CHRONOLOGY • 1819 April 12. Earliest recorded tsunami struck Hawai'i. The tsunami probably originated in Chile where a severe earthquake and tsunami occurred the previous day. Damage unknown. • 1835 February 20. A tsunami from Chile caused moderate damage. • 1837 November 7. A severe tsunami from Chile killed at least fourteen people on the Big Island and two on Maui. Runup was measured at 20 feet above normal in Hilo. Many houses and animals were washed away. • 1868 April 2. An earthquake southeast of the Big Island caused a tsunami that killed 47 people. Another 31 were killed in a landslide, and one from a falling rock. The wave reached heights of 50 to 60 feet, caused damage from Ka'u to Hilo, and swept as far as a quarter of a mile inland. Neighboring islands suffered little damage. This was the most devastating locally generated tsunami recorded. • 1868 August 13 or 14. A tsunami from South America struck. Runup reached 12 to 15 feet, and oscillations continued for three days. Damage was severe. Twenty acres of Kalapana land were flooded. • 1869 July 25. A tsunami swept ashore in Hilo and Puna, destroying houses and one mile of a shoreline road. The wave probably originated in South America. • 1877 May 10. A devastating tsunami from Chile washed away every house within 100 yards of the shore near the Wailoa River in Waiakea. Five people died and seven were injured. Runup reached 14 feet The same tsunami also struck Japan. • 1883 August 26 and 27. In Indonesia, the cone of Krakatoa volcano collapsed and violently erupted. One hundred-foot waves killed more than 36,000 people in Java and Sumatra. Small waves reached the Hawaiian Islands, but caused no damage. • 1896 June 15. In Sanriku, Japan, a tsunami with waves 100 feet high killed 27,000 people. Waves that reached the Hawaiian Islands measured a few feet and caused no damage. • 1906 August 16. In Valparaiso, Chile, a great earthquake caused a tsunami that damaged the southern coast of Maui. The water rose to 12 feet in height • 1923 February 3. A tsunami generated in Kamchatka, Siberia caused $1.5 million damage in Kahului and Hilo. One man died. Runup reached 12 feet in Hale'iwa and Kahului and 20 feet in Hilo. • 1933 March 2. A tsunami from Sanriku, Japan, caused damage on the Big Island. Runup reached over 17 feet. • 1946 April 1, April Fool's Day. The worst tsunami in recorded history hit Hawai'i. The death toll reached 159. An earthquake near the Aleutian Islands generated waves that struck the A-1
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CHRONOLOGY
• 1819 April 12. Earliest recorded tsunami struck Hawai'i. The tsunami probably originated in Chile where a severe earthquake and tsunami occurred the previous day. Damage unknown.
• 1835 February 20. A tsunami from Chile caused moderate damage.
• 1837 November 7. A severe tsunami from Chile killed at least fourteen people on the Big Island and two on Maui. Runup was measured at 20 feet above normal in Hilo. Many houses and animals were washed away.
• 1868 April 2. An earthquake southeast of the Big Island caused a tsunami that killed 47 people. Another 31 were killed in a landslide, and one from a falling rock. The wave reached heights of 50 to 60 feet, caused damage from Ka'u to Hilo, and swept as far as a quarter of a mile inland. Neighboring islands suffered little damage. This was the most devastating locally generated tsunami recorded.
• 1868 August 13 or 14. A tsunami from South America struck. Runup reached 12 to 15 feet, and oscillations continued for three days. Damage was severe. Twenty acres of Kalapana land were flooded.
• 1869 July 25. A tsunami swept ashore in Hilo and Puna, destroying houses and one mile of a shoreline road. The wave probably originated in South America.
• 1877 May 10. A devastating tsunami from Chile washed away every house within 100 yards of the shore near the Wailoa River in Waiakea. Five people died and seven were injured. Runup reached 14 feet The same tsunami also struck Japan.
• 1883 August 26 and 27. In Indonesia, the cone of Krakatoa volcano collapsed and violently erupted. One hundred-foot waves killed more than 36,000 people in Java and Sumatra. Small waves reached the Hawaiian Islands, but caused no damage.
• 1896 June 15. In Sanriku, Japan, a tsunami with waves 100 feet high killed 27,000 people. Waves that reached the Hawaiian Islands measured a few feet and caused no damage.
• 1906 August 16. In Valparaiso, Chile, a great earthquake caused a tsunami that damaged the southern coast of Maui. The water rose to 12 feet in height
• 1923 February 3. A tsunami generated in Kamchatka, Siberia caused $1.5 million damage in Kahului and Hilo. One man died. Runup reached 12 feet in Hale'iwa and Kahului and 20 feet in Hilo.
• 1933 March 2. A tsunami from Sanriku, Japan, caused damage on the Big Island. Runup reached over 17 feet.
• 1946 April 1, April Fool's Day. The worst tsunami in recorded history hit Hawai'i. The death toll reached 159. An earthquake near the Aleutian Islands generated waves that struck the
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A-2
Hawaiian Islands at heights of 33 to 53 feet A tsunami warning system was implemented following this disaster.
• 1952 November 4. An earthquake off of Kamchatka caused a tsunami. Runup reached 11 to 12 feet and caused damage on all islands. The Kahului-Spreckelsville area of Maui was especially hard hit. There were no deaths.
• 1957 March 9. An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands measuring 8.3 on the Richter scale caused a tsunami. Runup reached 32 feet on Kaua'i, and 23 feet on O'ahu. It caused $5 million in damage, mainly on Kaua'i and O'ahu. Hilo district suffered minimal damage in the 1952 and 1957 tsunamis. ·
• 1960 May 22. Several earthquakes and tsunamis devastated parts of Chile the previous day. There were two earthquakes measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale, and a third earthquake that lasted seven minutes and measured 8.6 at its most intense. The ensuing tsunami reached Hawai'i shortly after midnight Despite warnings issued earlier that day, the tsunami killed 61 people and injured 282 on the Big Island. It caused $22 million in damages statewide. Runup reached 20 feet in Hilo.
• 1964 March 27. An 8.6 earthquake rocked Prince William Sound in Alaska causing a tsunami that killed 119 people there. The wave caused no deaths in Hawai'i, but caused moderate damage to Kahului and Hilo.
• 1975 November 29, Thanksgiving Day. A 7.2 earthquake off the coast of Ka'u (in the same area as the 1868 earthquake) generated a tsunami that struck Ka'u within minutes. Two campers died at Halape, and there was moderate damage along the coast.
• 1986 May 7. An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale prompted a statewide tsunami alert. Thousands were caught in crawling traffic on O'ahu, many were in inundation zones on shoreline highways. The arriving waves were small, causing no casualties or damage.
• 1994 October 4. A statewide tsunami alert was issued after a strong earthquake occurred near the South Kurile Islands. As many as 400 surfers ventured into the water following the warning, indicating a lack of awareness and complacency towards tsunamis.
SELECT BffiLIOGRAPHY
Akoi, Rhea. Ku'u Home I Keaukaha. N.p.: Hui Ho'omau 0 Keaukaha Panaewa, 1989.
Borg, Jim. "Ripples from the Ring of Fire," Honolulu Magazine, April 1996.
Char, Tin-Yuke, and Wai Jane Char, eds. Chinese Historic Sites and Families of the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1983.
Chinen, Karleen. ''The Hilo Tsunami Museum: Memories of the Past to Provide Lessons for the Future," The Hawaii Herald, August 16, 1996.
Daws, Gavan. Shoal of Time. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai'i, 1968.
Dudley, Walter, and Min Lee. Tsunami! Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1988.
---.Tsunami! 2d ed. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1998.
Hilo Tribune-Herald, 1 April 1946.
Hilo Tribune-Herald, 3 April 1946.
Hilo Tribune-Herald, 1 May 1946.
Honolulu Advertiser, 1 April-{) April 1946.
Honolulu Advertiser, 24 May-25 May 1960.
Honolulu Advertiser, 12 August 1981.
Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 18 April 1998.
Hughes, Maxine. "Shinmachi: Gone But Not Forgotten," Hawaii Tribune-Herald, Orchid Isle Magazine, August 9-15, 1991.
International Tsunami Information Center. Tsunami Newsletter 28, no. 1 (1996).
---. Tsunami Newsletter 28, no. 2 (1996).
---.Tsunami Newsletter 29, no. 1 (1997).
Kelly, Marion; Barry Nakamura; and Dorothy Barrere. Hilo Bay, a Chronological History: Land and Water Use in the Hilo Bay Area. Honolulu: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 1981.
Laupahoehoe High, Middle and Elementary School. April Fool's . .. The Laupahoehoe Tragedy of 1946: An Oral History. Laupahoehoe: Laupehoehoe High, Middle and Elementary School, 1997.
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Nakamura, Richard I., and Gloria, R. Kobayashi. The History of the Waiakea Pirates Athletic Club anc The Yashijima Story (Waiakea Town). Hilo: Richard I. Nakamura and Gloria R. Kobayashi, 1999.
Shepard, F.P.; G.A. Macdonald; and D.C. Cox. Tsunami of April1, 1946. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950.
The Sunday Honolulu Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, 6 September 1992.
University of Hawai'i, Department of Geography. Atlas of Hawai'i. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai'i, 1973.
Walker, Daniel A. Tsunami Facts. [Honolulu:] School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i, March 1994.
Wall, A.E.P. The Big Wave May 23, 1960. Hilo: Hilo Tribune-Herald, 1960.
GLOSSARY
The following words and phrases are non-English terms. Non-English is here defmed as any lexical item not found in Webster's Ninth New Collegiate DictioiUlry (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1986), with the exception of Hawaiian words.
The language family of each word or phrase is indicated by a letter or letters in parentheses:
(C) Chinese (F) Filipino (H) Hawaiian (HCE) Hawai'i Creole English (J) Japanese (0) Okinawan
References for the defmitions used in this glossary include: May Lee Chung; Margaret Leong Lau; and Dorothy Jim Luke, Traditions for Living, (Honolulu: Associated Chinese University Women, 1979); Koh Masuda, ed., Kenkyilsha' s New Japanese-English Dictionary, 4th ed. (Tokyo: Kenkyfisha, Ltd., 1974); Mary Pukui and Samuel Elbert, Hawaiian DictioiUlry, rev. and exp. ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1986); Teresita V. Ramos, Tagalog DictioMry, (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1971); and University of Hawai'i at Minoa, Ethnic Studies Oral History Project, Uchinanchu: A History of Ok:inawans in Hawai'i, (Honolulu: Ethnic Studies Oral History Project and United Okinawan Association of Hawai'i, 1981);
The following definitionS apply to the lexical items as they appear in the context of the transcript. An asterisk (•) indicates a defmition supplied by a staff member or interviewee.
C-1
abarembo (J) rough, rowdy aburage (J) fried bean curd 'ahi (H) Hawaiian tuna flShes aholehole (H) young stage of the Hawaiian
flagtail fish aji (J) horse mackerel akamai (H) smart, clever aku (H) bonito or skipjack tuna akule (H) big-eyed or goggle-eyed scad fish 'akulilculi lei (H) a low succulent with flowers
used for leis anpan (J) bean-jam bun araimo (J) dasheen• atta (J) were*
bacaldw (F) codilsh balaljilalra (J) animal strength; brute force bango (J) number benshi (J) a f'llm. interpreter bento (1) box lunch bolohead (HCE) bald headed* bon-san (J) Buddhist priest* bugga (HCE) bugger* bumbai (HCE) by and by; later on* butsudan (J) household Buddhist altar
-chan (J) suff'JX, term of address usually applied to children, relatives and close acquaintances*
da kine (HCE) an expression with an unidentified referent; whatchamacallit*
daijobu (J) safe, secure dailwn (J) radish
furo (J) bath furoba, furo-ya (J) public bath; bathhouse futon (1) thick bed quilt
ga (J) particle (grammatical) giri-giri (1) cowlick gobo (1) burdock root goza (1) floor mat
C-2
gung gung (C) grandpa
hanafuda (J) Japanese playing cards Mnai (H) foster child, adopted child; to foster
or adopt hanawai (H) irrigation; to irrigate haole koa (H) common roadside shrub or small
tree related to lwa Haole (H) Caucasian hapai (H) to carry; pregnant hapai ko (H) to carry sugarcane bundles hilpu 'u (H) an endemic tree fern hatake (J) kitchen garden hau (H) a lowland tree with rounded, heart-
shaped leaves hemo (H) separated, unfastened hzniwai (H) endemic grainy snail hO hana (H) field work with hoe, weeding* holehole (H) to strip, as sugarcane leaves from
the stalk hon (J) book honohono (H) basket grass ho'ohuli pipi (H) to drive cattle ho'opa'apa'a (H) dispute, argument, quarrel hotoke-sama (J) the Buddha huhu (H) angry, indignant hui (H) association, corporation, joint
ownership hula (H) Hawaiian dance
iriko (1) parched small sardine
/alma (J) iron pot, cauldron lalma'dina (HCE) longtime Caucasian resident
of Hawai'i* kamaboko (J) flSh cake kamaboko-ya (J) fish cake producer kamapio (HCE) see okamapio kampyo (J) dried gourd shavings kanten (J) Japanese gelatin kappa (J) raincoat katsura (J) wig kaukau (HCE) food, eat* ken (1) prefecture, district kiawe (H) algaroba tree koi (1) a carp koa (H) native acacia tree
laho pipi (H) bull scrotum 14nai (H) veranda lei (H) garland or necklace lililco I i (H) passion fruit limu (H) general name for all plants living
under water; seaweed loco moco (HCE) a dish with rice, meat patty,
fried egg and gravy* 1010 (H) paralyzed, numb lu 1aU (H) a Hawaiian feast, named for the taro
tops usually served at one luna (H) foreman, overseer, supervisor
mahimahi (H) dolphin fish maile (H) a native twining shrub maile pilau (H) stink vine makai (H) toward the sea make (H) die makina (1) Chinese cabbage* makizushi (J) rolled sushi makule (H) aged, elderly mamagoto (1) playing at housekeeping mauka (H) toward the mountain medaka (J) killifish; mosquito fish menpachi (J) squirrel fish miai (J) a marriage meeting mizuna (J) potherb mustard moi (H) thread fish momack (C) pulse feeling to determine whether
a person is sick or well* musubi (J) rice ball mu 1 umu I u (H) a loose gown
na (J) green vegetables naga-ya (J) row houses Naichi (0) Japanese from the main islands of
Japan nasalcenai (J) overwhelming naupaka (H) a spreading, succulent shrub nehu (H) anchovy; a fish used for eating and to
chum bonito
C-3
nishime (1) vegetables and chicken boiled in shoyu and sugar*
nitsuke (1) fish cooked in shoyu and sugar* no (J) particle (grammatical) 10hi 1a (H) a native tree okamapio (HCE) a childhood game using two
sticks* okara (J) lees of bean curd okdsan (J) mother o-kllzu (J) an accompanying dish I okole (H) buttocks onsen (J) hot spring 10
1opu (H) general name for fishes included in the families Eleotridae, Gobiidae, and Blennidae; goby
I opae (H) general name for shrimp lopelu (H) mackerel scad 1 opihi (H) limpet otaro (J) an aku thirty-five pounds and over* o-zoni (1) a soup with rice cakes and
vegetables
pa 1akikf (H) stubborn palaoa molcu (H) a mixture of flour, sugar and
water* pau (H) finished, ended, through pee wee (HCE) see okamapio pepeiao (H) Chinese cake stuffed with meat pilikia (H) problem pio (H) extinguished or out, as a fire or light pio (HCE) contraction of okamapio pipi (H) cattle pipipi (H) general name for small mollusks,
including Theodoxus negelctus pohiJ (H) cape gooseberry poi (H) cooked, pounded taro thinned with
water pokll (?) a type of lililco 1i poke (H) a dish containing diced raw fish po po (C) grandma pukll (H) hole pUiehu (H) to broil piipu (H) hors d'oeuvre
rakkyo (J) scallions, shallots; picked scallions
sakllna (1) fish
-san (J) Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss sensei (J) teacher, master, instructor shichirin (J) a clay stove shikata ga nai (J) cannot be helped shikibuton (J) mattress shimpai (J) an arranged marriage• shiso (J) beefsteak plant suclc wind (HCE) a flippant attitude towards an
unpleasant situation•
tabi (J) Japanese digitated socks talcenolco (J) bamboo shoots tanishi (J) a mud snail, pond snail tarai (J) a washtub tatami (J) straw matting tinier (C) periwinkles or escargot• tohe (?) a type of edible eel with ears and no
teeth* totan (J) galvanized sheet iron roofmg
C-4
udon (1) wheat noodles udon-ya (J) wheat noodle shop uhu (H) parrot fish 'ukulele (H) small guitar of Portuguese origin uiua (H) certain species of crevalle, jack or
pompano fish ume (J) pickled plum* unagi (J) a Japanese common eel
wa (J) particle (grammatical) wahine (H) woman, lady, female warabi (J) a fernbrake wen (HCE) precedes a verb and indicates past
tense•
yome (J) a young wife, bride
zabuton (J) a floor cushion
Abe, Sanji, 354 Ah Mai & Co., 311-12 Ah Sam, Ah You, 808 Akiona, Daniel. See Akiona family Akiona family (Laupihoehoe), 721, 723, 752,
775,777,785,804-805,808,809 American Red Cross, 245-46, 378, 387, 388,
465,600,603,604,754,785-86,861,902 Anderson. Marian, 766 Arnold, Charles N., 852 Automotive Supply Center, 932. See also
Okino, Hayato Awakuni, Yoshio, 810
Beamer, Pete, 270, 271, 275 Bobbie's Steak and Seafood, 870 Boy Scouts of America, 31, 128 C. Brewer and Company, Ltd., 755-56, 883,
Campainha, Catherine (interview), 328-47 312-13 background: childhood and family, 328--38,
340; family businesses, 333-35; schooling, 338-40,344
on Mamo Pool Hall, 332-33, 334-35 as speech therapist, 344 as teacher, 344, 346 on tsunami 1946, 341-43 on tsunami 1960, 344-45 on World War II, 334, 338
Canec,229, 368,616,618-19,621 Carlsmith family (Keaukaha), 623, 626, 630,
also Hawai'i Chicken Store) as teacher, 313-15, 317 on tsunami 1946, 307-13 on tsunami 1960, 318-22
Chow, Robert "Steamy" (interview), 2-57 757-58,961 background: childhood and family, 2-1 0;
early aspirations, 10; early jobs, 4-8, 10, 11; father's business, 2, 3-4, 19; schooling, 4, 10, 11
as interpreter, 10-11 as policeman, 14, 15, 28 on tsunami education, 53, 54-55 on tsunami 1946, 19-38; effects, 37-38; as
policeman, 21-22, 25, 30-31, 34, 39-40 on tsunami 1952,38-41,45 on tsunami 1957, 38-41, 45 on tsunami 1960, 43-55; as policeman, 46 on World War II, 11-19
Ohashi, James T. (essay), 978--80 background: family, 979 on tsunami 1946 (Kaua'i), 978--80
Okino, Hayato (interview), 912-42 auto supply business, 932 background: childhood and family, 912-15,
916, 919, 924, 9'1:7; schooling, 928 on fiShing, 917 on tsunami 1923, 924-27 on tsunami 1946,931,939-40 on tsunami 1960, 932-42 on tsunami places of origin, 932, 940-41
Okino Hotel, 946-49, 960 employees, 947, 948, 949 operations,950-52 pattons,947,949,950 during tsunami 1946, 955-57 during World War II, 947, 952-53 See also Hirata, Violet
'Ola'a Sugar Company, 553, 616, 649. See also Puna Sugar Company
Pacific Tsunami Museum, 56-57, 542, 757-58 Paramount Grill, 605-607 Pence, ~. 576 The Ponds, 856, 857-58, 862. See also
Furtado, Richard Puna Sugar Company, 616, 617. See also
'Ola'a Sugar Company Pung, Eloise Ahuna (interview), 682-707
background: childhood and family, 682-94, 701; schooling, 689-91
jobs, 706 on Keaukaha, 693-94 on tsunami 1946, 694-701 on tsunami 1960, 702-705; preparations,
705-706
Riviera, Alexander (interview), 526-47 background: childhood and family, 526-30,
536, 541-42; schooling, 528, 529 career in printing, 530, 543-47 other jobs, 543 on printing company and union activity,
Saiki, Takaichi Rupert, 150, 160, 177-85, 854-SS, 859,865 community activities, 184-85 as community leader, 190 as father, 156-58, 161, 182-83 and Hilo Rice Mill [Co.], 150, 180, 191 jobs, 160, 178, 179 World War II internment, 185-87, 190-91
Sakai, Kimiko Kuwana (interview), 552-611 as army wife, 572-74 background: childhood and family, 552-66,
effects: on businesses, 33, 36, 113, 115, 116, 356, 421, 429-31, 861, 866, 871 (see also Cafe 100, Eagle Laundry, Goya Brothers Service Station, S. Hata Shoten, K. Hatada Bakery, Hawai'i Chicken Store, Hilo Products, Hilo Rice Mill [Co.], Hilo Transportation Company, Hukilau Restaurant, Mamo Pool Hall, May's Fountain, Okino Hotel, Sun Sun Lau Chop Sui House); on community, 675-76; on food supply, 33
gathering seafood during wave recession, 243,419,532,695,831
on Kaua'i, 978-80 looting,25,379,384 military assistance, 669, 781, 807 (see also