China - Physical China - Physical Geographically isolated Geographically isolated Slightly larger than the United Slightly larger than the United States States Sloped, towering mountains in the Sloped, towering mountains in the west to flood plains in the East west to flood plains in the East Lower mountains, hills, Lower mountains, hills, and plateaus in and plateaus in Central China Central China Desert in the west. Desert in the west.
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China - Physical Geographically isolated Geographically isolated Slightly larger than the United States Slightly larger than the United States Sloped,
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China - PhysicalChina - Physical Geographically isolatedGeographically isolated Slightly larger than the United StatesSlightly larger than the United States Sloped, towering mountains in the Sloped, towering mountains in the
west to flood plains in the Eastwest to flood plains in the East Lower mountains, hills, Lower mountains, hills,
and plateaus in and plateaus in Central ChinaCentral China
Desert in the west.Desert in the west.
PHYSIOGRAPHYPHYSIOGRAPHY
CLIMATE COMPARISONCLIMATE COMPARISON
CLIMATE COMPARISON
Warm
Cold
Wet
Dry
Ancient HistoryAncient History Ancient Civilization developed along Huange Ancient Civilization developed along Huange
He RiverHe River Continuous civilization for over 4,000 yearsContinuous civilization for over 4,000 years The middle kingdom – the Chinese viewed The middle kingdom – the Chinese viewed
China as the center of the civilized worldChina as the center of the civilized world Most advanced country in the world by 1000 Most advanced country in the world by 1000
ad – gun powder, printing, compassad – gun powder, printing, compass Developed an inward looking, closed societyDeveloped an inward looking, closed society Emperors ruled China until 1900s, dynastic Emperors ruled China until 1900s, dynastic
cyclecycle
Belief systemsBelief systems
Confucianism – teachings stressed Confucianism – teachings stressed relationships and human virtues rather than relationships and human virtues rather than godly connections, ideas have dominated godly connections, ideas have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 2000 Chinese life and thought for more than 2000 yearsyears
Daoism (Laozi founder 604-531BC) teaches Daoism (Laozi founder 604-531BC) teaches the path of true happiness lies in living in a the path of true happiness lies in living in a harmonious relationship with the natural harmonious relationship with the natural worldworld
Officially an atheist state – government has Officially an atheist state – government has outlawed many religious practicesoutlawed many religious practices
Colonial SpheresColonial Spheres
By 1800s, European By 1800s, European technology technology surpassed China’s, surpassed China’s, divided China into divided China into spheres of influencespheres of influence
Forced China to Forced China to trade with the westtrade with the west
Western influences Western influences and natural and natural disasters caused disasters caused Chinese to rebel.Chinese to rebel.
GovernmentGovernment Emperor abdicates on Feb. 12, 1912Emperor abdicates on Feb. 12, 1912 Sun Yat-sen becomes president and Sun Yat-sen becomes president and
Nationalists gain control of China by Nationalists gain control of China by defeating local warlordsdefeating local warlords
Nationalists wanted a government Nationalists wanted a government based on Western democratic based on Western democratic principles.principles.
1920s Civil War1920s Civil War Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek wanted Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek wanted
to modernize and westernize Chinato modernize and westernize China Communists wanted to give more power to Communists wanted to give more power to
the workers and land to the landless the workers and land to the landless peasantspeasants
Long March in 1935, communists fled Long March in 1935, communists fled Nationalist troops by moving northward Nationalist troops by moving northward 6,000 miles .6,000 miles .
8,000/100,000 survived8,000/100,000 survived Mao Zedong became the new leader of the Mao Zedong became the new leader of the
Communists.Communists.
WWIIWWII
Japan invaded ChinaJapan invaded China Communists and Nationalists joined Communists and Nationalists joined
together to fight Japantogether to fight Japan After war ended in 1945, civil war After war ended in 1945, civil war
broke out againbroke out again Nationalists defeated in 1949Nationalists defeated in 1949 Chiang Kai-shek and followers fled to Chiang Kai-shek and followers fled to
TaiwanTaiwan
Great Leap Forward into Great Leap Forward into CommunismCommunism
Mao Zedong – China’s most important Communist leader, 1949-Mao Zedong – China’s most important Communist leader, 1949-19761976
Wanted to change China into a modern industrial countryWanted to change China into a modern industrial country• Increase the populationIncrease the population• Increase production of steel, capital goods with heavy Increase production of steel, capital goods with heavy
manufacturing manufacturing • Wanted to increase agricultural productivity by forming Wanted to increase agricultural productivity by forming
collective farms and people’s communescollective farms and people’s communes In 1958, severe droughts across China led to widespread In 1958, severe droughts across China led to widespread
faminesfamines• 20 million people died between 1958 and 196220 million people died between 1958 and 1962• Cultural Revolution of 1966 Red Guards were sent out to Cultural Revolution of 1966 Red Guards were sent out to
destroy old ideology, old thought, old habits, old customsdestroy old ideology, old thought, old habits, old customs Hundreds of thousands of people who disagreed with Mao Hundreds of thousands of people who disagreed with Mao
were imprisoned, beaten, executed, silencedwere imprisoned, beaten, executed, silenced Production fell in farms and factories, schools closed, Production fell in farms and factories, schools closed,
economy almost ruined, a generation uneducatedeconomy almost ruined, a generation uneducated
‘‘Great Leap Forward’ Great Leap Forward’ became a became a
‘serious step backward’‘serious step backward’ China’s population more than China’s population more than
doubled in 40 yearsdoubled in 40 years 55 million people in 1950 to 1.1 55 million people in 1950 to 1.1
billion in 1990billion in 1990 But production did not increase and But production did not increase and
China could not support a population China could not support a population that bigthat big
Four ModernizationsFour Modernizations Established by Deng Xiaoping after Mao died Established by Deng Xiaoping after Mao died
in 1979in 1979 Improve agriculture, industry, science and Improve agriculture, industry, science and
technology, and defensetechnology, and defense Was willing to consider free enterprise ideasWas willing to consider free enterprise ideas Government rented land to families who had Government rented land to families who had
freedom to plant what they wanted, in 8 freedom to plant what they wanted, in 8 years, farmers income tripledyears, farmers income tripled
Switched from heavy industry to light Switched from heavy industry to light industry, rewarded managers who found industry, rewarded managers who found ways to produce moreways to produce more
Special economic zones on SE coast to Special economic zones on SE coast to attract foreign companies, technology, attract foreign companies, technology, capital, enormously successfulcapital, enormously successful
ResultsResults
Uneven growth, income gapUneven growth, income gap UrbanizationUrbanization Urban poor, crime, corrupt policeUrban poor, crime, corrupt police China’s economy has quadrupledChina’s economy has quadrupled Daily life improvedDaily life improved
Challenges and Goals todayChallenges and Goals today
Feeding an Feeding an immense immense populationpopulation
Providing jobsProviding jobs Providing enough Providing enough
energyenergy
Zero population Zero population growthgrowth
Economic growthEconomic growth Clean energyClean energy
ETHNOLINGUISTIC AREAS
92% Han92% Han
LanguageLanguage Mandarin Chinese – most commonly Mandarin Chinese – most commonly
spoken languagespoken language Ideograms, not phonetic, symbols Ideograms, not phonetic, symbols
represent ideas or thingsrepresent ideas or things 2,000-3,000 symbols to master to 2,000-3,000 symbols to master to
read a newspaperread a newspaper 20,000+ to master the language20,000+ to master the language Symbols are pronounced differently Symbols are pronounced differently
in parts of Chinain parts of China
TaiwanTaiwan
Volcanic island, 100 miles from China, Volcanic island, 100 miles from China, mountainousmountainous
Free enterprise and democracy Free enterprise and democracy flourishedflourished
Considers itself an independent Considers itself an independent countrycountry
China considers Taiwan to be a China considers Taiwan to be a province of Chinaprovince of China
Relations tenseRelations tense
Hong KongHong Kong Mostly uninhabited Mostly uninhabited
before the British before the British used the harbor as a used the harbor as a naval base and naval base and marina for trading marina for trading shipsships
1898, British forced 1898, British forced China to lease the China to lease the land for 99 years to land for 99 years to BritainBritain
Important trading Important trading and manufacturing and manufacturing center, attracted center, attracted immigrants, traded immigrants, traded with Chinawith China
Returned to China Returned to China July1, 1997, has July1, 1997, has economic freedom, economic freedom, rulers are pro-Chinarulers are pro-China
Home of the Mongols and Genghis KhanHome of the Mongols and Genghis Khan Province of China until 1921, Province of China until 1921,
independence backed by USSRindependence backed by USSR Adopted communism in 1930sAdopted communism in 1930s Switched to Free Enterprise in 1990s, Switched to Free Enterprise in 1990s,
still developingstill developing Rural 33%, urban 67%Rural 33%, urban 67%