Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease E. Sevda Özdoğan MD Chest diseases.

Chronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary Disease

E. Sevda Özdoğan MD

Chest diseases

COPDCOPD

COPD is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated

with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases.

TerminologyTerminology

Chronic BronchitisDefined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years, is not necessarily associated with airflow limitation.

EmphsemaIrreversibl dilatation and destruction of the airways distal

to terminal bronchie (without fibrosis) – Centrlobular emphysema (respiratory bronchioles)– Panlobular emphsema (resp. Br+alv ductus and

alveolus)

RİSK FACTORS İN COPDRİSK FACTORS İN COPDEnvironmental Smoking (active, passive)

– Responsible from 80-90% of COPD)– RR for Chronic bronchitis among

smokers is 50 %, COPD 15-20 % Occupational exposures

– Miners (kadmiyum,silica)– bakers, construction, wood workers– Grain dust– Wool

Air pollution Social factors Dietary factors

– Low Antioxidans and vitamin (A,C,E;Mg)

– High salt

Host related Genetic factors (%1)

– Alfa-1 antitripsin deficiency (otozomal recessive)

Family history Age Childhood viral infections

(RSV,Adenovirüs) Bronchial hyperreactivity Atophy Low birth weight

Pathophysiological Pathophysiological MechanismsMechanisms

InflammationProtease-antiprotease imbalanceOxydative stress

Cigarette smoke

Alveolar macrophage

Neutrophil

PROTEASES

Alveolar wall destruction(Emphysema)

Mucus hypersecretion(Chronic bronchitis)

PROTEASEINHIBITORS

Neutrophil chemotactic factors

CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF COPDCELLULAR MECHANISMS OF COPD

Neutrophil elastaseCathepsins

Matrix metalloproteinases

Cytokines (IL-8)Mediators (LTB4) 4 ))

?CD8+

lymphocyte

-

MCP-1

SYMPTOMS

coughcoughsputumsputumdyspneadyspnea

EXPOSURE TO RISKFACTORS

tobaccotobaccooccupationoccupation

indoor/outdoor pollutionindoor/outdoor pollution

Diagnosis of COPDDiagnosis of COPD

Physical examinationPhysical examination

Prolonged expiration (>6 sec), Barrel chest Accesory muscle activity, pursed lip respiration Cyanosis Wheesing, ronchus silent chest Corpulmonale signs Flapping tremor

SYMPTOMS

coughcoughsputumsputumdyspneadyspnea

EXPOSURE TO RISKFACTORS

tobaccotobaccooccupationoccupation

indoor/outdoor pollutionindoor/outdoor pollution

SPIROMETRYSPIROMETRY

Diagnosis of COPDDiagnosis of COPD

FEV1/FVC<%70 FEV1 is used for

the classification of severity

Decreased FEF 25-75 (MMFR)

Decreased DLCO and DLCO/VA in emphysemaAir trapping

Reversibility test (-)

Chest radiology– Normal– Emphysema– Pulmonary hypertension

Blood gasMeasurement of arterial blood gas tension should be considered in all patients with FEV1 < 40% predicted or clinical signs suggestive of respiratory failure or right heart failure.

Routine blood tests:– Polistemia– Liver function abnormality– Renal function abnormalities

ECG: – Axis changes due to diafragmatic flattening or

right ventricular hypertrophy– P pulmonale– Right bundle block– İmpaired R progression

Alfa-1 antitripsin deficiency tests: – COPD before the age of 45– Family history– Nonsmokers– Panlobular emphysema in the lower lobes

Pulmonary Hypertension in Pulmonary Hypertension in COPDCOPD

Decreased pulmonary vascularityHypoxemia-pulmonary vasoconstructionPolistemia and increased blood viscosityPulmonary thrombosisHypoxemia- decreased renal blood supply-

fluid retantion

Physical signs of CorpulmonalePhysical signs of Corpulmonale

CyanosisPeripheral edema (Pretibial)Enlarged liverVenous enlargement on the neckConjunctival hyperemia

Radiologic signs of corpulmonaleRadiologic signs of corpulmonale

CardiomegalyIncreased vascular arborizationEnlarged pulmonary artery of right hilum

(over 14-16 mm)Enlargement in main pulmonary arteryCostophrenic dullness- pleural effusion

Objectives of COPD Objectives of COPD ManagementManagementObjectives of COPD Objectives of COPD ManagementManagement

Prevent disease progression Relieve symptomsImprove exercise toleranceImprove health statusPrevent and treat exacerbationsPrevent and treat complicationsReduce mortalityMinimize side effects from treatment

Prevent disease progression Relieve symptomsImprove exercise toleranceImprove health statusPrevent and treat exacerbationsPrevent and treat complicationsReduce mortalityMinimize side effects from treatment

Reduce Risk Factors

• Reduction of total personal exposure to tobacco smoke, occupational dusts and chemicals, and indoor and outdoor air pollutants are important goals to prevent the onset and progression of COPD.

• Smoking cessation is the single most effective-and cost-effective- intervention to reduce the risk of developing COPD and stop its progression

Vaccines: – Influenza vaccines reduce serious illness

and death in COPD patients by 50%. Give once (in Autumn) each year.

– Pneumococcal vaccine

Pharmacologic treatmentPharmacologic treatment

Can improve and prevent symptoms,Reduce the frequency and severity of

exacerbations,Improve health status,Improve exercise tolerance.

BronchodilatorsBronchodilators These medications are central to symptom

management in COPD.

Short acting beta agonists LABA Anticholinergics (long and short acting) Theophyline

Regular treatment with long-acting bronchodilators is more effective and convenient than treatment with short-acting bronchodilators, but more expensive.

Combining drugs with different mechanisms and durations of action may increase the degree of bronchodilation for equivalent or lesser side effects.

Theophylline is effective in COPD, but due to its potential toxicity inhaled bronchodilators are preferred when available.

Regular treatment with inhaled glucocorticosteroids is not always necessary only appropriate for patients with:

– symptomatic improvement and a documented spirometric response to inhaled glucocorticosteroids or

– If FEV1 < 50% predicted and repeated exacerbations (for example, 3 in the last three years).

Antibiotics: Not recommended except for treatment of infectious exacerbations and other bacterial infections.

Mucolytic (Mucokinetic, Mucoregulator) Agents: Patients with viscous sputum may benefit from mucolytics, but overall benefits are very small.

Antitussives: Regular use contraindicated in stable COPD.

If Corpulmonale is formed:If Corpulmonale is formed:

DiureticsAnticoagulationFlebotomy (if Htc>55)

Manage ExacerbationsManage Exacerbations

Exacerbations:– Increased dyspnea– Increased cough and sputum– Purulance in sputum(Sometimes drowsiness, high fever etc)

The most common causes of an exacerbation are infection of the tracheobronchial tree (80%) and; s pneumonia; h influensae; m catarrhalis; are the most common pathogens (viruses less common)

Main Causes of exacerbationsMain Causes of exacerbations

Tracheobronchial infections

Air pollution Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism Pneumothorax

Thorax trauma Code fractures Beta blockers narcotic

use Arhytmia Cardiac failure

Manage ExacerbationsManage Exacerbations in the in the Emergency DepartmentEmergency Department

Oxygen (cautious)Short acting beta agonist and/or

anticholinergic inhalation (Spacer or nebulisation)

Iv Teophyline (5-6 mg/kg in 20 min, 0.5 mg/kg/hr infusion)

Iv steroid in severe attack

Antibiotics (iv, oral)Check fluid imbalance, nutritionTreat concomitant disease (Corpulmonale, px

etc)Prophylactic anticoagulationNoninvasive (BİPAP) and invasive mechanic

ventilation

Noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIIPPV) in acute exacerbations improves blood gases and pH, reduces in-hospital mortality, decreases the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and intubation, and decreases the length of hospital stay

Severe ExacerbationSevere Exacerbation

Cyanosis RR>25 HR>110/dk Somnolence Severe deteoriation in PFT Pneumonia, pneumotorax Confusion, coma, arrest PO2<50, PCO2>70, pH<7.35

Intensive care indication

Hospitalization IndicationsHospitalization Indications

Severe attack No response to 4-6 hours of treatment İmpared sleep and feeding due to dyspnea İnsufficient care at home >3 attack with hospitalization in one year Concomitant severe disease Deteoriated mental functions Increased hypoxemia or hypercapnia

Non-Pharmacologic Treatment

RehabilitationOxygen therapySurgical interventions

Rehabilitation programs should include, at a minimum:– Exercise training– Nutrition counseling– Education.

The goals of pulmonary rehabilitation are to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and increase participation in everyday activities.

Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy

The long-term administration of oxygen (>15 hours per day) to patients with chronic respiratory failure increases survival and has a beneficial impact on pulmonary arterial pressure, polycythemia (hematocrit > 55%), exercise capacity, lung mechanics, and mental state.

The goal of long-term oxygen therapy is to increase the baseline PaO2 at rest to at least 60 mm Hg at sea level, and/or produce SaO2 at least 90%, which will preserve vital organ function by ensuring an adequate delivery of oxygen.

Low flow rates 2-3lt/min should be given

Surgical TreatmentsSurgical Treatments

Bullectomy, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) and lung transplantation may be considered in carefully selected patients with Stage IV: Very Severe COPD.

COPD IS NOT ASTHMA !COPD IS NOT ASTHMA !

• Different causes

• Different inflammatory cells

• Different mediators

• Different inflammatory consequences

• Different response to treatment

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