples solely.
1500.4.10 France conquered Milan and overthrew the rule of the Sforza Family.
1500.4.22 Cabral, a Portuguese explorer, discovered Brazil in South America.
c.1500
Prince Raden Patah of Majapahit rebelled and founded the Kingdom of Demak in central
Java.
Koi1 I founded the Kingdom of Cochin in Kerala in southern India.
Sukda founded the Kingdom of Mandara in present day northern Cameroon.
Kuntun-krunku founded the Kingdom of Akim in present day southern Ghana.
Mwaaka, Chief of the Lundas, founded the Kingdom of Lunda in the Congo Region.
Muhammad I founded the Kingdom of Anjouan on the Anjouan Island of the Comoros.
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8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500