Chp 4 Gender Studies Lecture 6 India Gender Policy - Class Ppt

8/3/2019 Chp 4 Gender Studies Lecture 6 India Gender Policy - Class Ppt

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Symbiosis School of Economics Symbiosis School of Economics

304 # Economics of Social Science304 # Economics of Social Science

Chapter 4 (b) # Gender Studies: PolicyChapter 4 (b) # Gender Studies: PolicyImplications for IndiaImplications for India

Lecture # 6: 03 September 2010Lecture # 6: 03 September 2010

Shirin M TejaniShirin M Tejani

[email protected]



I

ntroduction48 percent of the population in India is

female & their ³inclusive development´ is

often talked about in developmentdiscourses. In order to understand the

gender-inclusive policies of India & their

implications, we will first understand

their socio-economic condition through

some key statistics.



De

mographicsAs per Census 2001:

Total Population of Women =49.6 crores

= 48.26 % of total population.

Of these, 36.09 crores live in

rural India





S ex

RatioSex ratio is ratio of males to

females. It represents number of

males per females.

According to Census of India, there

are 933 females per 1,000 males;down from 946 in 1951.



L

it e

racy

Female literacy is

53.7 percent (All-

India)



W

ork Participation Rat e

s ( W

PR)

WPR is the number of individuals who

are working, willing to work, or are

actively looking for work.

As per Census 2001, WPR is:

Females = 25.7 %Males = 51.9 %



M

or e

on F e

mal e

W

ork

1414..6868 % = Main Work % = Main Work

1010..9595 %= Marginal Workers%= Marginal Workers7474..33 % = non% = non--workersworkers

(Census(Census 20012001))



According to NSSO 2004-05

Share of women in wage

employment in non-

agricultural sector:

2004-05 = 20.23 %1999-00 = 16.00 %



Dispariti e s in A gricultural W ag e s(Rs per M an day)



C entral government Employee s

According to the CensusAccording to the Census

2.92 lakh women work with the2.92 lakh women work with theCentral Government.Central Government.

This is only 7.53 % of total CentralThis is only 7.53 % of total CentralGovernment EmployeesGovernment Employees



National Parliament

As on January 2007,As on January 2007,

women members werewomen members wereonly 9.07 percent of theonly 9.07 percent of the

National ParliamentNational Parliament



W omen Participation in Panchayati Raj I nstitutions (2005)

District Panchayats = 41%Intermediate Panchayats =

43%Village Panchayats = 40%



H ousehold

According to the CensusAccording to the Census

((20012001)) 1010..3535 % of households are% of households arefemalefemale--headedheaded



M arriag e

Of recently married women:

44 % were married by age 18years

29.3 % were married by age 21

years



T otal F ertility Rat e ( T FR) TheAverage number of children

that would be born to a woman

over her lifetime

1998-99 2005-06

2.85 2.68



M at ernal M ortality

Maternal Mortality is death of aMaternal Mortality is death of a

woman during of shortly after awoman during of shortly after a

pregnancy.pregnancy.

InIn 20012001--0303 == 301301

The highest percent were in the ageThe highest percent were in the age

group of group of 2020--2424 ((2929 percent)percent)



Among ever marri ed ag e group of

15-49 years

Women Men

Who have heard of AIDS 57.00% 80.00%

34.70% 68.10%

Who know that

consistent use of condoms

reduce the chances of

getting HIV/ AIDS



M or e H ousehold Decisions...

52.5% of currently52.5% of currently

married womenmarried womenparticipate inparticipate in

household decisionshousehold decisions



And H ousehold Probl ems...

In 2005-06, it was

reported that 37.2 % of women in the country

have experiences spousalviolence



C rime s

Among the crimes

committed against women,the crimes of torture and

molestation together

constitute 60.53 percent



Accid ental Death

In 2006, of allIn 2006, of all

accidental death cases,accidental death cases,23.35 % of victims were23.35 % of victims were

womenwomen



Suicid e s

In 2006, 35.91 percent of total

suicides were committed by

women

The age group of highest

suicides among women was 15-

29 (45.88%)



C onstitutional Provisions for W omenin I ndia

1) The right to equality (Article 14, 16) 2)To secure all citizens men and women equally the

right to means of livelihood [Article 39(a)]

3)Right to life (Article 21) 4)Right to equality and equal protection before the law

(Article 15) 5)Provides for discrimination in favour of women

[Article 15 (3)]6)To make provision for ensuring just and humane

conditions of work and maternity relief (Article 42) 7)To renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of

women [A

rticle 51(A

) (e)].



Le gal Prot ection for W omen in I ndia ± Dowry, M arriag e and Divorce

Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

Foreign Marriage Act, 1969

Special Marriage Act, 1954

Christian Marriage Act, 1872

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

Indian Divorce Act, 1869

Converts¶ Marriage Dissolution Act,1866

Prohibition of Child Marriage Act,

2006



Le gal Prot ection for W omen in I ndia ± Property

Indian Succession Act, 1925Indian Succession Act, 1925

Married Women¶s PropertyMarried Women¶s PropertyAct, 1874Act, 1874

Hindu Succession Act, 1956Hindu Succession Act, 1956

Muslim Personal LawMuslim Personal Law

(Shariat) Application Act,(Shariat) Application Act,

19371937



National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 1

Creating an environment

through positive economic

and social policies for full

development of women toenable them to realize

their full potential




The de-jure and de-facto

enjoyment of all humanrights and fundamental

freedom by women on equal

basis with men in all spheres

± political, economic, social,

cultural and civil.




Equal access toEqual access to

participation and decisionparticipation and decision

making of women inmaking of women in

social, political andsocial, political andeconomic life of the nationeconomic life of the nation




Equal access to women to healthEqual access to women to health

care, quality education at allcare, quality education at alllevels, career and vocationallevels, career and vocational

guidance, employment, equalguidance, employment, equal

remuneration, occupationalremuneration, occupationalhealth and safety, social securityhealth and safety, social security

and public office etc.and public office etc.




Strengthening legalStrengthening legal

systems aimed atsystems aimed at

elimination of all formselimination of all forms

of discriminationof discriminationagainst women.against women.




Changing societal

attitudes and communitypractices by active

participation andinvolvement of both men

and women.




Mainstreaming aMainstreaming a

gender perspective ingender perspective in

the developmentthe development

process.process.




Elimination of Elimination of

discrimination and alldiscrimination and all

forms of violenceforms of violence

against women and theagainst women and thegirl childgirl child




Building and

strengtheningpartnerships with civil

society, particularlywomen¶s organizations



I nt ernational T r eati e s

India has also ratified a number of

international treaties for the

development of women, the mostimportant of which is the United

Nation's Convention on the

Elimination of DiscriminationAgainst Women (CEDAW)



C E D AW Recommends

Reform for personal laws,

communal violence, childmarriage, child labour and

female infanticide

Ensure rural women benefit

from the NREGA



National Rural Employment Guarant ee Act (NREG A )

Rural, wage work, 100

days at minimum wage;one third to be women

Range of participation 6% to over 80 %



Shortcomings of NREG A

No creches in most places, despite

the stated intentions of the Act.In the absence of well functioning

crèches or other institutional

solution, families seek privatesolutions, which at times means that

older girls stay home.



Re f er ence s

Ministry of Women and Child 2007,

A H andbook of Statistical I ndicatorson I ndian W omen 2007 , available

at http://wcd.nic.in/stat.pdf ,

accessed on 02S

eptember 2010

Chp 4 Gender Studies Lecture 6 India Gender Policy - Class Ppt

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