China Powerpoint: 28-1

China Responds to Pressure from

the WestCh. 28, Section 1

Overview 28-1 China’s resistance to foreigners in 1800s Peasant Rebellions Effects of China’s struggle with reform Growth of nationalism in China

Setting the Stage Qing Dynasty: 1644 – 1912

Structure? 22 provinces “Dowager” Empress Cixi

Late 18th century: Stable Secure

China Resists Foreign Influence

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China Remains Self-Sufficient

Chinese looked down on foreigners Qing China Economy

Agricultural economy 11th century – acquired a strain of quick-growing

rice Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts from

Americas Mining: salt, tin, silver, and iron Manufacturing: silk, high-quality cotton, fine

porcelain Self-sufficient and decidedly isolated

Tea-Opium Connection Guangzhou (gwang.joh): only Southern port

available for trade Balance of trade

In China’s favor British import tea; China receives mainly silver… Silver supply drains

British merchants smuggle opium into China

Tea-Opium Connection

Opium Habit-forming narcotic Made from poppy plant Used to relieve pain, medical-use 18th century – nonmedical use 12 million Chinese addicted to drug – social,

moral, and economic problems

“By what right do they [British merchants]…use the poisonous drug [opium] to injure the Chinese

people?...I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since

it is not permitted to do harm to your country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of

other countries”

Lin Zexu writes to Queen Victor

(1) What does he want from Britain?

(2) What evidence is he using in this plea?

Opium War1839

Chinese try to end opium trade Addicts rounded up and forcibly treated Domestic drug dealers punished Confiscates foreign stores and forces foreign

merchants to sign pledges of good conduct British want to increase England’s China trade,

refuse to end trade

What conflicting British and Chinese positions led to the

Opium War?British desire to trade with China and shift balance of trade in its own favor

Chinese resented harm of opium on citizens

Opium War China – outdated ships Britain – gunboats,

cannons, heavy artillery Disaster for Chinese

Results of Opium War Britain gains Hong Kong Extraterritorial rights: U.S. and other foreign

citizens exempt from Chinese law at four Chinese ports besides Guangzhou

Opium trade continued

Recap4/11

(1)Early 1800s, China has little interest in trading with Western nations

(2)British import large amounts of tea from China and smuggle opium into the country

(3)War breaks out when British refuse to stop trading opium

5 Minute QuizYou may use your

notes(1)Name the last dynasty of China.(2)Explain how the balance of trade shifted from

favoring China to favoring Great Britain in the early 1800s.

(3)Name the two rebellions.

7 Minute QuizYou may use your

notes(1)Qing Dynasty(2)Great Britain began smuggling in opium.(3)Boxer Rebellion & Taiping Rebellion

Recap4/11

(1)Early 1800s, China has little interest in trading with Western nations

(2)British import large amounts of tea from China and smuggle opium into the country

(3)War breaks out when British refuse to stop trading opium

Internal Problems Increase

Population boom, but food production doesn’t increase

Widespread hunger Bad years of Yellow River flooding Government corruption Opium addiction steadily increased

Internal Problems People Rebel Against

Government!

Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864)

Wants to “destroy evil”; evil = Qing dynasty

Personal vision of Christianity Influenced by Christian

missionaries No opium, tobacco, alcohol,

or gambling Men equal to women…but

divided Mystical visions, save the

world “Heavenly Kingdom of Great

Peace”, no poverty! Leader of Taiping Rebellion

Taiping Rebellion Taiping = “great peace” 1840s – began organizing a peasant army (men

and women) from southern China By 1853 – 1 million soldiers Captured Nanjing and declared capital,

controlled large areas of southern China

Taiping Rebellion 1864: Qing regained control of China

But huge amounts of farmland destroyed At least 20 million died

Summary?14-year peasant revolt against Qing dynasty to fix internal problems that fails.

Why is the Taiping Rebellion important?(1) example of discontent with government in Qing China

(2) Government greatly weakened by rebellion!

Recap Internal problems: poverty, corruption, famine Internal problems Rebellions Taiping Rebellion

China Wrestles with Reform

Resists modernizationSelf-strengthening movement

Spheres of InfluenceOpen Door Policy

Pressure Increases on China

Internal Pressures: Taiping rebellion and other small uprisings

External Pressures: Foreign powers, Treaty of Nanjing

Ideas on how to deal with pressures? Reforms patterned on Western ways? Continue to honor Chinese traditions & resist

reform

Dowager Empress Cixir. 1861-1908

Dowager = endowed; widower who holds a title or property from her deceased husband

De facto ruler, makes the decisions

Conservative force

Cixi Resists Change Committed to traditional values, overall Self-Strengthening Movement

Update China’s educational system, diplomatic service, and military

Mixed results Military production good for morale BUT, foreign workers run arsenals…and materials

imported (imbalance in trade)

Brain Warm-Up During the 19th century, Europeans were able to

divide China into spheres of influence mainly because theA) Chinese were eager to adopt western cultureB) Europeans had technologically superior military

forcesC) Europeans were willing to adopt Chinese

customsD) Chinese lacked raw materials and resources

Brain Warm-Up During the 19th century, Europeans were able to

divide China into spheres of influence mainly because theA) Chinese were eager to adopt western cultureB) Europeans had technologically superior

military forcesC) Europeans were willing to adopt Chinese

customsD) Chinese lacked raw materials and resources

Other Nations Step In Other nations saw weak military technology,

economic and political problems Take advantage and attack China West gets

increasing control over China’s economy Sphere of influence: region in which foreign

nation controlled trade and investment

Spheres of InfluenceWhat importance did spheres of influence have for

China and for the nations involved?

Weakened China’s control over its economy and gave foreign nations ability to exploit Chinese resources.

Open-Door Policy Open-Door Policy: China’s “doors” open to

merchants of all nations. Protects trading rights of foreign powers and China is free from colonization!

Who passes this? Why? How does China benefit?

United StatesWorried other nations would begin dividing China into colonies and that the United States would be left out.No colonization…still at

mercy of foreign powers

Recap Internal problems create need for reform. Chinese resist modernization, but Self-

Strengthening Movement Western nations and Japan gain spheres of

influence in China U.S. promotes Open Door Policy to assure

trading rights for all nations and to protect China from colonization

Chinese Nationalism Grows

Reform efforts & reactionBoxer RebellionReform Begins

Hundred Days of Reform

Guangxu: China’s young emperor (Cixi is still really in charge) Introduces measures to modernize China

Education Strengthen economy Modernize military Streamline government

Measured as threat to Qing officials power…Guangxu arrested No long-term change Importance? Increases people’s frustration with government

Why did Emperor Guangxu’s efforts at reform and modernization fail?

Boxer Rebellion Why? Campaign against

Empress’ rule and foreigner privilege

Secret Society of Harmonious Fists / AKA Boxers

Boxer Rebellion Spring 1900 “Death to the Foreign Devils” Siege of Beijing Cixi verbally supports, but no military help August, 1900: multinational force of 20,000

troops quickly defeat Boxers

Boxer Rebellion Summary?

Importance?

Peasant and worker rebellion against foreigners and empress rule, crushed by external powers

Strong sense of nationalism emerges – Chinese people must resist more foreign intervention

Desire for government to be more responsive (beginnings of reform)

Beginnings of Reform 1905 – Empress sent Chinese officials to study

foreign governments 1906 – officials recommend restructure

government based on constitutional monarchy of Japan; to be enacted fully by 1917

Recap of Themes Imperialism / Foreign

Intervention China = self-sufficient…

until OPIUM WAR Sphere of influence Open-Door Policy

Internal Problems Opium Population Government problems Taiping Rebellion

Growth of Nationalism Boxer Rebellion

Reform Self-Strengthening

Movement Hundred Days of

Reform Beginnings of Reform,

1905

In-Class Writing Do you think the opium trade was finally more

harmful or beneficial to China? Explain. The effects of the Opium War Other Chinese responses to foreign influence The aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion