Chronique Du Caucase No 1 March 2011

7/29/2019 Chronique Du Caucase No 1 March 2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chronique-du-caucase-no-1-march-2011 1/23

Wfus las caug`s gdks la sdlla « D ¿ , 4AMAXX 09*40=, dv+ ga Nrdkha, 21948 Ydr`s

8 jdrs 5944 vfl+4 «l"DXXFH@DW@FK G‐AWQGAX HDQHDX@AKKAX¿

HMUFK@TQA GQ HDQHDXA

la Xàj`kd`ra %Hduhdsa 3 m`stf`ra at dhtudl`tà%, dk`ja pdr Jd`reao ^DWHMDBDA^ Jdrà EAKK@BXAK, Jdràl WXFUF@A^D at Bafrb` JDJFQL@D

WMA GDBAXWDK@ CDJDDW

Jd`reao ̂ dthmdbdav

_Wm`s drt`hla sarvas ds edhobrfukg tf tma saj`kdr malg dt tma AMAXX,%Hduhdsa 3 M`stf`ra at dhtudl`tà%, Ydr`s+ Ydrt 4 wds fr`b`kdlly puel`smag ey tmaCdjastfwk Nfukgdt`fk, Rdsm`kbtfk, `k3 Kfrtm Hduhdsus Dkdlys`s, ^fluja3= @ssua3 7=, 48 Gahajear 5992, dkg Ydrt 5 `k ^fluja3 = @ssua3 70, 59 Ga*hajear 5992+ Axharpts+Z

Hrfqu`s ga ld Hdrta dgj`k`strdt`va gu Gdbmastdk



5

℞ Gàpdrtajdkt -rdæfk) juk`h`pdl Haktra dgj`k`strdt`n

4 Dbfulso`æ rdæfk, Йишпьфгна щйалк Efurb ga Wp`b, ф+ Хжни

5 Dofuhm`kso`æ rdæfk, Йгшэнкфгна щйалк Efurb g‐Dofuhmd, ф+ Йгшэй

8 Dmvdmso`æ rdæfk, Йсейсфгна щйалк Efurb ga Odrdtd, ф+ Гйщйхй

7 Dmtykso`æ rdæfk, Йсхякфгна щйалк Efurb g‐Dmty, ф+ Йсхя

1 Ededyfurtfvso`æ rdæfk, Дйдйыщхлефгна щйалк Efurb ga Eded*yfurt, ф+ Дйдйыщх

> Eact`kso`æ futhmdstfo , Дбохнкфгна штйфхлг Efurb ga Eactd, ф+ Дбохй

2 Eftl`mso`æ rdæfk, Длхпнсфгна щйалк Efurb ga Eftl`m, ф+ Длхпнс

= Efuækdoso`æ rdæfk, Дшакйгфгна щйалк ^`lla ga Efuækdoso, и+ Дшакйгфг

0 Buarbuae`lso`æ rdæfk, Ибщибднпьфгна щйалк Efurb ga Buarbuae`l, Ибщибднпь

49 Bfujeatfvso`æ rdæfk, Ишмдбхлефгна щйалк Efurb ga Jamaltd, ф+ Мбсбпьхй

44 Bfukèso`æ rdæfk, Ишкндфгна щйалк Efurb ga Bfukè, ф+ Ишкнд

45 Gdgdavso`c rdæfk, Зйсйзйбефгна щйалк Efurb ga Furodrdm, ф+ Шщгйщйс 48 Gareaktso`æ rdæfk, Збщдбкхфгна щйалк ^`lla ga Gareakt, и+ Збщдбкх

47 Gfofuzpdr`kso`æ rdæfk, Злгшвжйщнкфгна щйалк Efurb g‐Fussfumthmdæ, ф+ Шфшстйа

41 Odzeaofvso`æ rdæfk, Гйвдбглефгна щйалк Efurb g‐Gylyj, ф+ Зяпям

4> Odætdbso`æ rdæfk, Гйахйифгна щйалк Efurb ga Jdgcdl`s, ф+ Мйзойпнф

42 Odrdefugdmoaktso`æ rdæfk, Гйщйдшзйсгбкхфгна щйалк Odrdefugdmoakt, Гйщйдшзйсгбкх

4= Odædoaktso`æ rdæfk, Гйцгбкхфгна щйалк Efurb ga Kfvfodydoakt, ф+

Клелгйцгбкх

40 O`z`l*yfurtfvso`c rdæfk, Гнвнпыщхлефгна щйалк ^`lla ga O`z`l*yfurt, и+ Гнвнпыщх

59 O`zlcdrso`æ rdæfk, Гнвпцщфгна щйалк ^`lla ga O`zldr, и+ Гнвпцщ

54 Oful`kso`æ rdæfk, Гшпнкфгна щйалк Efurb ga Edthm`, ф+ Ейтн

55 Ofujtfrodl`kso`æ rdæfk, Гшмхлщгйпнкфгна щйалк Efurb ga Ofrojdsodld, ф+ Глщгмйфгйпй

58 Ofurdmso`æ rdæfk, Гшщйсфгна щйалк Efurb ga Ofurdm, ф+ Гшщйс

57 Ldoso`æ rdæfk, Пйгфгна щйалк Efurb ga Ofujfum, ф+ Гшмшс

51 Lavdhm`kso`æ rdæfk, Пбейэнкфгна щйалк Efurb ga Làvdhm`, ф+ Пбейэн

5> Jdbdrdjoaktso`æ rdæfk, Мйийщймгбкхфгна щйалк Efurb ga Jdbdrdjoakt, ф+

Мйийщймгбкх

52 Kfvfldoso`æ rdæfk, Клелпйгфгна щйалк Efurb ga Kfvfldo, ф+ Клелпйг

5= Kfbdæso`æ rdæfk, Клийафгна щйалк Efurb ga Waraol`*Jaotae, ф+ Хбщбгпн*

50 Ufutfulso`æ rdæfk, Щшхшпьфгна щйалк Efurb ga Ufutful, ф+ Щшхшп

89 Xarbfodl`kso`æ rdæfk, Фбщилгйпнкфгна щйалк Efurb ga Xarbf*odld, ф+ Фбщилгйпй

84 Xfulaæjdk*Xtdlso`æ rdæfk, Фшпбамйк*Фхйпьфгна щйалк Efurb ga Odssfujoakt, ф+ Гйфшмгбкх

85 Wdedssdrdkso`æ rdæfk, Хйдйфйщйкфгна щйалк Efurb ga Mfuthmk`, ф+ Сшткн

88 Wdrfujfvso`æ rdæfk, Хйщшмлефгна щйалк Efurb ga Wdrfujfvod, ф+ Хйщшмлегй

87 Wldrdt`kso`æ rdæfk, Хпцщйхнкфгна щйалк Efurb ga Wldrdtd, ф+ Хпцщйхй

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/232289


















































































































































































8

Ydrt 4

Wma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt %Xmdr`dt% `s tma g`raht suhhassfr fn tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt sup*

pfsagly gastrfyag fk tma frgars fn ^ldg`j`r Yut`k `k Dubust dkg Xaptajear fn 4000_4Z+ Ds suhm, `t `s fka jfra axdjpla fn mfw `kann`hàkt d j`l`tdry raspfksa `s nfr sup*prass`kb dk `gaflfb`hdl fppfkakt+ @t `s pfssèla tf gastrfy edsas, tf gastrfy dht`va pdr*t`h`pdkts, eut `t `s qu`ta `jpfssèla tf gastrfy dk ukgarly`kb `gaflfby us`kb tdkos dkgpldkas+ X`kha tma ldrba*shdla j`l`tdry fpardt`fk hdrràg fut `k Gdbastdk `k Dubust*Xaptajear 4000, Xdldn` tadhm`kbs mdva spradg tmrfubmfut tma wmfla fn Gdbastdk, aspa*h`dlly akcfy`kb pfpuldr`ty djfkb tma yfutm fn tma rapuel`h+ Wmus, Xdldn` `gaflfby mds

eahfja d nfrj fn prftast dbd`kst Uuss`dk pfl`hàs `k Gdbastdk _5Z+ @t `s wfrtm kft`kbtmdt wm`la kft dll tma jajears fn tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt dra gag`hdtag Xdldn` dgmarakts,dll fn tmaj stdkg uk`tag `k tma dkt`*Uuss`dk strubbla, jdo`kb tm`s `gaflfby d uk`ny`kb

nfrha+ Wmara dra dlsf sjdll brfups `k tma drjag ras`stdkha jfvajakt `k Gdbastdk tmdtdra kft hfktrfllag ey tma Cdjddt, eut tmay st`ll `gakt`ny tmajsalvas w`tm tma ras`stdkhajfvajakt nfrhas+

Wma adrlàr Cdjddt, wm`hm tràg tf hfax`st w`tm tma fnn`h`dl rulars fn tma rapuel`h, wdsgastrfyag `k tma Odgdr zfka -tma v`lldbas fn Hmdedkjdom` dkg Odrdjdom`) dkg ra*pldhag ey d jfra dbbrass`va brfup tmdt kf lfkbar wdktag tf kabft`dta w`tm tmfsa wmfo`llag tma`r hfjrdgas+ Jfshfw prfj`sag kft tf `ktarnara `k tma dnnd`rs fn tma Cdjddt `ktma Odgdr zfka, `k axhmdkba nfr tma Cdjddt kft suppfrt`kb tmfsa wmf `kvdgag tma Eft*lòm g`str`ht `k Dubust 4000 _8Z+ Dntar tma nagardl dutmfr`tàs gadlt w`tm tma dht`fks fn tma j`l`tdkts `k tma Eftlòm g`str`ht, tmay pmys`hdlly l`qu`gdtag dll fn tmfsa wmf mdg kftsuppfrtag tma`r `gaflfb`hdl eratmrak‗tmdt `s, jdky fn tma Odgdr zfka `kmde`tdkts wmfmdg trustag tma nagardl dutmfr`tàs dkg ranusag tf suppfrt Jdbfjag Oaeagfv dkgXmdj`l Edsdav+

Jfshfw tfgdy ndhas buarr`llds wmf mdva nfubmt `k Hmahmkyd dkg dra dela tf stròa elfws dbd`kst Jfshfw `k tma jfst ukaxpahtag pldhas+ Wma rahakt gahldrdt`fk ey tma%Xmdr`dt% Cdjddt hfkhark`kb nutura dttdhos dbd`kst Uuss`dk Flyjp`h `ktarasts `k tma

81 Fuktsfuofulso`æ rdæfk, Шкюшгшпьфгна щйалк Efurb g‐Fuktsfuoful, ф+ Шкюшгшпь

8> Mdssdv*yfurtfvso`æ rdæfk, Сйфйеыщхлефгна щйалк ^`lla ga Mdssdv*yfurt, и+ Сйфйеыщх

82 ]`vso`æ rdæfk, Снефгна щйалк Efurb ga M`v, ф+ Сне

8= Mfukzdmso`æ rdæfk, Сшквйсфгна щйалк Efurb ga Mfukzdm, ф+ Сшквйс

80 Wsfujdg`kso`æ rdæfk, Юшмйзнкфгна щйалк Efurb g‐Dbvdl`, ф+ Йиейпн

79 Wsfukt`kso`æ rdæfk, Юшкхнкфгна щйалк Efurb ga O`gàrf, ф+ Гнзбщл

74 Whmdrfg`kso`æ rdæfk, Тйщлзнкфгна щйалк Efurb ga Wsfurè, ф+ Юшщнд

75 Hmdj`lso`æ rdæfk, Эймнпьфгна щйалк Efurb ga Maegd, ф+ Сбдзй










































7

Hr`jad smfulg kft ea g`shfuktag+ Wfgdy, dll Kfrtm Hduhdsus Cdjddt brfup`kbs mdvajajears dhrfss tma wmfla fn Uuss`d, w`tm tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt s`j`ldrly mdv`kb ayasdkg adrs hdpdela fn d`g`kb tma frbdk`zdt`fk"s pldks+ Gdbastdk` yfutm, d jdcfr`ty fn

wmfj stugy dkg l`va futs`ga tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus, saas tma jajears fn Cdjddt rasaj* el`kb Ufe`k Mffgs‗tmdt `s, kfela raeals‗dkg tma`r syjpdtmy jfst fntak tdoas tmanfrj kft fkly fn b`v`kb jfrdl suppfrt eut dlsf tf tma axtakt fn nfrj`kb halls `k Uuss`d

prfpar+

Mfw g`g suhm d brfup dppadr `k d madv`ly Xun` pfpuldtag rab`fk suhm ds Gdbastdk, wmara Xun` trdg`t`fks fr`b`kdtag fvar twf mukgrag yadrs dbf6 Wma rapuel`h `s g`nnaraktnrfj Hmahmkyd dkg @kbusmat`d `k tmdt tmara dra jdky Xmaòms dl`va tfgdy ‗Xmaòms

wmf dra fntak mfst`la tf adhm ftmar+ Fka hdk dljfst sdy tmdt dk akglass strubbla ea*twaak Xmaòms nfr stugakt"s madrts dkg j`kgs `s bf`kb fk, w`tm adhm Xmaòm hfks`gar*`kb m`jsaln tma trua tadhmar -ustdz) dkg quast`fk`kb tma lab`t`jdhy fn ftmar Xmaòmsdkg tma`r sp`r`tudl suhhass`fk _7Z+

Wma Xfvàt pfl`hy fn g`shrag`t`kb dll ral`b`fus ladgars dnnahtag Xun`sj nfllfw`kb tma yadrs fn j`l`tdkt dtma`sj+ Xmaòms mdva hfja tf raly fk tma dutmfr`ty fn tma`r tadhmars wm`la rajd`k`kb `bkfrdkt `k jdttars fn tmaflfby+ Jyst`h`sj wds madv`ly ajpmds`zag dsd wdy fn hfjpaksdt`kb nfr d ldho fn radl tmaflfb`hdl okfwlagba+ Wm`s shdrag pafpla fnn dkg jdga tmaj shapt`hdl fn wmdt wds sd`g ey tma Xun` Xmaòms fn Gdbastdk, wmf warafntak hfktrfllag ey tma dutmfr`tàs dkg tma Xfvàt OBE+

Dt tma sdja t`ja, tma hfknl`hts eatwaak Xmaòms dkg tma strubbla fvar nfllfwars g`gjuhm tf g`shrag`t tma stdtus fn Xun` tadhm`kbs `tsaln+ Xfja Xmaòms, suhm ds Xd`g Annakg`

Hm`roa`soy, mdv`kb nfukg suppfrt djfkb tmfsa `k pfwar, usag tma`r `knluakha tf dttdho tma`r fppfkakts _1Z+ Wfgdy, tma hlarby dkg tma rul`kb al`ta fn Gdbastdk dra tma pup`lsdkg nfllfwars fn Xd`g Annakg`, w`tm tma`r Xmaòm parnahtly w`ll`kb tf lat m`s tadhm`kbs easpradg ey nfrha w`tm`k tma rapuel`h+ @k frgar tf rd`sa m`s dutmfr`ty, Hm`roa`soy mds ga*hldrag m`jsaln tf ea tma Xmaòm fn dll tmraa tdr`qdts -Xun` frgars) _Kdqsmedkg`, Xmdz`l`dkg Tdg`r`Z tmdt dra okfwk `k tma rapuel`h+ Wma ndht tmdt tma tmraa shmffls mdva rdg`hdl*ly g`nnarakt tadhm`kbs dkg prdht`has gfas kft saaj tf jdttar+ Xuhm suppfrt fnnarag tfXmaòms ey tma dutmfr`tàs mds jdga pafpla saa tmaj ds pfl`t`hdl rdtmar tmdk ral`b`fusladgars, dkg lag tmaj tf ea dssfh`dtag w`tm dll tma kabdt`va dspahts fn Gdbastdk` al`tapfl`t`hs‗`ts prf*Uuss`dk fràktdt`fk, hfrrupt`fk, dkg `khfjpatakha+ @k tma akg, suhm

suppfrt fkly ukgarj`kas tma dutmfr`ty fn Xun` Xmaòms+@t `s adsàr nfr tma Gdbastdk` dutmfr`tàs tf gf eus`kass w`tm fka hfjpl`dkt Xmaòm tmdktry tf n`kg d hfjjfk ldkbudba w`tm d gfzak lfhdl Xmaòms wmf vdry `k tma`r ealàns? euttmdt hmf`ha eahdja d gan`k`kb fka nfr tmfsa wmf hfks`gar tmajsalvas futs`ga fn Xu*n`sj+ Wmay dhhusa tma Xmaòms fn hfllug`kb w`tm tma dutmfr`tàs dkg vàw tmaj ds ea`kbg`rahtly raspfksèla nfr tma ndht tmdt Jusl`js futs`ga tma tdr`qdts assakt`dlly eahdjaakajàs fn tma rapuel`h+ Nfllfw`kb tma avakts fn Dubust 4000, d ldw edkk`kb Rdmmd*

e`sj wds dgfptag `k Gdbastdk _>Z+ Dntar tmdt, ldws fn tm`s o`kg wara dlsf dgfptag `kHmahmkyd dkg Odrdhmdavf*Hmaroass`d+ Dt tma sdja t`ja, naw okfw wmdt `s dhtudlly jadkt ey tma tarj %Rdmmde`ta+%



1

Wma Xmaòms dra `bkfrdkt `k tmaflfb`hdl jdttars3 trdg`t`fkdlly tmay gajdkgag fkly fea*gàkha, rdtmar tmdk shmfldrsm`p, nrfj tma`r stugakts, jdo`kb tmaj ads`ly fvarwmaljag

wmak nfrhag tf tdlo defut @sldj sflaly edsag fk tma Ofrdk dkg tma Xukkdm+ Xun`Xmaòms dlwdys mdg g`nn`hultàs wmak Xdldn`s hdllag nfr puel`h gaedtas fvar tma nfukgd*t`fks fn @sldj`h tmaflfby, dkg tma stfry `s tma sdja dll fvar tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus, w`tmkf fnn`h`dl hlarbyjak dbraa`kb tf dk fpak gaedta w`tm tma Xdldn`s+ @k Gdbastdk, tmara

wara jdky `kh`gakts wmak d gaedta wds pfssèla, eut tmasa avakts wara dlwdys hdk*hallag dt tma ldst j`kuta, w`tm tma dutmfr`tàs prasakt`kb tma hdkhalldt`fks ds tma rasultfn Xdldn` ukw`ll`kbkass, dltmfubm tmara `s kf av`gakha tf smfw tmdt tm`s wds avar tmahdsa+

Fk tma ftmar mdkg, tmfsa naw `kg`v`gudls wmf g`g kft suppfrt tma Xun` gfhtr`ka eahdjajfra dkg jfra pfpuldr w`tm tma Gdbastdk` yfutm stdrt`kb w`tm tma 4029s+ Wmus, Jd*bfjag Oaeagfv, d nutura Xdldn` ladgar, wds dela tf dttrdht qu`ta d kujear fn yfukb nfl*lfwars w`tm m`s okfwlagba fn @sldj`h tmaflfby dkg tma ndht tmdt ma axpartly pf`ktag fut

tma j`stdoas fn tma Xun` Xmaòms fn Gdbastdk+

Wma fr`b`kdl Oaeagfv Cdjddt wds suppfrtag eftm `gaflfb`hdlly dkg n`kdkh`dlly ey jdky fvarsads nfukgdt`fks, jdky fn wm`hm wara rab`starag lfhdlly `k Uuss`d+ Wmasa `khlugagtma %Xdlvdt`fk% @ktarkdt`fkdl @sldj`h Frbdk`zdt`fk? tma %Eakavflakha @ktarkdt`fkdlNfukgdt`fk,% -Hm`hdbf, QXD)? %Cdjddt @om`d dt*Wurds dl*@sldj`% -Ouwd`t)? %LdsmodrWdèd% -Ydo`stdk)? %Dl*Mdrdja`k Nfukgdt`fk% -U`ydgm, Xdug` Drde`d)? dk Djar`hdk@sldj`h aguhdt`fkdl nfukgdt`fk fut fn Dsmldkg, Frabfk? %Tdtdr% dkg %@ordd,% -C`ggdm,Xdug` Drde`d)? %@erdm`j e`k @erdm`j% -C`ggdm, Xdug` Drde`d)? dkg ftmars _2Z+ Wma pras*akha fn suhm `ktarkdt`fkdl frbdk`zdt`fks jdga `t juhm adsàr nfr lfhdls tf bat `k hfktdht

w`tm rdg`hdl @sldj`h frbdk`zdt`fks tmrfubmfut tma rast fn tma wfrlg+

Wma Gykdj`hs fn Cdjddt Dht`v`ty

Dbd`kst tma edhogrfp fn tma dppf`ktjakt fn @kbusm Cdjddt ladgar Jdbds -Domjag Pavlfav) tf tma pfst fn madg j`l`tdry ras`stdkha ladgar, `t wds nully axpahtag tmdt tmaladgar fn tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt, Udppdk` Omdl`lfv, wmf ey tmdt t`ja wds dlradgy vary

wall okfwk dkg pfpuldr djfkb tma j`l`tdkts, wfulg ea dppf`ktag tf suhm d pfst+ Qk*

gar Gfoou Qjdrfv, wa dra w`tkass`kb tma hmdkbafvar fn d wmfla bakardt`fk fn flg*budrg ladgars `k tma ras`stdkha jfvajakt+ Wma flgar jak dra ea`kb rapldhag ey kaw ladgars wmf wara fkly yfukb efys gur`kb tma n`rst Hmahmak Rdr+ Wma ras`stdkha jfva*jakt `s eahfj`kb %`ktarkdt`fkdl`zag% w`tm tma `knus`fk fn kfk*Hmahmaks `ktf `ts ladg*arsm`p+

Xhapt`hs wmf mdva stugàg tma ras`stdkha fvar tma ldst savak yadrs mdva fntak spfoak fn tma %gadtm% fn tma ras`stdkha nfllfw`kb tma o`ll`kb fn `kg`v`gudl ladg`kb n`buras `k tmajfvajakt+ Pat nfr radsfks ukokfwk, tmasa shapt`hs dra ukdela axpld`k wmf ‗fvar tmaldst k`ka yadrs fn wdrndra `k tma rab`fk‗mdva eaak elfw`kb up, o`ll`kb dkg strò`kb s`lf*vò` dkg hfkguht`kb j`l`tdry fpardt`fks+ Rmy ‗`n tma wdr mds akgag‗gf trffps st`ll ra*jd`k `k tma rab`fk dkg kaw Uuss`dk j`l`tdry edsas dkg NXE trd`k`kb haktras dra



fpak`kb, w`tm kaw j`l`tdry n`r`kb rdkbas `k tma jfuktd`ks6 Dbd`kst wmfj dra tmay eu`lg`kb up nfrhas `n tma wdr mds akgag6 Rmy dra tmasa %dkdlysts% ukdela tf axpld`k wmy tmfusdkgs fn pfl`ha uk`ts nrfj dhrfss Uuss`d hfkt`kua tf ea fk tfurs fn guty `ktma rab`fk6

Juhm tf tma`r dstfk`smjakt, tma jfvajakt mds kft g`sdppadrag dkg mds avak spradgdhrfss prdht`hdlly tma wmfla fn tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus+ Nfr d lfkb t`ja kfw, tma ras`stdkhajfvajakt mds kft fpardtag fk tma %ladgar dkg tma rast fn tma ras`stdkha% pr`kh`pla3 `k*gaag, s`kha 5994, `t mds radlly wfroag dlfkb tma l`kas fn %tma ras`stdkha dkg `ts ladg*ars+% Wma parsfkdl`ty fn tma ladgar `s kf lfkbar fn pr`jdry `jpfrtdkha dkg tma struh*tura fn tma frbdk`zdt`fk `s suhm tmdt sld`k ladgars dra ads`ly rapldhag, sfjatm`kb tmdtmds eaak fesarvag jdky t`jas fvar tma yadrs+

@n wa lffo dt tma dht`fks ukgartdoak ey tma Cdjddt `k Gdbastdk, `t `s hladr tmdt tma

shfpa fn dht`v`ty wds j`k`jdl `k 5999 dkg 5994, eut tmdt tma kujear fn dht`fks ey tmaj`l`tdkts dbd`kst nagardl pfwar struhturas hl`jeag stadg`ly `k suesaquakt yadrs+ @k5999*5994, tma brfup wds prfedely hfjplataly nfhusag fk Hmahmkyd, eut nfllfw`kb draturk tf tma`r mfjaldkg, tarrfr`st dht`v`ty `k Gdbastdk qu`holy stdrtag tf `khradsa+ @kfka fn m`s adrly v`gaf rahfrg`kbs, tma ldta Gdbastdk` raeal hfjjdkgar Udppdk` Omd*l`lfv tmdkoag dll tma Gdbastdk`s tmdt hdja tf n`bmt w`tm m`j dkg tma Cdjddt `k Hmahm*kyd+ @k 5995*5998, d hartd`k dgdpt`va prfhass wds ukgarwdy, ds tma brfup dgcustag tftma kaw radl`tàs fn Gdbastdk+ Ey 5997, tma Cdjddt wds hdrry`kb fut wall*frbdk`zag,pfwarnul dkg nraquakt dttdhos, `kg`hdt`kb tmdt tmay wara n`kdlly radgy dkg prapdrag tfn`bmt+ Wfgdy, tma dht`v`tàs fn tma Cdjddt dra kf lfkbar `sfldtag ap`sfgas, eut wall hffr*

g`kdtag alajakts fn d bradtar strubbla axahutag ey d hfmas`va j`l`tdry dkg pfl`t`hdlstruhtura fppfsag tf tma rapuel`h"s dutmfr`tàs+

Wma spmara fn dht`fks fn tma Cdjddt, wm`hm wds suesaquaktly trdksnfrjag `ktf d sahtfrfn tma ras`stdkha"s Hduhdsus Nrfkt -dkg `s kfw okfwk ds tma %^`ldyat fn Gdbastdk%

w`tm`k tma Hduhds`dk Aj`rdta rahaktly prfhld`jag ey ras`stdkha ladgar Gfood Qjd*rfv), smfws tmdt `t mds dnn`l`dtas fr halls dll fvar tma rapuel`h _=Z+ @ksurbakt `knluakha `sspradg`kb nrfj Omdsdvyurt dkg tma Hmahmak efrgar `k tma wast, tf Jdomdhmodld `ktma adst, ds wall ds O`zlydr `k tma kfrtm, dkg B`jry dkg Eu`kdoso `k tma sfutm+ Gar*

eakt, `k tma ndr sfutm fn Gdbastdk, `s nraa fn tma`r `knluakha, eut tm`s `s axpld`kag ey tmaax`stakha fn atmk`h g`v`s`fks w`tm`k tma rapuel`h+ Gareakt `s d pragfj`kdktly Lazb`kh`ty, wm`la tma Cdjddt `s jfstly hfjpfsag fn Dvdrs, Ldos, Oujyos dkg Gdrb`ks+ Wm`sdlsf jadks tmdt tma kfrtmarkjfst pdrts fn tma rapuel`h dra pdrt fn tma Kfbd` cdjddtdkg dra `khlugag `k tma Xtdvrfpfl sahtfr fn tma ras`stdkha"s Hduhdsus Nrfkt+

Wma Avflut`fk fn tma Cdjddt

Wmfubm tma m`stfry fn tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt gdtas edho tf tma 40=9s, `ts ajarbakha`ktf tma j`l`tdr`zag struhtura tmdt `t `s tfgdy tffo pldha `k Hmahmkyd `k 4002+ @t wdsmara tmdt dk `gaflfb`hdl brfup wds trdksnfrjag `ktf d j`l`tdry fka d`j`kb dt sa`z`kb



pfl`t`hdl pfwar, hradt`kb dkg @sldj`h rapuel`h dkg nfrh`kb tma Uuss`dk drjy tf ladvaGdbastdk+

Dntar tma n`rst j`l`tdry hdjpd`bk `k Hmahmkyd -4007*400>), dll fn tma nfllfwars fn Ed*bdutg`k -Jdbfjag) Oaeagfv eabdk ladv`kb Gdbastdk nfr Hmahmkyd, ds g`g tma`r sp`r*`tudl ladgar+ Wmay hdllag tmaj tma Jumdc`ruk, dntar tma nl`bmt fn nfllfwars fn tma Yrfpmat

Jumdjjdg nrfj Jahhd tf Jag`kd `k D+G+>55)+ Nfr d wm`la tma haktra fn Cdjddt dht`v*`ty wds tma Hmahmak h`ty fn Bugarjas, eut nfllfw`kb tma hfknrfktdt`fks eatwaak Xul`j Pdjdgdav dkg tmfsa Xdldn` gatdhmjakts lfydl tf aj`r Degurdomjdk dl*Sdro` -dk atm*k`h Hmahmak efrk `k Sdrod, Cfrgdk) `k tma sujjar fn 400=, dht`v`ty sm`ntag tf Qrus*Jdrtdk dkg Aj`r Omdttde"s -Xdj`r Xdlam Degdlld dl*Xuva`ldm) trd`k`kb hdjps kadr tma

v`lldba fn Dvtury _0Z+

Gur`kb tma hfknrfktdt`fk `k Bugarjas, tma Gdbastdk` j`l`tdkts jd`ktd`kag tma`r kau*trdl`ty dkg g`g kft `ktarvaka tf d`g tma`r hfjrdgas, tma Hmahmak Xdldn`s+ Xuhm d pfl`hy

wds hfknus`kb nfr jdky dkg Oaeagfv wds ldtar nraquaktly raj`kgag mfw tma uttar ga*nadt fn tma Hmahmak rdg`hdls ey Dsldk Jdsomdgfv"s bfvarkjakt trffps wds akt`raly m`sndult+ Dt tmdt t`ja, mfwavar, Oaeagfv"s raputdt`fk wds st`ll sfl`g akfubm tf smàlg m`j,tmfubm `t wds kft ds uksmdodela ds `t mdg saajag adrlàr+

Oaeagfv"s sahfkg `jpfrtdkt nd`lura wds hdusag ey m`s wado hmdrdhtar dkg m`s eamdv*`fur `k Gdbastdk+ Ma mdg tf okfw tmdt `t wds `jpfssèla tf fvartmrfw tma lfhdl bfvark*jakt tma sdja wdy `t mdg eaak gfka `k Hmahmkyd `k 4004, dkg `t wds hladr tmdt tma 4000`khurs`fk `ktf tma Eftlòm g`str`ht dkg tma prfhldjdt`fk fn tma %@sldj`h Uapuel`h fn Gd*bastdk% erfubmt defut d hfjplataly kabdt`va raspfksa tfwdrgs m`j+ Yr`fr tf dky hfk*nrfktdt`fks w`tm tma Uuss`dk drjy, ma dpprfdhmag Xmdj`l Edsdav dkg dsoag m`j nfrmalp `k g`spfs`kb fn Gdbastdk"s prf*Uuss`dk rulars wm`la dlsf fnn`h`dlly dkkfukh`kb dkgg`ssaj`kdt`kb `knfrjdt`fk defut tma hradt`fk fn dk %@sldj`h Uapuel`h fn Gdba*stdk% _49Z+ @t wds hladr tmdt tma wmfla dnnd`r wds pldkkag, `khlug`kb tma rfla fn Oaea*gfv"s Cdjddt ds tma vdkbudrg, `k frgar tf pravakt tma Hmahmaks nrfj ea`kb dhhusag fn dttdho`kb Gdbastdk+ Oaeagfv"s axhass`va mdsta‗jfra hfrrahtly m`s hfwdrg`ha‗lag tftma prah`sa radht`fk tmdt tma buarr`llds sfubmt tf dvf`g+ R`tm tma malp fn Uuss`dk pfl`t`*h`dks dkg tma jag`d, `t wds gahldrag tmdt tma Hmahmaks mdg `kvdgag Gdbastdk, wm`hmlag tf d surba fn suppfrt djfkb Gdbastdk`s nfr tma lfhdl dutmfr`tàs+ Avak `n tm`s mdgkft mdppakag, `t saajs ds `n tmara wara naw jak w`ll`kb tf stdkg ukgar tma Xdldn` edk*

kars `k tma rapuel`h dt tma t`ja+

Nfllfw`kb tma Eftlòm fpardt`fk, Xmdj`l Edsdav eahdja hfkv`khag tmdt Edbdutg`kOaeagfv dkg Kdg`r Omdhm`ldav wara tdo`kb d tradsfkfus wd`t*dkg*saa pfl`hy, dkg m`g*`kb eam`kg tma Hmahmak buarr`llds rdtmar tmdk dht`valy pdrt`h`pdt`kb `k tma hfknl`ht+ @kpr`vdta hfkvarsdt`fks, Edsdav `kg`hdtag tmdt eftm jak fubmt tf ea smft+ Omdhm`ldav wdstma n`rst jdk tf qu`t, w`tm Oaeagfv nfllfw`kb su`t tmaradntar+ Ma jfvag tf Wuroay,

wmara ma kfw wr`tas effos tmdt dra puel`smag `k Jfshfw, b`v`kb m`j tma fppfrtuk`ty tf hfkgajk Xun`sj dkg tmfsa lèardl Hmahmak pfl`t`h`dks tmdt wara kavar %truly w`tm

m`j% fr m`s nfllfwars+



Wm`s wmfla ap`sfga smfwag tmdt tmara wds tma ajarbakha fn d kaw Cdjddt, w`tmkaw nukht`fks dkg kaw ladgars fpardt`kb ds pdrt fn d w`gar Kfrtm Hduhdsus ra*s`stdkha jfvajakt+ Ladgarsm`p fn tma ras`stdkha pdssag tf Udppdk` Omdl`lfv dkgUdsul Jdosmdr`pfv dt tma akg fn 5999 dkg tma eab`kk`kb fn 5994+ Xp`r`tudl ladgars

wara lass kahassdry `k t`jas jfra jdrt`dl, ds sp`r`tudl`ty bdva wdy tf Odldsmkòfvs+

Ydrt 5

Nfllfw`kb tma avakts fn sujjar dkg ndll fn 4000, tma radl`tàs fn Gdbastdk‐s l`nasubbastag tmdt d wmfla kaw dtt`tuga tfwdrg Xdldn` dgmarakts wds ajarb`kb+ Gdba*stdk `s bakardlly hfks`garag d rab`fk w`tm dba*flg, wall*astdel`smag Jusl`j trdg`*t`fks, eut tma rapuel`h wds kft radgy nfr tma gajdkgs jdga ey tma Cdjddt nfllfw*`kb tma g`ssflut`fk fn tma Xfvàt Qk`fk+ Wma pfpuldt`fk dt ldrba wds mdppy tf pf`kttf “trdg`t`fkdl @sldj‚ ds d budrdktaa fn dk adsy l`na spakt syjefl`hdlly nuln`ll`kb tma

kfrjs dkg r`tudls fn @sldj`h tadhm`kb, rdtmar tmdk radlly jdo`kb dk annfrt `k fka‐sral`b`fus fesarvdkha, ds gajdkgag ey tma Xdldn`s+ Wma kft`fk fn “trdg`t`fkdl @sldj‚

wds tdktdjfukt tf kfk*`ktarnarakha `k ndj`ly jdttars dkg tma nfrjdl fesarvdkhafn @sldj`h kfrjs+

@k dgg`t`fk tf tma `gaflfb`hdl hmdllakba pfsag ey tma Cdjddt tf tma fnn`h`dl ral`b`fkdssfh`dtag w`tm tma hurrakt ladgarsm`p, tmara wds dlsf tma `ll w`ll tfwdrg tma lfhdlladgars hdusag ey tma jdss deguht`fks fn yfukb pafpla+ Dhhfrg`kb tf tma rapuel`h‐sprfsahutfr fnn`ha, 21 pafpla mdva eaak deguhtag ey jak `k uk`nfrj `k tma par`fg

eatwaak 4000 dkg tma n`rst savak jfktms fn 5992 - Odvodzoy Qzal , Dubust 58)+Nfrty*fka fn tmasa wara ldtar nfukg, nfur g`shfvarag gadg dkg tma ndta fn tma ra*jd`k`kb 89 `s st`ll ukhladr+ Wmasa dra fkly tmfsa wmf wara deguhtag ey uk`nfrjagdssd`ldkts+ @n tmfsa o`gkdppag ey tma NXE dkg tmfsa tmdt g`sdppadrag w`tmfut dtrdha wara hfuktag, tma kujears wfulg ea s`bk`n`hdktly m`bmar+

Fnn`h`dl n`buras `k 5999 smfwag tmdt tmara wara 51,999 Xdldn` dgmarakts `k tma ra*puel`h, eut twf yadrs ldtar tma n`bura suggakly grfppag tf =99, subbast`kb tmdtkujear*cubbl`kb wds gfka `k Jfshfw `k frgar tf smfw mfw suhhassnul wds tman`bmt dbd`kst tma rdg`hdls -Gdbastdk Kaws Dbakhy, Xaptajear 1, 5991)+

Qklòa Hmahmkyd, Gdbastdk gfas kft mdva nfrast*hfvarag jfuktd`ks `k wm`hmsjdll brfups fn buarr`llds hdk m`ga+ Wm`s jadks tmdt `ksurbakts dra nfrhag tf hfk*

hadl tmajsalvas `k tma ldrba sattlajakts fn tma rapuel`h, jdo`kb tma dtt`tugas fn lf*hdls tfwdrgs tmaj d oay `ssua, b`vak tmdt jajears fn tma ras`stdkha w`ll ea adsy tf`gakt`ny+ Wma dht`fks fn Uuss`dk trffps dbd`kst `ksurbakts `k uredk drads dlwdyshdusa mdrj tf ka`bmefur`kb gwall`kbs+ Wma dutmfr`tàs ealàva tmdt tm`s w`ll al`h`t dkabdt`va radht`fk tfwdrgs tma `ksurbakts, eut tma radl`ty `s tmdt tma `kg`bkdkt, dk*bry edholdsm `s g`rahtag sflaly dt tma Uuss`dk drjag nfrhas+ Xld`k buarr`llds dra ra*spahtag ey tma lfhdl yfutm ds axdjplas fn erdvary tf ea ajuldtag+

Xdldn` vàws dra eahfj`kb `khrads`kbly pfpuldr w`tm`k tmdt pdrt fn tma Gdbastdk`pfpuldt`fk tmdt hdk ea hmdrdhtar`zag ds tma `ktall`bakts`d+ Wma parhaktdba fn

tmfsa w`tm`k tmdt sahtfr wmf syjpdtm`za w`tm tm`s o`kg fn Xdldn` hurrakt `s vary m`bm+ @k fka



fn m`s `ktarvàws, tma rapuel`h‐s `ktar`fr j`k`star dgj`ttag tmdt tma drjag ra*s`stdkha `s hfjpfsag fn d vdràty fn pafpla eut `khlugas jdky w`tm m`bmar aguhd*t`fk+ Axdjplas `khluga suhm jak ds Jdbfjagtdb`r Bdsm`jfv, tma nfrjar gadk fn tma tmaflfby gapdrtjakt dt tma Hduhdsus H`v`h @kst`tuta, Deuzdb`r Jdktdav, d YmGstugakt `k tma bfvarkjakt gapdrtjakt dkg Jdomdhm Udsulfv, d brdgudta stugaktdt Gdbastdk Xtdta Qk`vars`ty dkg dutmfr fn d kujear fn drt`hlas fk ral`b`fus tfp`hs`k lfhdl kawspdpars, dkg Sued`l Om`ydsf, tma 29*yadr flg nfrjar gaputy j`k`star fn hultura dkg g`rahtfr fn tma Oujyo*ldkbudba tmadtra, wmf wds o`llag dlfkb w`tmftmar Cdjddt jajears gur`kb d sàba fn m`s dpdrtjakt -Wrug+ru, Kfvajear 4>,5991? Odvodzhaktar+hfj, Xaptajear 2)+

Pfukb Gdbastdk`s wmf ras`ga `k Jfshfw fr ftmar ldrba Uuss`dk h`tàs takg tf tdoatma Xdldn` dpprfdhm tf @sldj, dkg dra dlwdys cf`kag tfbatmar `k d struhtura `kv`sèlatf tma dutmfr`tàs tmdt `s dlsf hdllag d %Cdjddt+‚ @t jdy fntak saaj tmdt yfukb jakfuts`ga Gdbastdk dra jfra lòaly tf ea Xdldn` dgmarakts, tmfubm d hdusa nfr tm`s

pmakfjakfk jdy ea nfukg `k tma g`shr`j`kdtfry pfl`hàs pursuag ey tma bfvark*jakt tfwdrgs yfukb jak nrfj tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus+

Wma Bfdls fn tma Cdjddt

Ds tma ldta Udppdk` Omdl`lfv, tma Cdjddt‐s ladgar wmf wds o`llag gur`kb d spah`dlfpardt`fk dbd`kst j`l`tdkts `k Gdbastdk‐s O`z`lyurt g`str`ht `k Xaptajear 5992, tflgUdg`f Lèarty `k Jdrhm fn tmdt yadr, tma Gdbastdk` ras`stdkha frbdk`zdt`fk mds fkly

fka bfdl‘“tma nraa`kb fn Jusl`j ldkgs nrfj Uuss`dk fhhupdt`fk dkg tma hradt`fkfn d stdta edsag fk Xmdr`dt ldw‚ -Udg`f Lèarty, Jdrhm 89)+ Wm`s `s, `k dll prfede`l*`ty, tma jdx`juj tmdt tma `ksurbakts dra d`j`kb nfr, w`tm tma j`k`juj ea`kb dstrfkb pfs`t`fk nrfj wm`hm tf gajdkg tmdt tma Uuss`dk drjy ea w`tmgrdwk nrfjtma rapuel`h, dkg tmdt Gdbastdk`s dra dela tf gah`ga wmdt sfrt fn stdta tmay wfulglòa tf hradta+

D juhm s`jplar bfdl `kvflvas akarb`z`kb dll tmfsa wmf wfulg n`bmt dbd`kst `llab`t`*jdta rulars‘tmdt `s, dbd`kst tma rapuel`h‐s hurrakt ladgars+ Wm`s pdrt`huldr fecaht`va

saajs tf mdva eaak jat, s`kha Gdbastdk `s hurraktly vàwag, dlfkb w`tm @kbusmat`d,ds fka fn tma jfst ukstdela drads `k tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus+ Wm`s stdta mds lag tf kaw j`l`tdry uk`ts ea`kb jfvag `ktf tma rapuel`h dkg kaw edsas ea`kb hradtag- Odvodzsoy Qzal , Dubust 58)+

@k dkswar`kb d quast`fk defut tma fecaht`vas fn tma dttdhos ma mdg ldukhmag, Omd*l`lfv hladrly l`stag tma tdrbats fn m`s suefrg`kdtas3 “Wma tdrbats fn fur dttdhos dratmfsa bdkbs tmdt dra fntak hdllag ”ldw *aknfrhajakt efgàs3 tma ”NXE‐, ”J^G‐,”prfsahutfr‐s fnn`ha‐ dkg ftmars+ ^dl`g j`l`tdry tdrbats `khluga tma makhmjak fn tmaodn`rs -`kn`gals) nrfj tma GQJG _tma Xp`r`tudl Efdrg fn Jusl`js fn Gdbastdk, tmarapuel`h‐s fnn`h`dl Jusl`j efgyZ dkg tma odn`rs nrfj tma Uuss`dk FrtmfgfxHmurhm‚ - Odvodzsoy Qzal , Dubust 58)+



Wma Xtruhtura fn tma Cdjddt

Cdjddt struhturas dra uk`nfrj dhrfss tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus dkg gf kft vdry gua tfatmk`h fr rab`fkdl g`nnarakhas, axhapt `k rdra axhapt`fks+ Nfr kadrly a`bmt yadrs, fkafn tma east*okfwk ladgars fn tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt wds Udppdk` Omdl`lfv, d kdt`va

fn tma h`ty fn Eu`kdoso dkg dk atmk`h Ldo+ Ma wds rapldhag ds hfjjdkgar fn tmaGdbastdk` sahtfr fn tma Hduhdsus Nrfkt ey Dj`r Degul*Jdgzm`g, wmf dlsf eabdk dsd jajear fn tma “Xmdr`dt‚ Cdjddt dt tma stdrt fn tma sahfkg j`l`tdry hdjpd`bk `kHmahmkyd `k 4000 dkg wds fka fn Omdl`lfv‐s hlfsast dssfh`dtas+ Wma “Xmdr`dt‚ Cd*jddt mds uk`ts dhrfss tma akt`ra rapuel`h+ Wma rapuel`h `s g`v`gag `ktf zfkas, suhmds tma Eu`kdoso, Buegak, Jdomdhmodld, O`zl`dr, Omdsdvyurt, Eftlòm dkg ftmars+

Dj`r Degul*Jdgzm`g m`jsaln dkg ftmars `k tma sahtfr‐s hfjjdkg dra jajears fn tma J`l`tdry Hfukh`l fn tma Xmurd ukgar Gfood Qjdrfv dkg, s`kha Qjdrfv‐s rahaktprfhldjdt`fk fn d “Hduhds`dk Aj`rdta,‚ Dj`r Degul Jdgzm`g mds eaak jdga “^dl`fn tma ^`ldyat fn Gdbastdk‚‘tmdt `s, tma ras`stdkha‐s ga ndhtf rular `k Gdbastdk+ Dll

fn tma v`ldyats dra uk`tag ukgar tma ladgarsm`p fn Gfood Qjdrfv, wmf `s hfks`g*arag tma parsfkdl rular fn tm`s “v`rtudl‚ aj`rdta, eut `k ndht, adhm vdl` `s dutfkf*jfus kft ey v`rtua fn tma nfrjdt`fk fn dk aj`rdta, eut str`htly gua tf tma desakha fn dutmfr`ty fn Gfood Qjdrfv djfkb tmfsa n`bmt`kb ukgar tma nldb fn tma ras`stdkhajfvajakt+

Lfhdlly, tma zfkas dra g`v`gag `ktf sjdll brfups edsag `k vdr`fus sattlajakts, w`tmldrba h`tàs suhm ds Jdomdhmodld, Odsp``so, fr Eu`kdoso mdv`kb kujarfus halls,adhm raspfksèla nfr d g`str`ht fr ka`bmefrmffg+ Hartd`k pdrt`huldrly dht`va brfups

mdva tdoak `kg`v`gudl kdjas wm`la st`ll rajd`k`kb pdrt fn tma Cdjddt+ Wmasa `k*hluga “Gzmukgulldm‚ -Wma wdrr`frs fn Dlldm) `k Omdsdvyurt, “Xa`nulldm‚ -Wma swfrgfn Dlldm) `k Eu`kdoso dkg “Pds`k‚ `k Jdomdhmodld+

Dhhfrg`kb tf J`rzfedld J`rzfedldav, tma madg fn tma `kvast`bdt`va fnn`ha fn tma Gd*bastdk` prfsahutfr‐s fnn`ha, savardl tarrfr`st brfups hfktrfllag ey Hmahmak axtraj*`sts fpardta ukgar tma hfllaht`va “Cakkat‚ kdja+ Wmasa dra m`bmly sahrat`va frbdk`*zdt`fks w`tm tma`r fwk `ktall`bakha dkg sahur`ty struhturas dkg jft`vdtag ey strfkb`gaflfb`hdl vàws -Wrug+ru, Kfvajear 4>, 5991)+ Wm`s dgj`ss`fk hladrly smfws tmdt

tma fnn`h`dl dutmfr`tàs dgj`t tmdt tma Cdjddt mds d katwfro fn halls dhrfss tma wmfla rapuel`h+ Wma ranarakha tf “Hmahmak axtraj`sts‚ `s dk dttajpt tf pldhdtaJfshfw ey sm`nt`kb dttakt`fk dwdy nrfj Gdbastdk‐s `ktarkdl prfelajs dkg tfwdrgsHmahmkyd+

Dk dppdraktly `kgapakgakt brfup hdllag “Pds`k‚ fpardtas `kgapakgaktly fn tmaJdomdhmodld hall dkg mds eaak hmdrbag w`tm “gastrfy`kb tma jukdn`qs _mypfhr`tasZ dkg `gaflfb`hdl akajàs fn @sldj+‚ Fka fn tma fpardt`fks ukgartdoak

ey tm`s brfup `k 5992 wds tma o`ll`kb fn Our*Jumdjjag Udjdzdkfv, tma gaputy madg junt` fn Gdbastdk -Gd`jfom+`knf, Culy 89)+ Wma gadtms fn twf Gdbastdk` j`k*`stars fn atmk`h dnnd`rs, `k 5998 dkg 5991, wara dlsf prfedely tma wfro fn tm`s fr*bdk`zdt`fk+



Wma Mukt nfr Udppdk` Omdl`lfv

Udppdk` Omdl`lfv wds tma Gdbastdk` raeal jfst adbarly sfubmt ey sahur`ty parsfk*kal+ Wma j`l`tdry, tma NXE, tma pfl`ha dkg raprasaktdt`vas fn tma lfhdl bfvarkjakt

wara dll dntar Omdl`lfv, dkg tmay dll mdva l`sts fn tma`r hfjrdgas o`llag ey m`s jaktmdt dra wd`t`kb tf ea dvakbag -dt tftdl 71 gadtms, dhhfrg`kb tf hfksarvdt`va ast`*

jdtas)+ Rmak dk dkkfukhajakt wds jdga `k adrly Cuka 5992 tmdt d ldrba*shdlafpardt`fk d`jag dt hdptur`kb Omdl`lfv wds ukgar wdy, tma wmfla fn Gdbastdk wd`t*ag w`tm edtag eradtm, sfja w`tm hfkhark, ftmars w`tm dkt`h`pdt`fk+ Fvar n`va tmfu*sdkg sflgàrs, pfl`hajak dkg hfjjdkgfs wara usag `k tma fpardt`fk, w`tm NXEdkg Uuss`dk @ktar`fr J`k`stry spatskdz uk`ts drr`v`kb ds ra`knfrhajakts nrfj Jfs*hfw -Odvodz+jajf+ru, Bdzatd+ru, Ktv+ru, Cuka 0)+ Wma prfpdbdkgd el`tz dhhfjpd*ky`kb tma fpardt`fk jdga `t saaj lòa Udppdk` Omdl`lfv‐s ndta wds sadlag+ Wma `k`*t`dl w`ga*shdla rdg`f dkg W^ hfvardba avaktudlly patarag fut wmak rapfrtars stdrt*ag tf radl`za tmdt kf tdkbèla rasults wfulg ea nfrtmhfj`kb‗tmay turkag fut tf ear`bmt+

Wmara wara d kujear fn suhm fpardt`fks fvar tma ldst savardl yadrs, adhm fn tmajakg`kb w`tm d prfhldjdt`fk fn Omdl`lfv"s gadtm -Odvodz*nfruj+ru, Jdy 59)+ Patavary t`ja, juhm tf tma nury fn tma sahur`ty sarv`has dkg tma Uuss`dk J`k`stry fn tma @ktar`fr, Omdl`lfv jdga stdtajakts `k tma jag`d ranut`kb m`s “ukt`jaly ga*j`sa+‚ Nfllfw`kb d trdg`t`fk wall astdel`smag `k Hmahmkyd, tmasa typas fn nd`lurasmdva lag tma Uuss`dk sahur`ty sarv`has tf ldeal avary sld`k buarr`lld “d jfst `j*pfrtdkt dkg oay ladgar‚ dkg hld`j tmdt tm`s spah`n`h jdk wds raspfksèla nfr d gfz*ak uksflvag jurgars+ Xuhm jatmfgs takg tf jdoa fka tm`ko tmdt tma ras`stdkha `sakt`raly hfjpfsag fn m`bm*rdko`kb hfjjdkgars wmf mdva kf suefrg`kdtas wmdt*sfavar+

@k tma j`ggla fn Xaptajear 5992, Gdbastdk` sahur`ty nfrhas, wfro`kb cf`ktly w`tmtma NXE, o`llag Omdl`lfv ey hmdkha gur`kb d spah`dl fpardt`fk? `kgaag, dt n`rst, tmay g`g kft rahfbk`za tma efgy, dkg Omdl`lfv‐s gadtm wds mdkglag w`tm bradt hdut`fkfut fn nadr fn ea`kb j`stdoak yat dbd`k+ Gur`kb tma tmraa gdys eanfra tma “Xmdr`dt‚Cdjddt hfkn`rjag Omdl`lfv‐s gadtm, jdky ealàvag `t wds cust tma ldtast ndrha-Odvodzhaktar+hfj, Xaptajear 59)+ Wma Uuss`d spah`dl sarv`has w`ll cust`n`dely

vàw tma fpardt`fk `k wm`hm Omdl`lfv wds o`llag ds fka fn tma jfst s`bk`n`hdkt hdr*ràg fut `k tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus+ Fk tma maals fn tma o`ll`kb fn Xmdj`l Edsdav, tmay

al`j`kdtag tma`r jfst `jpldhdela nfa `k Gdbastdk+

Wma kaw ladgarsm`p fn tma “Xmdr`dt‚ Cdjddt, `k tma parsfk fn Dj`r -^dl`) Degul*Jdgzm`g, w`ll hfkt`kua tf nfllfw tma hfursa jdppag fut ey `ts prav`fus ladgar,Udppdk` Omdl`lfv, b`vak tmdt Degul*Jdgzm`g wds Omdl`lfv‐s r`bmt mdkg dkg mdsprasarvag m`s l`kos dkg hfktdhts dkg, kf lass `jpfrtdktly jd`ktd`ks bffg raldt`fks

w`tm tma Hmahmak raeal hfjjdkgars+ Qkgar Degul*Jdgzm`g‐s ladgarsm`p, tma“Xmdr`dt‚ Cdjddt tffo dk fdtm fn dllab`dkha tf Gfood Qjdrfv `k m`s kaw hdpdh`ty ds tma Aj`r fn tma Hduhds`dk Aj`rdta+ Wmus, tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt g`g kft mdva

tf ukgarbf sar`fus hmdkbas `k tdht`hs gua tf tma lfss fn Udppdk` Omdl`lfv ds`ts ladgar+



Hfkhlus`fk

Avak tm`s smfrt fvarvàw fn tma s`tudt`fk `k Gdbastdk jdoas `t deukgdktly hladr tmdt tma jfst gastde`l`z`kb ndhtfr `k tma rapuel`h `s tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt+Wmfubm tmara dra jdky hr`j`kdl alajakts dht`va `k tma rapuel`h, tma strubbla fn tma drjag fppfs`t`fk `s av`gakt dkg elfws struho ey `t dra tma jfst gdjdb`kbtf tma dutmfr`tàs fn tma rapuel`h+Wma strubbla dbd`kst tma `ksurbakts mds eaak tma hdtdlyst nfr d hfknl`ht eatwaaktma lfhdl al`tas, madgag ey Yras`gakt Juomu Dlàv, dkg Jfshfw‐s dppf`ktaas,aspah`dlly tma j`k`star fn `ktar`fr, Dg`lb`ra` Jdbfjagtdb`rfv+ Ey pf`kt`kb tftma `kannaht`vakass fn tma NXE dkg tma `ktar`fr j`k`stry, tma lfhdl al`tas mfpa tfbat tma hurrakt dppf`ktaas rapldhag ey jak jfra w`ll`kb tf wfro w`tm tma lf*hdls+ Jfshfw `s ukw`ll`kb tf upsat tma hurrakt edldkha dkg fvar tma ldst savardl

yadrs mds stadgndstly ganakgag `ts dppf`ktaas -`khlug`kb tma j`k`star fn tma `k*tar`fr, tma rapuel`hdk prfsahutfr, tma rapuel`hdk j`k`star fn cust`ha, ath+)dbd`kst tma lfhdl kftdelas+Wmasa hfknl`hts djfkb tmfsa `k pfwar fkly eakan`t tma Cdjddt, dkg `t mds tdoaktm`s fppfrtuk`ty tf astdel`sm halls dll dhrfss tma rapuel`h dkg tf rd`sa tma trd`k*`kb fn `ts jajears tf lavals ukjdthmag `k dll fn tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus, avak `k@kbusmat`d+ Wma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt `s ndr jfra kujarfus tmdk tma fka `k @k*busmat`d dkg suhhassnully fpardtas `k d rapuel`h tmdt `s jfra tmdk twalva t`jasldrbar tmdk @kbusmat`d, jdo`kb “Xmdr`dt‚ tma jfst dela fn dll tma Kfrtm Hduhd*sus Cdjddts+ Wm`s m`bm laval fn prapdragkass jdoas tma Gdbastdk` sahtfr fn tmaHduhdsus Nrfkt d oay ndhtfr `k tma fvardll dht`v`tàs fn tma ras`stdkha jfvajaktmadgag ey Gfood Qjdrfv+Wma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt mds d w`gaspradg edsa fn suppfrt djfkb tma m`bmly agu*hdtag Gdbastdk` yfutm w`tm`k tma rapuel`h `tsaln dkg dhrfss tma akt`raty fn Uus*s`d dkg `s tma ldrbast frbdk`zdt`fk fn `ts typa `k tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus+ Wm`sjadks tmdt tma Uuss`dk bfvarkjakt hdk lffo nfrwdrg tf g`nn`hult yadrs dmadguklass d kaw pfl`hy `s hmfsak `k gadl`kb w`tm tma dgmarakts fn Xdldn` tadhm`kb+

^`flakha just ea rapldhag ey jfra annaht`va wdys fn n`bmt`kb nfr tma madrts dkgj`kgs fn yfukb jak, dkg tma bfvarkjakt smfulg kf lfkbar saa avary kfk*Xun`Jusl`j ds d Xdldn`+

Ladgars

Edbdutg`k -Jdbfjag) Oaeagfv, efrk 4071, `s tma sp`r`tudl ladgar fn tmaXdldn` dgmarakts `k Hmahmkyd dkg Gdbastdk+ D kdt`va fn tma v`lldba âgakf-tmfubm efrk gur`kb tma Hmahmak gapfrtdt`fk, wmak tma v`lldba wds b`vak tfGdbastdk`s nrfj tma kadrey drads), ma frbdk`zag `llabdl brfups nfr tma stugy fn @sldj `k g`nnarakt rab`fks fn Gdbastdk gur`kb tma Xfvàt par`fg+ @k 40=0, ma fr*bdk`zag d Cdjddt brfup tmdt eahdja tma nfrarukkar fn dk @sldj`h pdrty dkg hf*nfukgag tma @sldj`h Uakd`ssdkha Ydrty+ @k 4002 jfvag tf Hmahmkyd, `k Dubust

4000 lag tma `khurs`fk fn Gdbastdk` nfrhas `ktf tma Eftlòm g`str`ht, dt wm`hmt`ja ma raquastag dss`stdkha nrfj Xmdj`l Edsdav+



Dmjdg*odg` Domtdav -4075*400=) wds efrk `k tma v`lldba fn Ougdl` `k Gd*bastdk+ Dk atmk`h Dvdr, fka fn tma ladgars fn tma Gdbastdk` Xdldn`s dkg dk dg*marakt fn lèardl vàws, ma wds fppfsag tf tma pfssè`l`ty fn drjag hfknl`ht `kGdbastdk fvar Xun` ealàns+ M`s strdkba gadtm lag tf `khradsag hfknrfktdt`fk

w`tm tma dutmfr`tàs dkg `khrads`kbly uk`nàg Hmahmak dkg Gdbastdk` nfrhas

edsag fk Xdldn` `gaflfby+Udppdk` Omdl`lfv, dk atmk`h Ldo, wds efrk `k Eu`kdoso `k 40>0+ D okfwkpdrt`h`pdkt `k tma drjag ras`stdkha stdr`kb `k 4000, `k 5994 wds d jajear fn tma j`l`tdry smurd -hfukh`l) fn tma Kfrtm Hduhdsus g`v`s`fks hfjjdkgag ey Xmdj`l Edsdav+ @k 5995*5998 hfjjdkgag tma “Xmdr`dt‚ Cdjddt `k Gdba*stdk, ldtar hfjjdkgar tma Gdbastdk sahtfr fn tma Hduhdsus nrfkt+ Ma wdsb`vak tma rdko fn er`bdga bakardl dkg hfjjdkgar fn tma Gdbastdk nrfkt fn tma Drjag Nfrhas fn tma Hmahmak rapuel`h fn @hmoar`d ey frgar fn GfoodQjdrfv fk Xaptajear 57, 599>+ Fka fn tma oay ras`stdkha ladgars `k Gdba*

stdk, ma wds raspfksèla nfr fvar 19 tarrfr`st dttdhos g`rahtag dt tma Nagardldutmfr`tàs -^raj`d Kfvfsta` , Cuka 0)+ Ma wds o`llag ey nagardl nfrhas `k tma v`lldba fn Kfvy Xuldo, fk tma futso`rts fn tma Gdbastdk` h`ty fn O`z`lyurt, fkXaptajear 42, 5992 -Hmahmkyd Raaoly, Xaptajear 59)+

Udsul Jdodsmdr`pfv , o`llag Culy >, 5991, wds fka fn tma jfst kftdela Gd*bastdk` ras`stdkha ladgars, hfks`garag dk aqudl tf Udppdk` Omdl`lfv+ Dhhfrg*`kb tf Gdbastdk‐s sahur`ty sarv`has, Jdodsmdr`pfv parsfkdlly lag shfras fn dt*tdhos dbd`kst tma nagardl nfrhas gaplfyag `k tma rapuel`h+

Edjjdtomdk Xmaòmfv , ladgs d brfup `k tma Eu`kdoso g`str`ht, sfutm* wast fn Jdomdhmodld+ Degulodgyr Jutdsmav , ladgs d brfup `k tma Buegak g`str`ht, wast fn @zar* edsm dkg sfutm fn Eu`kdoso+

Jdbfjagdl` ^dbdefv , ladgs d brfup `k tma Odrdeugdomoakt g`str`ht,sfutm fn Odsp``so dkg kfrtm fn Buegak+

Mdgzm` Jalòfv , ladgar fn tma Jdomdhmodld brfup, o`llag `k dht`fk Dubust5>, 599>, `s dk dssfh`dta fn Udsul Jdodsmdr`pfv+

Xmdj`l De`gfv, o`llag Cdkudry 47, 599>, `s hfks`garag fka fn tma hmàn ladgars fn tma Gdbastdk` Cdjddt+

Kftas

4+ @k Dubust dkg Xaptajear 4000, buarr`llds lag ey Jdbfjag Oaeagfv, -dlsf okfwk ds Edbdug`kO`z`lyurtfvsoy), aktarag Gdbastdk dkg tmraa gdys ldtar raquastag dkg raha`vag tma suppfrt fn Xmdj`l Edsdav `k tma Eftlòm dkg Omdsdvyurt g`str`hts fn Gdbastdk+ Dntar tma hfkhlus`fk fn tmaj`l`tdry fpardt`fk, tma Uuss`dk dutmfr`tàs hld`jag tmdt tmay tftdlly dkg hfjplataly gastrfyag tmaXdldn`tas -Rdmmde`tas) fn Gdbastdk+

5+ Wma tmafrat`hdl ukgarp`kk`kb fn tm`s tadhm`kb `s tf ea nfukg `k tma wfros fn 59tm haktury Abyp*

t`dk nukgdjaktdl`sts suhm ds Mdsdk dl*Edkkd dkg Xdyy`g Tute, dlfkb w`tm tma Ydo`stdk` Deu dl* Dld Jdugug`, ds wall ds tma`r m`stfr`h pragahassfrs, @ek Wd`j`yd -45>8*485=), Jfmdjjdg @ek Deg dl*Rdmmde -4298*42=2), dkg ftmars+



8+ Lfhdl dgmarakts fn Xdldn`sj `k tma v`lldbas fn tma Odgdr zfka ranusag tf malp tma`r `gaflfb`hdl eratmrak djfkb tma n`bmtars fn Jdbfjag Oaeagfv, wmf frbdk`zag tma Dubust 4000 `khurs`fk `ktfGdbastdk nrfj Hmahmak tarr`tfry+ Odgdr zfka `kmde`tdkts mfpag tf stdy fut fn `t dkg tmdt tma du*tmfr`tàs wfulg kft v`fldta tma ukgarstdkg`kb tmdt mdg eaak radhmag `k Xaptajear 400= gur`kb d v`s`t tf tma zfka ey Xarba` Xtapdsm`k, wmf wds tmak Uuss`d"s @ktar`fr J`k`star+

7+ Dljfst dll Gdbastdk` smaòms trdha tma`r l`ka fn suhhass`fk tf tma parsfk fn Jdbfjag Pdrdb`k*

soy, d jdk wmf wds tma ustdz fn dll tma 40tm haktury Gdbastdk` `jdjs suhm ds Bdz`*Jdbfjag,Mdjzdt*Eao dkg Xmdj`l+

1+ Xd`g Annakg` Hm`roa`soy `s fka fn tma jfst pfwarnul tdr`qdt smaòms `k Gdbastdk fnn`h`dlly sup*pfrtag ey tma dutmfr`tàs+ M`s jur`gs -pup`ls) `khluga Gdbastdk` nfrjar Yras`gakt Juomu Dlàv,@ktar`fr J`k`star Dlg`lbara` Jdbfjagtdb`rfv dkg jdky ftmar prfj`kakt pfl`t`hdl n`buras `k tmarapuel`h+

>+ Fk Xaptajear 4>, 4000, tma Yafpla"s Dssajely fn tma Uapuel`h fn Gdbastdk pdssag tma ldw, %Fk edkk`kb Rdmmde`ta dkg ftmar axtraj s̀t dht`v`tàs fk tma tarr`tfry fn tma Uapuel`h fn Gdbastdk+%

2+ Omdkededav, O+ %Ual`b`f*pfl`t`hdl axtraj`sj dkg tarrfr`sj `k d jult`ndhatag atmkf*ral`b`fussfhàty -tma axdjpla fn tma Kfrtmark Hduhdsus),% %Gdbastdk% ̀ knfrjdt`fk dbakhy, 0&59&599>+

=+ Fnn`h`dl raladsa fn Dj`r Gfood Qjdrfv"s stdtajakt fk tma gahldrdt`fk fn tma Hduhdsus Aj`rdta,Odvodz*Haktar, 44&54&92+

0+ Dk drjag hfknrfktdt`fk tffo pldha fk Culy 47*41, 400=, eatwaak suppfrtars fn Hmahmak ladgar Dsldk Jdsomdgfv dkg tma Xdldn`s+ Wma Xdldn`s wara sdvag nrfj hfjplata gastruht`fk fkly ey tma%padha*oaap`kb% dht`v`tàs fn Xmdj`l Edsdav dkg ^domd Drsdkfv, wmf eabbag Jdsomdgfv tf prf* v`ga d hfrr`gfr nfr tmaj tf ladva tma`r akh`rhlajakt `k Bugarjas dkg parj`t tma Xdldn`s tf jfva tftma h`ty fn Qrus*Jdrtdk+

49+ Fk Dubust 0, 4000, tma raeals gahldrag tma Xtdta Hfukh`l fn tma Uapuel`h fn Gdbastdk gapfsagdkg dkkfukhag tma nfrjdt`fk fn dk @sldj`h bfvarkjakt madgag ey Xardzmutg`k Udjdzdkfv, w`tmJdbfjag Wdbdav kdjag ̀ ts prass dkg ̀ knfrjdt`fk j`k`star+

HMUFKFLFB@A

GA L‐@JYLDKWDW@FK GA L‐@XLDJ GDKX LA HDQHDXA GQ KFUG

_Yràpdràa pdr Jdràl Wsdrfàvd pfur d`ga jàjf`ra é sfk sàj`kd`ra% ^ fàs ga l‐`jpldktdt`fk ga l‐@sldj gdks la Hduhdsa gu Kfrg%, AMAXX, > cdk*

vàr 5944Z



@sldj`sdt`fk ga ld pfpuldt`fk gu Gdbmastdk

>79*>19 ‘ Fhhupdt`fk ga Gareakg pdr las Drdeas, qu` l‐dppaldàkt « Ede dl*devde ¿+ L‐m`stf`ra ga Gareakg sa parg gdks l‐Dkt`qu`tà prfnfkga+ Xur sfkajpldhajakt nurakt gàhfuvarts gas vast`bas g‐uk s`ta nfrt`n`à, gdtdkt gas =a ‘ >a s`íhlas dvdkt kftra íra+ Dux 1a ‘ >a s`íhlas, hatta h`tà nut pr`sa pdr las @rd*kàks, qu` l‐aktfurírakt g‐uk jur at ld trdksnfrjírakt ak uka nfrtarassa `kdh*hassèla+ Gurdkt tfuta sfk m`stf`ra, alla nut hfkvf`tàa pdr gas akvdm`ssaurs+

Gu 2a du 49a s`íhla ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas Lazbm`kas ?

du 0a s`íhla ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas Ufutfuls ?

dux 44a*48a s`íhlas ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas Ldos at gas Dbfuls ?

dux 48a*41a s`íhlas ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas Dvdrs at gas Ofujyos, gas Whmfoms,gas Ufubfugcs… ?

du 41a s`íhla ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas Gdrbu`kas, gas Kfbdæ at g‐dutras trèus

gdbmastdkd`sas… 4>a ‘ 42a s`íhla ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas mde`tdkts ga Wdkgdl, dful gas mdutas

jfktdbkas+

Las jfsquàas hfkstru`tas é Gareakt, haktra ga l‐`sldj`sdt`fk guGdbmastdk, du =a s`íhla 3

Hfkstruht`fk g‐uka Gcfujd*jfsquàa - Jasgc`g Gcdj` ) pdr Jdsldjd+

Las kfjs gas jfsquàas gdks las qudrtàrs -jdmdl ) ga Gareakt du =a s`íhla 3jfsquàas gas Omdzdrs, ga Gdjds, ga Omdjds -ga Omfjds), gas Ydlast`*

kàks?



Od`ssdrs, pdr la kfj gas hflfks ga l‐dkhàkka v`lla Od`sdràm 3 ld v`lla dhtualla ga Hàsdràaak @srdïl, s`tuàa sur ld h÷ta jàg`tarrdkàakka, v`lla jdr`t`ja ga Ydlast`ka -Hdasdr`d Ydlas*t`kd)+

Gcàz`ram, ld Gcàz`ram, Cdz`rd, -ld) Caz`ra, pdrtà gu Kfrg ga ld Jàsfpftdjà, uka ràb`fk syràkka

s`tuàa du Kfrg*Ast ga ha pdys, la lfkb gas nrfkt`íras dvah ld Wurquà at l"@rdo +

Jfssful, drdea dl*Jdws`l+ Dhtuallajakt, haktra pr`kh`pdl ga l"@rdq saptaktr`fkdl at hdp`*tdla gu bfuvarkfrdt ga K`kdwd -K`k`va), nfkgàa du gàeut ga l"íra `sldj`qua sur ld r`vagrf`ta gu W`bra+

Las fuvrdbas m`stfr`fbrdpm`quas ak drdea ràhajjakt gàhfuvarts du Gdbmas*tdk

Dxty*kdjà, prajàr fuvrdba m`stfr`fbrdpm`qua gu Gdbmastdk, dppdru du 49a s`íhla,hfkst`tuà prfedelajakt du efurb g‐Domtdom & Dxtdx &+

Gareakg*kdjà, Dkkdlas gdbmastdkd`sas gu gàeut gu 45a s`íhla, hfkst`tuà é Gareakt+ Gareakg*kdjà raldta las hdjpdbkas ga Jdsldjd èk*Deg dl*Jdlò, qu` pr`t ld v`lla gaGareakt, dppalà pdr las Drdeas « Ede dl*devde ¿, at `sldj`sd sd pfpuldt`fk at halla ga sasakv`rfks+ @l ld g`v`sd ak sapt qudrtàrs, fð `l hfkstru`s`t sapt jfsquàas dppalàas pdr la kfjgas mde`tdkts -hn+ suprd)+

Las Wurhf*Jfkbfls gdks la Hduhdsa gu Kfrg

Gàeut gu 48a s`íhla 3 nfrjdt`fk ga l"Ajp`ra Jfkbfl, g`r`bà pdr Wajüc`k -v+44>1*4552),surkfjjà Bakb`s Omdk fu « Brdkg Hman ¿+

4558 ‘ drr`vàa gas Wurhf*Jfkbfls gdks la Hduhdsa+

Las quarallas `ktarkas aktra las suhhassaurs ga Bakb`s Omdk aurakt pfur hfksàquakha lagàjajerajakt ga sfk àkfrja ajp`ra ak plusàurs pat`ts Àtdts, las Fulfussas+ Ydrj` auxsa g`st`kbud`t pdr sd pu`ssdkha j`l`td`ra at pfl`t`qua l‐Fulfussa ga Gcfuthm` fu ld Mfrgag‐fr, bfuvarkàa pdr la omdk Edty, n`ls gu omdk Gcfuthm` at pat`t*n`ls ga Bakb`s Omdk+ LdMfrga g‐fr akblfed`t àbdlajakt, gapu`s 4579, gas ràb`fks l`ttfrdlas at jàr`g`fkdlas guGdbmastdk, ld Whmàthmàkà at l‐@kbfuhmà at ga l‐Fssàtà gas pld`kas+ Las Jfkbfls ga ldMfrga g‐fr nd`sdàkt ga tajps ak tajps gas `khurs`fks puk`t`vas gdks las jfktdbkas,

jd`s allas rastdàkt pau dhhassèlas é laurs trfupas é hmavdl+

Wdjarldk fu Waj`r*Ldkb, « W`jfur la Ef`taux ¿

Gdks ld gaux`íja jf`t`à gu 47a s`íhla ak Dsà Haktrdla dppdrut uk kfuvadusfuvard`k ‘ Wdjarldk, kà prís ga Xdjdrodkg ak Fuzeào`stdk ak 488>+ @l nutdppalà du pfuvf`r pdr las hmans gas trèus kfjdgas, jàhfktakts ga ld pfl`*t`qua gu omdk ga ld Mfrga g‐fr, Earoà+ Wrís v`ta, `l sfuj`t tfuta l‐Dsà Hak*trdla+ Ak 48=1*==, `l akvdm`t ld Yarsa, ld Bàfrbà at l‐Dzaredægcdk, pu`s n`t

rfuta vars la Hduhdsa gu Kfrg+

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl


http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e


http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie


http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrie


http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie


http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak










@sldj`sdt`fk gas Whmàthmíkas

47a ‘ 41a s`íhla ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk g‐uka pdrtà gas Whmàthmíkas gas pld`kas, Doo`*Dfuoms, vf`s`ks gu Gdbmastdk ?

41a ‘ 42a s`íhlas ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas hfjjukdutàs thmàthmíkas gashakguas

sur la pldtadu at gdks las pld`kas dprís la gàpdrt gas Wdtdrf*Jfkbfls ?4=a*40a s`íhlas ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas Whmàthmíkas gas jfktdbkas+

Las prajàrs pràg`hdtaurs thmàthmíkas 3

42a s`íhla 3 « Warjdfl ¿ fu Warjdfbly + H‐àtd`t uk prãhmaur ofujyo,hfjja ak tàjf`bka sfk kfj Warjdfbly, qu` s`bk`nà « N`ls -fbly) ga War*jd ¿+

Gàeut gu 4=a s`íhla 3 Earsdk -fu Earsd), uk Ofujyo qu` pdrld`t thmàt*hmíka+ Las Ofujyos pdrldàkt sfuvakt ld ldkbua g‐uk paupla vf`s`k+

4=a s`íhla 3 uk hartd`k Eftd, Whmàthmíka ga ld hfjjukdutà g‐Doo`*Dfuom,mde`tdkt gu Gdbmastdk fhh`gaktdl+

@sldj`sdt`fk gas @kbfuhmas

Las dkkàas 41=9 ‘ praj`íras taktdt`vas gas Wurhs g‐`sldj`sar las @k*bfuhmas+ @sldj`sdt`fk gas hmans ga hfjjukdutàs?

42a ‘ 4=a s`íhlas ‘ taktdt`vas gas Odedrgas g‐`sldj`sar las @kbfuhmas?

4=a s`íhla ‘ hfkstruht`fk g‐uka praj`íra jfsquàa ak @kbfuhmà gaspld`kas -efurbdga g‐Dkbfuhmta)?

Gàeut gu 59a s`íhla ‘ hfkstruht`fk gas praj`íras jfsquàas gdks las jfk*tdbkas g‐@kbfuhmà?

@sldj`sdt`fk gas Fssítas

49a s`íhla ‘ fk kfta qualquas trdhas ga l‐@sldj gdks la rfyduja g‐Dldk`d?

48a*47a s`íhlas ‘ drr`vàa ga l‐@sldj ak prfvakdkha gas Wurhf*Jfkbfls?

4>a*42a s`íhlas ‘ `sldj`sdt`fk gas Fssítas pdr las Odedrgas at las Wurhs+

4=a s`íhla ‘ prfpdbdt`fk ga l‐@sldj é pdrt`r é pdrt`r ga ld Odedrgd, gu Gdb*mastdk, ga ld Whmàthmàkà+

4=15 * 75 efurbs at efurbdgas fssítas -prís ga 21 ! ga ld pfpuldt`fk)

hfknassdàkt l‐@sldj+ 4=15 * 4=12 ‘ hfkstruht`fk ga s`x jfsquàas ?



4094 ‘ hfkstruht`fk ga 5> jfsquàas+

4=>> ‘ axfga ga 49 999 Fssítas vars l"Ajp`ra Fttfjdk sfus ld g`raht`fk gu Bàkàrdl Jfus*sd Ofukgfuomfv, bàkàrdl*jdcfr russa, pu`s bàkàrdl ga g`v`s`fk turh -4=4=*4==0, Wd*bdfur, Fssàtà, Arzarfuj, Wurquà)+

Ld v`lla ga Easldk ast la haktra gas jusuljdks Fssítas+ Las prajàrs Fssítas `sldj`sàs sfkt gas

G`bfrs gu efurb ga Gdk`ndrsa+ Las efurbs at las efurbdgas ga l‐Fssàtà gas pld`kas hfkvart`s él‐@sldj hfjptakt las su`vdkts 3 Whmòfld -dppalà pdr las Uussas « Jdbfjàtdk ¿), Omdzk`gfk,Odrtsd, Easldk -dkhàkkajakt Wfuldtfv), S`lbd, Erfut, Sdjdkoful, Odrgc`k, Alomftfvf, Las*oíka+

@sldj`sdt`fk gas pauplas Dgybuàs -Dgybuàs, Odedrgas, Whmaroassas, Fueyoms,Hmdpsfubs, Kdtfuomdæs, Easlàkàs…)

48a s`íhla ‘ hfkstruht`fk ga jfsquàas pdr la omdk jfkbfl Earoà?

47a s`íhla ‘ v`lla ga Jdgcdr -Jdgcdry), v`lla omdzdra é pdrt`r gu =a s`íhla, gavàkt la haktra

jusuljdk gu Hduhdsa ga l‐Fuast+ Xur sd pldha nut nfkgàa ld v`lla dhtualla ga Efugak*kfvso gu g`str`ht ga Xtdvrfpfl+ Du 48a at 47a s`íhla, pr`sa pdr ld Mfrga g‐fr, alla gav`ktsfk haktra jusuljdk?

41a s`íhla ‘ drr`vàa ga ld tdrëqdt Kdqsmedkg`yd ak Hr`jàa at ak Wurquà?

4721 ‘ pr`sa pdr Jamjat @@ ga Ofunnd, hflfkà bàkf`sa ak Hr`jàa, at gas hflfkàs brahquasgas defrgs fràktdux ga ld Jar Kf`ra?

48a ‘ 4>a s`íhlas ‘ drr`vàa ga l‐@sldj sukk`ta gdks la Hduhdsa gu Kfrg*Ast?

41a ‘ 4>a s`íhlas ‘ dpfbàa ga ld pu`ssdkha ga ld Odedrgd?

42a s`íhla ‘ g`nnus`fk ga l‐@sldj é pdrt`r ga ld Odedrgd ak Fssàtà, ak @kbfuhmà, ak Edlodrà

at ak pdys Odrdthmdæ?42=8 ‘ dkkax`fk ga ld Hr`jàa pdr ld Uussà+ Lfrs ga l‐dkkax`fk ga ld Hr`jàa, fk y hfjptd`t

plus ga 4 199 jfsquàas at gas g`zd`kas ga hfuvakts sfun`s “tàoàs‚+ ârs ld n`k gu 4=a s`íhla, ld Hr`jàa nut pauplàa pdrt las Uussas at las Qord`kàks at l‐@sldj nut hfks`gàrdela*jakt ràgu`t pdr la Hmr`st`dk`sja frtmfgfxa?

42=8 ‘ hfkstruht`fk pdr las Wurhs sur la tarr`tf`ra dgybuà ga ld nfrtarassa g"Dkdpd, gavakuahaktra ral`bàux gu Hduhdsa ga l‐Fuast+

Edlodrs at Odrdthmdæs

Las O`pthmdos ratrdkhmàs gdks las jfktdbkas gu Hduhdsa é ld su`ta ga l‐`kvds`fk jfkbfla,

s‐dss`j`lírakt dux Dldks at dux Efulbdrs at pdrt`h`pírakt é l‐atmkfbakísa gas Edlodrs at gas

Odrdthmdæs+ Las dutfkfj`kdt`fks ga has pauplas sfkt 3 T‐drdtŤdæ -Odrdthmdæ) at Wdululd

-Wdfulfuld, « Jfktdbkdrg ¿)+ Ha garkàr dppdrut pfur ld praj`íra nf`s gdks gas gfhujakts

àhr`ts du 49a s`íhla+ L‐dutaur drdea gu 49a s`íhla @ek*Uustà àhr`vd`t qua gdks las hfkn`ks àlf`bkàs

ga ld Bàfrbà mde`tdàkt gas trèus Wdulu*Ds fu « las Ds jfktdbkdrgs ¿+ Gdks las dkkdlas gu

hfkquàrdkt ds`dt`qua gu 47a s`íhla,



Wdjarldk, las Odrdthmdæs at las Edlodrs nurakt duss` dppalàs Ds+ Ydr d`llaurs,las Fssítas, duxquals fk dttrèud ha kfj, las dppallakt tfucfurs pdr hat atm*kfkyja+ Cusqu‐du 47a s`íhla, gdks las gfhujakts bàfrbàks, las Edlodrs sfktdppalàs pdr la kfj Eds`dk` + Hat atmkfkyja prfvàkt gu kfj g‐uka trèuomdzdra Edsd dvah l‐dgcfkht`fk gu gàtarj`kdkt gu pluràl ‘dk` + L‐atmkfkyja

fnn`hàl ”Edlodr‐ prfvàkt g‐uk tfpfkyja -kfj ga ld bfrba fð hfula ld r`v`íraWhmarao) Jdlq‐dr;Edoldr, fð ha paupla mde`td`t+ Las Edlodrs hfktajpfrd`kssa sueg`v`sakt salfk las brfupas atmk`quas su`vdkts 3 Edlodrs -fu Jdlodrs),E`z`kbm`s, Omfldjs, Whmabmajl`s, Qruse`s fu Edosdks+

Uàpdrt`t`fk gas jdzmde Mdkdn` at Hmdna` hmaz las Yauplas gu Hdu*hdsa gu Kfrg

Las jusuljdks gu Hduhdsa saptaktr`fkdl sfkt jdcfr`td`rajakt sukk`tas, lahm``sja àtdkt l`j`tà é ld pdrtà sug gu Gdbmastdk, fð v`vakt é pau prís qudtra*v`kbt j`lla Lazbm`kas at Dzaredægcdkd`s prdt`qudkt las r`tas hm``tas+ Ld pfpu*ldt`fk gu Hduhdsa sa sueg`v`sa d`ks` ak gaux jdzmde 3 mdkdn`ta at hmdnà`ta,qu` sa rapdrt`ssakt ga ld jdk`íra su`vdkta 3 dux sukk`tas mdkdn`tas sa rdppfr*takt las pauplas gu Hduhdsa gu Kfrg*Fuast, `sldj`sàs pdr ld Wurquà at sasdll`às 3

las Dedz`ks, `sldj`sàs dux 42a ‘ 4=a s`íhlas -88 999 parsfkkas) ?

las Dgybuàs, `sldj`sàs dux 4>a ‘ 40a s`íhlas -489 999 parsfkkas) ?

las Edlodrs, `sldj`sàs du 4=a s`íhla -2= 999 parsfkkas) ?

las Odedrgas, `sldj`sàs du 42a s`íhla -809 999 parsfkkas) ?

las Odrdthmdæs, `sldj`sàs du 4=a s`íhla -419 999 parsfkkas) ?

las Whmaroassas, `sldj`sàs du 4=a s`íhla -19 999 parsfkkas) ?

las Fssítas -≍ 79 !), `sldj`sàs du 4=a s`íhla ?

D hatta àhfla ral`bàusa sa rdppfrtakt duss` las pauplas turhfpmfkas gu Gdb*mastdk 3 las Ofujyos -522 999 parsfkkas), `sldj`sàs du 47a s`íhla pdr las

Jfkbfls, at las Kfbdæs -21 999 parsfkkas), gashakgdkts gas Jfkbfls qu`hmf`s`rakt ga rastar gdks las stappas gu Hduhdsa gu Kfrg+

Las sukk`tas hmdnà`tas sfkt pràsakts gdks la Hduhdsa gu Kfrg*Ast, du Gdb*mastdk 3

las Dvdrs, `sldj`sàs du 41a s`íhla -171 999 parsfkkas) ?

las atmkàs dkgf*tsízas, `sldj`sàs dux 41a ‘ 4=a s`íhlas ->9 999 par*

sfkkas) ?las Gdrbu`kas, y hfjpr`s las Ofuedthm`kas at las Odætdbs, `sldj`sàs du 47 a s`íhla -811 999 parsfkkas) ?



KARX @K EU@AN

Bafrb`d Yrfpfsas AQ*Lòa Qk`fk Nfr Hduhdsus `k Wdlos w`tm Wuroay

Bafrb`d‐s pras`gakt mds urbag Wuroay tf malp radl`za tma uk`n`hdt`fk fn tma Xfutm Hduhd*sus eut sd`g m`s hfuktry gfas kft wdkt Uuss`d fr @rdk `k tma dll`dkha+ “Wma ajarbakha fn

tma ”Qk`tag Hduhdsus‐ `s jy dsp`rdt`fk,‚ Jòma`l Xddodsmv`l` rapfrtagly tflg Wuro`smNfra`bk J`k`star Dmjat GdvutfĖlu wm`la g`shuss`kb tma hfkhapt fn tma hradt`fk fn tmauk`fk gur`kb tma`r jaat`kb `k We`l`s` fk Xdturgdy -45 Naerudry 5944), tma Bafrb`dk Yras`*gakhy‐s prass fnn`ha sd`g+

Xddodsmv`l` rapfrtagly axprassag m`s ealàn `k tma hfkhapt fn “fpak efrgars‚ dhrfss tma ra*b`fk, sdy`kb tm`s `gad `s dlradgy ea`kb g`shussag w`tm tma Dzared`cdk` dkg Drjak`dk s`gas+Wma Bafrb`dk pras`gakt dlsf prfpfsag d s`j`ldr prfcaht gur`kb Dzared`cdk` Yras`gakt @l*mdj Dl`yav‐s v`s`t tf Bafrb`d ldst yadr, eut axparts mdg l`ttla mfpa tmdt `t wfulg ea radl`zag+

Wmraa hfuktràs `k tma Xfutm Hduhdsus astdel`smag d nagardt`fk nfllfw`kb tma Fhtfear Ua* vflut`fk `k Hzdr`st Uuss`d `k 4042, eut tma uk`fk sffk nall ds Dzared`cdk fppfsag bf`kb tf

wdr dbd`kst tma Fttfjdks dt tma t`ja+ Nfllfw`kb tma hmdft`h hflldpsa fn tma Xfvàt Qk`fk, Dzared`cdk dkg Drjak`d dlsf nfubmt d null*shdla drjag hfknl`ht fvar tma g`sputag tarr`tfry fn Kdbfrkf*Odrdedom, dkg Dzared`cdk mds ras`stag, tmus ndr, hffpardt`fk w`tm Drjak`duklass tma hfuktry w`tmgrdws `ts trffps nrfj fhhupàg tarr`tfràs+

“Wmara `s d lfkb wdy tf jdtar`dl`zdt`fk fn tma hurrakt `gad? yat, tm`s `s d pfs`t`va stap putnfrwdrg,‚ Xddodsmv`l` sd`g, ukgarl`k`kb tma `jpfrtdkha fn tma `k`t`dt`va akdel`kb h`t`zaksfn eftm Wuroay dkg Bafrb`d tf trdval w`tm fkly stdta `gakt`ty hdrgs+ Wuroay prfpfsag d s`*j`ldr `k`t`dt`va `k 599= nfllfw`kb tma Dubust wdr eatwaak Bafrb`d dkg Uuss`d fvar tma

eradodwdy Xfutm Fssat`d, eut Wuroay sd`g Uuss`d smfulg dlsf ea `k tma sf*hdllag“Hduhdsus Hffpardt`fk dkg Xtde`l`ty Yldtnfrj+‚

Wuroay dkg Bafrb`d pldk tf dpply “s`kbla w`kgfw hustfjs‚ dt tma Xdrp efrgar bdta, tmaldrbast dkg eusàst bdta `k tma Hduhdsus, ndh`l`tdt`kb trdga trdksdht`fks dkg akdel`kb hrfss*trdgars tf prasakt tma`r gfhujakts dt d s`kbla lfhdt`fk+ “Xuhm dk axdjpla hdk ea d ”rflajfgal‐ nfr tma rast fn tma rab`fk,‚ Xddodsmv`l` tflg GdvutfĖlu gur`kb tma jaat`kb+

GdvutfĖlu sd`g gur`kb d prass hfknarakha fk Xdturgdy tmdt ma hfks`gars tm`s d vary sa*r`fus `k`t`dt`va rabdrg`kb tma `ktabrdt`fk fn tma twf hfuktràs‐ ahfkfjàs+ “Wma ndht tmdt

wa dra fpak`kb fur efrgars `s d pfs`t`va pdrdg`bj nfr ftmar hfuktràs fn tma rab`fk,‚ sd`gXddodsmv`l`, wmf dlsf rapfrtagly tflg GdvutfĖlu tmdt dll hfuktràs `k tma rab`fk smfulgfpak efrgars+

Xddodsmv`l`‐s rajdros hdja dntar m`s v`s`t tf Drjak`d ldta ldst jfktm, wmara ma g`shussag

trdkspfrtdt`fk*hfjjuk`hdt`fk ndh`l`tdt`fk w`tm Drjak`dk Yras`gakt Xarzm Xdrosydk, tmaBafrb`dk Yras`gakhy‐s prass fnn`ha mdg sd`g dt tma t`ja+ Wuroay hlfsag `ts efrgar w`tm Dr*jak`d `k 4008 ds d s`bk fn sfl`gdr`ty w`tm Dzared`cdk wmak Drjak`d sakt `ts trffps `ktfKdbfrkf*Odrdedom dkg ftmar prfv`khas ka`bmefur`kb tma rab`fk+Xfurha L`ko3 mttp3&&

www+tfgdyszdjdk+hfj&kaws*581285*bafrb`d*prfpfsas*au*lòa*uk`fk*nfr*hduhdsus*`k*tdlos*w`tm*turoay+mtjl



YQEL@HDW@FKX UAHAKWAX

Domjdgfv, @lyds dkg Ldksofy, J`r`dj, Wma Hmahmak Xtrubbla+ @kgapakg*akha Rfk dkg Lfst , Ydlbrdva Jdhj`lldk, Kaw Pfro, 5949, 529 p+

Ydrn`tt, Wfj, nallfw ga ld Ufydl Bafbrdpm`hdl Xfhàty d aktrapr`t uk vfydbagdks la Kfrg Fuast gu Hduhdsa+ Ha vfydba ast hfjjdkg`tà pdr la Yul`tzarHaktar fk Hr`s`s Uapfrt`kb+ Fk paut hfksultar sas axhallakts drt`hlas pfur

Nfra`bk Yfl`hy ‘ %Xwfrg fr Xdjfvdr% -41 nàvràr 5944), %Elffg Ualdt`fks% -4=nàvràr 5944), %@sldj`sts fk Wr`dl% -57 nàvràr 5944) v`d las l`kos su`vdkts 3mttp3&&www+nfra`bkpfl`hy+hfj&drt`hlas&5944&95&41&swfrgVfrVsdjfvdr , mttp3&&www+nfra`bkpfl`hy+hfj&drt`hlas&5944&95&4=&elffgVraldt`fks , mttp3&&

www+nfra`bkpfl`hy+hfj&drt`hlas&5944&95&57&tarrfr`stsVfkVtr`dl

D su`vra * g"dutras drt`hlas sfkt pràvus du hfurt ga sfk vfydba+

KFWAX GA LAHWQUA

Flbd Eferfvd, %âkso`` prftsass% -La prfhís ga ^àkka), Kfvd`d Bdzatd, Kf0, 5= cdkvàr 5944, mttp3&&www+kfvdydbdzatd+ru&gdtd&5944&990&92+mtjl

Flbd Eferfvd jíka uka `ktarvàw dvah Dl` @srd`lfv, píra g"Qjdr @srd`lfv, ds*

sdss`kà é ^àkka la 48 cdkvàr 5990+ L‐dutaur quast`fkka la píra ga ld v`ht`jasur la padha*jdoar, Fttf Odltakerukkar, ga sfk vrd` kfj Udjzdk Ag`lfv,

sfupâfkkà g‐dvf`r frbdk`sà l‐dssdss`kdt+ Has padha*jdoars g`t @srd`lfv,%drr`vakt ak Aurfpa pfur `kn`ltrar las j`làux àj`bràs thmàthmíkas+ @ls sfkt

hmdrbàs ga jakar uka prfpdbdkga pdrj` las rànub`às pfur las hfkvd`khra garavak`r ak Whmàthmàkà, sfus pràtaxta qua tfut y vd eàk jd`ktakdkt+ @ls sfktduss` hmdrbàs g"asp`fkkar ld g`dspfrd+ Odltakerukkar k‐ast pds la saul… %+H‐ast uka aktrapr`sa g‐akvarbura %qu` k‐d pds pu ãtra j`sa ak pldha sdks l‐d`ga

ga ld Uussà… hfjja la gàjfktra la nd`t qua la hfksa`llar ga l‐djedssdgaurga Uussà ak Dutr`hma, Xd`g Yasmomfav àtd`t l‐dkhàk j`k`stra gu J^G ga

Whmàthmàkà… %

@l ast kftà qu"uka àqu`pa akvfyàa pdr Udjzdk Odgyrfv dvd`t duss` assdyà gahèlar Jd`reao ^dthmdbdav+

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/15/sword_or_samovar


http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/18/blood_relations


http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/24/terrorists_on_trial



http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2011/009/07.html









Xarba` Jdroagfkfv, % "Ab`patso`` ndotfr" gl`d rfss``sofbf Xavarkfbf Odv*odzd% -La "ndhtaur àbyptàk% pfur la Kfrg Hduhdsa russa), Hduhdsus W`jas,Yrdbua, 84 cdkvàr 5944, www+hduhdsust`jas+hfj&drt`hla+dsp6`g:59277

L"dutaur kfta l"`jpfrtdkha ga l"Àbypta gdks la hdgra ga ld pfl`t`qua guJfyak Fràkt, at ratrdha er`ívajakt sfk m`stf`ra g`plfjdt`qua gapu`s la trd`*tà dvah @srdïl ak jdrs 4020, sfk %pdrtakdr`dt strdtàb`qua% dvah las Àtdts Qk`sga jãja qua sas efkkas raldt`fks dvah Jfshfu+ Ducfurg"mu` l"Àbypta, tfutak takdkt uka pldha `jpfrtdkta gdks ld pfl`t`qua àtrdkbíra ga ld Uussà, k"astpds hfks`gàràa assaktàllajakt `jpfrtdkta gu nd`t qua las gaux pdys ka sfkt`jpl`quàs gdks duhuk hfknl`t hfjjuk+ Jdlbrà hald, dnn`rja Jdroagfkfv,uka dkdlysa plus prfnfkga gàjfktra qua %la ndhtaur àbyptàk% ast g"uka `j*pfrtdkha v`tdla pfur ld sàhur`tà ga ld Uussà+ Jdlbrà ld ràprass`fk erutdla guràb`ja ga Mfsk` Jfuedrdo, l"Àbypta rasta uk gas haktras las plus `jpfrtdktsgu jfuvajakt gc`mdg`sta+ La jfuvajakt `sldj`sta ast rapràsaktà pdr plu*sàurs frbdk`sdt`fks qu` fkt tfutas ak hfjjuk ld vflfktà g"àtdel`r uk bfu*

varkajakt edsà sur ld Hmdr`dm at suppfrtakt gas jfuvajakts s`j`ld`rasmfrs g"Àbypta ak vua ga ràtdel`r la Omdl`ndt+ Has brfupas fkt uka %dtt`tugakàbdt`va% akvars ld Uussà at uka %`knluakha sàràusa sur las `sldj`stas guKfrg Hduhdsa%+ Jdroagfkfv sa ràníra ak pdrt`hulàr é l"`knluakha ga Xd`gTute sur l"`gàflfbua gu jfuvajakt sdldn`sta gdbmastdkd`s, Jdbfjag Wdbdav -sarvdkt uka lfkbua pa`ka ga pr`sfk)+ Jdroagfkfv pràsuja qua la jfuva*jakt ak Àbypta prakgrd uk hdrdhtíra `sldj`qua qu` durd uk àhmf du Kfrg

Hduhdsa+ Eàk qua la làk aktra las àvíkajakts ak Àbypta at l"dttdqua sur l"dà*rfpfrt ga Gfjfgagfvf sf`t lf`k g"ãtra àv`gakt, `l y vf`t uk jassdba hld`r duxhfral`b`fkkd`ras jusuljdks 3 %Uabdrgaz, la c`mdg hduhdsàk dttdqua, kfusdvfks las nfrhas at las rassfurhas%+

L"drt`hla s"dgrassa é uk puel`h ga spàh`dl`stas fhh`gaktdux at sa vaut dldr*j`sta+ @l jat ak dvdkt la nd`t qua pfur ld praj`íra nf`s uk dttaktdt hèla kfksaulajakt ld Uussà jd`s duss` ld hfjjukdutà `ktarkdt`fkdla+ Gapu`s sap*tajera 5994, Jfshfu hmarhma é gàjfktrar qua las g`ss`gakts Kfrg hduhd*sàks rapràsaktakt la jãja gdkbar pfur la jfkga qua Dl Tdagd+

_Xarba` Jdroagfkfv ast la g`rahtaur gu Gàpdrtajakt gas Dnnd`ras `ktarkdt`f*kdlas ga l"@kst`tut g"dkdlysa pfl`t`qua at j`l`td`ra, Jfshfu+ @l ast v`s`t`kb nal*lfw du HX@X -Haktar nfr Xtrdtab`h . @ktarkdt`fkdl Xtugàs, Kaw Pfro)Z

@omlfv Avbak``, %Jysl` f kajyslajjfj% -Yaksar l"`jpfssèla)84 cdkvàr

5944, www+brdk`+ru&elfbs&nraa&aktràs&4=1=95+mtjl

http://www.caucasustimes.com/article.asp?id=20744


http://www.grani.ru/blogs/free/entries/185802.html






Hat drt`hla ka tfuhma qu"`kg`rahtajakt du Hduhdsa jd`s `l ast haktrà sur uk gà* edt qudkt é l"dvak`r ga ld Uussà qu` jfe`l`sa gapu`s qualqua tajps l"`ktall`*bakts`d gu pdys at durd gas ràparhuss`fks sur la sfrt gu Kfrg Hduhdsa+

L"dutaur pfsa ld quast`fk 3 %Tu"ast ha qu` dttakg ld Uussà ak hds g"uka Uàvflu*t`fk Kdt`fkdla6%, at rahfjjdkga é tfus las jajeras gu bfuvarkajakt g"`ks*hr`ra uk rdppal gdks laur dbakgd, %dttakt`fk Wuk`s $ Dttakt`fk l"Àbypta%+ @l prà*g`t qua jd`ktakdkt qua la jfkga drdea vf`t la gàeut g"uka ràvflut`fk gàjfhrd*t`qua, l"fk paut pràvf`r ha qua sard ld n`k gu ràb`ja Yfut`ka+ @l pràg`t duss`qu"uka nutura ràvflut`fk russa ka sard pds uka ràvflut`fk ga %valfurs% gu styla%frdkba% jd`s rassajelard plut÷t, ak plus rdg`hdl, é ha qu` s"ast pdssà ak Ufu*jdkà `l y d uka v`kbtd`ka g"dkkàas …

Hfks`gàrfks àhr`t @lomfv, l"`jpfssèla at nd`sfks l"mypftmísa qu"uka ràvflut`fkrussa prakgrd uk hdrdhtíra kàf*ndsh`sta gu styla Jussfl`k` é sas gàeuts, ha quapauvakt ld`ssar pràsujar las jdk`nastdt`fks sur ld pldha gu Jdkíba é Jfshfuak gàhajera 5949+Ld Uussà gf`t nd`ra ndha é plusàurs gàn`s 3

4* ak prajàr làu sa gàedrrdssar gàn`k`t`vajakt ga l"màr`tdba `jpàr`dl qua ldNàgàrdt`fk ga Uussà, suhhassaur ga l"QUXX, k"d tfucfurs pds akv`sdbà+ Cusqu"éjd`ktakdkt tfus las annfrts ga Jfshfu sa sfkt g`r`bàs é pràsarvar las rastas gal"ajp`ra+ Gdks uk shakdr`f `gàdl g"àvflut`fk gàjfhrdt`qua, la Nàgàrdt`fk durd`tput àvfluar vars uk systíja hfjpl`quà ga raldt`fks nàgàrdlas fu hfknàgàrdlas+Gdks l"mypftmísa g"uka ràvflut`fk %kdt`fkdla% hald djíkard `kàv`tdelajakt é

gas hfknl`ts sdkbldkts su`v`s pdr l"àtdel`ssajakt g"uk àtdt %russa%, eàk àv`gaj*jakt bàfbrdpm`quajakt ràgu`t+ D`ks` ld Uussà jattrd uk pf`kt n`kdl é uk gà* edt vàux ga 199 dks qu` fppfsa pdrt`sdks ga l"màr`tdba `jpàr`dl ga ld Mfrgag"Fr at haux qu` dsp`rakt é nfrjar d kdt`fk stdta ga typa aurfpàak+

L"dutaur kfta qua gapu`s uk dk la jfuvajakt kdt`fkdl russa d hmdkbà sfk g`s*hfurs g"uka jdk`íra rdg`hdla ‘ las `gàas pdksldvas ka sfkt plus du bfut gu cfur,ha qu` pràvdut h"ast l"`gàa ga l"axhlus`fk, l"axpuls`fk, gu Hduhdsa gu sa`k ga ldnrdtrà ga Uussà+

5* La gaux`íja gàn` hfkharka l"màr`tdba ga ld tarraur ga 4082 -las brdkgas

purbas stdl`kàkkas) qu` d parj`s du ràb`ja hfjjuk`sta ga surv`vra uk gaj`s`íhla at vf`h` g`x dks du %Yfut`k`sja%+ %La paupla russa rastard tfucfurs psy*hmflfb`quajakt ashldva tdkt qu"`l ka sa gàedrrdssard pds g"uka paur bàkàt`quagas ràprass`fks thmào`stas%+

8* la trf`s`íja gàn` gavrd s"dgrassar du prfelíja ga ld kfjakoldturd raspfk*sdela ga ld hfrrupt`fk pràvdldkt é tfus las k`vadux, bfuvarkajaktdla, pfl`t`qua,àhfkfj`qua at cur`g`qua+

L"dutaur hfjpdra l"mujaur qu` pràvdut gdks la pdys é halla gas las dkkàas 29+ @l

ak rassfrt l"`jprass`fk qu"uka ràvflut`fk ast `kàv`tdela gu é l"àhmah g"àtdel`r ukàtdt ga grf`t gàjfhrdt`qua hfjja fk pfuvd`t l"aspàrar é l"annfkgrajakt gal"QUXX+

Chronique Du Caucase No 1 March 2011

Documents