Christopher G. Hamaker, Illinois State University, Normal IL © 2008, Prentice Hall Chapter 1 Introduction…

Christopher G. Hamaker, Illinois State University, Normal IL© 2008, Prentice Hall

Chapter 1Introduction to Chemistry

INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRYINTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRYConcepts & Connections

Fifth Edition by Charles H. Corwin

Christopher G. Hamaker, Illinois State University, Normal IL© 2008, Prentice Hall

Chapter 1 2

Chemistry: The Central Science• Most other sciences demand an understanding

of basic chemical principles, and chemistry is often referred to as the “central science”

• “Chemistry: The Central

Science”

by Brown/ LeMay/ Bursten

Chapter 1 3

Evolution of Chemistry• The Greeks believed in

four basic elements: earth, air, fire, and water.

• All substances were combinations of these four basic elements.

Chapter 1 4

Scientific Investigations• Science is the methodical exploration of nature

followed by a logical explanation of the observations.

• Scientific investigation entails:– planning an investigation– carefully recording observations– gathering data– analyzing the results

Chapter 1 5

The Scientific Method• The scientific method (as described in your

Basic Nutrition textbook) is a systematic investigation of nature and requires proposing an explanation for the results of an experiment in the form of a general principle.

• The initial, tentative proposal of a scientific principle is called a hypothesis.

• After further investigation, the original hypothesis may be rejected, revised, or elevated to the status of a scientific principle.

Chapter 1 6

Applying the Scientific Method

• Step 1: Perform a planned experiment, make observations, and record data.

• Step 2: Analyze the data and propose a tentative hypothesis to explain the experimental observations.

• Step 3: Conduct additional experiments to test the hypothesis. If the evidence supports the initial proposal, the hypothesis may become a theory.

• Also seen in p. 17 of Visualizing Nutrition: Everyday Choices textbook, copyright 2010)

Chapter 1 7

Scientific Method, continued• After sufficient evidence, a hypothesis becomes a

scientific theory.• A natural law is a measurable relationship.

Chapter 1 8

Critical Thinking: Reactions with Oxygen

• What do burning wood, rusting iron, and exploding gasoline have in common?

• All three are examples of oxidation-reduction reactions (or redox reaction), which are chemical reaction.

• Combustion is a chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen.

• Rusting is slow reaction, burning is rapid reaction, and an explosion is instantaneous reaction.

Chapter 1 9

Modern Chemistry• Chemistry is a science that studies the

composition of matter and its properties.• Chemistry is divided into several branches:

– Organic chemistry is the study of substances containing carbon.

– Inorganic chemistry is the study of all other substances that don’t contain carbon.

– Biochemistry is the study of substances derived from plants and animals.

Chapter 1 10

Learning Chemistry• Different people learn

chemistry differently.

• What do you see in the picture?

• Some people see a vase on a dark background; some people see two faces. How about you?

Chapter 1 11

Problem Solving• Connect the dots using only four straight lines.• Experiment until

you find a solution.• Did you have to use

5 straight lines?• No matter which

dot we start with, we still need 5 lines.

Chapter 1 12

Problem Solving• Are we confining the problem?

• We need to go beyond the 9 dots to answer the problem.

Chapter 1 13

Chemistry, The Central Science• Knowledge of chemistry is important to

understanding the world around us.

Chapter 1 14

Chapter Summary• Scientists use the scientific method to investigate

the world around them.

• Experiments lead to a hypothesis, which may lead to a scientific theory or a natural law.

• Chemistry is a central science with many branches.

• The impact of chemistry is felt in many aspects of our daily lives.