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Water intended for human consumption shouldnot only be SAFE but also WHOLESOME.
A SAFE water /POTABLE water is one that cannot
harm the consumer ,even when ingested overprolonged period.
It can be defined as,
1.free from pathogenic agents
2.free from harmful chemical substances
3.pleasant to taste
4.usable for domestic purposes
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1.RAIN2.SURFACE WATER
a.impounding reservoirsb.rivers and streamsc.tanks, ponds and lakes
3.GROUND WATER
a.shallow wellb.deep wellc.springs
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1.Purificatoin of water on a largescale
a.storageb.filtration
c.CHLORINATION2.Purification of water on a small
scale
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Chlorination is one of the greatestadvances in water purification.
chlorine kills pathogenic bacteria, butit has no effect on spores & certainviruses except in high doses.
It oxidises Fe, Mn & H2S, It destroys
some taste & odour producingconstituents ,it control algae & slimeorganisms,& aids coagulation.
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CHLORINE+ WATERHydrochloricacid+Hypochlorous acid
The hydrochloric acid isneutralised by the alkalinity of thewater
The hypochlorous acid ionises toform hydrogen ions & hypochloriteions
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The disinfecting action ofchlorine is mainly due to thehypochlorous acid.
it is 70-80 times more effective
than hypochlorite ions CHLORINE is applied as
1.chlorine gas
2.chloramine3.perchloron
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CHLORINE GAS:
first choice because it is cheap,
quick in action, efficient & easy toapply.
special equipment
CHLORINATING EQUIPMENT isreq to apply gas to water supplies as itis irritant to the eye & poisonous.
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CHLORAMINES:they are loose compounds of
chlorine & ammoniahave less tendency to producechlorinous type of taste
slower action than chlorine &
therefore not being used to any greatextent in water treatment
PERCHLORON:High Test Hypochlorite ca
compound carries 60-70 % of availablechlorine.
it is used for water disinfection
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When chlorine dose in the water isincreased,a reduction in the residualchlorine occurs.The end products do
not represent any residual chlorine.This fall in residual chlorine continueswith further increase in chlorinedose,until after a stage residual
chlorine begin to increase inproportion.The point at which itappears is called BREAK POINTCHLORINATION / DOSAGE
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Ozonation
Ultraviolet radiation
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