Christopher G. St. C. Kendall Arabian Gulf Sequence Stratigraphy Application to Exploration and Production Middle Eastern Basins of the Gulf Summer 2005 Professor Christopher G. St. C. Professor Christopher G. St. C. Kendall Kendall [email protected][email protected]803-777-2410 803-777-2410
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Christopher G. St. C. Kendall Arabian Gulf Sequence Stratigraphy Application to Exploration and Production Middle Eastern Basins of the Gulf Summer 2005.
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Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Sequence StratigraphyApplication to Exploration and
Crude Oil(BB) - Natural Gas Crude Oil(BB) - Natural Gas (TCF)(TCF)
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
After Al SharhanAfter Al Sharhan
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
From International Petroleum EncyclopediaFrom International Petroleum Encyclopedia
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
From International Petroleum EncyclopediaFrom International Petroleum Encyclopedia
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Arabian BasinArabian Basin
Traces a polyhistory of plate tectonic & sedimentary fill:Pre Cambrian to Infra-Cambrian - Continental interiorSilurian and Ordovician clastics – Continental interiorPermian clastics & carbonates – Trailing marginUpper Jurassic Carbonates – Trailing marginLower Cretaceous Carbonates – Trailing marginMiddle Cretaceous – Compression & Zagros Mts initiatedTertiary Carbonates and Clastics - Compressional margin
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Oil Production - Arabian Gulf Oil Production - Arabian Gulf Productive hydrocarbon section older to West [Paleozoic] & younger in East in the Zagros Mts [ Upper Tertiary]. West to East production includes:Infra-Cambrian Salt Silurian and Ordovician clastics – Unaizah Permian clastics & carbonates – Khuff Upper Jurassic Carbonates - Arab & Tuwaik Mt GroupLower Cretaceous Carbonates – Shuaiba & ThammamaMiddle Cretaceous – MishrifTertiary - Asmari
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Zagros Mountain ChainZagros Mountain Chain
After Dennis TassaAfter Dennis Tassa
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Structural Provinces - Arabian Gulf
Structural Provinces - Arabian Gulf
Zagros Fold Mts
Mesozoic to Tertiary Foreland Basin
Pre-Cambrian Shield
Nasa ImageNasa Image
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Mosaic of Drifting Rigid Mosaic of Drifting Rigid PlatesPlates
After Dennis TassaAfter Dennis Tassa
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Arabian Gulf tracks the Wilson CycleArabian Gulf tracks the Wilson Cycle
Plate tectonic theory divides earth’s crust into plates
Plates diverge apart or rift & a new ocean basin forms
Plate motion reverses & convergence causes collision, & mountain building
The Wilson Cycle records plate motion opening & closing of ocean basins in the rock record
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Arabian GulfArabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Evolution of Arabian GulfEvolution of Arabian Gulf
After Kingston et al, 1983
Interior Sag
Extensional margin
Extensional margin
Compression & Foreland Basin
Foreland Basin
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian GulfArabian plate stratigraphic section withArabian plate stratigraphic section with
hydrocarbon productionhydrocarbon production
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Geologic Cross-Section - Arabian Gulf
Geologic Cross-Section - Arabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
GasGas
GasGas
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Restricted Restricted Entrance Entrance To SeaTo Sea
Permian Khuff Permian Khuff
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Oman & UAEOman & UAE
Structural & Structural &
DepositionalDepositional
Barrier overBarrier over
Hercynian Hercynian
Horst BlocksHorst Blocks
Arid Tropics Air System Arid Tropics Air System
Wide Shadow from Adjacent ContinentsWide Shadow from Adjacent Continents
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Restricted Restricted Entrance Entrance
To SeaTo Sea
Upper Jurrassic Upper Jurrassic
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Kuwait, IranKuwait, Iran
& UAE& UAE
DepositionalDepositional
Barrier overBarrier over
Hercynian Hercynian
Horst BlocksHorst Blocks
Tropical Air System !Tropical Air System !
Wide Shadow from Adjacent ContinentsWide Shadow from Adjacent Continents
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf After Dennis TassaAfter Dennis Tassa
From International Petroleum EncyclopediaFrom International Petroleum Encyclopedia
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Arabian Gulf Factory producing carbonates & storing products of cyanbacteria since Permian
Arabian Gulf Factory producing carbonates & storing products of cyanbacteria since Permian
Nasa ImageNasa Image
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
A big day for a bloom!!A big day for a bloom!!
Organics in the Gulf!Organics in the Gulf!
Nasa ImageNasa Image
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
BasinRamp
RestrictedShelf
OpenShelf
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Sedimentary Section is SourceSedimentary Section is Source
Collister, James, Robert Ehrlich, Frank Mango, and Glenn Johnson (2004), Modification of the petroleum system concept: Origins of alkanes and isoprenoids in crude oils AAPG Bulletin, v. 88, no. 5 pp. 587–611Establish that the source of petroleum was once dispersed through much of the sedimentary sections and not necessarily from classic organic rich source rocks.
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian GulfAfter Baum, & KendallAfter Baum, & Kendall
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Arabian BasinArabian Basin
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Geological Setting of Jurassic OilGeological Setting of Jurassic Oil
Reservoir Reservoir
Seal Seal
IntrashelfBasin
IntrashelfBasin
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
The Hanifa Formation Oil FieldsThe Hanifa Formation Oil Fields
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Hanifa Formation - Berri FieldHanifa Formation - Berri Field
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
The Hanifa FormationSequence Stratigraphic Hierarchy
The Hanifa FormationSequence Stratigraphic Hierarchy
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
The Hanifa FormationStratigraphic Framework
The Hanifa FormationStratigraphic Framework
•Each formation was deposited as a complete 3rd order sequence
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
The Hanifa FormationStratigraphic Framework
The Hanifa FormationStratigraphic Framework
DrowningSurface
DrowningSurface
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
High-stand Surface of High-stand Surface of CondensationCondensation
• Most of reservoir skeletal conglomerate deposited on relatively high-energy shelf within HST.
• Contemporaneous of organic-rich lime mudstones to south during late TST & HST with reservoir facies of north.
• Lithofacies shift from shelf to basin is gradual & grades through 11 lithofacies in response to changes of relative sea level along gentle ramp profile with intrashelf basin in south.
• Lithofacies distribution in basin enables prediction of best reservoir facies to north, & interpolation of intermediate lithofacies.
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lekweir FormationLekweir Formation• Most of reservoir grain carbonates deposited
over relatively high-energy shoal and ramp during LST and sorted by storm events.
• Sourced from Lower and Middle Jurassic.• Lithofacies shift from shoal/ramp crest to
margin of finer grained carbonate.• A rise in relative sea level over the gentle ramp
profile caused the carbonates to fine upward and lose reservoir character; condensed impermeable HST layers formed.
• Lithofacies distribution over shoal has lead to best reservoir facies upsection in response to shallower water sorting during LST of the upper cycles.
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lower Cretaceous - Barremian
Lower Cretaceous - Barremian
Barremian Paleogeography in Gulf Barremian Paleogeography in Gulf Region (Murris1980)Region (Murris1980)
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lower Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous
Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lower Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous
Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lower Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous
Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lower Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous
Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Stratigraphic cross-section of Cretaceous Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)Eastern Arabia (Alsharhan & Nairn 1986)
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lekhwair Formation - UAELekhwair Formation - UAEStratigraphic section of Late Jurassic Eastern Saudi Arabia(Murris 1980) Jubaila small cycles fine up but overall sectioncoarsens up.
Note fining upwards cyclesNote fining upwards cyclesPittet et al, 2002
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Zakum Field - UAEZakum Field - UAE
Anticlinal shape of fieldAnticlinal shape of fieldPittet et al, 2002
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Lekweir FormationLekweir Formation• Most of reservoir grain carbonates deposited
over relatively high-energy shoal and ramp during LST and sorted by storm events.
• Sourced from Lower and Middle Jurassic.• Lithofacies shift from shoal/ramp crest to
margin of finer grained carbonate.• A rise in relative sea level over the gentle ramp
profile caused the carbonates to fine upward and lose reservoir character; condensed impermeable HST layers formed.
• Lithofacies distribution over shoal has lead to best reservoir facies upsection in response to shallower water sorting during LST of the upper cycles.
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Arabian BasinArabian Basin
Traces a polyhistory of plate tectonic & sedimentary fill:Pre Cambrian to Infra-Cambrian - continental interiorSilurian and Ordovician clastics – continental interiorPermian clastics & carbonates – trailing marginUpper Jurassic Carbonates – trailing marginLower Cretaceous Carbonates – trailing marginMiddle Cretaceous – compression and collision startsTertiary Carbonates and Clastics- compressional margin
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
Oil Production - Arabian Gulf Oil Production - Arabian Gulf Productive hydrocarbon section older to West [Paleozoic] & younger in East in the Zagros Mts [ Upper Tertiary]. West to East production includes:Infra-Cambrian Salt Silurian and Ordovician clastics – Unaizah Permian clastics & carbonates – Khuff Upper Jurassic Carbonates - Arab & Tuwaik Mt GroupLower Cretaceous Carbonates – Shuaiba & ThammamaMiddle Cretaceous – MishrifTertiary - Asmari
Christopher G. St. C. KendallArabian Gulf
ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions
Burn it in transport Burn it in transport or use it foror use it for
petrochemicals?petrochemicals?
Burn it in transport Burn it in transport or use it foror use it for