Chp. 9 Bellringers 1. What is sensation? 2. What is the colored muscle in the eye that controls the pupil? 3. What is the outer-most protective layer of the eye? 4. What is the fovea? 5. What are the 2 theories on color vision? 6. Which theory explains color afterimages? and colorblindness?
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Chp. 9 Bellringers1. What is sensation?
2. What is the colored muscle in the eye that controls the pupil?
3. What is the outer-most protective layer of the eye?
4. What is the fovea?
5. What are the 2 theories on color vision?
6. Which theory explains color afterimages?
and colorblindness?
7. What is the other name for the dif ference threshold? 8. What is the name for stimuli that is below our sensory threshold?
9. Which theory explains color afterimages
and colorblindness?
10. Where are the most cones located on the retina?
11. What is the other name for the eardrum?
12. Name all 3 ossicles:
9. At what level of db do we experience hearing damage/loss?
10. List the 2 theories for hearing:
11. What are our 4 skin sensations?
12. Describe 2 examples of sensory interaction:
Chp. 5 Bellringers
9. What does our visual cortex “do” to the image from our retina? (name at least 3 things- from video clip)
10. What is the difference between rods and cones?
11. What is the other name for the eardrum?
12. Name all 3 ossicles:
9. What is the other name for the eardrum?
10. Name all 3 ossicles:
IB Psychology
Summary, Evidence and Conclusion of Learning Outcomes
From Sociocultural Level of Analysis.
Textbook Chp. 4.2
“Discuss factors influencing conformity.”
Summary:
Through Asch’s original paradigm, we find conformity rates as high as 32%. Participants conformed by stating an incorrect answer only because others before them had done so. They
9 Sensation
• Eye ball quiz on Friday! Just parts
• Finish eye and ear vocab and diagram
• Plus first column of vocab on page 180- stop at “hue”
Introduction
Sensation
Sensation
• The process by which our sensory
systems (eyes, ears, and other sensory
organs) and nervous system receive
stimuli from the environment
• A person’s awareness of the world
Bottom-Up Processing
• Information processing that focuses
on the raw material entering through
the eyes, ears, and other organs of
sensation
Perception
• The process of organizing and
interpreting sensory information
Top-Down Processing
• Information processing that focuses
on expectations and experiences in
interpreting incoming sensory
information
Thresholds
Module 9: Sensation
Threshold
• An edge or a boundary
Absolute Threshold
• The minimum difference that a person
can detect between two stimuli 50%
of the time
• Examples:
Absolute Threshold
Thresholds:
Signal Detection
Theory
Module 9: Sensation
Signal Detection Theory
• Set of formulas and principles that
predict when we will detect the
presence of a faint stimulus (signal)
amid background stimulation (noise)
• Developed out of the Cold War
Signal Detection Theory
• Three kinds of variables
–Stimulus variables
–Environmental variables
–Organismic variables
Sensory Adaptation
Module 9: Sensation
Sensory Adaptation
• Diminished sensitivity as a result of
constant stimulation
• If a stimulus is constant and
unchanging, eventually a person may
fail to respond to it
• Examples:
Selective Attention
Module 9: Sensation
Selective Attention
• Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus to the exclusion of others
• The ability to focus on one stimulus at a time
• Allows a person to function in a world filled with many stimuli
The Visual System:
The Nature of Light
Module 9: Sensation
Electromagnetic Energy
• An energy spectrum that includes X-
rays, radar, and radio waves
• A small portion of the spectrum
includes light visible to the human
eye
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Hue
• The color of light as determined by
the wavelength of the light energy
• Includes: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet (ROY G BIV)
• The eye can detect 7 million separate
hues
Wavelength
Amplitude
• The brightness of light as determined
by height of the wave
• The taller the wave, the brighter the
color
Amplitude
The Visual System:
The Structure of the
Visual System
Module 9: Sensation
Cornea
• The clear bulge on the front of the
eyeball
• Begins to focus the light by bending it
toward a central focal point
• Protects the eye
Chp. 5 Diagram- Parts of the Eye
Word BankIris / Retina / Fovea / Cornea / Ossicles
/ Optic Nerve / Blind Spot / Lens /
Pupil / Cones
Chp. 5 Quiz
Chp. 5 The Path of Visual Processing Through the Brain
Word Bank
Iris / Retina / Fovea / Cornea / OssiclesOptic Nerve / Blind Spot / Lens / Pupil / Cones
Iris
• A ring of muscle tissue that forms the
colored portion of the eye; creates a
hole in the center of the iris (pupil)
• Regulates the size of the pupil by
changing its size--allowing more or
less light to enter the eye
Pupil
• The adjustable opening in the center of
the eye that controls the amount of light
entering the eye (surrounded by the iris)
• In bright conditions the iris expands,
making the pupil smaller.
• In dark conditions the iris contracts,
making the pupil larger.
Lens
• A transparent structure behind the pupil; focuses the image on the back of the eye (onto the retina)
• Muscles that change the thickness of the lens change how the light is bent thereby focusing the image
• Glasses or contacts correct problems in the lens’ ability to focus.
Parts of the Eye - Lens
Retina
• Light-sensitive surface with cells that convert light energy to nerve impulses
• At the back of the eyeball
• Made up of three layers of cells
–Receptor cells
–Bipolar cells
–Ganglion cells
Receptor Cells
• These cells are present in every sensory
system to change (transduce) some other
form of energy into neural impulses.
• In sight they change light into neural
impulses the brain can understand.
• Visual system has two types of receptor
cells – rods and cones
Rods
• Visual receptor cells located in the
retina
• Can only detect black and white
• Respond to less light than do cones
Cones
• Visual receptor cells located in the
retina
• Can detect sharp images and color
• Need more light than the rods
• Many cones are clustered in the
fovea.
Fovea
• The central focal point of the retina
• The spot where vision is best (most
detailed)
Parts of the Eye - Fovea
Bipolar Cells
• Gather information from the rods and
cones and pass it on to the ganglion
cells
• Cells that form the middle layer in the
retina
Ganglion Cells
• Pass the information from the bipolar
cells through their axons
• Together these cells form the optic
nerve.
• The top layer of the cells in the retina
Visual Processing in the Retina
Optic Nerve
• The nerve that carries visual
information from the eye to the
occipital lobes of the brain
Parts of the Eye – Optic Nerve
Blind Spot
• The point at which the optic nerve
travels through the retina to exit the
eye
• There are no rods and cones at this
point, so there is a small blind spot in
vision.
Chp. 5 Parts of the Eye & Definitions Lens: A transparent structure behind the pupil; focuses the image on the back of
the eye (onto the retina)
Cornea Transparent protective coating over the front of the eye
25. Ossicles
• You will not use HAMMER, ANVIL OR STIRRUP
9 – Diagrams and Vocab
1. Eye Diagram plus parts defined
2. Ear Diagram plus parts defined
3. 1st column of vocab- stop at “hue” on page 180
7/8 Test Results
8 Notebook Checks
The Visual System:
Color Vision
Module 9: Sensation
Trichromatic (three-color) Theory
• Theory of color vision that says cones are
“tuned” to be sensitive to red, green and
blue light
• All the colors we see are a combination
of these three colors.
• Based on work of Helmholtz and Young
• Similar to the design of a color TV
Subtractive Color Mixing
• When mixing colored paints, each new
color SUBTRACTS (soaks up) another
wavelength.
• Red, blue, and yellow combine to make
black paint.
Additive Color Mixing
• When mixing colored lights, each new
color ADDS another wavelength.
• Red, green, and blue combine to make
white light.
Color Deficient Vision
• People who lack one of the three
types of cones
• Usually the red or green receptors are
missing
• Usually referred to as color blindness
• In inherited and found more in males
Opponent-Process Theory of Color
• Theory that says color is processed in
opponent pairs of color:
–Red-green, yellow-blue, black-white
• Light that stimulated one half of the pair
inhibits the other half
• Ewald Hering
• Explains the afterimage effect
Hearing:
The Nature of Sound
Module 9: Sensation
Sound
• Sound, like light, comes in waves
• Sound is vibration
• Features of sound include:
–Pitch
–Hertz
–decibels
Pitch
• A sound’s highness or lowness
• Dependent on the frequency of the
sound wave
• Is measured as hertz (Hz)
Hertz (Hz)
• A measure of the number of sound
wave peaks per second; measures
“frequency”
• Determines the pitch of the sound
• Human hearing goes from 20 Hz to
20,000 Hz
Decibel (dB)
• A measure of the height of the sound
wave
• Determines the loudness of the sound
• Sometimes called amplitude
Hearing:
The Structure of the
Auditory System
Sensation
Chp. 5 Ear Diagram & Definitions
Auditory Canal
• The opening through which sound waves
travel as they move into the ear for
processing
• Ends at the tympanic membrane
(eardrum)
• Keep it clean, but be careful
Eardrum
• Also called tympanic membrane
• Made of tissue, can be torn or damaged
• We can also see ear infections
Ossicles• Three tiny bones that transfer sound
waves from the eardrum to the
cochlea
• Hammer, anvil and stirrup
• Hammer gets vibration from eardrum,
hits the anvil, which passes the
vibration to the stirrup
• Stirrup connects to cochlea at the oval
window.
Oval Window
• The point on the surface of the
cochlea which receives the sound
vibration from the ossicles
• As the oval window vibrates, the fluid
in the cochlea vibrates.
Cochlea
• A hearing organ where sound waves are changed into neural impulses
• The major organ of hearing
• A snail shaped body tube, filled with fluid and small hair cells
• The lining of the cochlea is made up of the basilar membrane.
Hair Cells
• The receptor cells for hearing in the
cochlea that change sound vibrations
into neural impulses
• Similar to the rods and cones within
the eye
Auditory Nerve
• The nerve that carries sound
information from the ears to the
temporal lobes of the brain
Semicircular Canals
• Organs in the inner ear used in
sensing body orientation and balance
(vestibular sense)
• Relies on fluid in the canals
• Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid.
• Not auditory information- not
hearing.
Parts of the Ear – Semicircular Canals
Divisions of the Ear
• Ear’s structure can be divided into:
–The outer ear
–The middle ear
–The inner ear
Divisions of the Ear
Chapter 5 – Ear Diagram Quiz
Word Bank: anvil / auditory nerve / auditory canal / cochlea / fovea/inner ear/ear drum / hammer / middle ear /oval window / semicircular canals / stirrup
Chp. 5: Ear Diagram
Theories of Hearing
• Place theory
– Pitch is determined by location of vibration along the basilar membrane
• Frequency theory
– Pitch is determined by frequency – the hair cells produce action potentials
• Volley Principle
– Pattern of sequential firing determines pitch
Hearing Disorders
• About 28 million people have some form of hearing damage in the U.S.
• Can be caused by
– Injury
– Infections
– Explosions
– Long-term exposure to loud noises (any sound over 85 db can cause damage)
2 Types of Deafness
• Conduction Deafness – from damage to ossicles or eardrum
• Nerve Deafness – problems inside the cochlea
• Cochlear implants can help
Search Engine for Scholarships
https://www.petersons.com/college-search/scholarship-search.aspx
Hearing:
Sound Localization
Module 9: Sensation
Localization of Sound
• Locating where sound is originating
from
• We are able to localize sounds via
these two cues:
–Which ear hears the sound first?
–Which ear hears the louder sound?
Localization of Sound
Other Senses:
Taste
Taste = Gustation
• Taste is a chemical sense.
• Receptor cells are located primarily
on the tongue and in the mouth.
• Five different tastes:
–Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
• Damaged taste receptor cells are
replaced within a few days.
Supertasters
• People with an abundance of taste
receptors
• Approximately 25% of the population
Nontasters/ under-tasters
• People with a minimum of taste
receptors
• Taste with less intensity than the rest
of the population
• Approximately 25% of the population
Sensory Interaction
Other Senses:
Smell
Smell= Olfaction
• Smell is a chemical sense.
• Olfactory cells in the upper nasal
passages detect molecules in the air.
• Taste and smell interact to produce
flavor, a type of sensory interaction.
Olfactory Cells
• The chemical receptor cells for smell
• Located in the nasal passages
Smell
Other Senses:
Touch
Touch
• Touch receptors are on the skin
• Four basic skin senses are
–Pain, warmth, cold, and pressure
• All skin sensations are a combination
of these four basic senses
Gate-control Theory of Pain
• Pain messages travel on one set of
nerve fibers containing pain gates.
• The gates are open when pain is felt.
• Other sensory messages go through
another set of fibers.
• The nonpain fibers can close the pain
gates to stop the sense of pain.
Pain and Phantom Pain
• Play “Phantom Limb Pain: Fooling
the Mind” (4:29) Segment #20 from
The Mind: Psychology Teaching
Modules (2nd edition).
Other Senses:
Body Senses
Module 9: Sensation
Kinesthetic Sense
• The system for sensing the position
and movement of individual body
parts
• Relies on receptor cells from the
muscles and joints
• One’s leg “falling asleep” is a
disruption of the kinesthetic sense
Vestibular Sense
• The system for sensing body
orientation and balance
• Relies on fluid in the semicircular
canals of the inner ear
• Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid.
Parts of the Ear – Semicircular Canals
Chp. 5 Notebook List
1. Chp. 5 Vocab (49 including diagram definitions)
2. Eye & Ear Diagrams/ Crossword Puzzle
3. All notes
4. Study Guide (Part 1 and 2)
5. Chp. 5 Concepts Chart
6. Sensation Lab
7. Practice Questions
8. Bellringers (16 total)
9. Review Guide
Chp./Module 9 Notebook1. Ear/Eye Diagrams with words
2. Vocab- 1st column
3. Notes
4. Chp. 9 Reading Guide
5. Self-test – page 181
6. Chp. 9 Concepts Chart
7. Bellringers (6 total)
Open Notebook Quiz Today!
AP Psych – Chp 5 Bonus
Bonus Question – In what country did researchers discover umami?
*Write your name on your test copy, and version letter on your scantron. Turn in to the folders on the front table by the door.
Bonus Question
• Do humans have more rods or cones on the retina of their eyes?
Related Documents
