Chronological Table 1906 1 October 30 December Indian mutiny and widespread re- bellion in Northern India. East India Company's rule in India replaced by the British Crown. Dayanand (1824-83) founds the Arya Samaj at Bombay. Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) founds MuhammadanAnglo-Oriental Col- lege at Aligarh. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India. Indian National Congress inaugur- ated in Bombay. Hindu rmsslOnary Vivekananda (1862-1902) addresses the First World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. M. K. Gandhi (I 86g-1948) starts his career in South Afiica. The Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. Partition of Bengal. The rise of anti- partition movement in Bengal. The rise of Extremist Party in Congress under B. G. Tilak (1856-1920). Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan (1875-1958) presents address to Viceroy Minto (1905-10). Inauguration of the All-India Muslim League at Dacca. Split in Congress at Surat. Beginning of terrorist movement in India. The Extremists excluded from Con- gress.
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Chronological Table
1906 1 October
30 December
Indian mutiny and widespread rebellion in Northern India.
East India Company's rule in India replaced by the British Crown.
Dayanand (1824-83) founds the Arya Samaj at Bombay.
Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) founds MuhammadanAnglo-Oriental College at Aligarh.
Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India.
Indian National Congress inaugurated in Bombay.
Hindu rmsslOnary Vivekananda (1862-1902) addresses the First World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. M. K. Gandhi (I 86g-1948) starts his career in South Afiica.
The Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. Partition of Bengal. The rise of anti
partition movement in Bengal. The rise of Extremist Party in Congress under B. G. Tilak (1856-1920).
Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan (1875-1958) presents address to Viceroy Minto (1905-10).
Inauguration of the All-India Muslim League at Dacca.
Split in Congress at Surat. Beginning of terrorist movement in India.
The Extremists excluded from Congress.
218 OHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE
1909 May Morley-Minto Reforms (The Indian Council Act) grant Muslim demand for separate electorate.
1910 Birth of Hindu Mahasabha. 1911 Visit of King George V and Queen
Mary and the Delhi Durbar. Partition of Bengal annulled. Transfer of Indian Capital from
Calcutta to Delhi announced. Italy and Turkey at war in Tripoli. Growth of anti-British feeling among
Indian Muslims. 1912 Turkey gets involved in the first
Balkan war. 1913 Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
awarded Nobel Prize for his Gitanjali. 1913 Balkan War concluded by the Treaty
1914 4 August 4 November
1915 January
February
December
1916 August
September December
of London.
The First World War breaks out. Turkey joins Germany against Britain.
The growth of Pan-Islamism in India.
Gandhi returns to India from South Africa.
The liberal leader of Congress, G. K. Gokhale (born 1866) dies.
Beginning of the alliance between Congress and the Muslim League.
Tilak and Mrs Annie Besant (1847-1933) found the Home Rule Leagues.
The Extremists are taken back into Congress. The Muslim League and Congress reach an agreement at Lucknow and jointly demand for India a national legislative assembly to be elected on communal basis.
1917 April
20 August
November December
1918 April July
November
1919 March 6 April
13 April
23 December
1920 January
March-May
I August
1921 February August
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 219
Gandhi starts his first Satyagraha in Champaran, Bihar.
Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State for India (1917-22) defines British policy towards India.
Montagu arrives in India. Indian government appoints Rowlatt
Committee.
Rowlatt Committee submits its report. Montagu and Viceroy Chelmsford
(1916-21) publish their joint constitutional report.
Allies secure victory in the First World War.
Rowlatt Acts passed. Gandhi starts his first All-India civil
disobedience movement in protest against the Rowlatt Acts.
The Government of India Act (incorporating Montagu-Chelmsford Report) is passed by Parliament.
House of Lords rejects censure motion on General Dyer, the perpetrator of the Amritsar massacre.
Official and non-official reports on Amritsar massacre published.
Gandhi launches non-eo-operation movement on behalf of Khilafat party. Tilak dies.
Central Legislature is inaugurated. Moplah rebellion in Malabar.
220 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
November
1922 4 February
6 February
10 March December
1923 September
November
1924 January
March May
September November
1925 October
November December
1926 March
April
1927 April
Boycott of the Prince of Wales on his arrival in Bombay.
Riots follow.
Policemen murdered at Chauri Chaura by mob.
Gandhi suspends the non-eo-operation movement.
Gandhi arrested. Birth of Swaraj Party and split in
Congress.
Differences between Swaraj Party and Congress resolved.
Swaraj Party contests elections on behalf of Congress.
Central Legislative Assembly inaugurated.
Kemal Pasha abolishes Caliphate. The Muslim League revived at its
Lahore session. Hindu-Muslim riots at Kohat. All-Parties Conference held in Bombay
to settle Hindu-Muslim problem.
Split in the Swaraj Party.
Hindu Mahasabha revived.
The Swarajists walk out of the Central Legislature.
The end of the Swarajist interlude. Communalism at its peak. Third general election held.
First airmail arrives in India trom Croydon in under 54 hours' flying time.
November
December
1928 February May
August
December
1929 September
December
1930 26 January
March
May June
November
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 221
All-white Simon Commission is appointed to recommend further constitutional advancement for India. Congress decides to boycott the commission.
Congress undertakes to draft a constitution for India independently of the Simon Commission.
Simon Commission arrives in India. Congress appoints a committee under
Motilal Nehru (1861-1931) to draft a constitution for India.
The Nehru committee completes its report.
The Nehru report accepted by Congress and the All-India Convention.
Jinnah's {I 876-1948) opposition to Nehru's report is outvoted and he parts company with Congress.
Jawaharlal Nehru {I 88g--1 964) is elected the President of Congress.
At its annual session held at Lahore Congress demands complete In
dependence for India.
Congress celebrates this day as Independence Day.
Gandhi launches the civil dis-obedience movement.
Gandhi arrested. Congress is outlawed Simon Commission report is pub
lished. First Round Table Conference meets
in London. Congress boycotts the Conference.
222 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
1931 January
17 February-4 March
23 March September
December
1932 3 January
4 January
17 November-24 December
1933 March
December
1934 May
1935 2 August
28 December 1936
April
The Round Table Conference is adjourned.
Congress leaders released. Viceroy Irwin (1926-31) starts peace
talks with Gandhi and a pact is made. The civil disobedience movement is suspended.
Hindu-Muslim riots at Kanpur. Gandhi attends the Second Round
Table Conference held in London. The Conference yields no further
results and Gandhi returns to India.
Gandhi threatens to resume civil disobedience movement.
Gandhi and other Congress leaders arrested.
The Third and the last Round Table Conference.
Jinnah abandons politics and settles down in London.
White Paper is issued formulating proposals for Indian constitution.
Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951) persuadesJinnah to return to India.
Congress suspends the civil disobedience movement.
Government of India Act receives Royal Assent.
Congress celebrates its GoldenJubilee.
Inauguration of the new provinces of Drissa and Sind. Congress decides to contest elections under the new constitution.
May-June
1937 January
February I April
July
1938 March
1939 3 September
14 September
22-23 October
31 October
22 December
1940 February
March
10 May
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 223
Congress President Nehru and the Muslim League President Jinnah start their election campaigns.
Elections held for the provincial assemblies.
Provincial responsible government comes into force.
Congress ministries are formed in Bihar, Orissa, C.P., U.P., Bombay and Madras.
Congress ministry is formed in Assam.
Viceroy Linlithgow (1936-43) announces that India is at war with Germany.
Congress demands a declaration of war aims from the British government.
Congress calls on Congress ministries to resign.
All Congress ministries resign by this date.
The Muslim League observes this day as 'Deliverance Day' from Congress rule.
Jinnah declares that Western democracy was unsuited for India.
Congress demands complete independence and a constituent assembly. At its Lahore session the Muslim League demands the division of India into autonomous national states.
Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister.
224 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
17 June 7 August
17 October
1941 27 January
August
December 1942
February-March
22 March 30 March April
8 August
9 August
1943 March-April
AugustNovember
1944 March
6 June
The fall of France. The Viceroy makes a statement on
India's constitutional development - the August Offer.
Congress starts the individual civil disobedience movement.
Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945) escapes to Germany.
'Atlantic Charter': Joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill.
Civil disobedience prisoners set free.
Fall of Singapore and Rangoon.
Sir Stafford Cripps arrives in Delhi. Cri pps proposals published. Congress and the Muslim League
reject the Cripps mission plan. Cripps returns to London.
Congress demands the withdrawal of British power from India and sanctions the beginning of mass struggle under Gandhi's leadership.
Congress leaders are arrested and Congress is declared unlawful. Beginning of disturbances throughout India.
Muslim majority provinces come under the control of the Muslim League.
Bengal famine.
The Japanese advance into Assam assisted by the Indian National Anny ofBose.
Allied armies land in France; D-Day.
June
9-27 September 1945
7 May 14 June
15 June 25 June-
14 July 26 July
14 August November
December
1946 January
18-23 February 19 February
25 March 5-12 May
16 May
6 June
16 June
25 June
szg June
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 225
Japanese defeated at Imphal. C. Rajagopalachari's formula made public for the first time.
Gandhi-Jinnah talks.
Germany surrenders. Viceroy Wavell (1943-7) announces a
conference to be held in Simla. Congress leaders released from prison. Simla Conference and its failure.
Labour government under Clement Attlee comes into power in Britain.
Japan surrenders. The IoN.A. trials begin in the Red
Fort, Delhi. Results of elections to the Central
Legislative Assembly announced.
Parliamentary delegation arrives in India.
Royal Indian Navy mutiny. The British government announces
that a cabinet mission is to visit India.
Cabinet mission arrives in Delhi. Second Simla Conference between
Cabinet mission and Indian leaders. Cabinet mission presents its consti
tutional plan. Muslim League accepts Cabinet mis
sionplan. Cabinet mission presents its interim
government plan. Congress accepts mission's consti
tutional plan but rejects interim government plan. Cabinet mission drops its interim government plan.
Cabinet mission leaves India.
226 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
6 July
29 July
16 August
2 September
25 October
9 December
1947 20 February
22-23 March
April
10 May
11 May
18--31 May
2-3 June
20-23 June
26 June
June 6-17 July
Nehru interprets the Cabinet mission's constitutional plan.
Muslim League retracts its acceptance of the Cabinet mission plan and calls for 'direct action'.
Muslim League starts its direct action and the riots begin in Calcutta.
Congress forms interim government without the Muslim League.
Muslim League joins the interim government.
Constituent Assembly meets without the League.
Attlee announces in Parliament the British intention ofleaving India by June 1948.
Mountbatten replaces Wavell as Viceroy.
Congress accepts the principle of partition.
Nehru rejects Mountbatten's plan in Simla.
V. P. Menon amends Mountbatten's plan. Nehru accepts it.
Mountbatten discusses the amended plan with the British government in London.
The plan for the partition of India accepted by Congress, Sikhs and the Muslim League.
The Bengal and the Punjab Legislative Assemblies opt for partition.
The Sind Legislative Assembly opts for Pakistan,
Baluchistan opts for Pakistan. Sylhet and North-West Frontier Pro
vince decide to join Pakistan.
18 July
25 July
7 August 13 August 15 August
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 227
The Indian Independence Act receives Royal Assent.
Mountbatten addresses the Chamber of Princes.
Jinnah flies to Karachi. Radcliffe Award completed. India and Pakistan become indepen
dent. Jinnah is sworn in as Governor-General of Pakistan and Mountbatten as Governor-General of India. The Pakistan cabinet is headed by Liaquat Ali Khan and the Indian cabinet by Nehru.
Bibliography
I. UNPUBLISHED PRIVATE PAPERS
THE Private Papers of British rulers and Indian nationalists will always remain the most useful source for the Indian National Movement and British policy. The 'gaps' and the 'dark patches' of history which cannot be explained by official records and newspapers are often illuminated with the aid of Private Papers. The first phase of the National Movement from 1885 to 1910 (the birth of Congress and the growth of Muslim separatism) is fortunate to have many legacies of Private Papers. Of the five Viceroys who ruled India from 1885 to 1910 (Dufferin, 1884-8; Lansdowne, 1888-g4; Elgin n, 1894-9; Curzon, 1899-1905; Minto 11,
1905-10), each has left behind a mass of private correspondence which explains his policies, prejudices, and attitude towards the national or sectarian aspirations of the Indian middle classes. Added to this are the Private Papers of two Secretaries of State for India, a Conservative G. Hamilton, 1895-1903, and a Liberal J. Morley, 1905-10. The India Office Library, London, houses the Private Papers of Duffer in (microfilm copy), Lansdowne (Mss. EUR. D558), Elgin n (Mss. EUR. D558), Curzon (Mss. EUR. FI I I), Hamilton and Morley (Mss. EUR. E233); Minto papers are in the custody of the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh.
From the Private Papers of Indian nationalists, however, emerges a somewhat fuller picture of the early national movement. The papers I have usefully consulted are of G. K. Gokhale, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, G. S. Khaparde, R. C. Dutt, N. B. Khare, B. Tyabji and P. D. Tandon, all housed in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. The massive collection of Gokhale's papers throws new light on the working of the Congress movement from 18g8 to 1915
BIBLIOGRAPHY 229
and on his own role as the leader of the moderate party in Congress. Although the Letters cif S. Sastri are edited and published by T. N.Jagadisan (1963) it is rewarding to look into the original collections. The Private Papers of Tilak's right-hand-man Khaparde give an insight into the working of the extremist party in Congress up to 1920 and enable us to assess the personalities of Tilak and B. C. Pal. The Papers of Khare and, to a lesser extent, of Tandon explain in some measure the role of the Hindu Mahasabha in the 1930S and 1940S in the National Movement. The papers of Tyabji, the first Muslim president of the third Congress in 1887, are most valuable in assessing the growth of Muslim separatism and its pressure on the nationalist Muslims.
2. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, NEWSPAPERS AND
PERIODICALS
These are referred to in the chapter references. The government publications are massive and fall into
various categories. Of these the Parliamentary Debates are valuable for a study of the British policy, and the Indian Census Reports and Moral and Material Progress Reports (published annually since 1858) for some understanding of the social changes.
The Indian National Congress published the proceedings of each of its annual sessions. These Reports are indispensable for a specialised study of the Congress Movement up to 1936. Among periodicals H. N. Mitra's Indian Annual Registers (starting from 1919 and turning into QuarterlY Register from 1924 to 1929) are an authentic record of the main political events up to 1947.
3. BIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS AND DIARIES
The works consulted may be divided into three categories according to their usefulness for the understanding of the persons, periods or subjects. The place of pUblication is London unless stated otherwise.
230 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Max Mueller's Biographical Essays (1884) and C. Isherwood's Ramkrishna and his Disciples (1965) contain sympathetic appraisals of the ideas and personalities of the Hindu renaissance including Dayanand and Vivekananda. W. Wedderburn's Allan Octavian Hume (1913), though not critical, is the only accurate account of the life and works of the founder of the Congress movement. Similarly G. F. T. Graham's The Life and Works qf Syed Ahmad Khan (Edinburgh, 1885) still holds the field as the standard English biography of the founder of Muslim separatism. Of the many biographies of Gokhale and Tilak, the two great leaders of the first phase of Indian nationalism, S. A. Wolpert's Tilak and Gokhale, Revolution and Reform in the making qf the Modern India (Berkeley, 1962) is by far the best. Gandhi has a number of biographers each differing from the other in his interpretations of the mysterious Mahatma. His own account of his life, The Story qfmy Experiments with Truth (first published at Ahmedabad, 1927), though more reflective than factual, is by far the best source on his life and activities up to 1920S. U. N. Pyarelal's Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase faithfully describes Mahatma's last struggle against communal violence in the 1940s. D. G. Tendulkar's Mahatma (Bombay, 1951-4) in eight formidable volumes is the most authentic account of his life from 1869 to 1948 told mostly in his own writings and speeches. Jawaharlal Nehru's An Autobiography (first published in London, 1936; a cheaper edition published in India, 1962) is as much a story of his life as of Indian politics from 1912 to 1935. This may be supplemented with M. Brecher's Nehru: A political biography (Oxford, 1959), which surpasses previous writings on Nehru in authenticity and depth. B. R. Nanda's The Nehrus; Motilal and Jawaharlal (1962) is a brilliant and scholarly study ofthe father and son up to 1931. Rajendra Prasad in his Autobiography (Bombay, 1957) narrates his role in politics to the 1940s, in particular the Right-Left tension of the 1930S in Congress. N. D. Parikh's Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Ahmedabad, 1953) and K. L. Panjabi's The Indomitable Sardar: A Political Biography (Bombay, 1962) authentically describe the life and works of the iron man of Congress
BIBLIOGRAPHY 231
until his death. H. Bolitho's Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan (1954) provides a character study of the Muslim leader. M. A. H. Ispahani's Qaid-e-kam Jinnah as I Knew Him (Karachi, 1966) furnishes some intimate details about Jinnah's conquests in Bengal and the Punjab. M. H. Saiyid's Mokammad Ali Jinnah: a Political Study (Lahore, 1945), still remains a detailed record ofJinnah's political achievements.
Of the works which describe periods rather than portray characters Sir Stan1ey Reed's The India I Knew 1897-1947 (1952) is anecdotal, also containing some glimpses of the early twentieth-century social lives of the Sahebs in India. B. C. Pal's Memories of my Life and Times (2 vols., Calcutta, 1951) and Sir S. N. Banerjea's A Nation in the Making (1925) are relevant to the period from 1900 to 1920. M. N. Das's India under Morley and Minto (1964), R. S. Wasti's Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement 1905-1910 (Oxford, 1964), S. A. Wolpert Morley and India, 1906-1910 (California, 1967), Mary Minto, India, Minto and Morley 1905-10 (1934), and John Viscount Morley's Recollections, vol. ii (1917), together provide a definitive study of the Minto-Morley period of Indian history and the growth of Muslim separatism.
Edwin Montagu's An Indian Diary (1930) is a Secretary of State's diary written day by day during his visit to India in 1917-18. The Earl of Halifax's Fulness of days (1957), Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Tears (1954), Marquess of Zetland's 'Essayez' (1956), S. Gopal's The Viceroyal9' of Lord Irwin 1926-31 (Oxford, 1957) and the Earl of Birkenhead's The Life of Lord Halifax (1965) are valuable works on the crucial period roughly from 1926 to 1935 - Gandhi's civil disobedience movement of 1930, Round Table Conferences and the origin of the 1935 Act. A. K. Azad's India wins Freedom (Bombay, 1959) contains his critical analysis of Congress's attitude towards the Muslim League in 19308 and 1 940s. S. Ghose's Gandhi's Emissary (1967), though self-centred, gives some new facts on the Cabinet Mission's activities in 1946. AIan Campbell-Johnson's Mission with Mountbatten (1951) is a diary of the events and is indispensable for the last phase of the British Raj - March-
232 BIBLIOGRAPHY
August, 1947. Lord Ismay's Memoirs (1960) is relevant for the same period though it yields very little.
M. R. Jayakar's The Story of "VI Life, 2 vols. (Bombay, 1958) is essentially an account of Maratha politics from 1895 to 1922 and the rise of Hindu Mahasabha from 1922 to 1925. See also C. H. Setalvad's Recollections and Reflections (Bombay, 1946). India's leading businessman and industrialist, G. D. Birla, in his work In the Shadow of the Mahatma: A Personal Memoir (Calcutta, 1953) gives an account of his association with Gandhi from 1916 to 1945, and provides glimpses of economic nationalism. Aga Khan's Memoirs (1954) describes his role in Muslim politics especially in the nine troubled years of 190o-g and again during the Round Table Conferences in the 1930s.
4. GENERAL WORKS
Hindu Renaissance r828-r90o
On Ram Mohan Roy the best study is S. D. Collet's Life and Letters of Raja Rammohun Ray (3rd ed.) (Calcutta, 1962). The English Works of Raja Ram Mohan Ray (Allahabad, 1906) is the primary source. On Arya Samaj movement the basic work is Dayanand's Satyarth Prakash (English trans. by Dr. Bharadwaja, Allahabad, 2nd ed. 1915). Lajpat Rai's A History of Arya Samaj (rev. ed. Calcutta, 1967) and H. B. Sarda's Dayanand Commemoration volume (Ajmer, 1933) are the standard works. The primary source on the thoughts of Vivekananda is The Complete Works of Vivekanand, 8 vols. (Almora, 1923-51). A critical appraisal of his ideas is provided by D. G. Dalton in his unpublished University of London Ph.D. thesis, 'The idea of freedom in the political thought ofVivekanand, Aurobindo, Gandhi and Tagore'.
For general works covering various aspects of Hindu renaissance Charles H. Heimsath's Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform (Princeton, 1964) is excellent. T. de Bary's edited Sources of Indian Tradition (Columbia University, 1958) can still be used as a source book. J. N.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 233
Farquhar's Modern Religious Movements in India (New York, 1918) remains a standard general work. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. ii (New York, 1909), provides authentic accounts of Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj movements. Indian Social Riform (ed. C. Y. Chintamani) (Madras, 1901) contains standard articles on individual social problems, and also some of the speeches of Ranade. There is no standard work on the impact of renaissance on Hindu society though S. Natarajan's A Century of Social Riform in India (Bombay, 1959) is a modest attempt.
British Policy and &onomic Development 1858-1947
Documentation on policy and change is adequately provided by C. H. Philips et al. (eds.) The Evolution of India and Pakistan: Select Documents, 1858-1947 (Oxford, 1962), and M. Gwyer and A. Appadorai (eds.), Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution 1921-47,2 vols. (O.V.P., 1957). T. R. Metcalf's The Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1870 (Princeton, 1965) is an excellent standard work on the period its title suggests. S. Gopal's British Policy in India 1858-1905 (1965), mainly based on the Private Papers of the Viceroys, is a mine of valuable information.
The standard works on economic development are Vera Anstey's The &onomic Development of India (1957), R. C. Dutt's &onomic History of India, 2 vols. (19°1-5) and D. R. Gadgil The Industrial Evolution of India (1934).
Indian Nationalism
General B. B. Misra's The Indian Middle Classes (Oxford, 1961) is a pioneer scholarly work. K. Dwarkadas's India's Fight for Freedom 191:r1937: An eye-witness story (Bombay, 1966) is a critical and invaluable study of Congress and the League to 1937 when they drifted apart. S. R. Mehrotra's India and the Commonwealth 1885-1929 (1965) is an authentic and scholarly interpretation of British-Congress-League policies. Anil Seal's The Emergence of Indian Nationalism (Cambridge,
234 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1968) provides an excellent analysis of Indian politics in the three Presidencies to 1888. D. A. Low (ed.), Soundings in Modern South Asian History (London, 1968)-a collection of eleven articles-shifts the focus from the all-India to the regional politics. J. H. Broomfield's Elite Conflict in a Plural Society ,. Twentieth-Century Bengal (University of California, 1968) provides an insight into Bengal politics from 1912 to 1927.
Congress 1885-1947 P. Sitaramayya's The History qf the Indian National Congress, 2 vols. (Bombay, 1946) is the official account, and is factual and accurate though provides dull reading. C. F. Andrews and G. Mooke:rjee's The Rise and Growth qf the Congress in India (rev. ed. Meerut, 1967) and B. and B. P. Mujumdar's Congress and Congressmen in the Pre-Gandhian Era 1885-1917 (Calcutta, 1967) fills in a few gaps but lacks scholarship and depth.
Dadabhai Naoroji's Speeches and Writings, etc. (Madras, 1910), G. K. Gokhale's Speeches (Madras, 1920), H. W. Nevinson's The New Spirit in India (1908), and P. C. Ghosh's The Development qf the Indian National Congress, 1892-1909 (Calcutta, 1960) are useful for the early period to 1910. V. C.Joshi (ed.), Lala Lajpat Rai: writings and speeches, 2 vols. (Delhi, 1966) explains the reasons for the rise of Hindu communalism in the 1920S. Dorothy Norman's Nehru. The First Sixty rears (1965), the writings and correspondence of J. Nehru as contained in Independence and After (Delhi, 1949), India and the World (1936) and A Bunch qfOld Letters (Bombay, 1958), S. C. Bose's Selected Speeches qf Subhas Chandra Bose (Gov. of India, 1962) and Rajendra Prasad's India Divided (3rd ed. 1947) - these are very useful for the 1930S and 1940s. On Sikhs K. Singh's A History qf the Sikhs, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1963, 1966) is authoritative and readable.
Muslim Politics 1870-1947 S. A. Khan's An Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt (Calcutta, 1860) and W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans
BIBLIOGRAPHY 235
(1871) are the basic works causing a change in British policy towards the Muslims of India. W. C. Smith's Modern Islam in India (1946) provides an economic interpretation of Muslim politics. S. M. Ikram's Modern Muslim India and the Birth cif Pakistan (Lahore, 1965) provides biographical sketches of Muslim luminaries from Hali to Jinnah. R. A. Symonds's The Making cif Pakistan (1950) is a dispassionate study. Lal Bahadur's The Muslim League: Its history, activities and achievements (Agra, 1954), based on archival materials, and Ram Gopal's Indian Muslims: A political history 1858-1947 (1959), are biased but valuable general works on Muslim politics. Choudhry Khaliquzzaman's Pathway to Pakistan (1961) is a self-centred and apologetic work by a provincial Muslim leader personally involved in the high politics of Congress and the League. K. K. Aziz's Britain and Muslim India (London, 1963) concentrates mainly on the British attitude towards Muslim nationalism from 1857 to 1947. Jamil ud-Din Ahmad's Speeches and writings cif Mr. Jinnah 2 vols. (Lahore, 1960, 1964) is an indispensable collection on the career ofJinnah from 1935 to 1948, C. M. Ali's The Emergence cif Pakistan (Columbia University Press, 1967) provides intimate details about the League block in the interim government of 1946-7. The author, then a financial adviser to the government, became the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956.
Transfer cif Power 1945-7 V. P. Menon's The Transfer cif Power in India (Calcutta, 1957) and The Story cif the Integration cif the Indian States (first published 1956; cheap ed. Madras, 1961) are authoritative, accurate and dispassionate accounts by a high civil servant who played an important role in the great events of the last years of the Raj. Of the three works on the same theme E. W. R. Lumby's The Transfer cif Power in India, 1945-47 (1954), Michael Edwardes's The Last rears cif British India (1963) and L. Mosley's The Last Days cif the British Raj (1962), the last is by far the best in style and documentation though a little biased in the interpretation of Mountbatten's role. G. D. Khosla's Stern Reckoning; a survry cif the events
236 BIBLIOGRAPHY
leading Up to and following the partition of India (New Delhi, 1949) mainly deals with the violence in the Punjab.
Most valuable are the Papers delivered by participants in the Partition of India Seminar organised and presided over by Professor C. H. Philips at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. The papers concentrate on the period from 1935 to 1947. They are to be published shortly.
Index
Abell,Geo~,187, 196,197 Acts of the Indian Legislature:
Native Marriage, 16; Age of Consent, 16; Arms, 21; Widow Remarriage, 36; Explosive Substances, 71; Indian Press, 71; Defence of India, 103; Rowlatt, JIO
Acts of Parliament: Government of India, 102, 109, 113, 116, 123, 136-g, 141-5, 153, 155, 174, 216; Indian Councils, 7, 72, 74-7; Independence, 204
Mghanistan,86, 120; Amir of, 59 Aga Khan, 67, 74, 82 Agriculturalists Party, 143 Ahmedabad, 13,95, 106, 133 Ajanta Caves, 27 Alexander, A. V., 177 Al-Hilal, 84 Ali, Ameer, 63, 74 Ali brothers, JII, JI3, JI4, JI5 Ali, Mohanuned, 84-7 Ali, Saukat, 86 Aligarh, 82, 85, 215; University,
Calcutta, 27, 41, 47, 70, 84, 86, 126, 177, 201; University, 15, 41, 75; Congress Session 1906, 48; Congress Session 1917, 100; Congress Session 1928, 126, 127; Direct Action Day, 184, 185
Caliph, 82, 85-6 Caliphate,83-4, 110-1 I, 120, 123
INDEX 239
Campbell-Johnson, Alan, Igl n. Canada, 73, 102-3 Canning, Charles, 1St Earl, Ig, 20 Cape Supreme Court, gl Central India, population, 2 Central National Mohammedan
Association, 63 Central Provinces, Ilg, 142, Ig6;
population and area, 2; nonco-operation movement, 113; General Election I 945, 174
Corfield, Sir Conrad, 206 Cornwal1is, Lord, I I Cotton, Sir Henry, 44, 60 Council of State, 109, 139 Cow Protection Movement, 63 Crete, 85 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 152, 161-g,
168, 172, 181, 188; as a political theorist, 177; 1942 plan, 162. 165, ISo, 216
Cross, Richard Assheton, 20 Crum, Lt-Colonel V. F. Erskine,
102,11 1,163, 16g English education, 14, 16 English legal system, 5-Q Europe,82,100, 103, 149,152
Famine, 11-12 Famine Commission of 1880, 12 Far East, 149
INDEX
Fazl-i-Hussain, 144 Fazl-ul-Haq, A. K., 144, 148, 154,
164,166,170 Federal Legislature, 139 Federation ofIndia, 139-40 Female infanticide, 16 First World War, 97 France, 158,210 Fraser, Sir Andrew, 70 Frere, Sir Bartle, 5 n., 6-7 Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 63-5
Gandhi, Mrs Indira, 193 n. Gandhi, M. K., 50, 92,103,106-7,
IIo-II, II9, 127, 131-2, 141-2, 149, 152, 154, 156-7, 159-00, 165, 172, 180, 182n., 185-6, 188, 193-4, 213, 215; emergence of, 81; speech in Calcutta 1915, 86; life and career of, 87, 88, 89; in South Mrica, 90-1; at Motihari, 93; nonviolent resistance, 94; Ahmedabad cotton dispute, 95; national politics, 96, 105; nonco-operation movement, I 12-II3, II5; as Congress Leader, II4; imprisonment, II6, 122, 134; Dandi salt march, 133; second Round Table Conference, 135; meeting with Wavell, 167-8; meeting with Jinnah, 169
105, 109, 119, 122, 142-3, 196; population and area, 2; land revenue, 11; University, 15; army, 27; political associations, 40n., General Election 1945, 174
164, 16g, 209n. Rajpal, Mahashe, 121 n. Rajputana, population, 2
Ramkrishna Paramahamsa, 34 Ranade, M. G., 30n. Rand, W. C., 6g Rangoon, 161 Ratcliff, S. K., 44 Reading, Lord, 114 Richards, Robert, 175 Ripon, Lord, 22 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 161-2,
165 Round Table Conferences, 131-
135, 140 Rowlatt, Mr,Justice, 102 RowlattBills, 105 Rowlatt Committee, 102, 104 Roy, Rammohan, 28,30-1,34 Royal Indian Navy, 176 Royal Proclamation, I 10 Russia, I, 68, 84, 127 Rutherford, Dr V. H., 44 R yotwari, 11