Chp 9: Cellular Respiration
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Chp 9: Cellular Respiration
Figure 9-01
LE 9-2
ECOSYSTEM
Lightenergy
Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
Cellular respirationin mitochondria
Organicmolecules+ O2
CO2 + H2O
ATP
powers most cellular work
Heatenergy
LE 9-6_3
Mitochondrion
Glycolysis
PyruvateGlucose
Cytosol
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Citricacidcycle
ATP
Oxidativephosphorylation
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
Electronscarried
via NADH
Electrons carriedvia NADH and
FADH2
Activity: Overview
LE 9-7
Enzyme
ADP
P
Substrate
Product
Enzyme
ATP+
LE 9-UN161a
becomes oxidized(loses electron)
becomes reduced(gains electron)
LE 9-UN161
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
LE 9-3
Reactants
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Products
H
Methane(reducing
agent)
Oxygen(oxidizing
agent)
Carbon dioxide Water
H C H
H
O O O OC OH H
CH4 2 O2+ ++CO2Energy 2 H2O
LE 9-UN162a
becomes reduced
becomes oxidized
LE 9-UN162b
Dehydrogenase
LE 9-4
NAD+
Nicotinamide(oxidized form)
Dehydrogenase
2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
NADH H+
H+
Nicotinamide(reduced form)
+ 2[H](from food)
+
LE 9-5
2 H+ + 2 e–
2 H
(from food via NADH)
Controlledrelease ofenergy for
synthesis ofATP ATP
ATP
ATP
2 H+
2 e–
H2O
+ 1/2 O21/2 O2H2 +
1/2 O2
H2O
Explosiverelease of
heat and lightenergy
Cellular respirationUncontrolled reaction
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Electro
n tran
spo
rt chain
LE 9-UN164
Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter)
Oxidation phosphorylation: electron transport andchemiosmosis (color-coded violet)
1.
2.
3.
The citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon)
LE 9-6_3
Mitochondrion
Glycolysis
PyruvateGlucose
Cytosol
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Citricacidcycle
ATP
Oxidativephosphorylation
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
Electronscarried
via NADH
Electrons carriedvia NADH and
FADH2
LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
ATPATPATP
Activity: Glycolysis
LE 9-10
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
NAD+
MITOCHONDRION
Transport protein
NADH + H+
Coenzyme ACO2
Acetyl Co A
LE 9-12_4
ATP ATP ATP
Glycolysis Oxidationphosphorylation
Citricacidcycle
Citricacidcycle
Citrate
Isocitrate
Oxaloacetate
Acetyl CoA
H2O
CO2
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
-Ketoglutarate
CO2NAD+
NADH
+ H+SuccinylCoA
Succinate
GTP GDP
ADP
ATP
FAD
FADH2
P i
Fumarate
H2O
Malate
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
Activity: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
LE 9-11Pyruvate(from glycolysis,2 molecules per glucose)
ATP ATP ATP
Glycolysis Oxidationphosphorylation
CitricacidcycleNAD+
NADH
+ H+
CO2
CoA
Acetyl CoACoA
CoA
Citricacidcycle
CO22
3 NAD+
+ 3 H+
NADH3
ATP
ADP + P i
FADH2
FAD
LE 9-6_3
Mitochondrion
Glycolysis
PyruvateGlucose
Cytosol
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Citricacidcycle
ATP
Oxidativephosphorylation
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
Electronscarried
via NADH
Electrons carriedvia NADH and
FADH2
LE 9-13
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
NADH
50
FADH2
40 FMN
Fe•S
I FAD
Fe•S II
IIIQ
Fe•S
Cyt b
30
20
Cyt c
Cyt c1
Cyt a
Cyt a3
IV
10
0
Multiproteincomplexes
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/m
ol)
H2O
O22 H+ + 1/2
Activity: ETC
LE 9-15
Protein complexof electroncarriers
H+
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
H+
Q
IIII
II
FADFADH2
+ H+NADH NAD+
(carrying electronsfrom food)
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
Intermembranespace
H+
H+
Cyt c
IV
2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O
ADP +
H+
ATP
ATPsynthase
Electron transport chainElectron transport and pumping of protons (H+),
Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
P i
ChemiosmosisATP synthesis powered by the flow
of H+ back across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
LE 9-14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+ H+
H+H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
ATP
MITOCHONDRAL MATRIX
ADP+
Pi
A rotor within the membrane spins as shown when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient.
A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary.
A rod (or “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob.
Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
LE 9-16
CYTOSOL Electron shuttlesspan membrane 2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
MITOCHONDRION
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
2 FADH22 NADH 6 NADH
Citricacidcycle
2AcetylCoA
2 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose2
Pyruvate
+ 2 ATP
by substrate-levelphosphorylation
+ 2 ATP
by substrate-levelphosphorylation
+ about 32 or 34 ATP
by oxidation phosphorylation, dependingon which shuttle transports electronsform NADH in cytosol
About36 or 38 ATPMaximum per glucose:
LE 9-17a
CO2
+ 2 H+
2 NADH2 NAD+
2 Acetaldehyde
2 ATP2 ADP + 2 P i
2 Pyruvate
2
2 Ethanol
Alcohol fermentation
Glucose Glycolysis
LE 9-17b
CO2
+ 2 H+
2 NADH2 NAD+
2 ATP2 ADP + 2 P i
2 Pyruvate
2
2 Lactate
Lactic acid fermentation
Glucose Glycolysis
Activity: Fermentation
LE 9-18
Pyruvate
Glucose
CYTOSOL
No O2 presentFermentation
Ethanolor
lactate
Acetyl CoA
MITOCHONDRION
O2 present Cellular respiration
Citricacidcycle
LE 9-19
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
Proteins
NH3
Aminoacids
Sugars
Carbohydrates
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Fattyacids
Glycerol
Fats
LE 9-20
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
–
Inhibits
ATP Citrate
Inhibits
Stimulates
AMP
+
–
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