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Chapter 10
Multimedia Technology
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Slide 2Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
CPU Multimedia Technologies
Why is there a need for specialmultimedia instructions?
Consume too much CPU resources. 10%of multimedia application instructionsused up to 90% of the processing time
What the the instructions added toIntel CPU to handle 2D multimedia andaudio?
57 instructions know as MultimediaExtension (MMX) are added to Pentiumcomputers/PII/Celeron.
How do they supports multimedia?process video and audio datasimultaneously
How does Intel support 3D graphics,video and audio streaming and voicerecognition?
SSE or Streaming SIMD Extension. 70new instructions are added to PentiumIII processors.
How does AMD CPUs handlemultimedia?
3DNow!. 21 instructions supporting 3Dare added to K6, K6-2 and Athlon.
What are the new multimedia features
of Anthon XP?3DNow! Professional technology thatincludes 52 new instructions.
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Slide 3Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
CD-ROM
What are the uses of CD-ROM?To hold music, data or computersoftware. They have become thestandard medium for distributing largequantities of information in a reliablepackage
What is 1x?1x is the standard speed of audio CD.The transfer rate is 150Kbps.Therefore a 12x CD-ROM has atransfer speed of 1.8Mbps.
How are data stored on the CD-ROM?Data are stored from the centre andspiral outwards as lands and pits.Lands represent 1 where the pitsrepresent 0.
Land Pit
What is CAV?Constant Angular Velocity. Disk is rotates ata constant speed. This method is easier onthe spindle motor, but it means that thedata-transfer rate varies for the outer andinner tracks.
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Slide 4Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
CD-ROM
What is CLV?Constant Linear Velocity. Use by olderCD-ROM drive. Data is read at aconstant rate.
How is data being at a constant rate?
Disk is rotated at varying speeds.Faster on the inside and slower on theoutside.
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Slide 5Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
CD-ROM Player
What is the function of the CD-ROMPlayer?Focus the laser to find and read thedata stored as bumps on the CD. It isan exceptionally precise piece ofequipment since the bumps are verysmall.
What are the components of the drive?1. A drive motor spins the disc. It is
precisely controlled to rotatebetween 200 and 500 rpmdepending on which track is beingread.
2. A laser and a lens system focus inon and read the bumps.
3. A tracking mechanism moves thelaser assembly so that the laser'sbeam can follow the spiral track.The tracking system has to be ableto move the laser at micronresolutions.
What are the available type of CD-ROMinterfaces?1. Internal CD-ROM
IDE SCSI
2. External Parallel USB SCSI
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CD-ROM Standards
High Sierra
Standard created in 1984 Replaced by ISO 9660
ISO 9660 International standard (include the High Sierrastandard)
Current CD-ROM and CD-R format
CD-ROM standards
(Books)
Red Book media, recording and mastering process
Yellow Book error correction data, detectionhardware and firmware (data storage beneath thelogo)
Orange CD-Recorder, extend the Red and Yellowbook
MPC Define the minimal standard to run multimedia
productsEl Torito standard Bootable CD-ROM. Components required:
Bootable CD-ROM mechanism
BIOS supports bootable CD-ROM
CD with boot code and an operating system
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Slide 7Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
CD-ROM Requirement (DOS)
This section is for Real-Mode software under DOS onlySoftware Description
Device Driver 1. Low level driver allowing program to access CD-ROM,CD-R or CD-RW
2. Has .SYS extension eg IDECD.SYS
3. Configured and activated with CONFIG.SYS DEVICE=IDECD.SYS /D:MSCD000
MSCDEX.EXE 1. Provided by Microsoft
2. Microsoft CD Extension (MSCDEX)
3. Allows access to 650MB of information in CD
4. Loaded through the AUTOEXEC.BAT MSCDEX /D:MSCD000
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Common CD-ROM Problems
Errors under DOS (use startup disk to boot PC)
Invalid DriveSpecification
(when typing the DriveLetter eg D:)
1. Driver not activated
2. Error in config.sys or autoexec.bat
(both files must present in order to work)
3. IDE Cable connection properly
4. IDE CD-ROM, check master/slave setting
MSCDEX Not Found 1. Error in autoexec.bat
2. Cannot find MSCDEX.EXE
In Windows, CD-ROMdrive is not recognised
1. Check cable and power connection
2. IDE CD-ROM, check master/slave setting
3. SCSI CD-ROM, check for proper ID and
termination4. Check for IRQ conflict
5. Scan for virus
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Slide 9Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
What is a CD-R Disk?A CD-R disk needs to allow the drive towrite data onto the disk. Can be used tocreate data, audio and video disk.
How does a data is written to CD-Rdisk?
For a CD-R disk to work, a laser writesdata by creating non-reflective area onthe disk. On a new CD-R disk the entiresurface of the disk is reflective.
What is disk comprises of?
Disk has an a layer that the laser canmodify. This extra layer is a greenishdye. It also has a plastic substrate, anda reflective gold layer
What happens when data is beingwritten?When you write data to a CD-R, thewriting laser (which is much morepowerful than the reading laser) heatsup the dye layer and changes itstransparency. The change in the dyecreates the equivalent of a non-
reflective bump and is permanent. BothCD and CD-R drives can read themodified dye as a bump later on.
Why are the media different in colour?Cause by the dye colour and thegold/silver reflective layer.
Can colour of media different quality?Gold is consider the best, lasting 100
years. Green is the lowest grade. Blue isclaimed by manufacturer to have theGold quality.
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Slide 10Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
CD-Recordable
What is Multi-sessions?Allow the CD-R disk to be written overseveral sessions. Previous session needsto be import before a new session canbe written.
What is DISC-AT-ONCE?
Writing mode requiring data to bewritten continuously withoutinterruption
What is the Standard used for CD-R?
Orange Book Standard
Upgrading CD-R/CD-RW firmware
Can be update to correct bugs or fixdrive compatibility problems with youPC
What is Buffer underrun?Flow of data from the hard disk to CD-R is interrupted and the buffer isempty
What causes Buffer underruns?
Cause by slow hard disk, backgroundprogram (virus s/w), low quality disc,insufficient free hard disk space, etc
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Slide 11Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
El Torito
What is El Torito Standard?Specification that says how a CD-ROMshould be formatted such that it candirectly boot a PC
How it works?
The El Torito standard works by makingthe CD drive appear, through BIOScalls, to be a normal floppy drive.
How is it done?
Put any floppy size image, BOOT.IMG(exactly 1440k for a 1.44 meg floppy)
somewhere in the ISO filesystem.Adaptec CD-Creator created a fileBOOT.IMG in the CD-ROM.
How to make a Bootable CD usingAdaptec CD-Creator Version 5?
1. Prepare a Windows Startup Disk
2. Launch Adaptec CD-Creator andstart a New Bootable CD Project
3. Put the Startup Disk and a blank CDinto the respective drive
4. Click OK on the dialogue box (seebelow)
5. Select the file to be included in theCD
6. Start Recording
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Slide 12Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
Digital Versatile Disc ROM
What is a DVD?Quite similar to CD but have muchlarger storage capacity.
How much data can a DVD disc holds?
A standard DVD holds about seventimes more data than a CD does.Depending on the Number of sides andLayers, it can hold 4.38GB to 17GB
What are the standards used?Book A, Book B, Book C, Book D, Book E
What is the format for movie in DVD?
When movies are put onto DVDs, theyare encoded in MPEG-2 format and thenstored on the disc.
How are MPEG Movie formatted?
30 frames for NTSC and 25 frames forPAL. High resolution is achieved in PAL.
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Slide 13Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
Sound Card
How does the Sound Card increase thefunctionality of the PC?
It enable the computer to input,process, and deliver sound.
What are the 4 main functions of theSound card?
1. Synthesizer to generating sounds
2. MIDI interface
3. Aanalog-to-digital conversion (used,for example, in recording soundfrom a microphone)
4. Digital-to-analog conversion (used,
for example, to reproduce soundfor a speaker)
How does the Sound card createssound?
The three methods of sound synthesisare:
1. Frequency modulation (FM)technology
2. Wavetable
3. Physical modeling
What is Frequency Modulation (FM)?
Sounds are simulated by using formulato create sine waves that are as closeto the sound as possible. In another
word, sound are sampled and recreated.For example, the sound of a guitar canbe simulated, although the result doesnot really sound very much like a guitar.
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Slide 14Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
Sound Card
How is Sound created by Wavetable?Wavetable uses actual, digitallyrecorded sound samples stored on thecard for the highest performance.
How is Sound created by Physicalmodeling?
Physical modeling is a new type ofsynthesizing, in which sounds aresimulated through a complexprogramming procedure. Some soundcards can also have sounds downloadedto them.
How are Sound card connected in thePC?
ISA and PCI bus. PCI is preferredbecause it uses less CPUs resources.
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Recording/Playback Process
Sound
MicrophoneAnalogsignal
Digitalsignal
Softwaredriver
StorageDevice
(Hard Disk)
Sound Board Hardware
Sound
Recording Process
Softwaredriver
Digital
signal
Analog
signal
LeftSpeaker
Sound Board Hardware
Playback Process
RightSpeaker
StorageDevice
(Hard Disk)
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Slide 16Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
Sampling Rate
Waveform A: original Waveform B: original
Waveform A: reconstructed Waveform B: reconstructed
More sampling taken, thereconstructed sound is closed to the
original sound
Not enough sampling taken, thereconstructed sound is not closed to
the original sound
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Slide 17Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
MIDI
What does MIDI stands for?Musical Instrument Digital Interface
What is is for?
For recording and playing back music ondigital synthesizers
How it works?Rather than representing musical sounddirectly, it transmits information abouthow music is produced. The commandset includes note-ons, note-offs, keyvelocity, pitch bend and other methodsof controlling a synthesizer. It is more
concise than formats that the sounddirectly
MIDIPort Synthesizer Speaker
HardDrive
Sequencersoftware
MIDI instrumentPath of MIDI
signals throughthe PC
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Slide 18Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
Sound Card Block Diagram
Speaker Out
MIDIInstrumentOr
Joystick
PC Bus
Bus Interface Circuits
DigigalSignal
Processor(DSP)
RAM
ROM
Analog-to-Digital
Converter
Synthesizer
Mixer/filter
AudioAmpifier
Audio
Amplifier
MIDI/JoystickInterface
Mic InLine In
CD audio
Line Out
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Slide 19Ver 1.0 10 April 2001
Tips to Troubleshoot a Sound Card
Following tip helps to nail down a problem quickly:
1. Speaker is connected, and turned on
2. Speaker volume and sound card master volume are turned up
3. Make sure the music or sound files are installed properly
4. Check that all sound card and multimedia drivers are installed properly
5. Make sure drivers are up-to-date
6. Check resource conflicts between sound card and other devices using thedevice manager
Check:
IRQ (interrupt Request)
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Memory Address
The most common is an IRQ conflict. You may need to change the IRQ ofthe sound card. Or even change BUS types if all else fails.
7. Sound card is enable in the CMOS (for motherboard with integrated with thesound card)