Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus’ VoyagesSpanish Conquests Generally
Reasons
ReligiousPolitical
Economic Personal
Positive and Negative Effectsof Columbus’ Voyages
• Columbian Exchange• Eastern and Western
Hemisphere • Increased
colonization• Changes in gov’t,
science, religion
• Enslavement of people
• Disregard for culture• Destruction of Native
American civilizations• Diseases like small
pox, typhus, measles
Fernando CortesFernando CortesFernando CortesFernando Cortes
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
The Story
• 1519 – Cortes intrigued by stories of GOLD
• Malintzin (aka Dona Marina) – advisor to Cortes
• Montezuma and the ancient prophecy ‘light skinned god”
• Cortes used other tribes to help fight • The Death of Montezuma• The Siege of Tenochtitlan
The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa
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The Story
• Spanish priest told Atahualpa he must convert to Christianity but refused and imprisoned
• Promised to reward Pizarro with gold and silver if released, which he agreed to but then killed Atahualpa anyway
• Pizarro easily defeated Incas (modern day Peru)
Spanish Conquest & Spanish Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Spanish Conquest & Spanish Conquest & ColonizationColonization
ConquistadoresPresidios
Mission
s
EncomiendaSystem
Presidios
• Fortified bases created by the Spanish to protect against pirates and other invaders
Missions
• Catholic church played central role
in Spanish exploration and settlements
• Missionaries labored to convert
American Indians to Christianity
The Encomienda System
• System in Spanish America
• Indian slaves were forced to
work on huge plantation estates
• Treatment was extremely harsh
What are England and France doing at the time?
• Northwest Passage – Western route above the North American continent in the Artic Sea area to get to Asia
• Only setting up temporary colonies at this time for trade
• Only setting up temporary colonies at this time because own country is in political turmoil
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
A Growing Divide
• During Reformation, Spain remains Catholic while England switches to Protestant back to Catholic, back to Protestant
• Vying for Religious and Political Dominance
King Henry VIII – 1509-1547
Henry’s wives
Henry’s Surviving Children
The Elizabethian Era
• Encourages & Sponsors numerous Explorations• Openly Protestant – growing conflict/competition
with Spain• Holds out war with France/Spain for 25 years by
holding out for marriage – Virgin Queen• 1570 – Cold war with Spain after Pope issues
decree absolving English Catholics from obedience to Elizabeth
War with Spain
• Sir Francis Drake – Queen’s Sea Dogs– Circumnavigated globe– Explored as far as CA– Pillaged Spanish treasure ship, Cacafuego –
Emeralds of Queen’s crown
• Burned Spanish towns, looted Catholic churches• Queen Elizabeth knighted him in 1581 – open
act of defiance against Spain• 1588, Spain (financed by Pope) assembled 130
ships, 30,000 men
England Takes Over
• Spanish Armada --- poor leadership, too big, less maneuverable
• English ships – smaller, faster• Massive storms wrecked Armada
• Victory by England broke Spain’s sea power• English dominance over the seas = more
freedom, more colonization
England’s Reasons
• Military: set up military bases, establish political
dominance
• Economic: need for trading posts if
found the Northwest Passage, new
trading markets with N.A.
• Population: Overcrowding, Chance at Profit,
Religious freedom
Roanoke – The Lost Colony
• 1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh – New Foundland to
Florida - Virginia• 1585-87 – Raleigh’s 2 attempts
– 2nd attempt: John White established colony, returns to England to get more supplies
– Return delayed – War with Spain
• 1590, White returns to Roanoke – Vanished w/o trace - Croatoan
England tries Again
• 25 years passed before England attempted colonization again
• The Charter of 1606, issued by King James I – Jamestown settlement– Joint stock company– 100 men recruited by London company– Many difficulties – Survival is uncertain
Early Difficulties
• Disease
• Starvation
• Exposure to elements
• Conflict with Native Americans
• Lazy, Rich men
• Internal Strife
• http://www.history.com/topics/pocahontas/videos#pocahontas
Puritanism
• Wanted to reform [purify] the Church of England
• Grew impatient with the slow progress of Protestant Reformation in England
Separatists
• Puritans who believe that only visible saints should be admitted for church membership
• Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, separatists felt they had to share their church with the “damned”
• Therefore, they believed in a “total break” from the Church of England
Sources of Separatist Migration
Pilgrims
• Ultimately left the Netherlands because they didn’t think it was “pure” enough for them
• Did not want to mix with the other religions
• 1620, a group of 100 people negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in their jurisdiction
The Mayflower
• Arrived far off course from destination – Plymouth Bay outside the domain of the VA co.
• Squatters without legal right to land and authority to start government
The May Flower CompactNovember 11, 1620
The May Flower CompactNovember 11, 1620
• Written and signed before the passengers disembarked from ship
• Not a constitution, but an agreement to form to a crude government and submit to majority rule
• Signed by 41 adult males– Led to meeting in assemblies to make laws– John Carver elected governor
That First year…
• Winter of 1620-1621 extremely harsh (only 44 of the original 100 survived)
* weather
* starvation
* disease
• None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back
The First Thanksgiving
• Survival owed to Squanto and the Wampanaog Indians– Native Americans were weak in the New England
area, epidemics had wiped out over ¾ pop– Chief Massasoit signed treaty with settlers in
1621
• Colony survived with fur (especially beaver), fish and lumber
• Fall 1621 --- celebrated First Thanksgiving